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Bai X, Gao J, Guan X, Narum DE, Fornis LB, Griffith DE, Gao B, Sandhaus RA, Huang H, Chan ED. Analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)-regulated, glucocorticoid receptor-dependent genes in macrophages reveals a novel host defense function of AAT. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16124. [PMID: 39016119 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) plays a homeostatic role in attenuating excessive inflammation and augmenting host defense against microbes. We demonstrated previously that AAT binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in significant anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial consequences in macrophages. Our current investigation aims to uncover AAT-regulated genes that rely on GR in macrophages. We incubated control THP-1 cells (THP-1control) and THP-1 cells knocked down for GR (THP-1GR-KD) with AAT, performed bulk RNA sequencing, and analyzed the findings. In THP-1control cells, AAT significantly upregulated 408 genes and downregulated 376 genes. Comparing THP-1control and THP-1GR-KD cells, 125 (30.6%) of the AAT-upregulated genes and 154 (41.0%) of the AAT-downregulated genes were significantly dependent on GR. Among the AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes, CSF-2 that encodes for granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), known to be host-protective against nontuberculous mycobacteria, was strongly upregulated by AAT and dependent on GR. We further quantified the mRNA and protein of several AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes in macrophages and the mRNA of several AAT-downregulated, GR-dependent genes. We also discussed the function(s) of selected AAT-regulated, GR-dependent gene products largely in the context of mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, AAT regulated several genes that are dependent on GR and play roles in host immunity against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Drew E Narum
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lorelenn B Fornis
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David E Griffith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert A Sandhaus
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Wang Y, Li K, Zhao W, Liu Y, Li T, Yang HQ, Tong Z, Song N. Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the altered transcriptomic characteristics of pulmonary macrophages in immunocompromised hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179094. [PMID: 37359523 PMCID: PMC10289015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the extensive use of immunosuppressants, immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) has received increasing attention. Though aberrant adaptive immunity has been considered as a key reason for opportunistic infections, the characteristics of innate immunity in these immunocompromised hosts remain unclear. Methods In this study, wild type C57BL/6 mice or dexamethasone-treated mice were injected with or without Pneumocystis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were harvested for the multiplex cytokine and metabolomics analysis. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of indicated lung tissues or BALFs was performed to decipher the macrophages heterogeneity. Mice lung tissues were further analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or immunohistochemical staining. Results We found that the secretion of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolites in the Pneumocystis-infected mice are impaired by glucocorticoids. By scRNA-seq, we identified seven subpopulations of macrophages in mice lung tissues. Among them, a group of Mmp12+ macrophages is enriched in the immunocompetent mice with Pneumocystis infection. Pseudotime trajectory showed that these Mmp12+ macrophages are differentiated from Ly6c+ classical monocytes, and highly express pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated in BALFs of Pneumocystis-infected mice. In vitro, we confirmed that dexamethasone impairs the expression of Lif, Il1b, Il6 and Tnf, as well as the fungal killing capacity of alveolar macrophage (AM)-like cells. Moreover, in patients with PCP, we found a group of macrophages resembled the aforementioned Mmp12+ macrophages, and these macrophages are inhibited in the patient receiving glucocorticoid treatment. Additionally, dexamethasone simultaneously impaired the functional integrity of resident AMs and downregulated the level of lysophosphatidylcholine, leading to the suppressed antifungal capacities. Conclusion We reported a group of Mmp12+ macrophages conferring protection during Pneumocystis infection, which can be dampened by glucocorticoids. This study provides multiple resources for understanding the heterogeneity and metabolic changes of innate immunity in immunocompromised hosts, and also suggests that the loss of Mmp12+ macrophages population contributes to the pathogenesis of immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Song
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang H, Cong L, Wang Q. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:138. [PMID: 36964157 PMCID: PMC10039055 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied by high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence rates of these diseases are attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves many factors, including maternal-fetal environment, living environment, genetics, epigenetics, and the body's immune status. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype and endotype defining visible features and associated molecular mechanisms, respectively. With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, many new biological drugs have been designed for the treatment of allergic diseases, including anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-interleukin (IL)-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors and scientists, it is becoming more and more important to understand the influencing factors, pathogenesis, and treatment progress of allergic diseases. This review aimed to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of allergic diseases, including AR, AAS, AD, and FA. We hope to help doctors and scientists understand allergic diseases systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linhan Hu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Juntong Liu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000210, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linpeng Cong
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China.
