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Burnstock G, Evans LC, Bailey MA. Purinergic signalling in the kidney in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:71-101. [PMID: 24265071 PMCID: PMC3944043 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of purinergic signalling in kidney physiology and pathophysiology is rapidly gaining recognition and this is a comprehensive review of early and recent publications in the field. Purinergic signalling involvement is described in several important intrarenal regulatory mechanisms, including tuboglomerular feedback, the autoregulatory response of the glomerular and extraglomerular microcirculation and the control of renin release. Furthermore, purinergic signalling influences water and electrolyte transport in all segments of the renal tubule. Reports about purine- and pyrimidine-mediated actions in diseases of the kidney, including polycystic kidney disease, nephritis, diabetes, hypertension and nephrotoxicant injury are covered and possible purinergic therapeutic strategies discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Franco M, Chávez E, Pérez-Méndez O. Pleiotropic effects of thyroid hormones: learning from hypothyroidism. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:321030. [PMID: 21760977 PMCID: PMC3134217 DOI: 10.4061/2011/321030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism induces several metabolic changes that allow understanding some physiopathological mechanisms. Under experimental hypothyroid conditions in rats, heart and kidney are protected against oxidative damage induced by ischemia reperfusion. An increased resistance to opening of the permeability transition pore seems to be at the basis of such protection. Moreover, glomerular filtration rate of hypothyroid kidney is low as a result of adenosine receptors-induced renal vasoconstriction. The vascular tone of aorta is also regulated by adenosine in hypothyroid conditions. In other context, thyroid hormones regulate lipoprotein metabolism. High plasma level of LDL cholesterol is a common feature in hypothyroidism, due to a low expression of the hepatic LDL receptor. In contrast, HDL-cholesterol plasma levels are variable in hypothyroidism; several proteins involved in HDL metabolism and structure are expressed at lower levels in experimental hypothyroidism. Based on the positive influence of thyroid hormones on lipoprotein metabolism, thyromimetic drugs are promising for the treatment of dyslipidemias. In summary, hypothyroid status has been useful to understand molecular mechanisms involved in ischemia reperfusion, regulation of vascular function and intravascular metabolism of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Franco
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Tenorio-Velázquez VM, Barrera D, Franco M, Tapia E, Hernández-Pando R, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Hypothyroidism attenuates protein tyrosine nitration, oxidative stress and renal damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion: effect unrelated to antioxidant enzymes activities. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6:12. [PMID: 16274486 PMCID: PMC1291371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been established that hypothyroidism protects rats against renal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) oxidative damage. However, it is not clear if hypothyroidism is able to prevent protein tyrosine nitration, an index of nitrosative stress, induced by IR or if antioxidant enzymes have involved in this protective effect. In this work it was explored if hypothyroidism is able to prevent the increase in nitrosative and oxidative stress induced by IR. In addition the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase was studied. Control and thyroidectomized (HTX) rats were studied 24 h of reperfusion after 60 min ischemia. Methods Male Wistar rats weighing 380 ± 22 g were subjected to surgical thyroidectomy. Rats were studied 15 days after surgery. Euthyroid sham-operated rats were used as controls (CT). Both groups of rats underwent a right kidney nephrectomy and suffered a 60 min left renal ischemia with 24 h of reperfusion. Rats were divided in four groups: CT, HTX, IR and HTX+IR. Rats were sacrificed and samples of plasma and kidney were obtained. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured in blood plasma. Kidney damage was evaluated by histological analysis. Oxidative stress was measured by immunohistochemical localization of protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal modified proteins. The protein carbonyl content was measured using antibodies against dinitrophenol (DNP)-modified proteins. Nitrosative stress was measured by immunohistochemical analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine modified proteins. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase was measured by spectrophotometric methods. Multiple comparisons were performed with ANOVA followed by Bonferroni t test. Results The histological damage and the rise in plasma creatinine and BUN induced by IR were significantly lower in HTX+IR group. The increase in protein carbonyls and in 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal modified proteins was prevented in HTX+IR group. IR-induced decrease in renal antioxidant enzymes was essentially not prevented by HTX in HTX+IR group. Conclusion Hypothyroidism was able to prevent not only oxidative but also nitrosative stress induced by IR. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase seem not to play a protective role in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Tenorio-Velázquez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano #1, Col. Sección XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México, D.F., México
| | - Diana Barrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Martha Franco
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano #1, Col. Sección XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México, D.F., México
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano #1, Col. Sección XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México, D.F., México
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Departamento de Patología, 14000, México, D.F., México
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
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