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Willoughby DS, Florez C, Davis J, Keratsopoulos N, Bisher M, Parra M, Taylor L. Decreased Neuromuscular Function and Muscle Quality along with Increased Systemic Inflammation and Muscle Proteolysis Occurring in the Presence of Decreased Estradiol and Protein Intake in Early to Intermediate Post-Menopausal Women. Nutrients 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38257090 PMCID: PMC10819584 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause causes a reduction in estradiol (E2) and may be associated with neuromuscular degeneration. Compared to pre-menopausal (PRE-M) women, this study sought to determine dietary protein intake and whether lower levels of circulating E2 in post-menopausal women (POST-M) were occurring alongside increased levels of biomarkers of axonal and neuromuscular junction degeneration (NMJ), inflammation, muscle protein degradation, and reduced indices of muscle quality and performance. Employing a cross-sectional design, PRE-M (n = 6) and POST-M (n = 6) dietary analysis data were collected and participants then donated a blood and urine sample followed by assessments for body composition, motor unit activation, and muscle performance. Independent group t-tests were performed to determine differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05). In POST-M women, E2, motor unit activity, muscle quality, and muscle performance were significantly less than those for PRE-M women; however, the levels of c-terminal fragment of agrin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and urinary titin were significantly greater (p < 0.05). POST-M women were also shown to be ingesting fewer total calories and less protein than PRE-M (p < 0.05). Reduced E2 and dietary protein intake in POST-M women occurs in conjunction with increased levels of biomarkers of NMJ degradation, inflammation, and muscle proteolysis, which may be associated with reduced motor unit activation and muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | - Christine Florez
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Jaci Davis
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Nikolas Keratsopoulos
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Morgan Bisher
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Mandy Parra
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Lemuel Taylor
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
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Bianchimano P, Iwanowski K, Smith EM, Cantor A, Leone P, Bongers G, Gonzalez CG, Hongsup Y, Elias J, Weiner HL, Clemente JC, Tankou SK. Oral vancomycin treatment suppresses gut trypsin activity and preserves intestinal barrier function during EAE. iScience 2023; 26:108143. [PMID: 37915599 PMCID: PMC10616394 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported increased intestinal permeability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and its mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms driving increased intestinal permeability that in turn exacerbate neuroinflammation during EAE remain unclear. Here we showed that vancomycin preserved the integrity of the intestinal barrier, while also suppressing gut trypsin activity, enhancing the relative abundance of specific Lactobacilli and ameliorating disease during EAE. Furthermore, Lactobacilli enriched in the gut of vancomycin-treated EAE mice at day 3 post immunization negatively correlated with gut trypsin activity and EAE severity. In untreated EAE mice, we observed increased intestinal permeability and increased intestinal protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expression at day 3 post immunization. Prior studies have shown that trypsin increases intestinal permeability by activating PAR2. Our results suggest that the interaction between intestinal PAR2 and trypsin may be a key modulator of intestinal permeability and disease severity during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bianchimano
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kacper Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma M. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Cantor
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos G. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yoon Hongsup
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Hospital and Biomedical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Martinsried, Germany
- Hertie Senior Professor Group, Max-Plank-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joshua Elias
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie K. Tankou
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Abdel-Bakky MS, Aldakhili ASA, Ali HM, Babiker AY, Alhowail AH, Mohammed SAA. Evaluation of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure Amelioration Using Fondaparinux and Alteplase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:910. [PMID: 37513824 PMCID: PMC10383028 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a deleterious condition with increased mortality or healthcare costs or dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease. The study aims to compare prophylaxis with fondaparinux (Fund) vs. treatment with alteplase (Alt) in ameliorating cisplatin (Cis)-induced ARF. Sixty male mice were equally divided randomly into six groups of control, Cis, Alt, and Cis + Alt groups receiving normal saline for 10 days. All four groups except for the control received Cis (30 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 7, and 6 h later, both the Alt groups received Alt (0.9 mg/kg, i.v.). The animal groups Fund and Fund + Cis received Fund (5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days, and the Fund + Cis group on day 7 received Cis. All the animal groups were euthanized 72 h after the Cis dose. The Fund + Cis group showed significantly increased expression levels of platelet count, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in addition to decreased levels of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), relative kidney body weight, kidney injury score, glucose, prothrombin (PT), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases-10 (ADAM10), extracellular matrix deposition, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), and fibrinogen expression when compared to the Cis-only group. Meanwhile, the Cis + Alt group showed increased caspase-3 expression in addition to decreased levels of urea, BUN, uric acid, WBCs, RBCs, glucose, platelet count and PT expression with a marked decrease in PAR-2 protein expression compared to the Cis group. The creatinine levels for both the Fund + Cis and Cis + Alt groups were found to be comparable to those of the Cis-only group. The results demonstrate that the coagulation system's activation through the stimulation of PAR-2 and fibrinogen due to Cis-induced ADAM10 protein expression mediated the apoptotic pathway, as indicated by caspase-3 expression through the p-Akt pathway. This is normally accompanied by the loss of RXR-α distal and proximal tubules as lipid droplets. When the animals were pre-treated with the anticoagulant, Fund, the previous deleterious effect was halted while the fibrinolytic agent, Alt, most of the time failed to treat Cis-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Anas S A Aldakhili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali Y Babiker
