1
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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2
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Kapoor E, Faubion SS, Kuhle CL, Kling JM, Miller VM, Fokken S, Mara KC, Moyer AM. The effect of genetic variation in estrogen transportation and metabolism on the severity of menopause symptoms: A study from the RIGHT 10K cohort. Maturitas 2023; 176:107797. [PMID: 37595497 PMCID: PMC10478674 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The severity of menopause-related symptoms varies considerably among women. The determinants of this variation are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 60 peri- and postmenopausal women in the Mayo Clinic RIGHT study (which involved sequencing of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport), who had also been evaluated in the Women's Health Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. All participants completed the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) for assessment of menopause symptoms, including hot flashes. The association between severity of menopause symptoms and the variation in genes encoding 8 enzymes and transporters involved in estrogen metabolism was evaluated. RESULTS Lower CYP3A4 activity and higher COMT activity were associated with lower severity of somatic menopause symptoms (p = 0.04 and 0.06, respectively). These associations did not persist after adjustment for hormone therapy use. No differences in MRS scores or hot flash severity were noted among other genetic variant groups. Age at natural menopause was not affected by variations in the genes studied. CONCLUSION The current study did not show an association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. Further studies with larger sample sizes may be required to understand this potentially complex association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Kapoor
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Women's Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Faubion
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Carol L Kuhle
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Juliana M Kling
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Emerita Staff, Departments of Surgery and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shawn Fokken
- Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristin C Mara
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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3
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Mei X, Gohal SA, Zhou CY, Liu MC. Sulfation of hyperoside by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs): impact of genetic polymorphisms on hyperoside-sulfating activity of SULT1C4 allozymes. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2023; 25:75-84. [PMID: 35249434 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2047030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) that are capable of mediating hyperoside sulfation and examine the impact of genetic polymorphisms on their sulfating activity. Of the thirteen known human SULTs analyzed, five (1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1C2, and 1C4) displayed sulfating activity toward hyperoside. Kinetic parameters of SULT1C4 that showed the strongest sulfating activity were determined. Ten SULT1C4 allozymes previously prepared were shown to display differential sulfating activities toward hyperoside, revealing clearly the functional impact of SULT1C4 genetic polymorphisms. These findings provided a robust biochemical foundation for further studies on the metabolism of hyperoside by sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Material Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Saud A Gohal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Material Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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4
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Isvoran A, Peng Y, Ceauranu S, Schmidt L, Nicot AB, Miteva MA. Pharmacogenetics of human sulfotransferases and impact of amino acid exchange on Phase II drug metabolism. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103349. [PMID: 36096358 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) catalyzing the sulfation of a variety of endogenous compounds, natural products, and drugs. Various drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can inhibit SULTs, affecting drug-drug interactions. Several polymorphisms have been identified for SULTs that might be crucial for interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity or for increased disease risk. Here, we review current knowledge on non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of human SULTs, focusing on the coded SULT allozymes and molecular mechanisms explaining their variable activity, which is essential for personalized medicine. We discuss the structural and dynamic bases of key amino acid (AA) variants implicated in the impacts on drug metabolism in the case of SULT1A1, as revealed by molecular modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Yunhui Peng
- INSERM U1268 Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS - Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Silvana Ceauranu
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Leon Schmidt
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, Nantes Université, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Maria A Miteva
- INSERM U1268 Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS - Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
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5
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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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Mei X, Gohal SA, Alatwi ES, Hui Y, Yang C, Song Y, Zhou C, Liu MC. Sulfation of Quercitrin, Epicatechin and Rutin by Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases (SULTs): Differential Effects of SULT Genetic Polymorphisms. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:498-506. [PMID: 33572003 DOI: 10.1055/a-1351-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in China for the treatment of fever, pain, and/or chronic inflammation. Quercitrin, epicatechin, and rutin, the flavonoids present in Radix Bupleuri, have been reported to display anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant biological activities among others. Sulfation has been reported to play an important role in the metabolism of flavonoids. In this study, we aimed to systematically identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferase enzymes that are capable of catalyzing the sulfation of quercitrin, epicatechin, and rutin. Of the thirteen known human cytosolic sulfotransferases, three (cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C2, and cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C4) displayed sulfating activity toward quercitrin, three (cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A3, and cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C4) displayed sulfating activity toward epicatechin, and six (cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A2, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A3, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1B1, cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C4, and cytosolic sulfotransferase 1E1) displayed sulfating activity toward rutin. The kinetic parameters of the cytosolic sulfotransferases that showed the strongest sulfating activities were determined. To investigate the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the sulfation of quercitrin, epicatechin, and rutin, individual panels of cytosolic sulfotransferase allozymes previously prepared were analyzed and shown to display differential sulfating activities toward each of the three flavonoids. Taken together, these results provided a biochemical basis underlying the metabolism of quercitrin, epicatechin, and rutin through sulfation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Material Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Saud A Gohal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Eid S Alatwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Material Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongyan Song
- School of Basic Medical Science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Material Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
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7
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Yi M, Negishi M, Lee SJ. Estrogen Sulfotransferase (SULT1E1): Its Molecular Regulation, Polymorphisms, and Clinical Perspectives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030194. [PMID: 33799763 PMCID: PMC8001535 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is a phase II enzyme that sulfates estrogens to inactivate them and regulate their homeostasis. This enzyme is also involved in the sulfation of thyroid hormones and several marketed medicines. Though the profound action of SULT1E1 in molecular/pathological biology has been extensively studied, its genetic variants and functional studies have been comparatively rarely studied. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with some diseases, especially sex-hormone-related cancers. Comprehending the role and polymorphisms of SULT1E1 is crucial to developing and integrating its clinical relevance; therefore, this study gathered and reviewed various literature studies to outline several aspects of the function, molecular regulation, and polymorphisms of SULT1E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyeongJin Yi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-8665
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8
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Addo KA, Palakodety N, Fry RC. Acetaminophen Modulates the Expression of Steroidogenesis-Associated Genes and Estradiol Levels in Human Placental JEG-3 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:44-52. [PMID: 33098425 PMCID: PMC8599781 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen is the only medication recommended for pain and fever management during pregnancy. However, studies have reported an association between in utero acetaminophen and neurocognitive disorders later in life. Additionally, acetaminophen has been shown to have endocrine disrupting properties altering hormones critical for normal fetal development. As the placenta is an endocrine organ that produces hormones for fetal development, any attempts to elucidate the mechanism underlying in utero acetaminophen and birth outcomes must also focus on the placenta. The present study set out to examine the effect of acetaminophen on mRNA expression, protein expression, and hormone synthesis in placental JEG-3 cells. The analysis focused on genes involved in steroidogenesis and acetaminophen metabolism as well those with known roles as nuclear receptors and transporters. The results highlight that at high concentrations, acetaminophen reduced the gene expression of aromatase (CYP19A1) and type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1), and increased the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B1). Additionally, acetaminophen at high concentrations also reduced the protein expression of aromatase (CYP19A1). These effects were accompanied by a significant dose-dependent decrease in estradiol secretion. Estradiol plays an important role in the development of reproductive organs and the brain of the developing fetus. This study highlights the potential for acetaminophen to interfere with hormone regulation during pregnancy and underscores the need for additional studies aimed at understanding the endocrine disruption activity of acetaminophen during fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia A Addo
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- ICF International, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Rebecca C Fry
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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9
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Kerimi A, Kraut NU, da Encarnacao JA, Williamson G. The gut microbiome drives inter- and intra-individual differences in metabolism of bioactive small molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19590. [PMID: 33177581 PMCID: PMC7658971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of inter-individual variability in the action of bioactive small molecules from the diet is poorly understood and poses a substantial obstacle to harnessing their potential for attenuating disease risk. Epidemiological studies show that coffee lowers the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independently of caffeine, but since coffee is a complex matrix, consumption gives rise to different classes of metabolites in vivo which in turn can affect multiple related pathways in disease development. We quantified key urinary coffee phenolic acid metabolites repeated three times in 36 volunteers, and observed the highest inter- and intra-individual variation for metabolites produced by the colonic microbiome. Notably, a urinary phenolic metabolite not requiring the action of the microbiota was positively correlated with fasting plasma insulin. These data highlight the role of the gut microbiota as the main driver of both intra- and inter-individual variation in metabolism of dietary bioactive small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill BASE Facility, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicolai U Kraut
