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Morell A, Budagaga Y, Vagiannis D, Zhang Y, Laštovičková L, Novotná E, Haddad A, Haddad M, Portillo R, Hofman J, Wsól V. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 inhibitor enasidenib synergizes daunorubicin cytotoxicity by targeting aldo-keto reductase 1C3 and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3265-3277. [PMID: 35972551 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Targeting mutations that trigger acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has emerged as a refined therapeutic approach in recent years. Enasidenib (Idhifa) is the first selective inhibitor of mutated forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) approved against relapsed/refractory AML. In addition to its use as monotherapy, a combination trial of enasidenib with standard intensive induction therapy (daunorubicin + cytarabine) is being evaluated. This study aimed to decipher enasidenib off-target molecular mechanisms involved in anthracycline resistance, such as reduction by carbonyl reducing enzymes (CREs) and drug efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We analysed the effect of enasidenib on daunorubicin (Daun) reduction by several recombinant CREs and different human cell lines expressing aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) exogenously (HCT116) or endogenously (A549 and KG1a). Additionally, A431 cell models overexpressing ABCB1, ABCG2, or ABCC1 were employed to evaluate enasidenib modulation of Daun efflux. Furthermore, the potential synergism of enasidenib over Daun cytotoxicity was quantified amongst all the cell models. Enasidenib selectively inhibited AKR1C3-mediated inactivation of Daun in vitro and in cell lines expressing AKR1C3, as well as its extrusion by ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 transporters, thus synergizing Daun cytotoxicity to overcome resistance. This work provides in vitro evidence on enasidenib-mediated targeting of the anthracycline resistance actors AKR1C3 and ABC transporters under clinically achievable concentrations. Our findings may encourage its combination with intensive chemotherapy and even suggest that the effectiveness of enasidenib as monotherapy against AML could lie beyond the targeting of mIDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Morell
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Youssif Budagaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitrios Vagiannis
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Laštovičková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Haddad
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Melodie Haddad
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ramon Portillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Zhang Y, Ni L, Lin B, Hu L, Lin Z, Yang J, Wang J, Ma H, Liu Y, Yang J, Lin J, Xu L, Wu L, Shi D. SNX17 protects the heart from doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating LMOD2 degradation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105642. [PMID: 33933636 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines including doxorubicin (DOX) are still the most widely used and efficacious antitumor drugs, although their cardiotoxicity is a significant cause of heart failure. Despite considerable efforts being made to minimize anthracycline-induced cardiac adverse effects, little progress has been achieved. In this study, we aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of SNX17 in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. We found that SNX17 was downregulated in cardiomyocytes treated with DOX both in vitro and in vivo. DOX treatment combined with SNX17 interference worsened the damage to neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). Furthermore, the rats with SNX17 deficiency manifested increased susceptibility to DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (myocardial damage and fibrosis, impaired contractility and cardiac death). Mechanistic investigation revealed that SNX17 interacted with leiomodin-2 (LMOD2), a key regulator of the thin filament length in muscles, via its C-TERM domain and SNX17 deficiency exacerbated DOX-induced cardiac systolic dysfunction by promoting aberrant LMOD2 degradation through lysosomal pathway. In conclusion, these findings highlight that SNX17 plays a protective role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, which provides an attractive target for the prevention and treatment of anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Le Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Bowen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lingjie Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zheyi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Honghui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Jianghua Lin
- Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Liqun Wu
- Department of Vascular and Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Kumar A, Patel S, Bhatkar D, Sarode SC, Sharma NK. A novel method to detect intracellular metabolite alterations in MCF-7 cells by doxorubicin induced cell death. Metabolomics 2021; 17:3. [PMID: 33389242 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming within cancer cells has been recognized as a potential barrier to chemotherapy. Additionally, metabolic tumor heterogeneity is the one of factors behind discernible hallmarks such as drug resistance, relapse of the tumor and the formation of secondary tumors. METHODS In this paper, cell-based assays including PI/annexin V staining and immunoblot assay were performed to show the apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX. Further, MCF-7 cells were lysed in a hypotonic buffer and the whole cell lysate was purified by a novel and specifically designed metabolite (~ 100 to 1000 Da) fractionation system called vertical tube gel electrophoresis (VTGE). Further, purified intracellular metabolites were subjected to identification by LC-HRMS technique. RESULTS Cleaved PARP 1 in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX was observed in the present study. Concomitantly, data showed the absence of active caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells. Novel findings are to identify key intracellular metabolites assisted by VTGE system that include lipid (CDP-DG, phytosphingosine, dodecanamide), non-lipid (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N1-acetylspermidine and gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine) and tripeptide metabolites in MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Interestingly, we reported the first evidence of doxorubicinone, an aglycone form of DOX in MCF-7 cells that are potentially linked to the mechanism of cell death in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION This paper reported novel methods and processes that involve VTGE system based purification of hypotonically lysed novel intracellular metabolites of MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Here, these identified intracellular metabolites corroborate to caspase 3 independent and mitochondria induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Finally, these findings validate a proof of concept on the applications of novel VTGE assisted purification and analysis of intracellular metabolites from various cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Sheetal Patel
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Devyani Bhatkar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India.