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Glucocorticoid Insensitivity in Asthma: The Unique Role for Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168966. [PMID: 36012240 PMCID: PMC9408965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most patients with asthma symptoms are well controlled by inhaled glucocorticoids (GCs), a subgroup of patients suffering from severe asthma respond poorly to GC therapy. Such GC insensitivity (GCI) represents a profound challenge in managing patients with asthma. Even though GCI in patients with severe asthma has been investigated by several groups using immune cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells and alveolar macrophages), uncertainty exists regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms in non-immune cells, such as airway smooth cells (ASM) cells. In asthma, ASM cells are among the targets of GC therapy and have emerged as key contributors not only to bronchoconstriction but also to airway inflammation and remodeling, as implied by experimental and clinical evidence. We here summarize the current understanding of the actions/signaling of GCs in asthma, and specifically, GC receptor (GR) “site-specific phosphorylation” and its role in regulating GC actions. We also review some common pitfalls associated with studies investigating GCI and the inflammatory mediators linked to asthma severity. Finally, we discuss and contrast potential molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of GC actions in immune cells versus non-immune cells such as ASM cells.
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Amrani Y, Panettieri RA, Ramos-Ramirez P, Schaafsma D, Kaczmarek K, Tliba O. Important lessons learned from studies on the pharmacology of glucocorticoids in human airway smooth muscle cells: Too much of a good thing may be a problem. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107589. [PMID: 32473159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the treatment of choice for chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Despite proven effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, long-term and/or systemic use of GCs can potentially induce adverse effects. Strikingly, some recent experimental evidence suggests that GCs may even exacerbate some disease outcomes. In asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells are among the targets of GC therapy and have emerged as key contributors not only to bronchoconstriction, but also to airway inflammation and remodeling, as implied by experimental and clinical evidence. We here will review the beneficial effects of GCs on ASM cells, emphasizing the differential nature of GC effects on pro-inflammatory genes and on other features associated with asthma pathogenesis. We will also summarize evidence describing how GCs can potentially promote pro-inflammatory and remodeling features in asthma with a specific focus on ASM cells. Finally, some of the possible solutions to overcome these unanticipated effects of GCs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Amrani
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester Biomedical Research Center Respiratory, Leicester, UK
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Ramos-Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | | | - Klaudia Kaczmarek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Omar Tliba
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA.
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Newton R, Giembycz MA. Understanding how long-acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists enhance the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma - an update. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3405-3430. [PMID: 27646470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In moderate-to-severe asthma, adding an inhaled long-acting β2 -adenoceptor agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) provides better disease control than simply increasing the dose of ICS. Acting on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, gene NR3C1), ICSs promote anti-inflammatory/anti-asthma gene expression. In vitro, LABAs synergistically enhance the maximal expression of many glucocorticoid-induced genes. Other genes, including dual-specificity phosphatase 1(DUSP1) in human airways smooth muscle (ASM) and epithelial cells, are up-regulated additively by both drug classes. Synergy may also occur for LABA-induced genes, as illustrated by the bronchoprotective gene, regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (RGS2) in ASM. Such effects cannot be produced by either drug alone and may explain the therapeutic efficacy of ICS/LABA combination therapies. While the molecular basis of synergy remains unclear, mechanistic interpretations must accommodate gene-specific regulation. We explore the concept that each glucocorticoid-induced gene is an independent signal transducer optimally activated by a specific, ligand-directed, GR conformation. In addition to explaining partial agonism, this realization provides opportunities to identify novel GR ligands that exhibit gene expression bias. Translating this into improved therapeutic ratios requires consideration of GR density in target tissues and further understanding of gene function. Similarly, the ability of a LABA to interact with a glucocorticoid may be suboptimal due to low β2 -adrenoceptor density or biased β2 -adrenoceptor signalling. Strategies to overcome these limitations include adding-on a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and using agonists of other Gs-coupled receptors. In all cases, the rational design of ICS/LABA, and derivative, combination therapies requires functional knowledge of induced (and repressed) genes for therapeutic benefit to be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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7