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Mehranfard N, Rezazadeh H, Soltani N, Dastgerdi AH, Ghanbari Rad M, Ghasemi M. Changes in Protease-Activated Receptor and Trypsin-1 Expression Are Involved in the Therapeutic Effect of Mg 2+ Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Gastric Injury in Male Adult Rats. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:5703718. [PMID: 37228689 PMCID: PMC10205415 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5703718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastric inflammation is common and usually severe in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Evidence suggests protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a link between inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Given that magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency is a highly prevalent condition in T2DM patients, we assessed the therapeutic role of Mg2+ on the factors involved in gastric inflammation in T2DM. Methods A rat model of T2DM gastropathy was established using a long-term high-fat diet + a low dose of streptozocin. Twenty-four rats were divided into control, T2DM , T2DM + insulin (positive control), and T2DM + Mg2+ groups. At the end of 2-month therapies, changes in the expression of gastric trypsin-1, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, PI3K/Akt, and COX-2 proteins were measured by western blot. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining were used to detect gastric mucosal injury and fibrosis. Results The expression of trypsin-1, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and COX-2 increased in diabetes, and Mg2+/insulin treatment strongly decreased their expression. The PI3K/p-Akt significantly decreased in T2DM, and treatment with Mg2+/insulin improved PI3K in T2DM rats. Staining of the gastric antrum tissue of the insulin/Mg2+-treated T2DM rats showed a significantly minimal mucosal and fibrotic injury compared with those of rats from the T2DM group. Conclusion Mg2+ supplement, comparable to insulin, via decreasing PARs expression, mitigating COX-2 activity, and decreasing collagen deposition could exert a potent gastroprotective effect against inflammation, ulcer, and fibrotic development in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Mehranfard
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezazadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nepton Soltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahtab Ghanbari Rad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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5
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Blockade of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) attenuates vascular dyshomeostasis and liver dysfunction induced by dengue virus infection. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Vliagoftis H. Protease-activated receptor-2: Role in asthma pathogenesis and utility as a biomarker of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:954990. [PMID: 35966869 PMCID: PMC9372307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.954990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2, a receptor activated by serine proteases, has primarily pro-inflammatory roles in the airways and may play a role in asthma pathogenesis. PAR2 exerts its effects in the lungs through activation of a variety of airway cells, but also activation of circulating immune cells. There is evidence that PAR2 expression increases in asthma and other inflammatory diseases, although the regulation of PAR2 expression is not fully understood. Here we review the available literature on the potential role of PAR2 in asthma pathogenesis and propose a model of PAR2-mediated development of allergic sensitization. We also propose, based on our previous work, that PAR2 expression on peripheral blood monocyte subsets has the potential to serve as a biomarker of asthma severity and/or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dipak Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Harissios Vliagoftis,
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7
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Rivaroxaban attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting protease-activated receptor-2 signaling in renin-overexpressing hypertensive mice. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1261-1273. [PMID: 34285375 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (Riv), a direct factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in addition to anticoagulation. However, its role in cardiovascular remodeling is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Riv attenuates the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by continuous activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in renin-overexpressing hypertensive transgenic (Ren-Tg) mice. We treated 12-week-old male Ren-Tg and wild-type (WT) mice with a diet containing Riv (12 mg/kg/day) or a regular diet for 4 weeks. After this, FXa in plasma significantly increased in Ren-Tg mice compared with WT mice, and Riv inhibited this increase. Left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) and the area of cardiac fibrosis evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining were greater in Ren-Tg mice than in WT mice, and Riv decreased them. Cardiac expression levels of the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and collagen type 3 α1 (COL3A1) genes were all greater in Ren-Tg mice than in WT mice, and Riv attenuated these increases. To investigate the possible involvement of PAR-2, we treated Ren-Tg mice with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of 10 μg/kg/day of the PAR-2 antagonist FSLLRY for 4 weeks. FSLLRY significantly decreased LVWT and cardiac expression of PAR-2, TGF-β1, and COL3A1. In isolated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), Riv or FSLLRY pretreatment inhibited the FXa-induced increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. In addition, Riv or FSLLRY inhibited FXa-stimulated wound closure in CFs. Riv exerts a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis development induced by continuous activation of the RAS, partly by inhibiting PAR-2.
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Humphries TLR, Shen K, Iyer A, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Nikolic-Paterson D, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2-Induced Tissue Factor Synthesis by Primary Cultures of Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Modified by Glucose Availability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147532. [PMID: 34299151 PMCID: PMC8304776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathies common to patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not fully understood. Fibrin deposits in the kidney suggest the local presence of clotting factors including tissue factor (TF). In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose availability on the synthesis of TF by cultured human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs) in response to activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 activation by peptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F, 2 µM) enhanced the synthesis and secretion of active TF (~45 kDa) which was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist (I-191). Treatment with 2F also significantly increased the consumption of glucose from the cell medium and lactate secretion. Culturing HTECs in 25 mM glucose enhanced TF synthesis and secretion over 5 mM glucose, while addition of 5 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) significantly decreased TF synthesis and reduced its molecular weight (~40 kDa). Blocking glycosylation with tunicamycin also reduced 2F-induced TF synthesis while reducing its molecular weight (~36 kDa). In conclusion, PAR2-induced TF synthesis in HTECs is enhanced by culture in high concentrations of glucose and suppressed by inhibiting either PAR2 activation (I-191), glycolysis (2DOG) or glycosylation (tunicamycin). These results may help explain how elevated concentrations of glucose promote clotting abnormities in diabetic kidney disease. The application of PAR2 antagonists to treat CKD should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone L. R. Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Kunyu Shen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3443-8013