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, MH, 411033, India.
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Zeng X, Cai H, Yang J, Qiu H, Cheng Y, Liu M. Pharmacokinetics and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin and its secondary alcohol metabolite in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Linschoten M, Teske AJ, Cramer MJ, van der Wall E, Asselbergs FW. Chemotherapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Genetic Variants Modulating Individual Risk. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e001753. [PMID: 29557343 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction is a significant side effect of anticancer treatment. Risk stratification is based on clinical- and treatment-related risk factors that do not adequately explain individual susceptibility. The addition of genetic variants may improve risk assessment. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase, to identify studies investigating genetic risk factors for chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction. Included were articles describing genetic variants in humans altering susceptibility to chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction. The validity of identified studies was assessed by 10 criteria, including assessment of population stratification, statistical methodology, and replication of findings. We identified 40 studies: 34 exploring genetic risk factors for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (n=9678) and 6 studies related to trastuzumab-associated cardiotoxicity (n=642). The majority (35/40) of studies had a candidate gene approach, whereas 5 genome-wide association studies have been performed. We identified 25 genetic variants in 20 genes and 2 intergenic variants reported significant at least once. The overall validity of studies was limited, with small cohorts, failure to assess population ancestry and lack of replication. SNPs with the most robust evidence up to this point are CELF4 rs1786814 (sarcomere structure and function), RARG rs2229774 (topoisomerase-2β expression), SLC28A3 rs7853758 (drug transport), UGT1A6 rs17863783 (drug metabolism), and 1 intergenic variant (rs28714259). Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that genetic variation contributes to chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction. Although many variants identified by this systematic review show potential to improve risk stratification, future studies are necessary for validation and assessment of their value in a diagnostic and prognostic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Linschoten
- From the Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart & Lungs (M.L., A.J.T., M.J.C., F.W.A.) and Department of Medical Oncology (E.v.d.W.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences (F.W.A.) and Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics (F.W.A.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Arco J Teske
- From the Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart & Lungs (M.L., A.J.T., M.J.C., F.W.A.) and Department of Medical Oncology (E.v.d.W.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences (F.W.A.) and Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics (F.W.A.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten J Cramer
- From the Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart & Lungs (M.L., A.J.T., M.J.C., F.W.A.) and Department of Medical Oncology (E.v.d.W.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences (F.W.A.) and Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics (F.W.A.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- From the Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart & Lungs (M.L., A.J.T., M.J.C., F.W.A.) and Department of Medical Oncology (E.v.d.W.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences (F.W.A.) and Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics (F.W.A.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- From the Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart & Lungs (M.L., A.J.T., M.J.C., F.W.A.) and Department of Medical Oncology (E.v.d.W.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences (F.W.A.) and Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics (F.W.A.), University College London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Hoefer CC, Blair RH, Blanco JG. Development of a CART Model to Predict the Synthesis of Cardiotoxic Daunorubicinol in Heart Tissue Samples From Donors With and Without Down Syndrome. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2005-2008. [PMID: 27112290 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Daunorubicin (DAUN) and doxorubicin (DOX) are used to treat a variety of cancers. The use of DAUN and DOX is hampered by the development of cardiotoxicity. Clinical evidence suggests that patients with leukemia and Down syndrome are at increased risk for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. Carbonyl reductases and aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the reduction of DAUN and DOX into cardiotoxic C-13 alcohol metabolites. Anthracyclines also exert cardiotoxicity by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. In recent studies, a collection of heart samples from donors with and without Down syndrome was used to investigate determinants for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity including cardiac daunorubicin reductase activity (DA), carbonyl reductase/AKRs protein expression, mitochondrial DNA content (mtDNA), and AKR7A2 DNA methylation status. In this study, the available demographic, biochemical, genetic, and epigenetic data were integrated through classification and regression trees analysis with the aim of pinpointing the most relevant variables for the synthesis of cardiotoxic daunorubicinol (i.e., DA). Seventeen variables were considered as potential predictors. Leave-one-out-cross-validation was performed for model selection and to estimate the generalization error. The classification and regression trees analysis model and variable importance measures suggest that cardiac mtDNA content, mtDNA(4977) deletion frequency, and AKR7A2 protein content are the most important variables in determining DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C Hoefer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Rachael Hageman Blair
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260.