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Schuliga M, Royce SG, Langenbach S, Berhan A, Harris T, Keenan CR, Stewart AG. The Coagulant Factor Xa Induces Protease-Activated Receptor-1 and Annexin A2-Dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Cytokine Production and Cell Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:200-9. [PMID: 26120939 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During asthma exacerbation, plasma circulating coagulant factor X (FX) enters the inflamed airways and is activated (FXa). FXa may have an important role in asthma, being involved in thrombin activation and an agonist of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Extracellular annexin A2 and integrins are also implicated in PAR-1 signaling. In this study, the potential role of PAR-1 in mediating the effects of FXa on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell cytokine production and proliferation was investigated. FXa (5-50 nM), but not FX, stimulated increases in ASM IL-6 production and cell number after 24- and 48-hour incubation, respectively (P < 0.05; n = 5). FXa (15 nM) also stimulated increases in the levels of mRNA for cytokines (IL-6), cell cycle-related protein (cyclin D1), and proremodeling proteins (FGF-2, PDGF-B, CTGF, SM22, and PAI-1) after 3-hour incubation (P < 0.05; n = 4). The actions of FXa were insensitive to inhibition by hirudin (1 U/ml), a selective thrombin inhibitor, but were attenuated by SCH79797 (100 nM), a PAR-1 antagonist, or Cpd 22 (1 μM), an inhibitor of integrin-linked kinase. The selective targeting of PAR-1, annexin A2, or β1-integrin by small interfering RNA and/or by functional blocking antibodies also attenuated FXa-evoked responses. In contrast, the targeting of annexin A2 did not inhibit thrombin-stimulated ASM function. In airway biopsies of patients with asthma, FXa and annexin A2 were detected in the ASM bundle by immunohistochemistry. These findings establish FXa as a potentially important asthma mediator, stimulating ASM function through actions requiring PAR-1 and annexin A2 and involving integrin coactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Simon G Royce
- 2 Department Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Asres Berhan
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Trudi Harris
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Christine R Keenan
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
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8
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Schuliga M. NF-kappaB Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1266-83. [PMID: 26131974 PMCID: PMC4598751 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are obstructive airway disorders which differ in their underlying causes and phenotypes but overlap in patterns of pharmacological treatments. In both asthma and COPD, oxidative stress contributes to airway inflammation by inducing inflammatory gene expression. The redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (NF-κB), is an important participant in a broad spectrum of inflammatory networks that regulate cytokine activity in airway pathology. The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs), a mainstay treatment for asthma, involve inhibition of NF-κB induced gene transcription. Ligand bound GC receptors (GRs) bind NF-κB to suppress the transcription of NF-κB responsive genes (i.e., transrepression). However, in severe asthma and COPD, the transrepression of NF-κB by GCs is negated as a consequence of post-translational changes to GR and histones involved in chromatin remodeling. Therapeutics which target NF-κB activation, including inhibitors of IκB kinases (IKKs) are potential treatments for asthma and COPD. Furthermore, reversing GR/histone acetylation shows promise as a strategy to treat steroid refractory airway disease by augmenting NF-κB transrepression. This review examines NF-κB signaling in airway inflammation and its potential as target for treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre (LHRC), Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan St., Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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The inflammatory actions of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases in disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:437695. [PMID: 25878399 PMCID: PMC4387953 DOI: 10.1155/2015/437695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their role in hemostasis, coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases are important mediators of inflammation in diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. The blood circulating zymogens of these proteases enter damaged tissue as a consequence of vascular leak or rupture to become activated and contribute to extravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis. The coagulants, factor Xa (FXa), factor VIIa (FVIIa), tissue factor, and thrombin, also evoke cell-mediated actions on structural cells (e.g., fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) or inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) via the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Plasmin, the principle enzymatic mediator of fibrinolysis, also forms toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activating fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and can release latent-matrix bound growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin (e.g., urokinase plasminogen activator) evoke plasmin-independent proinflammatory actions involving coreceptor activation. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated actions of hemostatic proteases is a strategy that may be used to treat inflammatory disease without the bleeding complications of conventional anticoagulant therapies. The mechanisms by which proteases of the coagulant and fibrinolytic systems contribute to extravascular inflammation in disease will be considered in this review.
