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Eltahir AOE, Lategan KL, David OM, Pool EJ, Luckay RC, Hussein AA. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Liquiritin and Other Phenolics from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:95. [PMID: 38667552 PMCID: PMC11051159 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are the main phytochemical constituents of many higher plants. They play an important role in synthesizing metal nanoparticles using green technology due to their ability to reduce metal salts and stabilize them through physical interaction/conjugation to the metal surface. Six pure phenolic compounds were isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and employed in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The isolated compounds were identified as liquiritin (1), isoliquiritin (2), neoisoliquiritin (3), isoliquiritin apioside (4), liquiritin apioside (5), and glabridin (6). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV, zeta sizer, HRTEM, and IR and tested for their stability in different biological media. The phenolic isolates and their corresponding synthesized NP conjugates were tested for their potential in vitro cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in both normal and inflammation-induced settings, where inflammatory biomarkers were stimulated using lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. LPS, functioning as a mitogen, promotes cell growth by reducing apoptosis, potentially contributing to observed outcomes. Results indicated that all six pure phenolic isolates inhibited cell proliferation. The AuNP conjugates of all the phenolic isolates, except liquiritin apioside (5), inhibited cell viability. LPS initiates inflammatory markers by binding to cell receptors and setting off a cascade of events leading to inflammation. All the pure phenolic isolates, except isoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside inhibited the inflammatory activity of RAW cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali O. E. Eltahir
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Kim L. Lategan
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Oladipupo M. David
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Edmund J. Pool
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Robert C. Luckay
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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Hooda P, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA, Makeen HA, Mohan S. Phytoimmunomodulators: A review of natural modulators for complex immune system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23790. [PMID: 38205318 PMCID: PMC10777011 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the medicinal properties of plants and their effects on the human immune system are being studied extensively. Plants are an incredible source of traditional medicines that help cure various diseases, including altered immune mechanisms and are economical and benign compared to allopathic medicines. Reported data in written documents such as Traditional Chinese medicine, Indian Ayurvedic medicine support the supplementation of botanicals for immune defense reactions in the body and can lead to safe and effective immunity responses. Additionally, some botanicals are well-identified as magical herbal remedies because they act upon the pathogen directly and help boost the immunity of the host. Chemical compounds, also known as phytochemicals, obtained from these botanicals looked promising due to their effects on the human immune system by modulating the lymphocytes which subsequently reduce the chances of getting infected. This paper summarises most documented phytochemicals and how they act on the immune system, their properties and possible mechanisms, screening conventions, formulation guidelines, comparison with synthetic immunity-enhancers, marketed immunity-boosting products, and immune-booster role in the ongoing ghastly corona virus wave. However, it focuses mainly on plant metabolites as immunomodulators. In addition, it also sheds light on the current advancements and future possibilities in this field. From this thorough study, it can be stated that the plant-based secondary metabolites contribute significantly to immunity building and could prove to be valuable medicaments for the design and development of novel immunomodulators even for a pandemic like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partibha Hooda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Gurugram, India
- SRM Modi Nagar College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Delhi-NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A. Halawi
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
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Kumbhar GM, Jadhav AD, Kheur S, Vaibhav Sunil L. Andrographolide demonstrates anti-proliferative activity in oral cancer by promoting apoptosis, the programmed cell death process. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1300-1308. [PMID: 39229580 PMCID: PMC11366947 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.76691.16599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Andrographolide has been studied on different types of human cancer cells, but very few studies have been conducted on oral cancer. The study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of Andrographolide on an oral cancer cell line (KB) through in-silico network analysis and in vitro assays. Materials and Methods The in-silico analysis involved the determination of drug-likeness prediction, prediction of common targets between oral cancer and andrographolide, Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI), hub genes, top 10 associated pathways by Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, gene ontology (GO), and molecular docking experiments. In vitro assays comprised MTT assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), anti-migration activity, and gene expressions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Fifteen common genes were obtained and were seen to be involved in cellular proliferation, regulation of apoptosis, migration of cells, regulation of MAPK cascade, and regulation of cell cycle. The most common genes involved in the top 10 pathways were MAPK1, MAPK8, MAPK14, and IL6 which were seen to be associated with the MAPK signaling pathway which may be the key pathway through which andrographolide may aid in treating oral cancer. In vitro assays showed anti-proliferative properties, late apoptosis, and anti-migratory properties. Conclusion According to the results obtained, andrographolide has shown anticancer properties and has the potential to be used as a chemotherapeutic drug. The in-silico approach used in the present study can aid as a model for future research in developing efficient cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Mansinh Kumbhar
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune. Maharashtra. India Pune: 411018
| | - Amol Dilip Jadhav
- Institute of Applied Biological Research and Development, a Division of Nirav BioSolutions Pvt Ltd, Aundh, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune. Maharashtra. India Pune: 411018
| | - Ladke Vaibhav Sunil
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Madical College, Hospital & Research Centre. Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune. Maharashtra. India Pune: 411018
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You Y, Kim SH, Kim CH, Kim IH, Shin Y, Kim TR, Sohn M, Park J. Immune-Stimulating Potential of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LM1019 in RAW 264.7 Cells and Immunosuppressed Mice Induced by Cyclophosphamide. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2312. [PMID: 37764156 PMCID: PMC10535240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, including Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), have gained recognition for their potential health benefits, such as enhancing immune function, maintaining gut health, and improving nutrient absorption. This study investigated the effectiveness of L. rhamnosus LM1019 (LM1019) in enhancing immune function. In RAW 264.7 cells, LM1019 demonstrated dose-dependent immune stimulation by increasing nitric oxide production, gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These effects were mediated through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation without inducing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, orally administered LM1019 was evaluated in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). High-dose administration of LM1019 significantly increased the subpopulations of lymphocytes, specifically helper T cells (CD4+), as well as two subtypes of natural killer (NK) cells, namely, IFN-γ+ and granzyme B+ NK cells. Additionally, LM1019 at a high dose led to elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-12, compared to CTX-treated mice. These findings highlight the potential of LM1019 in enhancing the immune system. The study contributes to the growing body of research on the beneficial effects of probiotics on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji You
- Microbiome R&D Center, Lactomason Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.-R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Food Research Center, Binggrae Co., Ltd., Namyangju 12253, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (C.-H.K.); (I.-H.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chul-Hong Kim
- Food Research Center, Binggrae Co., Ltd., Namyangju 12253, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (C.-H.K.); (I.-H.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Food Research Center, Binggrae Co., Ltd., Namyangju 12253, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (C.-H.K.); (I.-H.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - YoungSup Shin
- Food Research Center, Binggrae Co., Ltd., Namyangju 12253, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (C.-H.K.); (I.-H.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tae-Rahk Kim
- Microbiome R&D Center, Lactomason Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.-R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Minn Sohn
- Microbiome R&D Center, Lactomason Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.-R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jeseong Park
- Microbiome R&D Center, Lactomason Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.-R.K.); (M.S.)