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Yokono Y, Hanada K, Narita M, Tatara Y, Kawamura Y, Miura N, Kitayama K, Nakata M, Nozaka M, Kato T, Kudo N, Tsushima M, Toyama Y, Itoh K, Tomita H. Blockade of PAR-1 Signaling Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Renin-Overexpressing Hypertensive Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015616. [PMID: 32495720 PMCID: PMC7429042 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although PAR‐1 (protease‐activated receptor‐1) exerts important functions in the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, the role of PAR‐1 signaling in heart failure development remains largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that PAR‐1 signaling inhibition has protective effects on the progression of cardiac remodeling induced by chronic renin–angiotensin system activation using renin‐overexpressing hypertensive (Ren‐Tg) mice. Methods and Results We treated 12‐ to 16‐week‐old male wild‐type (WT) mice and Ren‐Tg mice with continuous subcutaneous infusion of the PAR‐1 antagonist SCH79797 or vehicle for 4 weeks. The thicknesses of interventricular septum and the left ventricular posterior wall were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and SCH79797 treatment significantly decreased these thicknesses in Ren‐Tg mice. The cardiac fibrosis area and monocyte/macrophage deposition were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and both conditions were attenuated by SCH79797 treatment. Cardiac mRNA expression levels of PAR‐1, TNF‐α (tumor necrosis factor‐α), TGF‐β1 (transforming growth factor‐β1), and COL3A1 (collagen type 3 α1 chain) and the ratio of β‐myosin heavy chain (β‐MHC) to α‐MHC were all greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice; SCH79797 treatment attenuated these increases in Ren‐Tg mice. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 concentration and factor Xa in plasma were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and both conditions were unaffected by SCH79797 treatment. In isolated cardiac fibroblasts, both thrombin and factor Xa enhanced ERK1/2 (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2) phosphorylation, and SCH79797 pretreatment abolished this enhancement. Furthermore, gene expression of PAR‐1, TGF‐β1, and COL3A1 were enhanced by factor Xa, and all were inhibited by SCH79797. Conclusions The results indicate that PAR‐1 signaling is involved in cardiac remodeling induced by renin–angiotensin system activation, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yokono
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kenji Hanada
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masato Narita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology Center for Advanced Medical Research Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yousuke Kawamura
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Naotake Miura
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kitayama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masamichi Nakata
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masashi Nozaka
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomo Kato
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Natsumi Kudo
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Michiko Tsushima
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yuichi Toyama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science Center for Advanced Medical Research Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tomita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
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10
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Vanderboor CMG, Thibeault PE, Nixon KCJ, Gros R, Kramer J, Ramachandran R. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 Activation Triggers Cell Membrane Blebbing through RhoA and β-Arrestin. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:365-376. [PMID: 32234808 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a four-member family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated via proteolysis. PAR4 is a member of this family that is cleaved and activated by serine proteinases such as thrombin, trypsin, and cathepsin-G. PAR4 is expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types, including platelets, vascular smooth muscle cells, and neuronal cells. In studying PAR4 signaling and trafficking, we observed dynamic changes in the cell membrane, with spherical membrane protrusions that resemble plasma membrane blebbing. Since nonapoptotic membrane blebbing is now recognized as an important regulator of cell migration, cancer cell invasion, and vesicular content release, we sought to elucidate the signaling pathway downstream of PAR4 activation that leads to such events. Using a combination of pharmacological inhibition and CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing approaches, we establish that PAR4-dependent membrane blebbing occurs independently of the Gα q/11- and Gα i-signaling pathways and is dependent on signaling via the β-arrestin-1/2 and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) signaling pathways. Together these studies provide further mechanistic insight into PAR4 regulation of cellular function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We find that the thrombin receptor PAR4 triggers cell membrane blebbing in a RhoA-and β-arrestin-dependent manner. In addition to identifying novel cellular responses mediated by PAR4, these data provide further evidence for biased signaling in PAR4 since membrane blebbing was dependent on some, but not all, signaling pathways activated by PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M G Vanderboor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin C J Nixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Kramer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Liu H, Lessieur EM, Saadane A, Lindstrom SI, Taylor PR, Kern TS. Neutrophil elastase contributes to the pathological vascular permeability characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2365-2374. [PMID: 31612267 PMCID: PMC6866660 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Levels of neutrophil elastase, a serine protease secreted by neutrophils, are elevated in diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neutrophil elastase (NE) contributes to the diabetes-induced increase in retinal vascular permeability in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and, if so, to investigate the potential role of IL-17 in this process. METHODS In vivo, diabetes was induced in neutrophil elastase-deficient (Elane-/-), Il-17a-/- and wild-type mice. After 8 months of diabetes, Elane-/- mice and wild-type age-matched control mice were injected with FITC-BSA. Fluorescence microscopy was used to assess leakage of FITC-BSA from the retinal vasculature into the neural retina. The level of NE in Il-17a-/- diabetic retina and sera were determined by ELISA. In vitro, the effect of NE on the permeability and viability of human retinal endothelial cells and the expression of junction proteins and adhesion molecules were studied. RESULTS Eight months of diabetes resulted in increased retinal vascular permeability and levels of NE in retina and plasma of wild-type animals. All of these abnormalities were significantly inhibited in mice lacking the elastase. The diabetes-induced increase in NE was inhibited in mice lacking IL-17. In vitro, NE increased retinal endothelial cell permeability, which was partially inhibited by a myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor, and protease-activated receptor (PAR)2 inhibitor. NE degraded vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION IL-17 regulates NE expression in diabetes. NE contributes to vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy, partially through activation of MyD88, NF-κB and PAR2 and degradation of VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Emma M Lessieur
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sarah I Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia R Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 829 Health Sciences Rd. Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Room 2107, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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12
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Mohamed DI, Khairy E, Khedr SA, Habib EK, Elayat WM, El-Kharashi OA. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviates the peripheral neuropathy associated with liver cirrhosis via modulation of neural MEG3/PAR2/ NF-ҡB axis. Neurochem Int 2019; 132:104602. [PMID: 31751619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress (OS) is accused in pathogenesis of many diseases, including liver cirrhosis by many mechanisms. One of them is the disturbance of long non coding maternally expressed 3 (MEG3)/protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) downstream pathway. We aimed to investigate the role of this axis in cirrhotic neuropathy and whether an antioxidant compound such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could improve the peripheral nerve function through repression of MEG3/PAR2. METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were used and divided into 5 groups; naive, thiacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg 3 times/week. i.p. for 8 weeks) and TAA+NAC (50 or 100 or 200 mg/kg/day) groups. Von Frey (VF) test for mechanical nociceptive responses, hepatic& neural MEG3, NF-ҡB and neural PAR2 expression by PCR, histological studies for liver and sciatic nerve together with the dorsopedal skin thickness were done. RESULTS TAA induced significant decrease in liver function, negative VF test, an increase in the expression of hepatic& neural MEG3, NF-ҡB and neural PAR2. The histological studies showed cirrhotic changes with atrophy of the sciatic nerve and the dorsal skin. NAC improved the liver function together with reversal of the neural: functional, biochemical and histological changes in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS NAC could improve the peripheral neuropathy in cirrhotic rat through suppression of MEG3/PAR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa I Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Khairy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sara A Khedr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman K Habib