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill BASE Facility, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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10
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El Daibani AA, Alherz FA, Abunnaja MS, Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Kurogi K, Liu MC. Impact of Human SULT1E1 Polymorphisms on the Sulfation of 17β-Estradiol, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen, and Diethylstilbestrol by SULT1E1 Allozymes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:105-118. [PMID: 33064293 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have revealed that sulfation, as mediated by the estrogen-sulfating cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT1E1, is involved in the metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OH-tamoxifen), and diethylstilbestrol in humans. It is an interesting question whether the genetic polymorphisms of SULT1E1, the gene that encodes the SULT1E1 enzyme, may impact on the metabolism of E2 and these two drug compounds through sulfation. METHODS In this study, five missense coding single nucleotide polymorphisms of the SULT1E1 gene were selected to investigate the sulfating activity of the coded SULT1E1 allozymes toward E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol. Corresponding cDNAs were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, and recombinant SULT1E1 allozymes were bacterially expressed, affinity-purified, and characterized using enzymatic assays. RESULTS Purified SULT1E1 allozymes were shown to display differential sulfating activities toward E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol. Kinetic analysis revealed further distinct Km (reflecting substrate affinity) and Vmax (reflecting catalytic activity) values of the five SULT1E1 allozymes with E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol as substrates. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings highlighted the significant differences in E2-, as well as the drug-sulfating activities of SULT1E1 allozymes, which may have implications in the differential metabolism of E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol in individuals with different SULT1E1 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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11
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Duncan KA. Estrogen Formation and Inactivation Following TBI: What we Know and Where we Could go. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:345. [PMID: 32547495 PMCID: PMC7272601 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is responsible for various neuronal and cognitive deficits as well as psychosocial dysfunction. Characterized by damage inducing neuroinflammation, this response can cause an acute secondary injury that leads to widespread neurodegeneration and loss of neurological function. Estrogens decrease injury induced neuroinflammation and increase cell survival and neuroprotection and thus are a potential target for use following TBI. While much is known about the role of estrogens as a neuroprotective agent following TBI, less is known regarding their formation and inactivation following damage to the brain. Specifically, very little is known surrounding the majority of enzymes responsible for the production of estrogens. These estrogen metabolizing enzymes (EME) include aromatase, steroid sulfatase (STS), estrogen sulfotransferase (EST/SULT1E1), and some forms of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) and are involved in both the initial conversion and interconversion of estrogens from precursors. This article will review and offer new prospective and ideas on the expression of EMEs following TBI.
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12
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Lerner A, Owens LA, Coates M, Simpson C, Poole G, Velupillai J, Liyanage M, Christopoulos G, Lavery S, Hardy K, Franks S. Expression of genes controlling steroid metabolism and action in granulosa-lutein cells of women with polycystic ovaries. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:47-54. [PMID: 30802529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant function of granulosa cells has been implicated in the pathophysiology of PCOS. MATERIALS & METHODS Granulosa lutein (GL) cells were collected during oocyte retrieval for IVF/ICSI. RT-qPCR was used to compare gene expression between 12 control women, 12 with ovulatory PCO and 12 with anovulatory PCOS. To examine which genes are directly regulated by androgens, GL cells from an additional 12 control women were treated in-vitro with 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT). RESULTS GL cells from women with PCOS showed reduced expression of CYP11A1 3-fold (p = 0.005), HSD17B1 1.8-fold (p = 0.02) and increased expression of SULT1E1 7-fold (p = 0.0003). Similar results were seen in ovulatory women with PCO. GL cells treated with 10 nM DHT showed a 4-fold (p = 0.03) increase in expression of SULT1E1 and a 5-fold reduction in SRD5A1 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the notion that aberrant regulation of steroid metabolism or action play a part in ovarian dysfunction in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lerner
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - L A Owens
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - M Coates
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Simpson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - G Poole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Velupillai
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Liyanage
- Wolfson Fertility Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - G Christopoulos
- Wolfson Fertility Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Lavery
- Wolfson Fertility Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - K Hardy
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Barbosa ACS, Feng Y, Yu C, Huang M, Xie W. Estrogen sulfotransferase in the metabolism of estrogenic drugs and in the pathogenesis of diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:329-339. [PMID: 30822161 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1588884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biotransformation is important in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics. This process comprises the activity of phase I and phase II enzymes. Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1 or EST) is a phase II conjugating enzyme that belongs to the family of cytosolic sulfotransferases. The expression of SULT1E1 can be detected in many tissues, including the liver. SULT1E1 catalyzes the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to any available hydroxyl group in estrogenic molecules. The substrates of SULT1E1 include the endogenous and synthetic estrogens. Upon SULT1E1-mediated sulfation, the hydrosolubility of estrogens increases, preventing the binding between the sulfated estrogens and the estrogen receptor (ER). This sulfated state of the estrogens is not irreversible, as the steroid sulfatase (STS) can convert sulfoconjugated estrogens to free estrogens. The expression of SULT1E1 is inducible by several diseases that involve tissue inflammation, such as type 2 diabetes, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Areas covered: This systematic literature review aims to summarize the role of SULT1E1 in the metabolism of estrogenic drugs and xenobiotics, and the role of SULT1E1 in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, metabolic disease, sepsis, liver injury, and cystic fibrosis. Meanwhile, ablation or pharmacological inhibition of SULT1E1 can affect the outcomes of the aforementioned diseases. Expert opinion: In addition to its role in metabolizing estrogenic drugs, SULT1E1 is unexpectedly being unveiled as a mediator for the disease effect on estrogen metabolism and homeostasis. Meanwhile, because the expression and activity of SULT1E1 can affect the outcome of diseases, the same sulfotransferase and the reversing enzymes STS can be potential therapeutic targets to prevent or manage diseases. Accumulating evidence suggest that the physiological and pathophysiological effects of SULT1E1 can be estrogen-independent and it is necessary to elucidate what other possible substrates may be recognized by the enzyme. Moreover, human studies are paramount to confirm the human relevance of the animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline S Barbosa
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ye Feng
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease , The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- c Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Min Huang
- d Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wen Xie
- a Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,e Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Konings G, Brentjens L, Delvoux B, Linnanen T, Cornel K, Koskimies P, Bongers M, Kruitwagen R, Xanthoulea S, Romano A. Intracrine Regulation of Estrogen and Other Sex Steroid Levels in Endometrium and Non-gynecological Tissues; Pathology, Physiology, and Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 30283331 PMCID: PMC6157328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the intracrine (or local) regulation of estrogen and other steroid synthesis and degradation expanded in the last decades, also thanks to recent technological advances in chromatography mass-spectrometry. Estrogen responsive tissues and organs are not passive receivers of the pool of steroids present in the blood but they can actively modify the intra-tissue steroid concentrations. This allows fine-tuning the exposure of responsive tissues and organs to estrogens and other steroids in order to best respond to the physiological needs of each specific organ. Deviations in such intracrine control can lead to unbalanced steroid hormone exposure and disturbances. Through a systematic bibliographic search on the expression of the intracrine enzymes in various tissues, this review gives an up-to-date view of the intracrine estrogen metabolisms, and to a lesser extent that of progestogens and androgens, in the lower female genital tract, including the physiological control of endometrial functions, receptivity, menopausal status and related pathological conditions. An overview of the intracrine regulation in extra gynecological tissues such as the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, brain, colon and bone is given. Current therapeutic approaches aimed at interfering with these metabolisms and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Konings
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linda Brentjens
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Delvoux
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Karlijn Cornel
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marlies Bongers
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roy Kruitwagen
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Romano
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Liu J, Zhao R, Ye Z, Frey AJ, Schriver ER, Snyder NW, Hebbring SJ. Relationship of SULT1A1 copy number variation with estrogen metabolism and human health. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:169-175. [PMID: 28867356 PMCID: PMC5675753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) is considered to be one of the most important SULT isoforms for metabolism, detoxification, and carcinogenesis. This theory is driven by observations that SULT1A1 is widely expressed in multiple tissues and acts on a wide range of phenolic substrates. SULT1A1 is subject to functional common copy number variation (CNV) including deletions or duplications. However, it is less clear how SULT1A1 CNV impacts health and disease. To better understand the biological role of SULT1A1 in human health, we genotyped CNV in 14,275 Marshfield Clinic patients linked to an extensive electronic health record. Since SULT1A1 is linked to steroid metabolism, select serum steroid hormones were measured in 100 individuals with a wide spectrum of SULT1A1 CNV genotypes. Furthermore, comprehensive phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) were conducted using diagnostic codes and clinical text data. For the first time, individuals homozygous null for SULT1A1 were identified in a human population. Thirty-six percent of the population carried >2 copies of SULT1A1 whereas 4% had ≤1 copy. Results indicate SULT1A1 CNV was negatively correlated with estrone-sulfate to estrone ratio predominantly in males (E1S/E1; p=0.03, r=-0.21) and may be associated with increased risk for common allergies. The effect of SULT1A1 CNV on circulating estrogen metabolites was opposite to the predicted CNV-metabolite trend based on enzymatic function. This finding, and the potential association with common allergies reported herein, warrants future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Ran Zhao
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Zhan Ye
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Alexander J Frey
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily R Schriver
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Scott J Hebbring
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA.