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Cherian A, Vadivel V, Thiruganasambandham S, Madhavankutty S. Phytocompounds and their molecular targets in immunomodulation: a review. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:577-590. [PMID: 34786892 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are important for the healthy function of every organ. The homeostasis of the immune system is selfregulated by T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells. The immunomodulation process of immune cells is part of the immunotherapy. According to therapeutic methods of immune responses are categorized as inducing (immunostimulant), amplification (immune booster), attenuation (immunomodulation), and prevention (immunosuppressive) actions. The prevalence of chronic immunological diseases like viral infections, allergies, and cancer is mainly due to the over-activation of the immune system. Further, immunomodulators are reported to manage the severity of chronic immunological disorders. Moreover, these immunomodulator-acting proteins are identified as potential molecular targets for the regulation of the immune system. Moreover, natural compound like phytocompounds are known to bind these targets and modulates the immune system. The specialized phytocompounds like curcumin, quercetin, stilbenes, flavonoids, and lignans are shown the immunomodulatory actions and ameliorate the immunological disorders. The present scenario of a COVID-19 pandemic situation has taught us the need to focus on strengthening the immune system and the development of the most promising immunotherapeutics. This review is focused on an overview of various phytocompounds and their molecular targets for the management of immunological disorders via immunosuppressants and immunostimulants actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Cherian
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Vadivel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Van Chien T, Van Loc T, The Anh N, Van Sung T, Phuong Thao TT. Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 3,19-Isopropylidene-/Arylidene-Andrographolide Analogs. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300420. [PMID: 37466261 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3,19-isopropylidene-/or arylidene-andrographolide analogs were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopic methodology. Twenty-five analogs were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against HT-29, HepG2 and LNCaP cancer cell lines based on the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Analog 2 f exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values of 11.14 and 9.25 μM on HepG2 and LNCaP cancer cell lines, respectively. Esterification of hydroxy functional group at position C-14 in andrographolide analogs, 2 a and 2 b, showed somewhat higher cytotoxicity than the precursor. In addition, andrographolide analogs (2 a-2 d, 2 f, 3 a, 4 a and 4 h) were evaluated for the NO inhibitory activity in the LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The most active analog 2 a significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells, with IC50 values of 0.34±0.02 μM providing encouraging results for anti-inflammatory compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Van Loc
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen The Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Van Sung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Phuong Thao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
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Gou T, Hu M, Xu M, Chen Y, Chen R, Zhou T, Liu J, Guo L, Ao H, Ye Q. Novel wine in an old bottle: Preventive and therapeutic potentials of andrographolide in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:563-589. [PMID: 37440909 PMCID: PMC10334359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) frequently results in sudden death and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. The drugs approved for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD are usually used in combination but are inefficient owing to their side effects and single therapeutic targets. Therefore, the use of natural products in developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD has received great scholarly attention. Andrographolide (AG) is a diterpenoid lactone compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata. In addition to its use in conditions such as sore throat, AG can be used to prevent and treat ASCVD. It is different from drugs that are commonly used in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and can not only treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and ASCVD but also inhibit the pathological process of atherosclerosis (AS) including lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular abnormalities by regulating various targets and pathways. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of AG underlying the prevention and treatment of ASCVD have not been corroborated, which may hinder its clinical development and application. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying the development of ASCVD and the in vivo and in vitro pharmacological effects of AG on the relative risk factors of AS and ASCVD. The findings support the use of the old pharmacological compound ('old bottle') as a novel drug ('novel wine') for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. Additionally, this review summarizes studies on the availability as well as pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of AG, aiming to provide more information regarding the clinical application and further research and development of AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Minghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Junjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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Adiguna SP, Panggabean JA, Swasono RT, Rahmawati SI, Izzati F, Bayu A, Putra MY, Formisano C, Giuseppina C. Evaluations of Andrographolide-Rich Fractions of Andrographis paniculata with Enhanced Potential Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antihypertensive, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061220. [PMID: 36986909 PMCID: PMC10052505 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is widely used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. It has been classified as a safe and non-toxic medicine by traditional Chinese medicine. The investigation of the biological activities of A. paniculata is still focused on the crude extract and isolation of its main active compound, andrographolide, and its derivatives. However, the use of andrographolide alone has been shown to exacerbate unwanted effects. This highlights the importance of developing a fraction of A. paniculata with enhanced efficacy as an herbal-based medicine. In this study, the extraction and fractionation of A. paniculata, followed by quantitative analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a DAD detector, were established to quantify the andrographolide and its derivative in each fraction. Biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory activities, were evaluated to study their correlations with the quantification of active substances of A. paniculata extract and its fractions. The 50% methanolic fraction of A. paniculata exhibited the best cytotoxic activities against CACO-2 cells, as well as the best anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive activities compared to other extracts. The 50% methanolic fraction also displayed the highest quantification of its main active compound, andrographolide, and its derivatives, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, and andrograpanin, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sya’ban Putra Adiguna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (S.P.A.); (J.A.P.); (R.T.S.)
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Jonathan Ardhianto Panggabean
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (S.P.A.); (J.A.P.); (R.T.S.)
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Respati Tri Swasono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (S.P.A.); (J.A.P.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Siti Irma Rahmawati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Fauzia Izzati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Asep Bayu
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Masteria Yunovilsa Putra
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organisation for Healths, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (F.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Carmen Formisano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Chianese Giuseppina
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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Manna L, Rizzi E, Bafile E, Cappelleri A, Ruscica M, Macchi C, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Salini R, Rossi E, Panebianco C, Perri F, Pazienza V, Federici F. Lentilactobacillus kefiri SGL 13 and Andrographis paniculata alleviate dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1072334. [PMID: 36860688 PMCID: PMC9968723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1072334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory conditions that typically involve diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss, with a dramatic impact on patients' quality of life. Standard medications are often associated with adverse side effects. Thus, alternative treatments such as probiotics are of great interest. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of Lentilactobacillus kefiri (basonym: Lactobacillus kefiri) SGL 13 and Andrographis paniculata, namely, Paniculin 13™, on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- treated C57BL/6J mice. Methods Colitis was induced by administering 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 9 days. Forty male mice were divided into four groups, receiving PBS (control), 1.5% DSS, Paniculin 13™ and 1.5% DSS + Paniculin 13™. Results The results showed that body weight loss and Disease Activity Index (DAI) score were improved by Paniculin 13™. Moreover, Paniculin 13™ ameliorated DSS-induced dysbiosis, by modulating the gut microbiota composition. The gene expression of MPO, TNFα and iNOS in colon tissue was reduced and these data matched with the histological results, supporting the efficacy of Paniculin 13™ in reducing the inflammatory response. No adverse effects were associated to Paniculin 13™ administration. Discussion In conclusion, Paniculin 13™ could be an effective add-on approach to conventional therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Manna
- PNK Farmaceutici S.p.a., Castelnuovo Vomano, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Cappelleri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UNIMI, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Podaliri Vulpiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Romolo Salini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Federici
- PNK Farmaceutici S.p.a., Castelnuovo Vomano, Italy,*Correspondence: Federica Federici,
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Alipanah-Moghadam R, Mehri A, Manafi F, Malekzadeh V, Nemati A, Aghamohammadi V, Mazani M, Cain CTC, Mohammadzadeh-Vardin M. Andrographolide, a novel inducer of apelin gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114487. [PMID: 34352330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia and Scandinavia for centuries to remedy several illnesses. It has since been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-neoplasm, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and energetic effects. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study sought to investigate the effect of Andrographolide on apelin gene expression and serum levels of glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 18 male rats were used. They were divided into three groups of six, including i) negative control group, ii) 3.5 mg/kg Andrographolide group, and iii) 7 mg/kg Andrographolide group. Apelin gene expression was investigated by real-time PCR method. Serum levels of glucose were measured by the photometric method. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that 3.5 and 7 mg doses per kg of body weight of andrographolide, for six days, significantly increased hepatic expression of apelin gene in male Wistar rats, as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of glucose at doses of 3.5 and 7 mg/kg of andrographolide, and in the control group, were 71.5 ± 8.96, 51.5 ± 2.64, and 93.87 ± 14.27 mg/dl, respectively. Andrographolide induced a decrease in serum levels of HDL-c and an increase in LDL-c/HDL-c ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Andrographolide can elicit an increase of hepatic apelin gene expression and a decrease in serum levels of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alipanah-Moghadam