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Elayat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Omnyah A El-Kharashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Richards J, Tang S, Gunsch G, Sul P, Wiet M, Flanigan DC, Khan SN, Moore S, Walter B, Purmessur D. Mast Cell/Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Mediated Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Discogenic Back Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:294. [PMID: 31333416 PMCID: PMC6625229 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in the painful degenerate human intervertebral disc (IVD) and are associated with disease pathogenesis. MCs release granules containing enzymatic and inflammatory factors in response to stimulants or allergens. The serine protease, tryptase, is unique to MCs and its activation of the G-protein coupled receptor, Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2), induces inflammation and degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Our previously published work has demonstrated increased levels of MC marker tryptase in IVD samples from discogenic back pain patients compared to healthy control IVD samples including expression of chemotactic agents that may facilitate MC migration into the IVD. To further elucidate MCs’ role in the IVD and mechanisms underlying its effects, we investigated whether (1) human IVD cells can promote MC migration, (2) MC tryptase can mediate up-regulation of inflammatory/catabolic process in human IVD cells and tissue, and (3) the potential of PAR2 antagonist to function as a therapeutic drug in in vitro human and ex vivo bovine pilot models of disease. MC migration was quantitatively assessed using conditioned media from primary human IVD cells and MC migration examined through Matrigel. Exposure to soluble IVD factors significantly enhanced MC migration, suggesting IVD cells can recruit MCs. We also demonstrated significant upregulation of MC chemokine SCF and angiogenic factor VEGFA gene expression in human IVD cells in vitro in response to recombinant human tryptase, suggesting tryptase can enhance recruitment of MCs and promotion of angiogenesis into the usually avascular IVD. Furthermore, tryptase can degrade proteoglycans in IVD tissue as demonstrated by significant increases in glycosaminoglycans released into surrounding media. This can create a catabolic microenvironment compromising structural integrity and facilitating vascular migration usually inhibited by the anti-angiogenic IVD matrix. Finally, as a “proof of concept” study, we examined the therapeutic potential of PAR2 antagonist (PAR2A) on human IVD cells and bovine organ culture IVD model. While preliminary data shows promise and points toward structural restoration of the bovine IVD including down-regulation of VEGFA, effects of PAR2 antagonist on human IVD cells differ between gender and donors suggesting that further validation is required with larger cohorts of human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Richards
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shirley Tang
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gilian Gunsch
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pavel Sul
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Wiet
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David C Flanigan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Safdar N Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin Walter
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devina Purmessur
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Tsujino Y, Sakamoto T, Kinoshita K, Nakatani Y, Yamaguchi Y, Kataoka N, Nishida K, Kinugawa K. Edoxaban suppresses the progression of atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation in a canine congestive heart failure model. Heart Vessels 2019; 34:1381-1388. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Shanshan H, Lan X, Xia L, Huang W, Meifang Z, Ling Y. Inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 induces apoptosis in cervical cancer by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1330-1338. [PMID: 30700181 PMCID: PMC6421370 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518820440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study explored how the inhibition of protease-activated
receptor-2 (PAR-2) induced proliferation and apoptosis in
cervical cancer in vitro and in
vivo. Methods mRNA and protein expression of PAR2 and signal transducer and
activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) was determined by
quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. The
proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were
assayed by the cell counting kit-8 kit, flow cytometry, and
western blotting. The effects of PAR2 inhibition on cervical
cancer were also examined in BALB/c nude mice in
vivo. Results SLIGRL-NH2 (SL), a selective PAR-2 agonist, promoted proliferation
and inhibited apoptosis of healthy cervical cancer cells and
HeLa cells, while the PAR-2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 (FS) inhibited
proliferation and led to apoptosis. SL also promoted the
activation of STAT-3, while FS inhibited it and inhibited cancer
growth in vivo. Conclusion FS inhibited cervical cancer by reducing proliferation and inducing
apoptosis by interfering with STAT-3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shanshan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Lan
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Zuo Meifang
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Ling
- Department of Gynecology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
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Cigarette smoke extract enhances neutrophil elastase-induced IL-8 production via proteinase-activated receptor-2 upregulation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 29980681 PMCID: PMC6035212 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammation, oxidative stress, and protease-antiprotease imbalance have been referred to as a pathogenic triad in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), little is known about how they interact. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the neutrophil elastase (NE)-induced inflammatory response and its molecular mechanism in bronchial epithelial cells. We observed that NE activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induced IL-8 production. Blocking ERK activation using a MEK inhibitor (U0126) suppressed NE-induced IL-8 secretion and knockdown of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) using siRNAs inhibited both NE-induced ERK activation and subsequent IL-8 release, suggesting that NE-induced IL-8 production is dependent on PAR2-mediated ERK activation. Interestingly, pre-exposure to CSE markedly enhanced NE-induced IL-8 production. As PAR2 acts as a receptor for NE, we next investigated the effect of CSE on PAR2 expression as a molecular mechanism for the increased IL-8 production induced by NE in CSE exposed cells. CSE, but not NE, increased the expression of PAR2 mRNA and surface membrane protein. Inhibition of p38 MAPK reduced PAR2 expression induced by CSE while inhibition of the ERK and Akt pathway had no effect. Consequently, p38 inhibition significantly abrogated CSE-induced enhancement of IL-8 production in NE-treated cells. Of note, we observed increased PAR2 levels in lung homogenates and lung epithelial cells from CSE-treated mice and from both smokers and patients with COPD. Taken together, these results suggest that CSE upregulates PAR2 in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, thereby enhancing the inflammatory response to NE.