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Mayne BT, Bianco-Miotto T, Buckberry S, Breen J, Clifton V, Shoubridge C, Roberts CT. Large Scale Gene Expression Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific, Sex-Biased Gene Expression in Humans. Front Genet 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27790248 PMCID: PMC5062749 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity and prevalence of many diseases are known to differ between the sexes. Organ specific sex-biased gene expression may underpin these and other sexually dimorphic traits. To further our understanding of sex differences in transcriptional regulation, we performed meta-analyses of sex biased gene expression in multiple human tissues. We analyzed 22 publicly available human gene expression microarray data sets including over 2500 samples from 15 different tissues and 9 different organs. Briefly, by using an inverse-variance method we determined the effect size difference of gene expression between males and females. We found the greatest sex differences in gene expression in the brain, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex, (1818 genes), followed by the heart (375 genes), kidney (224 genes), colon (218 genes), and thyroid (163 genes). More interestingly, we found different parts of the brain with varying numbers and identity of sex-biased genes, indicating that specific cortical regions may influence sexually dimorphic traits. The majority of sex-biased genes in other tissues such as the bladder, liver, lungs, and pancreas were on the sex chromosomes or involved in sex hormone production. On average in each tissue, 32% of autosomal genes that were expressed in a sex-biased fashion contained androgen or estrogen hormone response elements. Interestingly, across all tissues, we found approximately two-thirds of autosomal genes that were sex-biased were not under direct influence of sex hormones. To our knowledge this is the largest analysis of sex-biased gene expression in human tissues to date. We identified many sex-biased genes that were not under the direct influence of sex chromosome genes or sex hormones. These may provide targets for future development of sex-specific treatments for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Mayne
- Robinson Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- Robinson Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam Buckberry
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia; Plant Energy Biology, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - James Breen
- Robinson Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheryl Shoubridge
- Robinson Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Robinson Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Fernández-Santander A, Novillo A, Gaibar M, Romero-Lorca A, Moral P, Sánchez-Cuenca D, Amir N, Chaabani H, Harich N, Esteban ME. Cytochrome and sulfotransferase gene variation in north African populations. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1415-23. [PMID: 27471773 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the diversity of four cytochrome and four sulfotransferase polymorphisms in six north African samples. Scarce data have been compiled for these samples despite the rich genetic background of north African populations. MATERIALS & METHODS CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*17, CYP3A4*3, CYP3A5*3, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A2*2, SULT1A2*3 and SULT1E1*2 polymorphisms were explored in 556 individuals from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. RESULTS Allele frequencies in our samples largely exceeded the variation ranges described for European populations, especially for CYP3A4*1B, SULT1A1*2 and SULT1A2*3. CONCLUSION North African populations are heterogeneous, genetically diverse and show a considerable sub-Saharan African contribution for markers associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and with differential drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apolonia Novillo
- Basic Biomedical Sciences Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gaibar
- Basic Biomedical Sciences Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Romero-Lorca
- Basic Biomedical Sciences Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Moral
- Section of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Evolutive Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Cuenca
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Nadir Amir
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Hassen Chaabani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nourdin Harich
- Départément de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Maria Esther Esteban
- Section of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Evolutive Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Rižner TL. The Important Roles of Steroid Sulfatase and Sulfotransferases in Gynecological Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 26924986 PMCID: PMC4757672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological diseases such as endometriosis, adenomyosis and uterine fibroids, and gynecological cancers including endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer, affect a large proportion of women. These diseases are estrogen dependent, and their progression often depends on local estrogen formation. In peripheral tissues, estrogens can be formed from the inactive precursors dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and estrone sulfate. Sulfatase and sulfotransferases have pivotal roles in these processes, where sulfatase hydrolyzes estrone sulfate to estrone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone, and sulfotransferases catalyze the reverse reactions. Further activation of estrone to the most potent estrogen, estradiol, is catalyzed by 17-ketosteroid reductases, while estradiol can also be formed from dehydroepiandrosterone by the sequential actions of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ4-isomerase, aromatase, and 17-ketosteroid reductase. This review introduces the sulfatase and sulfotransferase enzymes, in terms of their structures and reaction mechanisms, and the regulation and different transcripts of their genes, together with the importance of their currently known single nucleotide polymorphisms. Data on expression of sulfatase and sulfotransferases in gynecological diseases are also reviewed. There are often unchanged mRNA and protein levels in diseased tissue, with higher sulfatase activities in cancerous endometrium, ovarian cancer cell lines, and adenomyosis. This can be indicative of a disturbed balance between the sulfatase and sulfotransferases enzymes, defining the potential for sulfatase as a drug target for treatment of gynecological diseases. Finally, clinical trials with sulfatase inhibitors are discussed, where two inhibitors have already concluded phase II trials, although so far with no convincing clinical outcomes for patients with endometrial cancer and endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Ji XW, Zhou TY, Lu Y, Wei MJ, Lu W, Cho WC. Breast cancer treatment and sulfotransferase. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:821-34. [PMID: 25677121 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustained exposure to excessive estrogen is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfonation represents an effective approach for estrogen deprivation as estrogen sulfates do not bind and activate estrogen receptors (ERs). The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily functions as a sensor for xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, which can regulate the expression of SULT. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of SULT regulation by NRs and inactivation of estrogen by SULT. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of clinical therapy targeting SULT in breast cancer treatment. Gaps in current knowledge that require further study are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The prevention of estrogen binding to ER by antiestrogen and inhibition of estrogen synthesis by aromatase or sulfatase inhibitor have been used in clinical therapy for breast cancer. Although the induction of SULT has been proven effective to estrogen inactivation, reports on this method applied to breast cancer treatment are rare. Targeted activation of SULT may open up a new means of treating hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wei Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , China
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Tibbs ZE, Rohn-Glowacki KJ, Crittenden F, Guidry AL, Falany CN. Structural plasticity in the human cytosolic sulfotransferase dimer and its role in substrate selectivity and catalysis. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:3-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mungenast F, Thalhammer T. Estrogen biosynthesis and action in ovarian cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:192. [PMID: 25429284 PMCID: PMC4228918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is still the deadliest of all gynecologic malignancies in women worldwide. This is attributed to two main features of these tumors, namely, (i) a diagnosis at an advanced tumor stage, and, (ii) the rapid onset of resistance to standard chemotherapy after an initial successful therapy with platin- and taxol-derivatives. Therefore, novel targets for an early diagnosis and better treatment options for these tumors are urgently needed. Epidemiological data show that induction and biology of ovarian cancer is related to life-time estrogen exposure. Also experimental data reveal that ovarian cancer cells share a number of estrogen regulated pathways with other hormone-dependent cancers, e.g., breast and endometrial cancer. However, ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the subtypes are quite different with respect to mutations, origins, behaviors, markers, and prognosis and respond differently to standard chemotherapy. Therefore, a characterization of ovarian cancer subtypes may lead to better treatment options for the various subtypes and in particular for the most frequently observed high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. For this intention, further studies on estrogen-related pathways and estrogen formation in ovarian cancer cells are warranted. The review gives an overview on ovarian cancer subtypes and explains the role of estrogen in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, enzymes active to synthesize and metabolize estrogens are described and strategies to target these pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Mungenast