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - A Mehri
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - F Manafi
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - V Malekzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - A Nemati
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - V Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
| | - M Mazani
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - C T Clark Cain
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 4FB, UK
| | - M Mohammadzadeh-Vardin
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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11
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Ho CL, Lin CS, Li LH, Hua KF, Ju TC. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression in macrophages using wood vinegar from griffith's ash. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:232-243. [PMID: 34708715 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_54_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for host defense as they control foreign pathogens and induce acquired immune responses. Activated macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory reactive substances causing local cell and tissue inflammatory response, which helps an organism resist the invasion of foreign pathogens. Excessive or chronic inflammation can cause several diseases. Previous studies have reported that vinegar treatment decreases the levels of several inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO). However, the benefits of wood vinegar produced from Griffith's ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata) in reducing inflammation have not been investigated yet. Thus, assuming that wood vinegar exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages, in this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the wood vinegar from Griffith's ash using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response model in RAW264.7 macrophages. We showed that the wood vinegar inhibited the production of iNOS, NO, and interleukin 6. In addition, we found that the wood vinegar reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38 and protein kinase C-α/δ in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Based on these results, we suggest that the produced wood vinegar can reduce inflammation in LPS-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Shun Lin
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Chuen Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Natarajan S, Anbarasi C, Sathiyarajeswaran P, Manickam P, Geetha S, Kathiravan R, Prathiba P, Pitchiahkumar M, Parthiban P, Kanakavalli K, Balaji P. Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a poly-herbal Siddha medicine, reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals as compared to vitamin C and zinc supplementation: findings from a prospective, exploratory, open-labeled, comparative, randomized controlled trial, Tamil Nadu, India. Trials 2021; 22:623. [PMID: 34526104 PMCID: PMC8441246 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite several ongoing efforts in biomedicine and traditional medicine, there are no drugs or vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of May 2020; Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a polyherbal formulation from India's Siddha system of medicine, has been traditionally used for clinical presentations similar to that of COVID-19. We explored the efficacy of KSK in reducing viral load and preventing the disease progression in asymptomatic, COVID-19 cases. METHODS A prospective, single-center, open-labeled, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a COVID Care Centre in Chennai, India. We recruited reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 of 18 to 55 years of age, without clinical symptoms and co-morbidities. They were randomized (1:1 ratio) to KSK (60 mL twice daily for 7 days) or standard of care (7 days supplementation of vitamin C 60,000 IU morning daily and zinc 100 mg evening daily) groups. The primary outcomes were reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 load [as measured by cyclic threshold (CT) value of RT-PCR], prevention of progression of asymptomatic to symptomatic state, and changes in the immunity markers including interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-2), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF α). Siddha clinical assessment and the occurrence of adverse effects were documented as secondary outcomes. Paired t-test was used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Viral load in terms of the CT value (RdRp: 95% CI = 1.89 to 5.74) declined significantly on the seventh day in the KSK group and that of the control group, more pronounced in the study group. None progressed to the symptomatic state. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters. We did not observe any changes in the Siddha-based clinical examination and adverse events in both groups. CONCLUSION KSK significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and did not record any adverse effect, indicating the use of KSK in the strategy against COVID-19. Larger, multi-centric trials can strengthen the current findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI2020/05/025215 . Registered on 16 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Natarajan
- Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, India.
| | - C Anbarasi
- Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | | | - P Manickam
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - S Geetha
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - R Kathiravan
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - P Prathiba
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
| | | | - P Parthiban
- Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - K Kanakavalli
- Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Chennai, India
| | - P Balaji
- Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India
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13
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Feng G, Laijin S, Chen S, Teng W, Dejian Z, Yin C, Shoudong G. In vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of sulfated fucan from the sea cucumber A. leucoprocta. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:931-938. [PMID: 34363824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of a water-soluble sulfated fucan AL1-1 from the sea cucumber A. leucoprocta was elucidated. In vitro experiments showed that AL1-1 up-regulated immunostimulatory activities in RAW264.7 cells and that it could successfully promote ROS production and phagocytic activity, increase secretion levels of iNOS, and induce the production of considerable amounts of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). We found that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was mainly involved in AL1-1 mediated macrophage activation. AL1-1's in vivo immunomodulatory activity on cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice was investigated and it was shown that it could strongly enhance Sig A levels, promote the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the intestine. It could also increase activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). These results demonstrate that AL1-1 has a significant effect on enhancing in vivo and in vitro immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Feng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Laijin
- Wenzhou University, Wenzhou Characteristic Food Resources Engineering and Technology Research Center, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Chen
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Teng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Dejian
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yin
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo Shoudong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals in LPS-induced Mouse Neuroinflammation Model: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:636-654. [PMID: 31934839 PMCID: PMC7457421 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200114125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that peripheral infections, accompanied by inflammation, represent significant risk factors for the development of neurological disorders by modifying brain development or affecting normal brain aging. The acute effects of systemic inflammation on progressive and persistent brain damage and cognitive impairment are well documented. Anti-inflammatory therapies may have beneficial effects on the brain, and the protective properties of a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds have been extensively explored in recent years. In our previous review, we provided an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. We addressed the data reproducibility in published research and summarized basic features and data on the therapeutic potential of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects, for reducing neuroinflammation in this model. Here, recent data on the suitability of the LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model for preclinical assessment of a large number of nutraceuticals belonging to different groups of natural products such as flavonoids, terpenes, non-flavonoid polyphenols, glycosides, heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, organosulfur compounds and xanthophylls, are summarized. Also, the proposed mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Nava Catorce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
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15
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Ren X, Xu W, Sun J, Dong B, Awala H, Wang L. Current Trends on Repurposing and Pharmacological Enhancement of Andrographolide. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2346-2368. [PMID: 32778020 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200810135604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Andrographolide, the main bioactive component separated from Andrographis paniculata in 1951, has been scrutinized with a modern drug discovery approach for anti-inflammatory properties since 1984. Identification of new uses of existing drugs can be facilitated by searching for evidence linking them to known or yet undiscovered drug targets and human disease states to develop new therapeutic indications.Furthermore, a wide spectrum of biological properties of andrographolide such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-atherosclerosis are also reported. However, poor water solubility and instability limit its clinical application. It becomes crucial to enhance its pharmacological function and find a new treatment option for more diseases. Therefore, this article reviews the major recent developments in andrographolide, including repurposing applications in different diseases and underlying mechanisms, particularly focusing on pharmacological enhancement of andrographolide such as derivatives, chemical modifications with potent biological activity and drug delivery. The repurposing and pharmacological enhancement of andrographolide would not only have exciting therapeutic potential to different diseases to facilitate drug marketing, but also decrease the economic burden on healthcare worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ren
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenzhou Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hussein Awala
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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16
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Isolation, characterization and evaluation of anti-proliferative properties of andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata on cultured HaCaT cells. HERBA POLONICA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyper-proliferation, abnormal epidermal keratinocytes and inflammatory infiltration. It affects approximately 4% of the population globally. Herbal extracts have better results with less toxic effects than the synthetic drugs in the treatment of psoriasis.