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Keenan CR, Radojicic D, Li M, Radwan A, Stewart AG. Heterogeneity in mechanisms influencing glucocorticoid sensitivity: the need for a systems biology approach to treatment of glucocorticoid-resistant inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:81-93. [PMID: 25596317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have impressive anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and show a diversity of actions across a variety of cell phenotypes. Implicit in efforts to optimize GCs as anti-inflammatory agents for any or all indications is the notion that the relevant mechanism(s) of action of GCs are fully elucidated. However, recent advances in understanding GC signalling mechanisms have revealed remarkable complexity and contextual dependence, calling into question whether the mechanisms of action are sufficiently well-described to embark on optimization. In the current review, we address evidence for differences in the mechanism of action in different cell types and contexts, and discuss contrasts in mechanisms of glucocorticoid insensitivity, with a focus on asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Given this complexity, we consider the potential breadth of impact and selectivity of strategies directed to reversing the glucocorticoid insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Keenan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Danica Radojicic
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Asmaa Radwan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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11
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Xia YC, Harris T, Stewart AG, Mackay GA. Secreted factors from human mast cells trigger inflammatory cytokine production by human airway smooth muscle cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160:75-85. [PMID: 22948287 DOI: 10.1159/000339697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A notable feature of allergic asthma is the infiltration of mast cells into smooth muscle in the human airway. Thus, mast cells and human airway smooth muscle (hASM) cells are likely to exhibit mutual functional modulation via direct cell-cell contact or through released factors. This study examined mast cell modulation of hASM cell cytokine release. METHODS The mast cell line HMCα was used to model mast cell function. hASM cells were either co-cultured directly with resting or IgE/antigen-stimulated HMCα cells or treated with HMCα-conditioned media to examine the impact on cytokine release. The activation pathways triggered in hASM cells by the mast cell-derived factors were examined through the use of selective inhibitors and by Western blotting. RESULTS HMCα cells, or their conditioned media, induced the expression of cytokines (IL-8 and IL-6) by hASM cells at both the mRNA and the protein level. Cytokine expression in hASM cells was greatly amplified when HMCα cells were IgE/antigen-activated. The effects of the conditioned media were not mediated by the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α or by exosomes. While the mast cell-derived factor(s) increased p38(MAPK) phosphorylation in hASM cells, cytokine production was not inhibited by the p38(MAPK) inhibitor SB203580. hASM cell production of IL-8 induced by HMCα condition media but not IL-6 was, however, attenuated by the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the release of soluble mediators by activated mast cells can stimulate hASM cells to elicit production of proinflammatory cytokines that may then exacerbate airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Sturrock A, Vollbrecht T, Mir-Kasimov M, McManus M, Wilcoxen SE, Paine R. Mechanisms of suppression of alveolar epithelial cell GM-CSF expression in the setting of hyperoxic stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L446-53. [PMID: 20034963 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary expression of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is critically important for normal functional maturation of alveolar macrophages. We found previously that lung GM-CSF is dramatically suppressed in mice exposed to hyperoxia. Alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) are a major source of GM-CSF in the peripheral lung, and in vivo hyperoxia resulted in greatly reduced expression of GM-CSF protein by AEC ex vivo. We now explore the mechanisms responsible for this effect, using primary cultures of murine AEC exposed to hyperoxia in vitro. Exposure of AEC to 80% oxygen/5% CO(2) for 48 h did not induce overt toxicity, but resulted in significantly decreased GM-CSF protein and mRNA expression compared with cells in normoxia. Similar effects were seen when AEC were stressed with serum deprivation, an alternative inducer of oxidative stress. The effects in AEC were opposite those in a murine lung epithelial cell line (MLE-12 cells), in which hyperoxia induced GM-CSF expression. Both hyperoxia and serum deprivation resulted in increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AEC. Hyperoxia and serum deprivation induced significantly accelerated turnover of GM-CSF mRNA. Treatment of AEC with catalase during oxidative stress preserved GM-CSF protein and mRNA and was associated with stabilization of GM-CSF mRNA. We conclude that hyperoxia-induced suppression of AEC GM-CSF expression is a function of ROS-induced destabilization of GM-CSF mRNA. We speculate that AEC oxidative stress results in significantly impaired pulmonary innate immune defense due to effects on local GM-CSF expression in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sturrock
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medicine Center, and Division of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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13
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Baroffio M, Crimi E, Brusasco V. Airway smooth muscle as a model for new investigative drugs in asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 2:129-39. [PMID: 19124365 DOI: 10.1177/1753465808091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma as such exists because airway smooth muscle (ASM) contracts excessively in response to various stimuli. After several decades during which research was mainly focused on airway inflammation, increasing attention is now being paid to a possible abnormal behaviour of ASM. Thus, ASM is regarded as a major target for anti-asthma treatments. This review first describes the mechanisms of ASM contraction and airway hyperresponsiveness, through cellular, animal and human models. The developments of new drugs targeting extra and/or intracellular pathway of ASM contraction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baroffio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Hirota JA, Nguyen TTB, Schaafsma D, Sharma P, Tran T. Airway smooth muscle in asthma: phenotype plasticity and function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:370-8. [PMID: 19114115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction which is commonly due to an exaggerated airway narrowing referred to as airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Although debate exists on the complex etiology of AHR, it is clear that airway smooth muscle (ASM) mediated airway narrowing is a major contributor to airway dysfunction. More importantly, it is now appreciated that smooth muscle is far from being a simple cell with only contractile ability properties. Rather, it is more versatile with the capacity to exhibit numerous cellular functions as it adapts to the microenvironment to which it is exposed. The emerging ability of individual smooth muscle cells to undergo changes in their phenotype (phenotype plasticity) and function (functional plasticity) in response to physiological and pathological cues is an important and active area of research. This article provides a brief review of the current knowledge and emerging concepts in the field of ASM phenotype and function both under healthy and asthmatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Damera G, Tliba O, Panettieri RA. Airway smooth muscle as an immunomodulatory cell. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:353-9. [PMID: 19121407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although pivotal in regulating bronchomotor tone in asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) also modulates airway inflammation in asthma. ASM myocytes secrete or express a wide array of immunomodulatory mediators in response to extracellular stimuli, and in chronic severe asthma, increases in ASM mass may also render the airway irreversibly obstructed. Although the mechanisms by which ASM secretes cytokines and chemokines are shared with those regulating immune cells, there exist unique ASM signaling pathways that may provide novel therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the proliferative as well as synthetic properties of ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Damera
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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16
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Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases and facilitate the recruitment, activation, and trafficking of inflammatory cells in the airways. Compelling evidence now shows that airway smooth muscle expresses adhesion molecules and secretes inflammatory mediators. Airway myocytes also express a repertoire of immunomodulatory proteins such as Toll-like receptors, chemokines, and cytokines. The underlying mechanisms by which these molecules modulate airway inflammation and the physiological consequences of these molecules are now being elucidated, suggesting that airway smooth muscle plays an important role in orchestrating and perpetuating airway inflammation, remodeling, and fibrosis in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Tliba
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA.
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17
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Airway smooth muscle cell as an inflammatory cell: lessons learned from interferon signaling pathways. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:106-12. [PMID: 18094092 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200705-060vs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article will describe the potential role of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in mediating both deleterious/beneficial effects of interferons (IFNs) in asthma. First described as beneficial in treating the main features of asthma, the interplay between IFNs and ASM could explain their deleterious actions recently described in a number of different studies. Through multiple mechanisms, including the suppression of steroid action, the synergistic pro-inflammatory actions when combined with other cytokines, and the modulation of calcium metabolism, IFNs are now seen as critical mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Tliba O, Amrani Y, Panettieri RA. Is airway smooth muscle the "missing link" modulating airway inflammation in asthma? Chest 2008; 133:236-42. [PMID: 18187748 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays a central role in regulating bronchomotor tone in patients with asthma. New evidence, however, suggests that ASM may also orchestrate and perpetuate airway inflammation by promoting the recruitment, activation, and trafficking of inflammatory cells in the airways. This review addresses the immunomodulatory function of ASM and highlights how such function may have therapeutic implications in the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Tliba
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA.
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19
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Quante T, Ng YC, Ramsay EE, Henness S, Allen JC, Parmentier J, Ge Q, Ammit AJ. Corticosteroids reduce IL-6 in ASM cells via up-regulation of MKP-1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:208-17. [PMID: 18314542 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation are not completely understood. Traditionally, corticosteroids were thought to inhibit cytokines exclusively at the transcriptional level. Our recent evidence, obtained in airway smooth muscle (ASM), no longer supports this view. We have found that corticosteroids do not act at the transcriptional level to reduce TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 gene expression. Rather, corticosteroids inhibit TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion by reducing the stability of the IL-6 mRNA transcript. TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 mRNA decays at a significantly faster rate in ASM cells pretreated with the corticosteroid dexamethasone (t(1/2) = 2.4 h), compared to vehicle (t(1/2) = 9.0 h; P < 0.05) (results are expressed as decay constants [k] [mean +/- SEM] and half-life [h]). Interestingly, the underlying mechanism of inhibition by corticosteroids is via the up-regulation of an endogenous mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Corticosteroids rapidly up-regulate MKP-1 in a time-dependent manner (44.6 +/- 10.5-fold increase after 24 h treatment with dexamethasone; P < 0.05), and MKP-1 up-regulation was temporally related to the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Moreover, TNF-alpha acts via a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway to stabilize the IL-6 mRNA transcript (TNF-alpha, t(1/2) = 9.6 h; SB203580 + TNF-alpha, t(1/2) = 1.5 h), exogenous expression of MKP-1 significantly inhibits TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion and MKP-1 siRNA reverses the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion by dexamethasone. Taken together, these results suggest that corticosteroid-induced MKP-1 contributes to the repression of IL-6 secretion in ASM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Quante