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Lee HJ, Muindi JR, Tan W, Hu Q, Wang D, Liu S, Wilding GE, Ford LA, Sait SNJ, Block AW, Adjei AA, Barcos M, Griffiths EA, Thompson JE, Wang ES, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Wetzler M. Low 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels are associated with adverse outcome in newly diagnosed, intensively treated adult acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2013; 120:521-9. [PMID: 24166051 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that low 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels may be prognostic in some malignancies, but no studies have evaluated their impact on treatment outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Vitamin D levels were evaluated in 97 consecutive, newly diagnosed, intensively treated patients with AML. MicroRNA expression profiles and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 25(OH) vitamin D3 pathway genes were evaluated and correlated with 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels and treatment outcome. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (35%) had normal 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels (32-100 ng/mL), 34 patients (35%) had insufficient levels (20-31.9 ng/mL), and 29 patients (30%) had deficient levels (<20 ng/mL). Insufficient/deficient 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels were associated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS) compared with normal vitamin D3 levels. In multivariate analyses, deficient 25(OH) vitamin D3 , smoking, European Leukemia Network genetic group, and white blood cell count retained their statistical significance for RFS. Several microRNAs and SNPs were associated with 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels, although none remained significant after multiple test corrections; one 25(OH) vitamin D3 receptor SNP, rs10783219, was associated with a lower complete remission rate (P = .0442) and with shorter RFS (P = .0058) and overall survival (P = .0011). CONCLUSIONS It remains to be determined what role microRNA and SNP profiles play in contributing to low 25(OH) vitamin D3 level and/or outcome and whether supplementation will improve outcomes for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Ju Lee
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
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McNamara KM, Nakamura Y, Miki Y, Sasano H. Phase two steroid metabolism and its roles in breast and prostate cancer patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:116. [PMID: 24027559 PMCID: PMC3761226 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer are diseases in which steroids and steroid metabolism could markedly influence clinical outcomes for patients. In both malignancies the modification of ketone and hydroxyl groups attached to the steroid backbone (phase one metabolism) has been examined in detail but the conjugation reactions (phase two metabolism) have not been extensively studied. Therefore, in this review we aim to summarize phase two metabolism in breast and prostate cancers from a number of perspectives, including the impact of variation in serum levels of conjugated steroids, tissue, and pathology specific expression of phase two enzymes, and consequences of genetic variations of these conjugation enzymes. In addition to this biological perspective, we will also address current pharmacological efforts to manipulate phase two metabolism as a potential therapy for hormone dependent cancers, including clinical trials of STS inhibitors and preclinical STS inhibitor development. While this review is not intended to cover any one particular area in great technical depth, it is intended as an introduction to and/or update on the importance of variance in phase two metabolic pathways in breast and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M. McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keely M. McNamara, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tohoku University School of Graduate Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi Aoba-Ku, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan e-mail:
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan
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Fernández-Santander A, Gaibar M, Novillo A, Romero-Lorca A, Rubio M, Chicharro LM, Tejerina A, Bandrés F. Relationship between genotypes Sult1a2 and Cyp2d6 and tamoxifen metabolism in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70183. [PMID: 23922954 PMCID: PMC3726442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a pro-drug widely used in breast cancer patients to prevent tumor recurrence. Prior work has revealed a role of cytochrome and sulfotransferase enzymes in tamoxifen metabolism. In this descriptive study, correlations were examined between concentrations of tamoxifen metabolites and genotypes for CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, SULT1A1, SULT1A2 and SULT1E1 in 135 patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Patients were genotyped using the Roche-AmpliChip® CYP450 Test, and Real-Time and conventional PCR-RFLP. Plasma tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, endoxifen and tamoxifen-N-oxide were isolated and quantified using a high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. Significantly higher endoxifen levels were detected in patients with the wt/wt CYP2D6 compared to the v/v CYP2D6 genotype (p<0.001). No differences were detected in the remaining tamoxifen metabolites among CYP2D6 genotypes. Patients featuring the SULT1A2*2 and SULT1A2*3 alleles showed significantly higher plasma levels of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen (p = 0.025 and p = 0.006, respectively), as likely substrates of the SULT1A2 enzyme. Our observations indicate that besides the CYP2D6 genotype leading to tamoxifen conversion to potent hydroxylated metabolites in a manner consistent with a gene-dose effect, SULT1A2 also seems to play a role in maintaining optimal levels of both 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Santander
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Cátedra Florencio Tejerina-Universidad Europea de Madrid, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Perez-Sepulveda A, España-Perrot PP, Norwitz ER, Illanes SE. Metabolic pathways involved in 2-methoxyestradiol synthesis and their role in preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1020-9. [PMID: 23456663 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113477483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) remains a major cause of maternal/fetal morbidity-mortality worldwide. The first stage of PE is characterized by placental hypoxia due to a relative reduction in uteroplacental blood flow, resulting from restricted trophoblast invasion. However, hypoxia is also an essential element for the success of invasion. Under hypoxic conditions, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) could induce the differentiation of cytotrophoblast cells into an invasive phenotype in culture. 2-Methoxyestradiol is generated by catechol-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway of estrogens. During pregnancy, circulating 2-ME levels increase significantly when compared to the menstrual cycle. Interestingly, plasma levels of 2-ME are lower in women with PE than in controls, and these differences are apparent weeks or even months before the clinical manifestations of the disease. This article reviews the metabolic pathways involved in 2-ME synthesis and discusses the roles of these pathways in normal and abnormal pregnancies, with particular emphasis on PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Perez-Sepulveda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Wei R, Yang F, Urban TJ, Li L, Chalasani N, Flockhart DA, Liu W. Impact of the Interaction between 3'-UTR SNPs and microRNA on the Expression of Human Xenobiotic Metabolism Enzyme and Transporter Genes. Front Genet 2012. [PMID: 23181071 PMCID: PMC3502871 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the expression of human xenobiotic metabolism enzymes and transporters (XMETs) leads to inter-individual variability in metabolism of therapeutic agents as well as differed susceptibility to various diseases. Recent expression quantitative traits loci (eQTL) mapping in a few human cells/tissues have identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with mRNA expression of many XMET genes. These eQTLs are therefore important candidate markers for pharmacogenetic studies. However, questions remain about whether these SNPs are causative and in what mechanism these SNPs may function. Given the important role of microRNAs (miRs) in gene transcription regulation, we hypothesize that those eQTLs or their proxies in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) altering miR targeting are likely causative SNPs affecting gene expression. The aim of this study is to identify eQTLs potentially regulating major XMETs via interference with miR targeting. To this end, we performed a genome-wide screening for eQTLs for 409 genes encoding major drug metabolism enzymes, transporters and transcription factors, in publically available eQTL datasets generated from the HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines and human liver and brain tissue. As a result, 308 eQTLs significantly (p < 10−5) associated with mRNA expression of 101 genes were identified. We further identified 7,869 SNPs in strong LD (r2 ≥ 0.8) with these eQTLs using the 1,000 Genome SNP data. Among these 8,177 SNPs, 27 are located in the 3′-UTR of 14 genes. Using two algorithms predicting miR-SNP interaction, we found that almost all these SNPs (26 out of 27) were predicted to create, abolish, or change the target site for miRs in both algorithms. Many of these miRs were also expressed in the same tissue that the eQTL were identified. Our study provides a strong rationale for continued investigation for the functions of these eQTLs in pharmacogenetic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Hsieh YC, Jeng JS, Lin HJ, Hu CJ, Yu CC, Lien LM, Peng GS, Chen CI, Tang SC, Chi NF, Tseng HP, Chern CM, Hsieh FI, Bai CH, Chen YR, Chiou HY. Epistasis analysis for estrogen metabolic and signaling pathway genes on young ischemic stroke patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47773. [PMID: 23112845 PMCID: PMC3480403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous estrogens play an important role in the overall cardiocirculatory system. However, there are no studies exploring the hormone metabolism and signaling pathway