Objective: Present study was aimed to access the anti-psoriatic effect of andrographolide extracted from Andrographis paniculate (A. paniculata).
Method: We extracted, characterized, and screened the extracted andrographolide for anti-proliferative characteristics using cultured cell model of human HaCaT keratinocyte.
Results: Andrographolide at 31.25 µg/mL (90 µM) demonstrated significant inhibitory effect on human HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation in cell culture. To our best knowledge, we reported the anti-proliferative potency of andrographolide extracted from A. paniculata for the first time.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the andrographolide extracted from A. paniculata plant may have potential to be used in the management of psoriasis.
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17
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Patil R, Jain V. Andrographolide: A Review of Analytical Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:191-203. [PMID: 33221827 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic diterpenoid lactone andrographolide is regarded as a "natural antibiotic" as it is known to exhibit a range of bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipyretic, antineoplastic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic, and is present in Andrographis paniculata. The aim of this article is to review the information on analytical methods for andrographolide in biological samples, pharmaceutical formulations and plant materials. This article includes various techniques such as Spectrophotometry, Chemiluminescence method, Electroanalytical method, Chromatography and various hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Patil
- Department of Quality Assurance, Oriental College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to University of Mumbai), Sanpada, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Jain
- Department of Quality Assurance, Oriental College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to University of Mumbai), Sanpada, Navi Mumbai, India
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18
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Network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation revealed the anti-inflammatory effects of Andrographis paniculata. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9752. [PMID: 33963245 PMCID: PMC8105393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key factor in the development and complications of various diseases because it has a complex pathogenesis. Andrographis paniculate (Burm. f.) Nees (Chuan Xinlian) is a well-known form of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) applied in clearing heat and detoxification. Also, it is rich in bioactive lactones, with various anti-inflammatory activities. Here, network pharmacology combined with molecular biology experimental approach was used to predict and verify the potential molecular mechanism of Chuan Xinlian in treating inflammation. The bioactive ingredients of Chuan Xinlian were obtained from the TCMSP database and literature. Besides, the targets of Chuan Xinlian and inflammation were collected based on the multi-source databases and used to generate the PPI network. Network topology analysis and functional enrichment analysis were used to screen hub genes and their mechanisms. Molecular docking simulation was performed to evaluate the binding activity between the predicted hub genes and the bioactive ingredients. Additionally, LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cell inflammatory response, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to validate the efficacy of the Chuan Xinlian in the treatment of inflammation. Network analysis outcomes indicated that five targets (IL-6, VEGFA, PTGST2, TNF-α, and MMP-9) were identified as the key targets of Chuan Xinlian in the treatment of inflammation. Further, molecular docking findings revealed that the majority of the bioactive ingredients exhibited a strong binding efficacy towards the predicted hub genes. Functional analysis results showed that the potential mechanisms were primarily concentrated in key pathways including cancer, immunology, and inflammation process. Moreover, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis indicated that Chuan Xinlian extract suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators with anti-inflammatory effects. Our study shows that Chuan Xinlian potentially exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via key pathways including cancer, immunology, and inflammation process. This suggests that Chuan Xinlian has a potential anti-inflammatory action, thereby providing a scientific reference for clinical studies.
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19
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Hong X, Ajat M, Fakurazi S, Noor AM, Ismail IS. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Scurrula ferruginea (jack) danser parasitizing on Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. in LPS/IFN-γ-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113647. [PMID: 33271242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser (locally known as 'Dedalu' or 'dian nan ji sheng' in Malaysia and China) is a hemi-parasitic shrub that is widely used as herbal medicine to treat inflammation, rheumatism, and stroke. However, the scientific basis of its anti-inflammatory function and mechanism remain to be proven. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity as well as the preliminary mechanism of S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory capability of freeze-dried stem aqueous extract was assessed via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism was deciphered through reverse transcriptase and real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR) for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression. RESULTS The results exhibited that aqueous extract of freeze-dried S. ferruginea stem sample concentration-dependently inhibited IL-1β protein production along with the down regulation of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression. Moreover, it significantly suppressed the protein release of IL-6 and IL-10 in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it slightly reduced TNF-α at higher sample concentration (250 μg/mL) without affecting the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that S. ferruginea parasitizing on Tecoma stans exerted anti-inflammatory capability attributed to inhibition of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression, NO creation, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α protein production, indicating this plant might be a useful plant-derived candidate against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Hebei Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, 067000, Chengde, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Mohd Noor
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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20
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Pasha A, Kumbhakar DV, Doneti R, Kumar K, Dharmapuri G, Poleboyina PK, S. K. H, Basavaraju P, Pasumarthi D, S. D. A, Soujanya P, Arnold Emeson I, Bodiga V, Pawar SC. Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) by Andrographolide and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects on Cervical Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6692628. [PMID: 33815659 PMCID: PMC8010528 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6692628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work is aimed at investigating the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cervical cancer and identifying a potential iNOS inhibitor. The data mining studies performed advocated iNOS to be a promising biomarker for cancer prognosis, as it is highly overexpressed in several malignant cancers. The elevated iNOS was found to be associated with poor survival and increased tumor aggressiveness in cervical cancer. Immunohistochemical and RT-PCR investigations of iNOS showed significant upregulation of endogenous iNOS expression in the cervical tumor samples, thus making iNOS a potent target for decreasing tumor inflammation and aggressiveness. Andrographolide, a plant-derived diterpenoid lactone, is widely reported to be effective against infections and inflammation, causing no adverse side effects on humans. In the current study, we investigated the effect of andrographolide on the prognostic value of iNOS expression in cervical cancer, which has not been reported previously. The binding efficacy of andrographolide was analyzed by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Multiple parameters were used to analyze the simulation trajectory, like root mean square deviation (RMSD), torsional degree of freedom, protein-root mean square fluctuations (P-RMSF), ligand RMSF, total number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, secondary structure elements (SSE) of the protein, and protein complex with the time-dependent functions of MDS. Ligand-protein interactions revealed binding efficacy of andrographolide with tryptophan amino acid of iNOS protein. Cancer cell proliferation, cell migration, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis-mediated cell death were assessed in vitro, post iNOS inhibition induced by andrographolide treatment (demonstrated by Western blot). Results. Andrographolide exhibited cytotoxicity by inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of cervical cancer cells and also abrogated the cancer cell migration. A significant increase in apoptosis was observed with increasing andrographolide concentration, and it also induced cell cycle arrest at G1-S phase transition. Our results substantiate that andrographolide significantly inhibits iNOS expression and exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Pasha
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Ravinder Doneti
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Gangappa Dharmapuri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046 Telangana, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Poleboyina
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Heena S. K.