- Respiratory Research Group, 1Faculty of Pharmacy and 2Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Raidl M, Sibbing B, Strauch J, Müller K, Nemat A, Schneider PM, Hag H, Erdmann E, Koch A. Impaired TNFalpha-induced VEGF expression in human airway smooth muscle cells from smokers with COPD: role of MAPkinases and histone acetylation--effect of dexamethasone. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 49:98-110. [PMID: 17906365 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-007-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine and potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in airway remodelling in various airway diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The effect of cigarette-smoking on VEGF expression, the modulatory role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1,-2, p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), histone acetylation and the anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone on TNFalpha-induced VEGF expression were examined in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) of five non-smokers, 17 smokers without airflow limitation and 15 smokers with COPD. TNFalpha increased VEGF expression 5.4-fold and 4.0-fold in HASMC from non-smokers and smokers without airflow limitation, respectively, but only 2.5-fold in HASMC from smokers with COPD compared with non-stimulated HASMC. VEGF production was dependent on phosphorylation of ERK-1,-2 and p38MAPK, as was shown by examining the effects of PD 098059 (10 microM), an inhibitor of the upstream activator of MAPKkinase (MKK)-1, and SB 203580 (10 microM), an inhibitor of p38MAPK; there were no differences between non-smokers, smokers without airflow limitation and smokers with COPD in this respect. Dexamethasone (DEX; 10(-12)-10(-4) M) reduced TNFalpha-induced phosphorylation of ERK-1/-2 and prevented TNFalpha-induced VEGF generation without differences between non-smokers, smokers with and without COPD. There was an additional inhibitory effect of DEX (10(-12) M) on VEGF-release when PD 098059 was added. The basal and TNFalpha-induced acetylation status of the VEGF-promoter (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] assay) was increased in HASMC from smokers with COPD compared with smokers without airflow limitation and non-smokers. In comparison to non-stimulated HASMC, TNFalpha decreased the acetylation status of the VEGF-promoter by approximately 46% and approximately 43% in HASMC from non-smokers and smokers without COPD compared with approximately 68% in HASMC from smokers with COPD. The data suggest that HASMC express VEGF in response to TNFalpha and that this may be reduced in HASMC of smokers with COPD in a smoking-independent manner. VEGF expression is directly modulated by phosphorylation of ERK-1,-2 and p38MAPK and by histone acetylation and the acetylation status of the VEGF gene is increased in HASMC of smokers with COPD in a smoking-independent manner. TNFalpha reduced the acetylation status of the VEGF promoter in HASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raidl
- Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Department of Pneumology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, Cologne, 50924, Germany
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21
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Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:79-97. [PMID: 17561338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that glucocorticoids (GCs) exert anti-inflammatory effects largely by inhibiting the function of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and consequently the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. In contrast, side effects are thought to be largely dependent on GC-induced gene expression. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the positive and negative effects of GCs on transcription can be uncoupled from one another. Hence, novel GC-related drugs that mediate inhibition of NFkappaB but do not activate gene expression are predicted to retain therapeutic effects but cause fewer or less severe side effects. Here, we critically re-examine the evidence in favor of the consensus, binary model of GC action and discuss conflicting evidence, which suggests that anti-inflammatory actions of GCs depend on the induction of anti-inflammatory mediators. We propose an alternative model, in which GCs exert anti-inflammatory effects at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, both by activating and inhibiting expression of target genes. The implications of such a model in the search for safer anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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22
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An S, Bai T, Bates J, Black J, Brown R, Brusasco V, Chitano P, Deng L, Dowell M, Eidelman D, Fabry B, Fairbank N, Ford L, Fredberg J, Gerthoffer W, Gilbert S, Gosens R, Gunst S, Halayko A, Ingram R, Irvin C, James A, Janssen L, King G, Knight D, Lauzon A, Lakser O, Ludwig M, Lutchen K, Maksym G, Martin J, Mauad T, McParland B, Mijailovich S, Mitchell H, Mitchell R, Mitzner W, Murphy T, Paré P, Pellegrino R, Sanderson M, Schellenberg R, Seow C, Silveira P, Smith P, Solway J, Stephens N, Sterk P, Stewart A, Tang D, Tepper R, Tran T, Wang L. Airway smooth muscle dynamics: a common pathway of airway obstruction in asthma. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:834-60. [PMID: 17470619 PMCID: PMC2527453 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive airway obstruction is the cause of symptoms and abnormal lung function in asthma. As airway smooth muscle (ASM) is the effecter controlling airway calibre, it is suspected that dysfunction of ASM contributes to the pathophysiology of asthma. However, the precise role of ASM in the series of events leading to asthmatic symptoms is not clear. It is not certain whether, in asthma, there is a change in the intrinsic properties of ASM, a change in the structure and mechanical properties of the noncontractile components of the airway wall, or a change in the interdependence of the airway wall with the surrounding lung parenchyma. All these potential changes could result from acute or chronic airway inflammation and associated tissue repair and remodelling. Anti-inflammatory therapy, however, does not "cure" asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness can persist in asthmatics, even in the absence of airway inflammation. This is perhaps because the therapy does not directly address a fundamental abnormality of asthma, that of exaggerated airway narrowing due to excessive shortening of ASM. In the present study, a central role for airway smooth muscle in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. An
- Division of Physiology, Dept of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - T.R. Bai
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - J.H.T. Bates
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - J.L. Black
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney
| | - R.H. Brown
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Critical Care medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - V. Brusasco