genes together on ischemic stroke, including sulfotransferase family 1E (SULT1E1), catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT), and estrogen receptor α (ESR1). Methods A case-control study was conducted on 305 young ischemic stroke subjects aged ≦ 50 years and 309 age-matched healthy controls. SULT1E1 -64G/A, COMT Val158Met, ESR1 c.454−397 T/C and c.454−351 A/G genes were genotyped and compared between cases and controls to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ischemic stroke susceptibility. Gene-gene interaction effects were analyzed using entropy-based multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR), classification and regression tree (CART), and traditional multiple regression models. Results COMT Val158Met polymorphism showed a significant association with susceptibility of young ischemic stroke among females. There was a two-way interaction between SULT1E1 -64G/A and COMT Val158Met in both MDR and CART analysis. The logistic regression model also showed there was a significant interaction effect between SULT1E1 -64G/A and COMT Val158Met on ischemic stroke of the young (P for interaction = 0.0171). We further found that lower estradiol level could increase the risk of young ischemic stroke for those who carry either SULT1E1 or COMT risk genotypes, showing a significant interaction effect (P for interaction = 0.0174). Conclusions Our findings support that a significant epistasis effect exists among estrogen metabolic and signaling pathway genes and gene-environment interactions on young ischemic stroke subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Hsieh
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Jeng
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Juan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital and Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Yu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Lien
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giia-Sheun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-I Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Fang Chi
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital and Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Neurology, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ming Chern
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-I Hsieh
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rhu Chen
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Dr. Chi-Hsing Huang Stroke Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Edavana VK, Yu X, Dhakal IB, Williams S, Ning B, Cook IT, Caldwell D, Falany CN, Kadlubar S. Sulfation of fulvestrant by human liver cytosols and recombinant SULT1A1 and SULT1E1. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 4:137-145. [PMID: 22822301 PMCID: PMC3400326 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s25418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fulvestrant (Faslodex™) is a pure antiestrogen that is approved to treat hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Previous studies have demonstrated that fulvestrant metabolism in humans involves cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). To date, fulvestrant sulfation has not been characterized. This study examined fulvestrant sulfation with nine recombinant sulfotransferases and found that only SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 displayed catalytic activity toward this substrate, with K(m) of 4.2 ± 0.99 and 0.2 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. In vitro assays of 104 human liver cytosols revealed marked individual variability that was highly correlated with β-naphthol sulfation (SULT1A1 diagnostic substrate; r = 0.98, P < 0.0001), but not with 17β-estradiol sulfation (SULT1E1 diagnostic substrate; r = 0.16, P = 0.10). Fulvestrant sulfation was correlated with both SULT1A1*1/2 genotype (P value = 0.023) and copy number (P < 0.0001). These studies suggest that factors influencing SULT1A1/1E1 tissue expression and/or enzymatic activity could influence the efficacy of fulvestrant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha Koroth Edavana
- Division of Medical genetics, college of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical sciences, Little rock, AR, USA
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Suzuki T, Miki Y, Nakamura Y, Ito K, Sasano H. Steroid sulfatase and estrogen sulfotransferase in human carcinomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:148-53. [PMID: 21073915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are closely involved in the development of hormone-dependent carcinomas. Estrone is locally produced from circulating inactive estrone sulfate by steroid sulfatase (STS), while estrone is inversely inactivated into estrone sulfate by estrogen sulfotransferase (EST). Recent studies suggested importance of this STS pathway in various human carcinomas. Therefore, in this review, we summarized recent results of STS and EST in several estrogen-dependent carcinomas. STS and EST expressions were detected in the breast and endometrial carcinomas, and activation of STS pathway due to increment in STS and/or decrement in EST expressions plays important role in their estrogen-dependent growth. STS expression was also reported in the ovarian and prostate carcinomas. STS/EST status was associated with intratumoral estrogen level in the colon carcinoma, and STS-negative/EST-positive colon carcinoma patients had longer survival. Therefore, STS pathway and estrogen actions may play an important role in the development of these carcinomas, and further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Yong M, Schwartz SM, Atkinson C, Makar KW, Thomas SS, Stanczyk FZ, Westerlind KC, Newton KM, Holt VL, Leisenring WM, Lampe JW. Associations between polymorphisms in glucuronidation and sulfation enzymes and sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women in the United States. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124:10-8. [PMID: 21193038 PMCID: PMC3065887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and sulfation, catalyzed by sulfotransferases (SULT), are pathways through which sex steroids are metabolized to less active compounds. These enzymes are highly polymorphic and genetic variants frequently result in higher or lower activity. The phenotypic effects of these polymorphisms on circulating sex steroids in premenopausal women have not yet been investigated. One hundred and seventy women aged 40-45 years had a blood sample drawn during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for sex steroid measures and to obtain genomic DNA. Urine was collected for 2-hydroxy (OH) estrone (E(1)) and 16α-OH E(1) measures. Generalized linear regression models were used to assess associations between sex steroids and polymorphisms in the UGT1A and UGT2B families, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1. Women with the UGT1A1(TA7/TA7) genotype had 25% lower mean estradiol (E(2)) concentrations compared to the wildtype (TA6/TA6) (p=0.02). Similar associations were observed between SULT1A1(R213/H213) and E(1) (13% lower mean E(1) concentration vs. wildtype; p-value=0.02) and UGT2B4(E458/E458) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (20% lower mean DHEA vs. wildtype; p-value=0.03). The SULT1E1(A/C) and the UGT1A1(TA7)-UGT1A3(R11) haplotypes were associated with reduced estrogen concentrations. Further study of UGT and SULT polymorphisms and circulating sex steroid measures in larger populations of premenopausal women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Yong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Charlotte Atkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - Karen W. Makar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Sushma S. Thomas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Kim C. Westerlind
- AMC Cancer Research Center, 1600 Pierce Street, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA
| | - Katherine M. Newton
- Group Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Victoria L. Holt
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Wendy M. Leisenring
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Corresponding author: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Ave, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 USA; Phone: 206-667-680; Fax: 206-667-7850;
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Hill M, Pařízek A, Cibula D, Kancheva R, Jirásek JE, Jirkovská M, Velíková M, Kubátová J, Klímková M, Pašková A, Zižka Z, Kancheva L, Kazihnitková H, Zamrazilová L, Stárka L. Steroid metabolome in fetal and maternal body fluids in human late pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:114-32. [PMID: 20580824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive research during the last six decades the fundamental questions concerning the role of steroids in the initiation of human parturition and origin and function of some steroids in pregnancy were not definitely answered. Based on steroid metabolomic data found in the literature and our so far unpublished results, we attempted to bring new insights concerning the role of steroids in the sustaining and termination of human pregnancy, and predictive value of these substances for estimation of term. We also aimed to explain enigmas concerning the biosynthesis of progesterone and its bioactive catabolites considering the conjunctions between placental production of CRH, synthesis of bioactive steroids produced by fetal adrenal, localization of placental oxidoreductases and sustaining of human pregnancy. Evaluation of data available in the literature, including our recent findings as well as our new unpublished data indicates increasing progesterone synthesis and its concurrently increasing catabolism with approaching parturition, confirms declining production of pregnancy sustaining 5β-pregnane steroids providing uterine quiescence in late pregnancy, increased sulfation of further neuroinhibiting and pregnancy sustaining steroids. In contrast to the established concept considering LDL cholesterol as the primary substrate for progesterone synthesis in pregnancy, our data demonstrates the functioning of alternative mechanism for progesterone synthesis, which is based on the utilization of fetal pregnenolone sulfate for progesterone production in placenta. Close relationships were found between localization of placental oxidoreductases and consistently higher levels of sex hormones, neuroactive steroids and their metabolites in the oxidized form in the fetus and in the reduced form in the maternal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní třída 8, Prague CZ 116 94, Czech Republic.