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Indrakusuma I, Romacho T, Eckel J. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Promotes Pro-Atherogenic Effects through Transactivation of the VEGF Receptor 2 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:497. [PMID: 28101054 PMCID: PMC5209375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with impaired vascular function. In the cardiovascular system, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) exerts multiple functions such as the control of the vascular tone. In pathological conditions, PAR2 is related to vascular inflammation. However, little is known about the impact of obesity on PAR2 in the vasculature. Therefore, we explored the role of PAR2 as a potential link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with either a chow or a 60% high fat diet for 24 weeks prior to isolation of aortas. Furthermore, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMC) were treated with conditioned medium obtained from in vitro differentiated primary human adipocytes. To investigate receptor interaction vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was blocked by exposure to calcium dobesilate and a VEGFR2 neutralization antibody, before treatment with PAR2 activating peptide. Student's t-test or one-way were used to determine statistical significance. Results: Both, high fat diet and exposure to conditioned medium increased PAR2 expression in aortas and human vascular cells, respectively. In HCSMC, conditioned medium elicited proliferation as well as cyclooxygenase 2 induction, which was suppressed by the PAR2 antagonist GB83. Specific activation of PAR2 by the PAR2 activating peptide induced proliferation and cyclooxygenase 2 expression which were abolished by blocking the VEGFR2. Additionally, treatment of HCSMC with the PAR2 activating peptide triggered VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Conclusion: Under obesogenic conditions, where circulating levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines are elevated, PAR2 arises as an important player linking obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation to atherogenesis. We show for the first time that the underlying mechanisms of these pro-atherogenic effects involve a potential transactivation of the VEGFR2 by PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Indrakusuma
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes CenterDüsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zheng J, Liu B, Lun Q, Gu X, Pan B, Zhao Y, Xiao W, Li J, Tu P. Longxuetongluo capsule inhibits atherosclerosis progression in high-fat diet-induced ApoE−/− mice by improving endothelial dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2016; 255:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 is involved in the behavioural changes associated with sickness behaviour. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kandel SH, Radwan WM, Esaily HA, Al-mahmoudy SF. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 expression on peripheral blood monocytes and T-cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Indoxyl sulfate enhances IL-1β-induced E-selectin expression in endothelial cells in acute kidney injury by the ROS/MAPKs/NFκB/AP-1 pathway. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2779-2792. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bao Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Kong X, Zheng H, Hou W, Hua B. New insights into protease-activated receptor 4 signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain: a literature review. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:5-13. [PMID: 25664811 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.995001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is commonly associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Despite decades of pain research, many patients continue to suffer from chronic pain that is refractory to current treatments. Accumulating evidence has indicated an important role of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain. Here we reviewed PAR4 expression and activation via intracellular signaling pathways and the role of PAR4 signaling pathways in the development and maintenance of pain. Understanding PAR4 and its corresponding signaling pathways will provide insight to further explore the molecular basis of pain, which will also help to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital ; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beixiange 5 ; Xicheng District , Beijing , P. R. China
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Fu Q, Cheng J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xie J. Protease-activated receptor 4: a critical participator in inflammatory response. Inflammation 2015; 38:886-95. [PMID: 25120239 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors of which four members PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4 have been identified, characterized by a typical mechanism of activation involving various related proteases. The amino-terminal sequence of PARs is cleaved by a broad array of proteases, leading to specific proteolytic cleavage which forms endogenous tethered ligands to induce agonist-biased PAR activation. The biological effect of PARs activated by coagulation proteases to regulate hemostasis and thrombosis plays an enormous role in the cardiovascular system, while PAR4 can also be activated by trypsin, cathepsin G, the activated factor X of the coagulation cascade, and trypsin IV. Irrespective of its role in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, PAR4 activation is believed to be involved in inflammatory lesions, as show by investigations that have unmasked the effects of PAR4 on neutrophil recruitment, the regulation of edema, and plasma extravasation. This review summarizes the roles of PAR4 in coagulation and other extracellular protease pathways, which activate PAR4 to participate in normal regulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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BAO YANJU, WANG GAIMEI, GAO YEBO, DU MAOBO, YANG LIPING, KONG XIANGYING, ZHENG HONGGANG, HOU WEI, HUA BAOJIN. Topical treatment with Xiaozheng Zhitong Paste alleviates bone cancer pain by inhibiting proteinase-activated receptor 2 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1449-59. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sitaras N, Rivera JC, Noueihed B, Bien-Aimé M, Zaniolo K, Omri S, Hamel D, Zhu T, Hardy P, Sapieha P, Joyal JS, Chemtob S. Retinal neurons curb inflammation and enhance revascularization in ischemic retinopathies via proteinase-activated receptor-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:581-95. [PMID: 25478809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies are characterized by sequential vaso-obliteration followed by abnormal intravitreal neovascularization predisposing patients to retinal detachment and blindness. Ischemic retinopathies are associated with robust inflammation that leads to generation of IL-1β, which causes vascular degeneration and impairs retinal revascularization in part through the liberation of repulsive guidance cue semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). However, retinal revascularization begins as inflammation culminates in ischemic retinopathies. Because inflammation leads to activation of proteases involved in the formation of vasculature, we hypothesized that proteinase-activated receptor (Par)-2 (official name F2rl1) may modulate deleterious effects of IL-1β. Par2, detected mostly in retinal ganglion cells, was up-regulated in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Surprisingly, oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced vaso-obliteration and neovascularization were unaltered in Par2 knockout mice, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. We therefore conditionally knocked down retinal Par2 with shRNA-Par2-encoded lentivirus. Par2 knockdown interfered with normal revascularization, resulting in pronounced intravitreal neovascularization; conversely, the Par2 agonist peptide (SLIGRL) accelerated normal revascularization. In vitro and in vivo exploration of mechanisms revealed that IL-1β induced Par2 expression, which in turn down-regulated sequentially IL-1 receptor type I and Sema3A expression through Erk/Jnk-dependent processes. Collectively, our findings unveil an important mechanism by which IL-1β regulates its own endothelial cytotoxic actions by augmenting neuronal Par2 expression to repress sequentially IL-1 receptor type I and Sema3A expression. Timely activation of Par2 may be a promising therapeutic avenue in ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sitaras