- Department of Pathology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, 500095 Telangana, India
| | - Preethi Basavaraju
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepthi Pasumarthi
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Annapurna S. D.
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
| | - Pavani Soujanya
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500007 Telangana, India
| | - I. Arnold Emeson
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Vijayalaxmi Bodiga
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500007 Telangana, India
| | - Smita C. Pawar
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007 Telangana, India
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Nicolella HD, Fernandes G, Ozelin SD, Rinaldi-Neto F, Ribeiro AB, Furtado RA, Senedese JM, Esperandim TR, Veneziani RCS, Tavares DC. Manool, a diterpene from Salvia officinalis, exerts preventive effects on chromosomal damage and preneoplastic lesions. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:177-185. [PMID: 33512444 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the manool diterpene on genomic integrity. For this purpose, we evaluated the influence of manool on genotoxicity induced by mutagens with different mechanisms of action, as well as on colon carcinogenesis. The results showed that manool (0.5 and 1.0 µg/ml) significantly reduced the frequency of micronuclei induced by doxorubicin (DXR) and hydrogen peroxide in V79 cells but did not influence genotoxicity induced by etoposide. Mice receiving manool (1.25 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction (79.5%) in DXR-induced chromosomal damage. The higher doses of manool (5.0 and 20 mg/kg) did not influence the genotoxicity induced by DXR. The anticarcinogenic effect of manool (0.3125, 1.25 and 5.0 mg/kg) was also observed against preneoplastic lesions chemically induced in rat colon. A gradual increase in manool doses did not cause a proportional reduction of preneoplastic lesions, thus demonstrating the absence of a dose-response relationship. The analysis of serum biochemical indicators revealed the absence of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of treatments. To explore the chemopreventive mechanisms of manool via anti-inflammatory pathways, we evaluated its effect on nitric oxide (NO) production and on the expression of the NF-kB gene. At the highest concentration tested (4 μg/ml), manool significantly increased NO production when compared to the negative control. On the other hand, in the prophylactic treatment model, manool (0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml) was able to significantly reduce NO levels produced by macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Analysis of NF-kB in hepatic and renal tissues of mice treated with manool and DXR revealed that the mutagen was unable to stimulate expression of the gene. In conclusion, manool possesses antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects and its anti-inflammatory potential might be related, at least in part, to its chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloiza Diniz Nicolella
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fernandes
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rinaldi-Neto
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Barcelos Ribeiro
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Furtado
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Marques Senedese
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tábata Rodrigues Esperandim
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Large magnitude of force leads to NO-mediated cell shrinkage in single osteocytes implying an initial apoptotic response. J Biomech 2021; 117:110245. [PMID: 33493709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Damage accumulation in the bone under continuous daily loading causes local mechanical overloading known to induce osteocyte apoptosis, which promotes bone resorption to repair bone damage. However, only a few studies have investigated the mechanism of apoptosis in mechanically overloaded osteocytes. As mechanically stimulated osteocytes produce nitric oxide (NO), which triggers apoptosis in various cell types, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying apoptosis in mechanically overloaded osteocytes, focusing on intracellular NO. To investigate the effects of force magnitude on apoptosis and intracellular NO production, we isolated osteocytes from DMP1-EGFP mice and subjected them to quantitative local forces via fibronectin-coated micro beads targeting integrin on the cell surface using a magnetic tweezer. Cell shrinkage was microscopically examined, and intracellular NO production was visualized using DAR-4 M. Mechanical stimulation revealed relationships between force magnitude, apoptosis, and intracellular NO production. The application of a smaller force resulted in no significant cell shrinkage or intracellular NO production; however, a larger force caused a rapid increase in intracellular NO production followed by cell shrinkage. Besides, intracellular NOS (NO synthase) inhibition and NO donation revealed the pro-apoptotic roles of NO in osteocytes. L-NAME (NOS inhibitor)-treated cells displayed no significant shrinkage under a larger force, whereas SNP (NO donor)-treated cells showed cell shrinkage and Annexin V fluorescence, indicating apoptosis. Collectively, our study demonstrates that larger force leads to NO production-mediated osteocyte shrinkage, implying an initial apoptotic response and highlighting the importance of NO production in bone damage.
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23
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Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110959. [PMID: 33197758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system of the host body plays pivotal role in the maintenance of ordinary physiological and immunological functions as well as internal environment. Balanced immunity enhances defense mechanism against infection, diseases and unwanted pathogens to avoid hypersensitivity reactions and immune related diseases. The ideal immune responses are the results of corrective interaction between the innate immune cells and acquired components of the immune system. Recently, the interest towards the immune system increased as significant target of toxicity due to exposure of chemicals, drugs and environmental pollutants. Numerous factors are involved in altering the immune responses of the host such as sex, age, stress, malnutrition, alcohol, genetic variability, life styles, environmental-pollutants and chemotherapy exposure. Immunomodulation is any modification of immune responses, often involved induction, amplification, attenuation or inhibition of immune responses. Several synthetic or traditional medicines are available in the market which promptly have many serious adverse effects and create pathogenic resistance. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring molecules, which significantly play an imperative role in modulating favorable immune responses. The present review emphasizes on the risk factors associated with alterations in immune responses, and immunomodulatory activity of phytochemicals specifically, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterols and sterolins.
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Puffing of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Enhances its Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Upregulating Macrophage Oxidative Phosphorylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100931. [PMID: 33003300 PMCID: PMC7600901 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a widely used spice, has anti-inflammatory properties and other health benefits, but the detailed mechanisms of these effects are still poorly understood. Recent advances in assessment of cellular energy metabolism have revealed that macrophage mitochondrial respiration is critical in inflammatory responses. In an effort to enhance the anti-inflammatory function of turmeric with a simple processing method, extract of puffed turmeric was investigated for effect on macrophage energy metabolism. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that puffing of turmeric significantly induced the degradation of curcumin to smaller active compounds including vanillic acid, vanillin and 4-vinylguaiacol. The in vitro consumption of oxygen as expressed by the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly downregulated following lipopolysaccharides stimulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Puffed turmeric extract, but not the non-puffed control, reversed the LPS-induced decrease in OCR, resulting in downregulated transcription of the pro-inflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Dietary intervention in high-fat diet-induced obese mice revealed that both control and puffed turmeric have anti-obesity effects in vivo, but only puffed turmeric exhibited reciprocal downregulation of the inflammatory marker cluster of differentiation (CD)11c and upregulation of the anti-inflammatory marker CD206 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Puffed turmeric extract further modulated the low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio toward that of the normal diet group, indicating that puffing is a simple, advantageous processing method for turmeric as an anti-inflammatory food ingredient.