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8
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Recalcati S, Minotti G, Cairo G. Iron regulatory proteins: from molecular mechanisms to drug development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1593-616. [PMID: 20214491 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require iron for survival but, as an excess of poorly liganded iron can lead to the catalytic production of toxic radicals that can damage cell structures, regulatory mechanisms have been developed to maintain appropriate cell and body iron levels. The interactions of iron responsive elements (IREs) with iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) coordinately regulate the expression of the genes involved in iron uptake, use, storage, and export at the post-transcriptional level, and represent the main regulatory network controlling cell iron homeostasis. IRP1 and IRP2 are similar (but not identical) proteins with partially overlapping and complementary functions, and control cell iron metabolism by binding to IREs (i.e., conserved RNA stem-loops located in the untranslated regions of a dozen mRNAs directly or indirectly related to iron metabolism). The discovery of the presence of IREs in a number of other mRNAs has extended our knowledge of the influence of the IRE/IRP regulatory network to new metabolic pathways, and it has been recently learned that an increasing number of agents and physiopathological conditions impinge on the IRE/IRP system. This review focuses on recent findings concerning the IRP-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis, its alterations in disease, and new research directions to be explored in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Città Studi, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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CHUGUN A, UCHIDE T, TSURIMAKI C, NAGASAWA H, SASAKI T, UENO S, TAKAGISHI K, HARA Y, TEMMA K. Mechanisms Responsible for Reduced Cardiotoxicity of Mitoxantrone Compared to Doxorubicin Examined in Isolated Guinea-Pig Heart Preparations. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:255-64. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito CHUGUN
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Tsuyoshi UCHIDE
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Chieko TSURIMAKI
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hajime NAGASAWA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Takushi SASAKI
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Shunji UENO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kiyohiko TAKAGISHI
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Yukio HARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kyosuke TEMMA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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Abstract
Iron is required for key cellular functions, and there is a strong link between iron metabolism and important metabolic processes, such as cell growth, apoptosis and inflammation. Diseases that are directly or indirectly related to iron metabolism represent major health problems. Iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) 1 and 2 are key controllers of vertebrate iron metabolism and post-transcriptionally regulate expression of the major iron homeostasis genes. Here we discuss how dysregulation of the IRP system can result from both iron-related and unrelated effectors and explain how this can have important pathological consequences in several human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Cairo
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
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Molodykh OP, Lushnikova EL, Klinnikova MG, Nepomnyashchikh LM. Intracellular reorganization of hepatocytes during doxorubicin treatment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 144:580-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hamza A, Amin A, Daoud S. The protective effect of a purified extract of Withania somnifera against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:63-73. [PMID: 17520333 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic value of doxorubicin as an effective antineoplastic agent is limited by its cardiotoxic side-effects. The administration of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) to male Wistar rats induced necrosis and apoptosis in heart tissues. It also caused oxidative stress damage as evidenced by the elevation of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels and catalase activity, accompanied by the concurrent depletion of total antioxidant capacity and of superoxide dismutase level in cardiac tissues. The doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress damage were also accompanied by increases of myeloperoxidase activity, total calcium content, and the expression of Bcl-2 protein in heart tissues. Most of these doxorubicin-induced biochemical and histological alterations were effectively attenuated by prior administration of purified standardized extract (1.5% withanolides; manufactured by Idea Sphere Inc., American Fork, UT, USA) of Withania somnifera (300 mg/kg). Thus, Withania may play a role in the protection against cardiotoxicity and thus might be a useful adjuvant therapy where doxorubicin is the cancer-treating drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamza
- Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
A major part of the science of pharmacokinetics is the modeling of the underlying processes that contribute to drug disposition. The purpose of pharmacokinetic models is to summarize the knowledge gained in preclinical and clinical studies at various stages in drug development and to rationally guide future studies with the use of adequately predictive models. This review highlights a variety of recent advances in mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling. It is aimed at a broad audience, and hence, an attempt was made to maintain a balance between technical information and practical applications of pharmacokinetic modeling. It is hoped that drug researchers from all disciplines would be able to get a flavor of the function and capacity of pharmacokinetic modelers and their contribution to drug development. While this review is not intended to be a technical reference on modeling approaches, the roles of statistical applications and population methodologies are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Gianni L, Minotti G. Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007; 283:21-44. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Vitali A, Giardina B, Mordente A. Chalcone Inhibition of Anthracycline Secondary Alcohol Metabolite Formation in Rabbit and Human Heart Cytosol. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:1518-24. [PMID: 17112240 DOI: 10.1021/tx060159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antineoplastic therapy with anthracyclines like doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR) is limited by the possible development of a dose-related cardiomyopathy. Secondary alcohol metabolites like doxorubicinol (DOXol) and daunorubicinol (DNRol), formed by cytoplasmic two-electron reductases, have been implicated as potential mediators of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we characterized the effects of 12 chalcones on the formation of anthracycline secondary alcohol metabolites by rabbit or human heart cytosol and compared them with those of quercetin and other flavonoids. Both chalcones and flavonoids inhibited DOXol or DNRol formation in isolated rabbit heart cytosol. Structure--activity relationships showed that inhibition by chalcones was determined primarily by the position of hydroxyl groups in their phenolic A and B rings. In particular, the presence of a hydroxyl group at C-4' in the A ring was an important determinant of the inhibitory activity of chalcones. Among chalcones, 2',4',2-trihydroxychalcone exhibited the highest inhibition of both DOXol and DRNol formation, but it proved less efficient than quercetin. Different results were obtained with isolated human heart cytosol: in the latter, 2',4',2-trihydroxychalcone and other hydroxychalcones inhibited both DOXol and DNRol formation, whereas quercetin and other flavonoids inhibited DNRol formation but failed to inhibit or slightly stimulated DOXol formation. These results identify chalcones as versatile inhibitors of the cytoplasmic reductases that convert anthracyclines to cardiotoxic secondary alcohol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Silvestrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition CNR, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
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Menna P, Minotti G, Salvatorelli E. In vitro modeling of the structure–activity determinants of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 23:49-62. [PMID: 17031515 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines rank among the most effective anticancer drugs ever developed. Unfortunately, the clinical use of anthracyclines is limited by a dose-related life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Understanding how anthracyclines induce cardiotoxicity is essential to improve their therapeutic index or to identify analogues that retain activity while also inducing less severe cardiac damage. Here, we briefly review the prevailing hypotheses on anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. We also attempt to establish cause-and-effect relations between the structure of a given anthracycline and its cardiotoxicity when administered as a single agent or during the course of multiagent chemotherapies. Finally, we discuss how the hypotheses generated by preclinical models eventually translate into phase I-II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Menna
- Department of Drug Sciences and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. dAnnunzio University School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy.