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Yong M, Schwartz SM, Atkinson C, Makar KW, Thomas SS, Newton KM, Aiello Bowles EJ, Holt VL, Leisenring WM, Lampe JW. Associations between polymorphisms in glucuronidation and sulfation enzymes and mammographic breast density in premenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:537-46. [PMID: 20142249 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex hormones are metabolized to less active compounds via (a) glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and (b) sulfation catalyzed by sulfotransferases (SULT). Functional UGT and SULT polymorphisms can affect clearance of sex hormones, thereby influencing exposure in hormone-sensitive tissues, such as the breast. We assessed relationships between functional polymorphisms in the UGT and SULT genes and breast density in premenopausal women. METHODS One hundred seventy-five women ages 40 to 45 years, who had a screening mammogram taken within the previous year, provided a genomic DNA sample. Mammograms were digitized to obtain breast density measures. Using generalized linear regression, we assessed associations between percent breast density and polymorphisms in the UGT1A and UGT2B families, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1. RESULTS Women with the SULT1A1(H213/H213) genotype had 16% lower percent breast density compared with women with the SULT1A1(R213/R213) genotype after controlling for ethnicity (P = 0.001). Breast density was 5% lower among women carrying at least one copy of the UGT1A1(TA7)-UGT1A3(R11)-UGT1A3(A47) haplotype compared with the UGT1A1(TA6)-UGT1A3(W11R)-UGT1A3(V47A) haplotype (P = 0.07). No associations were observed between polymorphisms in the UGT2B family or SULT1E1 and breast density. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in SULT1A1 and the UGT1A locus may influence percent breast density in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Yong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Polymorphisms in genes of the steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism pathways and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:328-37. [PMID: 20381444 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of endometrial cancer has recently increased substantially and studies have shown that altered levels of exogenous and endogenous hormones are associated with individual variation in endometrial cancer risk. The environmental and reproductive risk factors that influence these hormones are well known, however, genetic variants involved in hormone biosynthesis and estrogen metabolism have not been well established in endometrial cancer. METHODS To determine whether polymorphisms in genes of the steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism pathways are associated with endometrial cancer risk, 28 polymorphisms in 18 genes were genotyped in 191 endometrial cancer cases and 291 healthy controls. RESULTS The GSTM1 deletion and the variant (GG) genotype of the CYP1B1 rs1800440 polymorphism were associated with a decreased risk of developing endometrial cancer. Furthermore, combinations of haplotypes in CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and GSTs were associated with a decreased risk. The analysis of the repeat polymorphisms revealed that women with the long repeat allele length of the ESR1 (GT)n repeat polymorphism were at an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer. Conversely, women with two long repeat length alleles of the (CAG)n repeat polymorphism in the AR correlated with a decrease in endometrial cancer risk compared to women with one or two alleles with the short repeat length. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with our hypothesis that variability in genes involved in steroidogenesis and estrogen metabolism may alter the risk of developing endometrial cancer, suggesting that they may be useful as biomarkers for genetic susceptibility to endometrial cancer.
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Feng Q, Vannaprasaht S, Peng Y, Angsuthum S, Avihingsanon Y, Yee VC, Tassaneeyakul W, Weinshilboum RM. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: functional characterization of a novel rapidly degraded variant allozyme. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1053-61. [PMID: 19945438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel human thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) variant allele, (319 T>G, 107Tyr>Asp, *27), was identified in a Thai renal transplantation recipient with reduced erythrocyte TPMT activity. The TPMT*27 variant allozyme showed a striking decrease in both immunoreactive protein level and enzyme activity after transient expression in a mammalian cell line. We set out to explore the mechanism(s) responsible for decreased expression of this novel variant of an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. We observed accelerated degradation of TPMT*27 protein in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. TPMT*27 degradation was slowed by proteasome inhibition and involved chaperone proteins-similar to observations with regard to the degradation of the common TPMT*3A variant allozyme. TPMT*27 aggresome formation was also observed in transfected mammalian cells after proteasome inhibition. Inhibition of autophagy also decreased TPMT*27 degradation. Finally, structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that TPMT*27 was less stable than was the wild type TPMT allozyme. In summary, TPMT*27 serves to illustrate the potential importance of protein degradation - both proteasome and autophagy-mediated degradation - for the pharmacogenetic effects of nonsynonymous SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic-Mayo Medical School, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Leeder JS. Developmental pharmacogenetics: a general paradigm for application to neonatal pharmacology and toxicology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:678-82. [PMID: 19865080 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapy in newborn infants presents unique challenges. The consequences of exposure of the fetus to medications and environmental contaminants in utero (following the mother's exposure to these) may present, in the newborn, as congenital malformations or adverse drug reactions or have unknown long-term consequences. Risk is not uniformly distributed across a population. Rather, pharmacogenomic principles assert that an individual's unique clinical, genomic, and environmental information can be used to accurately predict predisposition to risk. The challenge is to identify the specific factors--genetic and nongenetic--that contribute to increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Riches Z, Stanley EL, Bloomer JC, Coughtrie MWH. Quantitative evaluation of the expression and activity of five major sulfotransferases (SULTs) in human tissues: the SULT "pie". Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2255-61. [PMID: 19679676 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of the major human sulfotransferases (SULTs) involved in xenobiotic detoxification in a range of human tissues (i.e., SULT "pies") are not available in a form allowing comparison between tissues and individuals. Here we have determined, by quantitative immunoblotting, expression levels for the five principal human SULTs-SULT1A1, SULT1A3/4, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1-and determined the kinetic properties toward probe substrates, where available, for these enzymes in cytosol samples from a bank of adult human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung. We produced new isoform-selective antibodies against SULT1B1 and SULT2A1, which were used alongside antibodies against SULT1A3 and SULT1A1 previously produced in our laboratory or available commercially (SULT1E1). Expression levels were derived using purified recombinant enzymes to construct standard curves for each individual isoform and immunoblot. Substantial intertissue and interindividual differences in expression were observed. SULT1A1 was the major enzyme (>50% of total, range 420-4900 ng/mg cytosol protein) in the liver, followed by SULT2A1, SULT1B1, and SULT1E1. SULT1A3 was completely absent from this tissue. In contrast, the small intestine contained the largest overall amount of SULT of any of the tissues, with SULT1B1 the major enzyme (36%), closely followed by SULT1A3 (31%), and SULT1A1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1 more minor forms (19, 8, and 6% of total, respectively). The kidney and lung contained low levels of SULT. We provide a unique data set that will add value to the study of the role and contribution of sulfation to drug and xenobiotic metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Riches