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Baraa Noueihed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Milsa Bien-Aimé
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Zaniolo
- LOEX-CUO Research Center, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Hamel
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Expression of protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 and anti-tubulogenic activity of protease-activated receptor 1 in human endothelial colony-forming cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109375. [PMID: 25289673 PMCID: PMC4188577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are obtained from the culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMNC) fractions and are characterised by high proliferative and pro-vasculogenic potential, which makes them of great interest for cell therapy. Here, we describe the detection of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and 2 amongst the surface proteins expressed in ECFCs. Both receptors are functionally coupled to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, which become activated and phosphorylated in response to selective PAR1- or PAR2-activating peptides. Specific stimulation of PAR1, but not PAR2, significantly inhibits capillary-like tube formation by ECFCs in vitro, suggesting that tubulogenesis is negatively regulated by proteases able to stimulate PAR1 (e.g. thrombin). The activation of ERKs is not involved in the regulation of tubulogenesis in vitro, as suggested by use of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and by the fact that PAR2 stimulation activates ERKs without affecting capillary tube formation. Both qPCR and immunoblotting showed a significant downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2) in response to PAR1 stimulation. Moreover, the addition of VEGF (50-100 ng/ml) but not basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) (25-100 ng/ml) rescued tube formation by ECFCs treated with PAR1-activating peptide. Therefore, we propose that reduction of VEGF responsiveness resulting from down-regulation of VEGFR2 is underlying the anti-tubulogenic effect of PAR1 activation. Although the role of PAR2 remains elusive, this study sheds new light on the regulation of the vasculogenic activity of ECFCs and suggests a potential link between adult vasculogenesis and the coagulation cascade.
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28
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Rezaie AR. Protease-activated receptor signalling by coagulation proteases in endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:876-82. [PMID: 24990498 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells express several types of integral membrane protein receptors, which upon interaction and activation by their specific ligands, initiate a signalling network that links extracellular cues in circulation to various biological processes within a plethora of cells in the vascular system. A small family of G-protein coupled receptors, termed protease-activated receptors (PAR1-4), can be specifically activated by coagulation proteases, thereby modulating a diverse array of cellular activities under various pathophysiological conditions. Thrombin and all vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteases, with the exception of factor IXa for which no PAR signalling has been attributed, can selectively activate cell surface PARs on the vasculature. Thrombin can activate PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4, but not PAR2 which can be specifically activated by factors VIIa and Xa. The mechanistic details of the specificity of PAR signalling by coagulation proteases are the subject of extensive investigation by many research groups worldwide. However, analysis of PAR signalling data in the literature has proved to be challenging since a single coagulation protease can elicit different signalling responses through activation of the same PAR receptor in endothelial cells. This article is focused on briefly reviewing the literature with respect to determinants of the specificity of PAR signalling by coagulation proteases with special emphasis on the mechanism of PAR1 signalling by thrombin and activated protein C in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza R Rezaie
- Alireza R. Rezaie, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA, Tel.: +1 314 977 9240, Fax:+1 314 977 9205, E-mail:
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29
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Maeda S, Ohno K, Uchida K, Igarashi H, Goto-Koshino Y, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. Intestinal protease-activated receptor-2 and fecal serine protease activity are increased in canine inflammatory bowel disease and may contribute to intestinal cytokine expression. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1119-27. [PMID: 24829081 PMCID: PMC4155192 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases elicit
cellular responses via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) which is known to regulate
inflammation and the immune response. Although the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to
large amounts of proteolytic enzymes, the role of PAR-2 in canine inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects
of PAR-2 activation on inflammatory cytokine/chemokine gene expression in canine intestine
and the expression of intestinal PAR-2 and fecal serine protease activity in dogs with
IBD. Duodenal biopsies from healthy dogs were cultured and treated ex
vivo with trypsin or PAR-2 agonist peptide, and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine
gene expression in the tissues was then quantified by real-time PCR. PAR-2 mRNA and
protein expression levels in the duodenal mucosa were examined by real-time PCR and
immunohistochemistry, respectively. Fecal serine protease activity was determined by
azocasein assay. In ex vivo-cultured duodenum, trypsin and PAR-2 agonist
peptide induced significant up-regulation of mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1 β
(IL-1β), IL-8, mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC) and fractalkine, and this
up-regulation was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor. Duodenal PAR-2 mRNA and
protein expression levels were higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy control dogs. Fecal
serine protease activity was significantly elevated in dogs with IBD, and the level of
activity correlated positively with the clinical severity score. These results suggest
that PAR-2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine IBD by inducing expression of
inflammatory mediators in response to luminal serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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30
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Tognarelli S, Gayet J, Lambert M, Dupuy S, Karras A, Cohen P, Guillevin L, de Menthon M, Caillat-Zucman S. Tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells show distinct capacity to activate NK cells: implications for the pathophysiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3399-408. [PMID: 24600034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of tissue specificity of microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) in the response to inflammatory stimuli and sensitivity to immune cell-mediated injury is not well defined. We hypothesized that such MEC characteristics might shape their interaction with NK cells through the use of different adhesion molecules and NK cell receptor ligands or the release of different soluble factors and render them more or less vulnerable to NK cell injury during autoimmune vasculitis, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). To generate a comprehensive expression profile of human MECs of renal, lung, and dermal tissue origin, we characterized, in detail, their response to inflammatory cytokines and to proteinase 3, a major autoantigen in GPA, and analyzed the effects on NK cell activation. In this study, we show that renal MECs were more susceptible than lung and dermal MECs to the effect of inflammatory signals, showing upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on their surface, as well as release of CCL2, soluble fractalkine, and soluble VCAM-1. Proteinase 3-stimulated renal and lung MECs triggered CD107a degranulation in control NK cell. Notably, NK cells from GPA patients expressed markers of recent in vivo activation (CD69, CD107a), degranulated more efficiently than did control NK cells in the presence of renal MECs, and induced direct killing of renal MECs in vitro. These results suggest that, upon inflammatory conditions in GPA, renal MECs may contribute to the recruitment and activation of NK cells in the target vessel wall, which may participate in the necrotizing vasculitis of the kidney during this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tognarelli