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - P. Chitano
- Dept of Paediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - L. Deng
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - M. Dowell
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - D.H. Eidelman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal
| | - B. Fabry
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - N.J. Fairbank
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | | | - J.J. Fredberg
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - W.T. Gerthoffer
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | | | - R. Gosens
- Dept of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - S.J. Gunst
- Dept of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - A.J. Halayko
- Dept of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - R.H. Ingram
- Dept of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - C.G. Irvin
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - A.L. James
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands
| | - L.J. Janssen
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - G.G. King
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Camperdown
| | - D.A. Knight
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - A.M. Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal
| | - O.J. Lakser
- Section of Paediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - M.S. Ludwig
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal
| | - K.R. Lutchen
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston
| | - G.N. Maksym
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | - J.G. Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal
| | - T. Mauad
- Dept of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - S.M. Mijailovich
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - H.W. Mitchell
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | | | - W. Mitzner
- Division of Physiology, Dept of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - T.M. Murphy
- Dept of Paediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - P.D. Paré
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - R. Pellegrino
- Dept of Respiratory Physiopathology, S. Croce e Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - M.J. Sanderson
- Dept of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - R.R. Schellenberg
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - C.Y. Seow
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - P.S.P. Silveira
- Dept of Pathology, Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P.G. Smith
- Dept of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - J. Solway
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - N.L. Stephens
- Dept of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - P.J. Sterk
- Dept of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.G. Stewart
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - D.D. Tang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - R.S. Tepper
- Dept of Paediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - T. Tran
- Dept of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - L. Wang
- Dept of Paediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Dragon S, Rahman MS, Yang J, Unruh H, Halayko AJ, Gounni AS. IL-17 enhances IL-1beta-mediated CXCL-8 release from human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 292:L1023-9. [PMID: 17189320 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00306.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies into the pathogenesis of airway disorders such as asthma have revealed a dynamic role for airway smooth muscle cells in the perpetuation of airway inflammation via secretion of cytokines and chemokines. In this study, we evaluated whether IL-17 could enhance IL-1beta-mediated CXCL-8 release from human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and investigated the upstream and downstream signaling events regulating the induction of CXCL-8. CXCL-8 mRNA and protein induction were assessed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA from primary HASMC cultures. HASMC transfected with site-mutated activator protein (AP)-1/NF-kappaB CXCL-8 promoter constructs were treated with selective p38, MEK1/2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors to determine the importance of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways as well as AP-1 and NF-kappaB promoter binding sites. We demonstrate IL-17 induced and synergized with IL-1beta to upregulate CXCL-8 mRNA and protein levels. Erk1/2 and p38 modulated IL-17 and IL-1beta CXCL-8 promoter activity; however, IL-1beta also activated the PI3K pathway. The synergistic response mediating CXCL-8 promoter activity was dependent on both MAPK and PI3K signal transduction pathways and required the cooperation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB cis-acting elements upstream of the CXCL-8 gene. Collectively, our observations indicate MAPK and PI3K pathways regulate the synergy of IL-17 and IL-1beta to enhance CXCL-8 promoter activity, mRNA induction, and protein synthesis in HASMC via the cooperative activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB trans-acting elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dragon
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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24
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Ogawa H, Inoue S, Ogushi F, Ogura H, Nakamura Y. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Exp Lung Res 2006; 32:245-62. [PMID: 16908450 DOI: 10.1080/01902140600817515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is known as one of causes of occupational asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. To investigate the stimulatory effect on bronchial epithelial cells in response to TDI, the authors examined production of cytokines by the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and intercellular signal transduction stimulated by TDI-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate. The production of interleukin (IL)-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) from the bronchial epithelial cells were augmented by the TDI-HSA conjugate. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were phosphorylated by the TDI-HSA conjugate. AG1478, SB203580, and dexamethasone prevented augmentation of these cytokine production. TDI-HSA conjugate did not augment release of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligands from BEAS-2B. These results suggest that TDI directly induces production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines through p38 MAPK and EGF receptor (EGFR)-Erk pathway without an autocrine mechanism. Thus, TDI was shown to have a stimulatory effect on bronchial epithelial cells, suggesting the potent role of bronchial epithelial cells in TDI-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Investigation, National Hospital Organization National Kochi Hospital, Kochi City, Japan.