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17
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Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Cascegna S, Liberi G, Calafiore AM, Gianni L, Minotti G. Paclitaxel and Docetaxel Stimulation of Doxorubicinol Formation in the Human Heart: Implications for Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin-Taxane Chemotherapies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:424-33. [PMID: 16614166 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor therapy with the anthracycline doxorubicin is limited by a dose-related cardiotoxicity that is aggravated by a concomitant administration of the taxane paclitaxel. Previous limited studies with isolated human heart cytosol showed that paclitaxel was able to stimulate an NADPH-dependent reduction of doxorubicin to its toxic secondary alcohol metabolite doxorubicinol. Here we characterized that 0.25 to 2.5 microM paclitaxel caused allosteric effects that increased doxorubicinol formation in human heart cytosol, whereas 5 to 10 microM paclitaxel decreased doxorubicinol formation. The closely related taxane docetaxel caused similar effects. Basal or taxane-stimulated doxorubicinol formation was blunted by 2,7-difluorospirofluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine-2',4'-dione (AL1576), a specific inhibitor of aldehyde reductases. Doxorubicinol was measured also in the cytosol of human myocardial strips incubated in plasma and exposed to doxorubicin in the absence or presence of paclitaxel or docetaxel and their clinical vehicles Cremophor EL or polysorbate 80. Low concentrations of taxanes stimulated doxorubicinol formation, whereas high concentrations decreased it. Doxorubicinol formation reached its maximum on adding plasma with 6 microM paclitaxel or docetaxel; this corresponded to the partitioning of 1.5 to 2.5 microM taxanes in the cytosol of the strips. Taxane-stimulated doxorubicinol formation was not mediated by vehicles, nor was it caused by increased doxorubicin uptake or de novo protein synthesis; however, doxorubicinol formation was blunted by AL1576. These results show that allosteric interactions with cytoplasmic aldehyde reductases enable paclitaxel or docetaxel to stimulate doxorubicinol formation in human heart. This information serves metabolic insights into the risk of cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin-taxane therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Salvatorelli
- Department of Drug Sciences and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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18
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Fiedler W, Tchen N, Bloch J, Fargeot P, Sorio R, Vermorken JB, Collette L, Lacombe D, Twelves C. A study from the EORTC new drug development group: Open label phase II study of sabarubicin (MEN-10755) in patients with progressive hormone refractory prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:200-4. [PMID: 16337787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sabarubicin (MEN-10755), a new synthetic anthracycline analogue, was evaluated for safety and efficacy in a multicentre phase II study in patients with advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Thirty seven patients were included, of which 34 were evaluable for PSA response according to Bubley's criteria. Sabarubicin was administered as a short (30 min) intravenous infusion at a dose of 80 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks. The main toxicity consisted of grade 3/4 neutropenia in 24 patients (64.9%), with grade 3/4 febrile neutropenia occurring in one patient only. Grade 3/4 cardiotoxicity was observed in 4 patients including one ineligible. Other toxicities were mild. Nine patients achieved a PSA response (26.5%), 10 patients had stable disease (29.4%) and 14 patients disease progression (41.2%). One patient (2.9%) had a PSA response that was not confirmed by repeat PSA testing. The objective response rate according to RECIST criteria was 6.7% in 15 patients with measurable disease. The median duration of PSA responses was relatively long 7.1 months (95% CI 4.9-20.7) as was the median time to treatment progression in patients with stable disease. The median overall survival was 18.7 months (95% CI 9.1-N), comparable to results recently observed in taxotere-containing regimens. To confirm and extend these results, further testing of sabarubicin in larger trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fiedler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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20
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Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: Molecular Advances and Pharmacologic Developments in Antitumor Activity and Cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:185-229. [PMID: 15169927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2587] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of anthracyclines like doxorubicin and daunorubicin can be viewed as a sort of double-edged sword. On the one hand, anthracyclines play an undisputed key role in the treatment of many neoplastic diseases; on the other hand, chronic administration of anthracyclines induces cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure usually refractory to common medications. Second-generation analogs like epirubicin or idarubicin exhibit improvements in their therapeutic index, but the risk of inducing cardiomyopathy is not abated. It is because of their janus behavior (activity in tumors vis-à-vis toxicity in cardiomyocytes) that anthracyclines continue to attract the interest of preclinical and clinical investigations despite their longer-than-40-year record of longevity. Here we review recent progresses that may serve as a framework for reappraising the activity and toxicity of anthracyclines on basic and clinical pharmacology grounds. We review 1) new aspects of anthracycline-induced DNA damage in cancer cells; 2) the role of iron and free radicals as causative factors of apoptosis or other forms of cardiac damage; 3) molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxic synergism between anthracyclines and other anticancer agents; 4) the pharmacologic rationale and clinical recommendations for using cardioprotectants while not interfering with tumor response; 5) the development of tumor-targeted anthracycline formulations; and 6) the designing of third-generation analogs and their assessment in preclinical or clinical settings. An overview of these issues confirms that anthracyclines remain "evergreen" drugs with broad clinical indications but have still an improvable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Room 412, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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21