- Division of Medical Sciences, Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Rizner TL. Estrogen metabolism and action in endometriosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 307:8-18. [PMID: 19524121 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a complex estrogen-dependent disease that is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. The etiology of endometriosis is multifactorial and includes complex interactions of genetic, immunological, hormonal and environmental factors. Many theories have been proposed, but no single theory can explain all aspects of endometriosis, suggesting that endometriosis is a heterogeneous disease. This review presents the current theories on the pathogenesis of endometriosis, followed by an overview on estrogen metabolism in normal endometrium and diseased endometrium of endometriosis patients. The potential role of aberrant expression of individual estrogen-metabolizing enzymes is discussed, and a model mechanism for increased formation of estradiol is presented separately for different types of endometriosis. The disturbed expression of estrogen receptors in endometriosis is detailed, and the estrogen biosynthetic enzymes and receptors are discussed as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lanisnik Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hebbring SJ, Moyer AM, Weinshilboum RM. Sulfotransferase gene copy number variation: pharmacogenetics and function. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 123:205-10. [PMID: 19287157 DOI: 10.1159/000184710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of the role of inheritance in variation to drug response. Drug response phenotypes can vary from adverse drug reactions at one end of the spectrum to equally serious lack of the desired effect of drug therapy at the other. Many of the current important examples of pharmacogenetics involve inherited variation in drug metabolism. Sulfate conjugation catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes, particularly SULT1A1, is a major pathway for drug metabolism in humans. Pharmacogenetic studies of SULT1A1 began over a quarter of a century ago and have advanced from biochemical genetic experiments to include cDNA and gene cloning, gene resequencing, and functional studies of the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNP genotyping, in turn, led to the discovery of functionally important copy number variations (CNVs) in the SULT1A1 gene. This review will briefly describe the evolution of our understanding of SULT1A1 pharmacogenetics and CNV, as well as challenges involved in utilizing both SNP and CNV data in an attempt to predict SULT1A1 function. SULT1A1 represents one example of the potential importance of CNV for the evolving disciplines of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hebbring
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Medical School - Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wang L, Raghavan N, He K, Luettgen JM, Humphreys WG, Knabb RM, Pinto DJ, Zhang D. Sulfation of O-Demethyl Apixaban: Enzyme Identification and Species Comparison. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:802-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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SULT1E1 and ID2 genes as candidates for inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer in Jewish women. Fam Cancer 2008; 8:135-44. [PMID: 18821033 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in currently known genes account for only a subset of breast/ovarian cancer risk families. Three loci (2p, 4q, 22q) seemingly harbor breast cancer susceptibility genes. To explore their putative role in Jewish women, 46 affected women representing 22 high risk families were genotyped with D2S2211, D4S392, D22S278 and D22S283 and two flanking markers for each locus, and mutational analysis of ID2 (Chromosome 2) and SULT1E1 (Chromosome 4) genes was carried out in seemingly linked families. No ID2 gene mutations were detected in 8 women from the 4 families seemingly linked to D2S2211, whereas a missense mutation (His224Gln) in one affected woman from a single family was detected among 9 women from the 4 families linked to D4S392. This mutation was not found among 153 high risk, 98 sporadic breast/ovarian cancer patients, or 97 healthy controls. The SULT1E1 gene may need to be further explored as candidate breast cancer gene.
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Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Okayama N, Suehiro Y, Kawamoto K, Kikuno N, Rabban JT, Chen LM, Dahiya R. CYP1A1, SULT1A1, andSULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility. Cancer 2008; 112:1964-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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CHETRITE GÉRARD. The Enzymatic Systems in the Formation and Transformation of Estrogens in Normal and Cancerous Human Breast. Breast Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420058734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Saruwatari A, Isshiki M, Tamura H. Inhibitory Effects of Various Beverages on the Sulfoconjugation of 17β-Estradiol in Human Colon Carcinoma Caco-2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2131-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroomi Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University
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Moyer AM, Salavaggione OE, Hebbring SJ, Moon I, Hildebrandt MAT, Eckloff BW, Schaid DJ, Wieben ED, Weinshilboum RM. Glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1: gene sequence variation and functional genomics. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7207-16. [PMID: 18056202 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyze the glutathione conjugation of reactive electrophiles, including carcinogens and many antineoplastic drugs. GSTT1 and GSTM1 are polymorphically deleted, but the full range of genetic variation in these two genes has not yet been explored. We set out to systematically identify common polymorphisms in GSTT1 and GSTM1, followed by functional genomic studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN First, multiplex PCR was used to determine GSTT1 and GSTM1 copy number in 400 DNA samples (100 each from 4 ethnic groups). Exons, splice junctions, and 5'-flanking regions (5'-FR) were then resequenced using DNA samples that contained at least one copy of GSTT1 or GSTM1. RESULTS Gene deletion frequencies among ethnic groups were from 33.5% to 73.5% for GSTT1 and from 50.5% to 78.0% for GSTM1. GSTT1 deletion data correlated with the results of mRNA microarray expression studies. The 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) observed in GSTT1 included three nonsynonymous coding SNPs (cSNPs) and one single-nucleotide deletion, whereas the 51 GSTM1 SNPs included two nonsynonymous cSNPs. Two of the GSTT1 nonsynonymous cSNPs resulted in decreases in levels of immunoreactive protein to 56% and 12% of wild type (WT), whereas those in GSTM1 resulted in modest increases in protein levels. Reporter gene assays showed that one GSTT1 5'-FR haplotype, with a frequency of 32% in African-American subjects, resulted in an increase in transcription in JEG-3 cells to 351% of that for the WT sequence, and one GSTM1 5'-FR haplotype resulted in an increase in transcription in JEG-3 cells to 129% of WT. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that functionally significant pharmacogenomic variation beyond GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene deletion may contribute to carcinogenesis or individual variation in antineoplastic drug therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moyer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Furimsky AM, Green CE, Sharp LEH, Catz P, Adjei AA, Parman T, Kapetanovic IM, Weinshilboum RM, Iyer LV. Effect of Resveratrol on 17β-Estradiol Sulfation by Human Hepatic and Jejunal S9 and Recombinant Sulfotransferase 1E1. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:129-36. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ji Y, Moon I, Zlatkovic J, Salavaggione OE, Thomae BA, Eckloff BW, Wieben ED, Schaid DJ, Weinshilboum RM. Human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1 pharmacogenomics: gene sequence variation and functional genomics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:529-40. [PMID: 17496163 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT) 2B1 gene is a member of the cytosolic SULT gene superfamily. The two SULT2B1 isoforms, SULT2B1a and SULT2B1b, are encoded by a single gene as a result of alternative transcription initiation and alternative splicing. SULT2B1b catalyzes the sulfonation of 3beta-hydroxysteroid hormones and cholesterol, whereas SULT2B1a preferentially catalyzes pregnenolone sulfonation. We used a genotype-to-phenotype approach to identify and characterize common sequence variation in SULT2B1. Specifically, we resequenced all exons, splice junctions, and approximately 2.5 kb of the 5'-flanking regions (FRs) for each isoform using 60 DNA samples each from African-American and Caucasian-American subjects. We observed 100 polymorphisms, including four nonsynonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms and one 6-base pair deletion-all within the "shared" region of the open reading frame. Functional genomic studies of the wild type (WT) and five variant allozymes for each isoform performed with a mammalian expression system showed that variant allozyme activities ranged from 64 to 88% of WT for SULT2B1a and from 76 to 98% for SULT2B1b. Relative levels of immunoreactive protein were similar to those for enzyme activity. Luciferase reporter gene constructs for 2.5 kb of the SULT2B1b 5'-FR displayed a cell line-dependent pattern of variation in activity. Finally, deletion of the proline-rich SULT2B1 carboxyl terminus resulted in intracellular protein aggregate formation and accelerated degradation of the truncated protein. These studies resulted in the identification of common SULT2B1 gene sequence variation, as well as insight into the effects of that variation on the function of this important steroid-metabolizing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ji