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25
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Panossian A, Brendler T. The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E236. [PMID: 32911682 PMCID: PMC7558817 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Phytomed AB, Vaxtorp, 31275 Halland, Sweden
- EuropharmaUSA, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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26
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Tan SJ, Ismail IS. Potency of Selected Berries, Grapes, and Citrus Fruit as Neuroprotective Agents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:3582947. [PMID: 32565853 PMCID: PMC7277024 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3582947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A healthy diet should nourish the brain with essential nutrients, including bioactive compounds, for normal brain functioning and to protect it from the negative effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. In this review, a concise summation of the protective effects of selected fruits, namely, berries, grapes, and citrus fruits, against neurological disorder is presented. The focus is on the neuroprotective potential of these fruits against neurodegenerative and mental disorders. The fruits selection was based on the vast reported pharmacological studies on their neuroprotection efficacies. Hence, the respective knowledge and limitations are discussed based on the biological and pharmacological evidence compiled from the previously reported laboratory, epidemiology, and intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Jen Tan
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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28
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Influence of Microbiota on Diabetic Foot Wound in Comparison with Adjacent Normal Skin Based on the Clinical Features. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7459236. [PMID: 31531366 PMCID: PMC6720033 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7459236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a complication experienced by diabetic patients and does not heal well in an altered wound environment. Although diverse microbes in DFU were detected, little is known about their influences on diabetic foot wound (DFW) and the association with the skin microbiota in normal tissue from the same patients according to clinical features. We aimed to analyze the microbiota in normal skin and DFW tissue from the same subject and predict their roles based on clinical features. We analyzed the microbiota in normal skin and DFW tissue from the same subject and compared the associated members of microbiota with clinical parameters. The diversity of skin microbiota was higher than that of DFW tissues, along with compositional differences. In addition, different microbes were associated with clinical features. The proportions of Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, Peptoniphilus, Porphyromonas, and Dialister were higher in the severe groups than of the mild groups, whereas that of Firmicutes was lower in the severe groups. According to wound severity, the microbiota could be related to inflammation, damaging host cell membrane, and pathogenicity through lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, cellular antigens, and protein digestion metabolism. The predicted DFW microbiota functions according to systemic diabetic status defined by ESRD and HbA1c, differed from those presented by wound severity. Results indicate that the microbiota in normal skin is related to the colonizing microbes in DFW tissue according to clinical features and the different microbes can play important roles in DFW prognosis. This information can be applied to prevent and manage DFW by modulating the microbiota.
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29
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Kandanur SGS, Tamang N, Golakoti NR, Nanduri S. Andrographolide: A natural product template for the generation of structurally and biologically diverse diterpenes. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:513-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Su XD, Jang HJ, Wang CY, Lee SW, Rho MC, Kim YH, Yang SY. Anti-inflammatory Potential of Saponins from Aster tataricus via NF-κB/MAPK Activation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1139-1148. [PMID: 30931559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Four new aster saponins (1-4) together with five known analogues (5-9) were isolated from Aster tataricus. The chemical structures of 1-4 were elucidated based on spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data. The potential anti-inflammatory activities of aster saponins 1-9 were evaluated subsequently by measuring lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-enhanced nitric oxide (NO) formation in murine macrophages. Among these, aster saponin B (6) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50: 1.2 μM). Additionally, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels were dose-dependently suppressed by 6 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory mechanism indicated that 6 attenuated the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), which led to the blocking of NF-κB p65 translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Su
- College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil , Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212 , Korea
| | - Cai-Yi Wang
- College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil , Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212 , Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil , Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212 , Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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31
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Ganji-Arjenaki M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Phytotherapies in inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:42. [PMID: 31160909 PMCID: PMC6540767 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_590_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been considered as a group of heterogeneous intestinal diseases that affects multiple organs outside of the gastrointestinal tract and is due to an uncontrolled inflammatory response mediated by the immune system. The IBD etiology has not been clearly defined, and it is considered as a multifactorial disease. Due to side effects of some conventional therapies, the consumption of complementary and alternative medicines, and in particular, the herbal therapy, more than before is increasing. Herbal therapy results for management of IBD by various mechanisms including leukotriene B4 inhibition, antioxidant activity, immune system regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B, as well as antiplatelet activity are favorable, and no unfortunate events have been yet reported. In this article, we aimed to review and report the herbal therapies established for management of human IBD or evaluated by animal IBD models. Their possible mechanisms of actions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboube Ganji-Arjenaki
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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32
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Hancke JL, Srivastav S, Cáceres DD, Burgos RA. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of Andrographis paniculata standardized extract (ParActin®) on pain reduction in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1469-1479. [PMID: 30968986 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata Wall (Acanthaceae) is becoming more recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the efficacy of an andrographolide-containing supplement, ParActin® (300 and 600 mg daily), on Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain reduction in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Joint stiffness, physical function, changes in the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, a fatigue scale, and safety were also evaluated. A total of 103 male and female patients with I-II osteoarthritis of the knee joint were assessed. Patients treated with 300 or 600 mg/day of ParActin® showed a significant reduction in pain at days 28, 56, and 84 compared with a placebo group. WOMAC stiffness scores, physical function score, and the fatigue score showed a significant improvement in both ParActin®-treated groups compared with the placebo group. At the end of the study, the quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) scores showed significant improvements in both ParActin®-treated groups compared with the placebo group. Overall, it can be concluded that ParActin® in 300 and 600 mg/day dosages were found to be effective and safe in reducing pain in individuals suffering from mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Srivastav
- Clinical Development, Vedic Lifesciences Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dante D Cáceres
- Environmental Health Programme, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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33
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Saini N, Singh D, Sandhir R. Bacopa monnieri prevents colchicine-induced dementia by anti-inflammatory action. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:505-518. [PMID: 30604025 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered as an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that precedes the formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Therefore, strategies aimed at attenuating inflammation by phytochemicals may be a potential therapeutic intervention against AD. The present study was designed to evaluate if colchicine-induced inflammation and Aβ production could be prevented by Bacopa monnieri (BM) supplementation. Dementia was induced by a single intracerebroventicular injection of colchicine (15 μg/5 μl), whereas, BM extract was administered orally (50 mg/kg body weight, daily) for 15 days. Assessment of cognitive functions using Morris water maze revealed deficits in colchicine administered animals. This was accompanied by significant increase in oxidative stress in terms of accentuated ROS and NO production. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokine (MCP-1) increased in the brain regions. Furthermore, COX-2 and iNOS expression also increased significantly in the brain regions of colchicine-administered animals. In addition, BACE-1 activity increased in the colchicine treated animals, which was accompanied by enhanced Aβ production. On the other hand, BM supplementation was able to improve cognitive functions, suppress Aβ formation by reducing BACE-1 activity. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were attenuated in the brain regions of BM supplemented animals. Taken together, the findings reveal that BM reverses colchicine-induced dementia by its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant action suggesting that it may be an effective therapeutic intervention to ameliorate progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Devinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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34
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Song S, Liu P, Wang L, Li D, Fan H, Chen D, Zhao F. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of naucleoffieine H as a natural alkaloid from Nauclea officinalis Pierrc ex Pitard, through inhibition of the iNOS pathway in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2694-2697. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1550765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yantai Yu-Huang-Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Pan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Danna Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Huaying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Daquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
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35