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25
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Tran T, McNeill KD, Gerthoffer WT, Unruh H, Halayko AJ. Endogenous laminin is required for human airway smooth muscle cell maturation. Respir Res 2006; 7:117. [PMID: 16968549 PMCID: PMC1586013 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction underlies acute bronchospasm in asthma. ASM cells can switch between a synthetic-proliferative phenotype and a contractile phenotype. While the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) components on modulation of ASM cells to a synthetic phenotype have been reported, the role of ECM components on maturation of ASM cells to a contractile phenotype in adult lung is unclear. As both changes in ECM components and accumulation of contractile ASM are features of airway wall remodelling in asthma, we examined the role of the ECM protein, laminin, in the maturation of contractile phenotype in human ASM cells. Methods Human ASM cells were made senescence-resistant by stable expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Maturation to a contractile phenotype was induced by 7-day serum deprivation, as assessed by immunoblotting for desmin and calponin. The role of laminin on ASM maturation was investigated by comparing the effects of exogenous laminin coated on culture plates, and of soluble laminin peptide competitors. Endogenous expression of laminin chains during ASM maturation was also measured. Results Myocyte binding to endogenously expressed laminin was required for ASM phenotype maturation, as laminin competing peptides (YIGSR or GRGDSP) significantly reduced desmin and calponin protein accumulation that otherwise occurs with prolonged serum deprivation. Coating of plastic cell culture dishes with different purified laminin preparations was not sufficient to further promote accumulation of desmin or calponin during 7-day serum deprivation. Expression of α2, β1 and γ1 laminin chains by ASM cells was specifically up-regulated during myocyte maturation, suggesting a key role for laminin-2 in the development of the contractile phenotype. Conclusion While earlier reports suggest exogenously applied laminin slows the spontaneous modulation of ASM to a synthetic phenotype, we show for the first time that endogenously expressed laminin is required for ASM maturation to the contractile phenotype. As endogenously expressed laminin chains α2, β1 and γ1 are uniquely increased during myocyte maturation, these laminin chains may be key in this process. Thus, human ASM maturation appears to involve regulated endogenous expression of a select set of laminin chains that are essential for accumulation of contractile phenotype myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Tran
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CIHR National Training Program in Allergy and Asthma, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karol D McNeill
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CIHR National Training Program in Allergy and Asthma, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Helmut Unruh
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CIHR National Training Program in Allergy and Asthma, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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26
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Bonacci JV, Schuliga M, Harris T, Stewart AG. Collagen impairs glucocorticoid actions in airway smooth muscle through integrin signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:365-73. [PMID: 16967051 PMCID: PMC1978431 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Airway wall remodelling in asthma is characterised by a number of structural changes, including an increase in the volume of airway smooth muscle (ASM), and the abundance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, collagen, is increased. We have investigated the mechanism of collagen-induced glucocorticoid resistance of proliferation, and migration of ASM. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH ASM cultured from human airways has been seeded on to either type I monomeric collagen or a laminin pentapeptide, YIGSR. The role of alpha2beta1 integrin in the collagen-induced glucocorticoid resistance was investigated using a function blocking monoclonal antibody. KEY RESULTS Culture of ASM on collagen I, but not laminin, led to a greater proliferative response that was insensitive to regulation by dexamethasone (100 nM). The anti-migratory effects of the glucocorticoid, fluticasone propionate (1 nM) were also impaired by contact of ASM with collagen. The impaired anti-mitogenic action of dexamethasone was associated with a failure to reduce the levels of the rate-limiting cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1. When signalling through the alpha2beta1 integrin was reduced, dexamethasone-mediated reductions in proliferation and cyclin D1 levels were restored. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In the collagen-rich microenvironment of the inflamed and fibrotic asthmatic airway, integrin/ECM interactions may contribute to glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Bonacci
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - M Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - T Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
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