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ung D, Nagar S. Variable sulfation of dietary polyphenols by recombinant human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 genetic variants and SULT1E1. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:740-6. [PMID: 17293380 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfate conjugation of several important endo- and xenobiotics. Among the superfamily of SULT enzymes, SULT1A1 catalyzes the sulfation of small planar phenolic compounds, whereas SULT1E1 has a major role in estrogen conjugation. The human SULT1A1 gene has common single nucleotide polymorphisms that define three allozymes, SULT1A1*1, *2, and *3. The enzyme kinetics of SULT1A1 allozymes and SULT1E1 were characterized for the polyphenolic substrates apigenin, chrysin, epicatechin, quercetin, and resveratrol. Purified recombinant SULT proteins were generated in a baculoviral-insect cell system, and incubated in vitro with each substrate to determine catalytic activity. The effect of polyphenol sulfation was examined in mammalian cell lines stably expressing SULT1E1. For all polyphenols investigated, "normal-activity" SULT1A1*1 allozyme had significantly greater Vmax estimates than SULT1E1, and allele-specific differences in SULT1A1-mediated sulfation were observed. The polymorphic SULT1A1*2 allozyme exhibited low activity toward apigenin, epicatechin, and resveratrol. SULT1A1*1 and *3 acted as normal-activity allozymes for these substrates. Altered cellular proliferation was observed in MCF-7 cells stably expressing SULT1E1 upon treatment with chrysin, quercetin, or resveratrol, thus suggesting inactivation of these compounds by SULT1E1. These results suggest an important role for SULT isozymes and their pharmacogenetics in polyphenol disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Din Ung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Abstract
One of the promises of modern biotechnology is to improve medical care by providing accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment to patients who will derive the maximum benefit. Delivery of this promise in the 21st century is the result of major advances in biotechnology over the past 20 years. Sequencing of the human genome and other high-volume data discovery has become possible, owing to relatively inexpensive computation power and automation. The same forces that drove the human genome project are now being focused on cataloging various disease processes at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. As these high-throughput technologies are entering the clinical care environment, the major task at hand is to integrate the complex data and derive clinically useful information. In spite of major breakthroughs in molecular approaches to the diagnosis and prognostication of cancer, there remain significant obstacles in applying these technologies to clinical samples. The time-honored conventional histopathology, for example, is still the backbone of tumor diagnosis and prognostication. The traditional fixation and processing methods are, however, rapidly losing ground, as they do not protect important tissue macromolecules. Formalin, the common universal fixative, is losing its place in histopathology. In addition to its toxicity, it alters macromolecules and renders the tissue unfit for most advanced molecular studies. This has prompted the use of fresh or fresh-frozen biopsy material for most biomolecular discoveries and clinical assays. This of course is impractical, or even impossible, in most clinical settings, particularly since tumors are being detected earlier and smaller. Also, many preneoplastic conditions are impossible to triage for freezing since their accurate diagnosis requires the use of the entire sample for detailed microscopic examination. The focus in this report is on breast cancer, where the value of the innovative approaches of the tissue detection of biomolecular predictors is examined. To this end, novel tissue handling platforms are introduced that are not only suitable for histological diagnosis, but allow the detection of tumor proteome and expression profiles on the same biopsy sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nassiri
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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Lee SA, Choi JY, Shin CS, Hong YC, Chung H, Kang D. SULT1E1 genetic polymorphisms modified the association between phytoestrogen consumption and bone mineral density in healthy Korean women. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 79:152-9. [PMID: 16969590 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-006-0008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferase 1E1 (SULT1E1) catalyze estrogen into sulfate conjugation and is involved in the metabolism of phytoestrogen. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 397 Korean women, to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of SULT1E1 and bone mineral density (BMD) and the combined effect of the genetic polymorphism and phytoestrogen intake for BMD in Korean women. BMDs of the distal radius and the calcaneus were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Genotypes of SULT1E1 IVS1-447 C>A, IVS4-1653 T>C, and *959 G>A were determined by the 5'-nuclease assay (TaqMan). Phytoestrogen intake was estimated by a food-frequency questionnaire validated against multiple 24-hour recalls. Women with the SULT1E1 *959 GG genotype had a 4.5% lower BMD at the distal radius (P (trend )= 0.05) and a 7.9% lower BMD at the calcaneus compared to those with AA genotype (P (trend) < 0.01), whereas the SULT1E1 IVS1-447 CC genotype and IVS4-1653 TT genotype were not associated with BMD. There was no significant trend of BMD with the numbers of CTG-containing haplotypes, but calcaneal BMDs significantly differed between SULT1E1 CTA-CTA haplotype and CTG-CCA haplotype (P < 0.05). When stratified by SULT1E1 genotype, the correlation between phytoestrogen consumption and BMD at the calcaneus was noteworthy in women with SULT1E1 *959 GG genotype (r = 0.25, P = 0.01) or SULT1E1 IVS 4-1653 TT genotype (r = 0.15, P = 0.02). This trend remained significant only in postmenopausal women (r = 0.36, P = 0.01) after multiple testing was corrected by the false discovery rate method. In conclusion, the genetic polymorphism of SULT1E1 *959 G > A was associated with BMD at the distal radius and calcaneus, and the association between phytoestrogen consumption and calcaneal BMD might be modified by this genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Development, Science, and Translation. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2006; 7:223-45. [PMID: 16948615 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics involve the study of the role of inheritance in individual variation in drug response, a phenotype that varies from potentially life-threatening adverse drug reactions to equally serious lack of therapeutic efficacy. This discipline evolved from the convergence of rapid advances in molecular pharmacology and genomics. Originally, pharmacogenetic studies focused on monogenic traits, often involving genetic variation in drug metabolism. However, contemporary studies increasingly involve entire "pathways" encoding proteins that influence both pharmacokinetics--factors that influence the concentration of a drug reaching its target(s)--and pharmacodynamics, the drug target itself, as well as genome-wide approaches. Pharmacogenomics is also increasingly moving across the "translational interface" into the clinic and is being incorporated into the drug development process and the governmental regulation of that process. However, significant challenges remain to be overcome if pharmacogenetics-pharmacogenomics is to achieve its full potential as a major medical application of genomic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Medical School-Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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