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Rezaei M, Ghafouri H, Aghamaali MR, Shourian M. Thiazolidinedione Derivative Suppresses LPS-induced COX-2 Expression and NO Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:1371-1379. [PMID: 32641947 PMCID: PMC6934980 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of 2,4 bis-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)azo] 5-(3-hydroxybenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD-OCH2CH3) on the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells. The effects of TZD-OCH2CH3 on COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells were detected by real time PCR. Also, to understand structure and substrate specificity, we have utilized molecular docking simulations (AutoDock Vina) and the active residues in the binding pocket were determined from COX-2 and iNOS. The treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with TZD-OCH2CH3 significantly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, corresponding to 46.1% and 61.06% at 30 and 60 μg/mL, respectively. The present study revealed that the TZD-OCH2CH3 had a little effect on iNOS mRNA expression. Meanwhile, the TZD-OCH2CH3 also could inhibit the production of NO compared to single LPS-stimulated cell. According to the results obtained, TZD-OCH2CH3 dramatically suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production after 24 h, in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 65 μg/mL. Our data suggest that TZD-OCH2CH3, as a functionally novel agent, inhibits the inflammatory pathway via suppression of COX-2 mRNA expression and also by the inhibition of the iNOS activity. Therefore, this compound could be suggested as a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | | | - Mostafa Shourian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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Berberis lycium Royle fruit extract mitigates oxi-inflammatory stress by suppressing NF-κB/MAPK signalling cascade in activated macrophages and Treg proliferation in splenic lymphocytes. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 28:1053-1072. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chung TH, Wu YP, Chew CY, Lam CH, Tan KT. Imaging and Quantification of Secreted Peroxynitrite at the Cell Surface by a Streptavidin-Biotin-Controlled Binding Probe. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2584-2590. [PMID: 30352141 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and image secreted peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) along the extracellular surface of a single cell is biologically significant, as ONOO- generally exerts its function for host defense and signal transductions at the plasma membrane. However, as a result of the short lifetime and fast diffusion rate of small ONOO- , precise determination of the ONOO- level at the cell surface remains a challenging task. In this paper, the use of a membrane-anchored streptavidin-biotin-controlled binding probe (CBP), ONOO-CBP, to determine quantitatively the ONOO- level at the cell surface and to investigate the effect of different stimulants on the production of ONOO- along the plasma membrane of macrophages is reported. Our results revealed that the combination of NO synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activators was highly effective in inducing ONOO- secretion, achieving more than a 25-fold increase in ONOO- relative to untreated cells. After 1 h of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, the amount of ONOO- secreted by RAW264.7 macrophages was similar to the condition treated with 25 μm 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), which was estimated to release about 20 μm of ONOO- into Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) in 1 h. This novel approach should open up new opportunities to image various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species secreted at the plasma membrane that cannot be simply achieved by conventional analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chee Ying Chew
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chak Hin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Zhang L, Chen Q, Wang H, Yang J, Sheng S. Andrographolide mitigates IL‑1β‑induced human nucleus pulposus cells degeneration through the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5427-5436. [PMID: 30365119 PMCID: PMC6236278 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a multifactorial disease with few efficacious clinical drugs, which has been demonstrated to be associated with nucleus pulposus (NP) cells apoptosis and degeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Interleukin (IL)-1β, a common proinflammatory cytokine, is considered to be one of key regulators in IDD development. Andrographolide (AG), extracted from Andrographis paniculata, has been suggested to possess marked anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of AG on IDD has not been well explored. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of AG on IDD in human NP cells. NP cells were treated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of AG to investigate the effects on cell viability, cellular apoptosis, production of ECM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. It was identified that IL-1β-induced NP cellular apoptosis was significantly inhibited by AG treatment. Furthermore, AG mitigated the IL-1β-induced degeneration of the ECM, which was paralleled by a decrease in MMPs and ADAMTS levels. In addition, AG exhibited marked inhibitory properties against the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and the nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Taken together, these results demonstrated that AG treatment mitigated IL-1β-induced NP cells degeneration through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, and suggested that AG may be a potential agent for IDD prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Haoli Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Sunren Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Dai Y, Chen SR, Chai L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wang Y. Overview of pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata and its major compound andrographolide. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:S17-S29. [PMID: 30040451 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1501657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) is a medicinal plant traditionally used as anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria herb. Andrographolide, the major active component of A. paniculata, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and other activities. In this article, we comprehensively review the therapeutic potential of A. paniculata and andrographolide focusing on the mechanisms of action and clinical application. We systemically discuss the structure-activity relationship of andrographolide and derivatives. Despite the various pharmacological activities and formula of A. paniculata and andrographolide, we propose further development of more structural derivatives of andrographolide with reduced toxicity and increased therapeutic efficacy is still needed for the clinical application of this ancient mighty herb and its major component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa, Macao SAR , China
| | - Shao-Ru Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa, Macao SAR , China
| | - Ling Chai
- b Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards , Nanning 530022 , China
| | - Jing Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa, Macao SAR , China
| | - Yitao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa, Macao SAR , China
| | - Ying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa, Macao SAR , China
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Moreira R, Pereira DM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Food Safety. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1668. [PMID: 29874826 PMCID: PMC6032134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are widely distributed in plants throughout the world, frequently in species relevant for human consumption. Apart from the toxicity that these molecules can cause in humans and livestock, PA are also known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, which can be exploited in drug discovery programs. In this work we review the current body of knowledge regarding the chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and food safety of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Das S, Mishra K, Ganju L, Singh S. Andrographolide - A promising therapeutic agent, negatively regulates glial cell derived neurodegeneration of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and working memory impairment. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:161-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Tran QT, Wong WF, Chai CL. Labdane diterpenoids as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Pharmacol Res 2017; 124:43-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rafe MR. A review of five traditionally used anti-diabetic plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological activities. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:933-939. [PMID: 29111187 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are used traditionally throughout the globe to treat various diseases. Traditionally used medicinal plants are an essential part of the health sector in Bangladesh due to its abundance of a vast source of ethno-medicine. Rural people from developing country like Bangladesh are greatly dependent on traditional source of medicine. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing from recent years; therefore various researches are going on to discover better medicine to treat this disease. This study has focused on five plants which are Andrographis paniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Swertia chirata, Terminalia arjuna, and Azadirachta indica to find out their traditional formulation as anti-diabetic medicine and their pharmacological activity has also been explored through literature search. The available information about traditional anti-diabetic uses of these plants and their pharmacological activities were collected from various electronic sources like Pubmed, SciFinder, Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, Scirus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science apart from these locally available books and peer reviewed journal were also used to collect information. This study will help to strengthen the relation between traditional medicine, pharmacology and drug development. A clue may be found from the information provided this review to discover new and better anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rajdoula Rafe
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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44
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Balap A, Lohidasan S, Sinnathambi A, Mahadik K. Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) extract and andrographolide on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of naproxen in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:214-221. [PMID: 27847337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthacae) have broad range of pharmacological effects such as hepatoprotective, antifertility, antimalarial, antidiabetic, suppression of various cancer cells and anti-inflammatory properties and is widely used medicinal plant in the traditional Unani and Ayurvedic medicinal systems. Andrographolide (AN) is one of the active constituent of the A. paniculata Nees extract (APE). They have been found in many traditional herbal formulations in India and proven to be effective as anti-inflammatory drug. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (anti arthritic) herb-drug interactions of A. paniculata Nees extract (APE) and pure andrographolide (AN) with naproxen (NP) after oral co-administration in wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS After oral co-administration of APE (200mg/Kg) and AN (60mg/kg) with NP (7.5mg/kg) in rats, drug concentrations in plasma were determined using HPLC method. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, tmax, t1/2, MRT, Vd, CL, and AUC were calculated by non-compartment model. Change in paw volume, mechanical nociceptive threshold, mechanical hyperalgesia, histopathology and hematological parameters were evaluated to study antiarthritic activity. RESULTS Co-administration of NP with APE and pure AN decreased systemic exposure level of NP in vivo. The Cmax, tmax, AUC0-t of NP was decreased. In pharmacodynamic study, NP (10mg/kg) alone and NP+AN (10+60mg/kg) groups exhibited significant synergistic anti-arthritic activity as compared to groups NP+APE, APE and AN alone. CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study suggested that NP, APE and pure AN existed pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions in rat which is correlated with anti-arthritic study. The knowledge regarding possible herb-drug interaction of NP might be helpful for physicians as well as patients using AP. So further studies should be done to understand the effect of other herbal ingredients of APE on NP as well as to predict the herb-drug interaction in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Andrographis/chemistry
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/blood
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics
- Area Under Curve
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Diterpenes/administration & dosage
- Diterpenes/isolation & purification
- Edema/chemically induced
- Edema/prevention & control
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Half-Life
- Herb-Drug Interactions
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Naproxen/administration & dosage
- Naproxen/blood
- Naproxen/pharmacokinetics
- Nociception/drug effects
- Nociceptive Pain/chemically induced
- Nociceptive Pain/physiopathology
- Nociceptive Pain/prevention & control
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats, Wistar
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Balap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune 411038, India
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune 411038, India
| | - Arulmozhi Sinnathambi
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune 411038, India
| | - Kakasaheb Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune 411038, India.