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Minotti G, Recalcati S, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Corna G, Cairo G. Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity and the Control of Iron Metabolism: Quinone-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Methods Enzymol 2004; 378:340-61. [PMID: 15038979 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)78025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- Department of Drug Sciences and Centro Studi Invecchiamento, G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy
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22
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Sacco G, Giampietro R, Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Bertani N, Graiani G, Animati F, Goso C, Maggi CA, Manzini S, Minotti G. Chronic cardiotoxicity of anticancer anthracyclines in the rat: role of secondary metabolites and reduced toxicity by a novel anthracycline with impaired metabolite formation and reactivity. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:641-51. [PMID: 12788824 PMCID: PMC1573869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The anticancer anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) causes cardiomyopathy upon chronic administration. There is controversy about whether DOX acts directly or after conversion to its secondary alcohol metabolite DOXol. Here, the role of secondary alcohol metabolites was evaluated by treating rats with cumulative doses of DOX or analogues--like epirubicin (EPI) and the novel disaccharide anthracycline MEN 10755--which were previously shown to form less alcohol metabolites than DOX when assessed in vitro. (2) DOX induced electrocardiographic and haemodynamic alterations, like elongation of QalphaT or SalphaT intervals and suppression of isoprenaline-induced dP/dt increases, which developed in a time-dependent manner and were accompanied by cardiomegaly, histologic lesions and mortality. EPI caused less progressive or severe effects, whereas MEN 10755 caused essentially no effect. (3) DOX and EPI exhibited comparable levels of cardiac uptake, but EPI formed approximately 60% lower amounts of its alcohol metabolite EPIol at 4 and 13 weeks after treatment suspension (P<0.001 vs DOX). MEN 10755 exhibited the lowest levels of cardiac uptake; hence, it converted to its alcohol metabolite MEN 10755ol approximately 40% less efficiently than did EPI to EPIol at either 4 or 13 weeks. Cardiotoxicity did not correlate with myocardial levels of DOX or EPI or MEN 10755, but correlated with those of DOXol or EPIol or MEN 10755ol (P=0.008, 0.029 and 0.017, respectively). (4) DOX and EPI inactivated cytoplasmic aconitase, an enzyme containing an Fe-S cluster liable to disassembly induced by anthracycline secondary alcohol metabolites. DOX caused greater inactivation of aconitase than EPI, a finding consistent with the higher formation of DOXol vs EPIol. MEN 10755 did not inactivate aconitase, which was because of both reduced formation and impaired reactivity of MEN 10755ol toward the Fe-S cluster. Aconitase inactivation correlated (P<0.01) with the different levels of cardiotoxicity induced by DOX or EPI or MEN 10755. (5) These results show that (i) secondary alcohol metabolites are important determinants of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, and (ii) MEN 10755 is less cardiotoxic than DOX or EPI, a behaviour attributable to impaired formation and reactivity of its alcohol metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sacco
- Menarini Ricerche S.pA., ViaTito Speri 10, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Giampietro
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuela Salvatorelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Menna
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertani
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Parma School of Medicine, Via Gramsci, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Gallia Graiani
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Parma School of Medicine, Via Gramsci, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Animati
- Menarini Ricerche S.pA., ViaTito Speri 10, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Goso
- Menarini Ricerche S.pA., ViaTito Speri 10, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo A Maggi
- Menarini Ricerche S.pA., ViaTito Speri 10, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Menarini Ricerche S.pA., ViaTito Speri 10, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Minotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Kang W, Weiss M. Modeling the metabolism of idarubicin to idarubicinol in rat heart: effect of rutin and phenobarbital. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:462-8. [PMID: 12642473 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the severe cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines has been attributed to the intramyocardial formation of C-13 alcohol metabolites, the kinetics of cardiac metabolite formation and disposition as well as the effect of carbonyl reductase inhibitors are of specific interest. This study was designed to investigate the effect of rutin and phenobarbital on the pharmacokinetics of idarubicin (IDA) and its conversion to idarubicinol (IDOL) in the single-pass perfused rat heart. After infusion of IDA (0.5 mg) during 1min, the venous outflow concentrations of IDA and IDOL were measured up to 80 min in the presence and absence of rutin and phenobarbital. A kinetic model was developed to help to interpret the concentration profiles in terms of compartmentation of IDOL formation and to estimate parameters quantitatively descriptive of the transport and biotransformation processes. Rutin and phenobarbital significantly reduced the residual amount of IDOL in heart to 64 and 47% of control, respectively. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the data revealed that IDOL is generated in two different compartments, besides the tissue compartment characterized by saturable uptake, also the compartment that accounts for the quasi-instantaneous initial distribution process is involved. The efflux rate constant of IDOL, k(21,IDOL,) was much smaller than that of IDA. Rutin and phenobarbital significantly reduced IDOL production. Additionally, phenobarbital competitively inhibited the saturable uptake of both IDA and IDOL (increase in apparent Michaelis constants). Reanalysis of data obtained in previous experiments showed that P-glycoprotein inhibitors (verapamil and amiodarone) reduced IDOL uptake in a similar way as already shown for IDA. The present study further supports the utility of pharmacokinetic modeling in identifying sites of drug interactions within the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonku Kang
- Section of Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany
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Brazzolotto X, Andriollo M, Guiraud P, Favier A, Moulis JM. Interactions between doxorubicin and the human iron regulatory system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1593:209-18. [PMID: 12581865 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are included in clinical treatments against various malignancies, but severe cardiotoxic side-effects and the development of resistance mechanisms limit their usefulness. Many aspects of the cellular response to anthracyclines remain debated. The status of the main regulator of iron homeostasis, namely the RNA-binding activity of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), has been assessed herein for two types of human tumor cells and their derived doxorubicin-resistant sublines. IRPs were always fully activated in the latter, whereas only partial activation occurred in the former. Doxorubicin exposure reversibly inactivated IRP1 in small cell lung carcinoma (GLC(4)) and myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell lines, but was without effect in their derived doxorubicin-resistant sublines. In contrast, adding doxorubicin to cytosolic fractions of untreated cells or to purified IRPs led to the irreversible alteration of the RNA-binding activity of IRP1. In these different conditions, interaction between doxorubicin and the iron regulatory system disturbs iron metabolism, and cells having developed a resistance mechanism are tuned to maximize the iron supply. The results reported herein may lead the path toward a better therapeutic management of cancer patients receiving doxorubicin by discriminating between the antiproliferative and cardiotoxic properties of this anthracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Brazzolotto
- CEA/Grenoble, DRDC/BECP, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
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25
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Gianni L, Grasselli G, Cresta S, Locatelli A, Viganò L, Minotti G. Anthracyclines. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS ANNUAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of cases and no curative treatment is available for the advanced stages of disease (stages III and IV), which comprise the majority of cases. Current treatment regimens with standard chemotherapy offer only a limited survival benefit, and, therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies is needed. Novel chemotherapeutic drugs such as the epothilones, MEN 10755 and S-1 are being studied in patients with advanced stages of disease. Furthermore, a large number of therapies targeted against critical biological abnormalities in NSCLC are being investigated in clinical trials. The latter approach includes inhibition of growth factors, interference with abnormal signal transduction, inhibition of angiogenesis and gene replacement therapy. Promising results have thus far been obtained with some of these therapies. This review describes the role of new therapeutic agents in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Bröker
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Cairo G, Recalcati S, Pietrangelo A, Minotti G. The iron regulatory proteins: targets and modulators of free radical reactions and oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1237-43. [PMID: 12057761 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron acquisition is a fundamental requirement for many aspects of life, but excess iron may result in formation of free radicals that damage cellular constituents. For this reason, the amount of iron within the cell is carefully regulated in order to provide an adequate level of a micronutrient while preventing its accumulation and toxicity. A major mechanism for the regulation of iron homeostasis relies on the post-transcriptional control of ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNAs, which are recognized by two cytoplasmic iron regulatory proteins (IRP-1 and IRP-2) that modulate their translation and stability, respectively. IRP-1 can function as a mRNA binding protein or as an aconitase, depending on whether it disassembles or assembles an iron-sulfur cluster in response to iron deficiency or abundancy, respectively. IRP-2 is structurally and functionally similar to IRP-1, but does not assemble a cluster nor exhibits aconitase activity. Here we briefly review the role of IRP in iron-mediated damage induced by oxygen radicals, nitrogen-centered reactive species, and xenobiotics of pharmacological and clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Cairo
- Institute of General Pathology, Cell Pathology Centre CNR, Milano, Italy
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