- INSERM, U1016 Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, 75014 Paris, France
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31
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Bao Y, Hua B, Hou W, Shi Z, Li W, Li C, Chen C, Liu R, Qin Y. Involvement of protease-activated receptor 2 in nociceptive behavior in a rat model of bone cancer. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:566-76. [PMID: 24057889 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for bone cancer pain remains a clinical challenge due to a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a receptor for inflammatory proteases, has been implicated in nociceptive signaling under both normal and pathologic pain states. However, little is known of the role of PAR2 in cancer-induced bone pain. Here we investigated the potential role of PAR2 in a rat model of bone cancer pain. The model of bone cancer pain was induced by inoculating Walker 256 into the tibia bone cavity of rats and verified by X-ray imaging, pathology, and behavior assessments. The rats with bone cancer exhibited marked mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and signs of spontaneous nocifensive behavior. Subcutaneous administration of the PAR2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 almost completely abolished mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia but had no effects on spontaneous pain behavior in the rats with bone cancer. Immunohistochemical study revealed that the expression of PAR2 was significantly increased in large- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons but not in small-sized neurons after Walker 256 inoculation. These results suggest that the increased expression of PAR2 in the DRG may contribute to the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia associated with bone cancer rats. PAR2 might become a novel target for the treatment of pain in patients with bone cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng, Beijing, 100053, China,
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32
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Wang Z, Chen D, Zhang Z, Zhang R, An S, Yu L. Protease-activated receptor 4 activation increases the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA and protein in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1551-62. [PMID: 24105611 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that nociceptor activation evokes a rapid change in mRNA and protein levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Although the colocalization of CGRP and protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4), a potent modulator of pain processing and inflammation, was detected in DRG neurons, the role of PAR4 activation in the expression of CGRP has not been investigated. In the present study, the expression of CGRP and activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in rat DRG neurons were measured by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blotting after AYPGKF-NH2 (selective PAR4-activating peptide; PAR4-AP) intraplantar injection or treatment of cultured DRG neurons. The expression of CGRP in cultured DRG neurons was also assessed after treatment with AYPGKF-NH2 with preaddition of PD98059 (an inhibitor for ERK1/2 pathway). Results showed that PAR4-AP intraplantar injection or treatment of cultured DRG neurons evoked significant increases in DRG cells displaying CGRP immunoreactivity and cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2). Percentages of total DRG neurons expressing both CGRP and PAR4 or p-ERK1/2 also increased significantly at 2 hr after PAR4-AP treatment. Real-time PCR and Western blotting showed that PAR4-AP treatment significantly increased expression of CGRP mRNA and protein levels in DRG neurons. The PAR4 activation-evoked CGRP expression both at mRNA and at protein levels was significantly inhibited after p-ERK1/2 was inhibited by PD98059. These results provide evidence that activation of PAR4 upregulates the expression of CGRP mRNA and protein levels in DRG neurons via the p-ERK1/2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Taishan Medical University, Shandong Province, Taian, China
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33
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Liu S, Liu YP, Yue DM, Liu GJ. Protease-activated receptor 2 in dorsal root ganglion contributes to peripheral sensitization of bone cancer pain. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:326-37. [PMID: 23893658 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating bone cancer pain continues to be a major clinical challenge, and the underlying mechanisms of bone cancer pain remain elusive. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been reported to be involved in neurogenic inflammation, nociceptive pain and hyperalgesia. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 in bone cancer pain development. METHORDS Expression of PAR2, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and neurochemical alterations induced by bone cancer pain were analysed in male, adult C3H/HeJ mice with tumour cell implantation (TCI). To investigate the contribution of PAR2 to bone cancer pain, PAR2 antagonist peptide and PAR2 knockout mice were used. RESULTS TCI produced bone cancer-related pain behaviours. Production and persistence of these pain behaviours were well correlated with TCI-induced up-regulation of PAR2 in sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). PAR2 knockout and spinal administration of PAR2 antagonist peptide prevented and/or reversed bone cancer-related pain behaviours and associated neurochemical changes in DRG and dorsal horn (DH). TCI also induced proteases release in tumour-bearing tibia, sciatic nerve and DRG. Plantar injection of supernatant from sarcoma cells induced PAR2 up-regulation and intracellular calcium [Ca(2+) ]i increase in DRG, and calcitonin gene-related peptide accumulation in DH, as well as significant thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, which were all in PAR2-dependent manners. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PAR2 may be a key mediator for peripheral sensitization of bone cancer pain. Inhibiting PAR2 activation, especially during the early phase, may be a new therapy for preventing/suppressing development of bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China; Department of Neurobiology, Parker University, Dallas, USA
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35
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Interleukin-1β increased the expression of protease-activated receptor 4 mRNA and protein in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1895-903. [PMID: 23775412 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) is localized in primary sensory neurons and is believed to implicate in the modulation of nociceptive mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is involved in the generation of hyperalgesia in pathological states such as neuropathy and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that IL-1β enhances the expression of PAR4 in many cell types but the effect of this cytokine on primary sensory neuron PAR4 expression is less clear. In the present study, we evaluated in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons the influence of IL-1β on PAR4 mRNA and protein levels after IL-1β intraplantar injection into the hind-paw or treatment of cultured DRG neurons. The expression of PAR4 in cultured DRG neurons was also assessed after treatment with IL-1β with pre-addition of phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, a PKC activator) or chelerythrine chloride (a PKC inhibitor). We found that IL-1β intraplantar injection into the hind-paw or long-term exposure of cultured DRG neurons to IL-1β significantly increased the proportion of DRG neurons expressing PAR4 immunoreactivity. Real-time PCR and western blotting showed that IL-1β treatment also significantly elevated PAR4 mRNA and protein levels in DRG neurons. This IL-1β effect was enhanced in DRG neurons when DRG cultures were pre-treatment with the PMA. But pre-incubation with chelerythrine chloride strongly inhibited the IL-1β-induced increase of PAR4 mRNA and protein levels. These results demonstrate that the expression of PAR4 mRNA and protein induced by IL-1β is PKC signaling pathway dependent.