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Choi EY, Lee SS, Hyeon JY, Choe SH, Keum BR, Lim JM, Park DC, Choi IS, Cho KK. Effects of β-Glucan on the Release of Nitric Oxide by Macrophages Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1664-1674. [PMID: 27488844 PMCID: PMC5088388 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research analyzed the effect of β-glucan that is expected to alleviate the production of the inflammatory mediator in macrophagocytes, which are processed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia. The incubated layer was used for a nitric oxide (NO) analysis. The DNA-binding activation of the small unit of nuclear factor-κB was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit. In the RAW264.7 cells that were vitalized by Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, the β-glucan inhibited both the combatant and rendering phases of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO. β-Glucan increased the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells that were stimulated by E. coli LPS, and the HO-1 activation was inhibited by the tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This shows that the NO production induced by LPS is related to the inhibition effect of β-glucan. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the p38 induced by the LPS were not influenced by the β-glucan, and the inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) decomposition was not influenced either. Instead, β-glucan remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) that was induced by the E. coli LPS. Overall, the β-glucan inhibited the production of NO in macrophagocytes that was vitalized by the E .coli LPS through the HO-1 induction and the STAT1 pathways inhibition in this research. As the host immune response control by β-glucan weakens the progress of the inflammatory disease, β-glucan can be used as an effective immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Choi
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - S S Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - J Y Hyeon
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - S H Choe
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - B R Keum
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - J M Lim
- Glucan Corporation, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Korea
| | - D C Park
- Glucan Corporation, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Korea
| | - I S Choi
- Department of Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | - K K Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
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Lam P, Cheung F, Tan HY, Wang N, Yuen MF, Feng Y. Hepatoprotective Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herbs: A Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:465. [PMID: 27043533 PMCID: PMC4848921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is intimately connected to inflammation, which is the innate defense system of the body for removing harmful stimuli and participates in the hepatic wound-healing response. Sustained inflammation and the corresponding regenerative wound-healing response can induce the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress is associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways, while chronic inflammation is found associated with some human cancers. Inflammation and cancer may be connected by the effect of the inflammation-fibrosis-cancer (IFC) axis. Chinese medicinal herbs display abilities in protecting the liver compared to conventional therapies, as many herbal medicines have been shown as effective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents. We review the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, the development of hepatic diseases, and the hepatoprotective effects of Chinese medicinal herbs via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms. Moreover, several Chinese medicinal herbs and composite formulae, which have been commonly used for preventing and treating hepatic diseases, including Andrographis Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Coptidis Rhizoma, curcumin, xiao-cha-hu-tang and shi-quan-da-bu-tang, were selected for reviewing their hepatoprotective effects with focus on their anti-oxidative and ant-inflammatory activities. This review aims to provide new insight into how Chinese medicinal herbs work in therapeutic strategies for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puiyan Lam
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fan Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Fung Yuen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Mary Hospital and Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Botanical Drugs as an Emerging Strategy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:179616. [PMID: 26576073 PMCID: PMC4630406 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two most common categories of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestine that comprises the patients' life quality and requires sustained pharmacological and surgical treatments. Since their aetiology is not completely understood, nonfully efficient drugs have been developed and those that show effectiveness are not devoid of quite important adverse effects that impair their long-term use. Therefore, many patients try with some botanical drugs, which are safe and efficient after many years of use. However, it is necessary to properly evaluate these therapies to consider a new strategy for human IBD. In this report we have reviewed the main botanical drugs that have been assessed in clinical trials in human IBD and the mechanisms and the active compounds proposed for their beneficial effects.
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Taka S, Gazouli M, Sotirakoglou K, Liandris E, Andreadou M, Triantaphyllopoulos K, Ikonomopoulos J. Functional analysis of 3'UTR polymorphisms in the caprine SLC11A1 gene and its association with the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:75-9. [PMID: 26117376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms in the 3'UTR of the caprine SLC11A1 gene are functional, and to assess the role of MAP as a regulatory parameter in gene expression. To this goal we constructed plasmids expressing the Luciferase reporter gene in transient transfections of a mouse (Balb/c) macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), incorporating those polymorphisms that our previous work indicated as more prominent in terms of SLC11A1 expression and responsiveness to MAP infection. Gene expression variation was recorded on the average of the respective measurements after exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) combined with microbial antigens and cytokines. In silico analysis of the region under study allowed identification of one cis-acting RNA element, five putative transcriptional regulatory elements and 85 3'end microRNA binding sites. The two polymorphic regions (regions A and B) of the 3'UTR of the caprine SLC11A1 gene were recognized as regulators of its activity, at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The GT16 polymorphism at region A, combined with the GT8 polymorphism at region B, results in up-regulation of the SLC11A1 gene. The specific genotype was also found to be more responsive to MAP exposure at a statistically significant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taka
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - M Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 176 Michalakopoulou st., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - K Sotirakoglou
- Department of Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - E Liandris
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - M Andreadou
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - K Triantaphyllopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - J Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Xu FF, Fu SJ, Gu SP, Wang ZM, Wang ZZ, He X, Xiao W. Simultaneous determination of andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide in dog plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a dog pharmacokinetic study of Andrographis paniculata tablet. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 990:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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