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36
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Zhang H, Yang H, Ma W, Zhang Z, He S. Modulation of PAR expression and tryptic enzyme induced IL-4 production in mast cells by IL-29. Cytokine 2013; 61:469-77. [PMID: 23218741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-29 is a relatively newly discovered cytokine, which has been shown to be actively involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. However, little is known of the effects of IL-29 on protease activated receptor (PAR) expression and potential mechanisms of cytokine production in mast cells. In the present study, we examined potential influence of IL-29 on PAR expression and cytokine production in P815 and bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) by using flow cytometry analysis, quantitative real time PCR, and ELISA techniques. The results showed that IL-29 downregulated the expression of PAR-1 by up to 56.2%, but had little influence on the expression of PAR-2, PAR-3 and PAR-4. IL-29 also induced downregulation of expression of PAR-1 mRNA. However, when mast cells were pre-incubated with IL-29, thrombin-, trypsin- and tryptase-induced expression of PAR-2, PAR-3 and PAR-4 was upregulated, respectively. IL-29 provoked approximately up to 1.9-fold increase in IL-4 release when mast cells was challenged with IL-29. Administration of IL-29 blocking antibody, AG490 or LY294002 abolished IL-29-induced IL-4 release from P815 cells. It was found that IL-29 diminished trypsin- and tryptase-induced IL-4 release from P815 cells following 16 h incubation. In conclusion, IL-29 can regulate expression of PARs and tryptase- and trypsin-induced IL-4 production in mast cells, through which participates in the mast cell related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
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37
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Abstract
Targeted therapy to prevent the progression from acute to chronic pain in cancer patients remains elusive. We developed three novel cancer models in mice that together recapitulate the anatomical, temporal, and functional characteristics of acute and chronic head and neck cancer pain in humans. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches in these novel cancer models, we identified the interaction between protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and serine proteases to be of central importance. We show that serine proteases such as trypsin induce acute cancer pain in a PAR2-dependent manner. Chronic cancer pain is associated with elevated serine proteases in the cancer microenvironment and PAR2 upregulation in peripheral nerves. Serine protease inhibition greatly reduces the severity of persistent cancer pain in wild-type mice, but most strikingly, the development of chronic cancer pain is prevented in PAR2-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate a direct role for PAR2 in acute cancer pain and suggest that PAR2 upregulation may favor the development and maintenance of chronic cancer pain. Targeting the PAR2-serine protease interaction is a promising approach to the treatment of acute cancer pain and prevention of chronic cancer pain.
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38
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Vesey DA, Suen JY, Seow V, Lohman RJ, Liu L, Gobe GC, Johnson DW, Fairlie DP. PAR2-induced inflammatory responses in human kidney tubular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F737-50. [PMID: 23283995 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00540.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor abundantly expressed in the kidney. The aim of this study was to profile inflammatory gene and protein expression induced by PAR2 activation in human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTEC). A novel PAR2 antagonist, GB88, was used to confirm agonist specificity. Intracellular Ca(2+) (iCa(2+)) mobilization, confocal microscopy, gene expression profiling, qRTPCR, and protein expression were used to characterize PAR2 activation. PAR2 induced a pronounced increase in iCa(2+) concentration that was blocked by the PAR2 antagonist. Treatment with SLIGKV-NH2 at the apical or basolateral cell surface for 5 h induced expression of a range of inflammatory genes by greater than fourfold, including IL-1β, TRAF1, IL-6, and MMP-1, as assessed by cDNA microarray and qRTPCR analysis. Using antibody arrays, GM-CSF, ICAM-1, TNF-α, MMP-1, and MMP-10 were among the induced proteins secreted. Cytokine-specific ELISAs identified three- to sixfold increases in GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which were blocked by GB88 and protein kinase C inhibitors. Treatment of cells at the basolateral surface induced more potent inflammatory responses, with release of MCP-1 and fibronectin to the apical and basolateral compartments; apical treatment only increased secretion of these factors to the apical compartment. PAR2 activation at the basolateral surface dramatically reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) whereas apical treatment had no effect. There was very little leakage (<5%) of peptides across the cell monolayer (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). In summary, SLIGKV-NH2 induced robust proinflammatory responses in HTEC that were antagonized by GB88. These results suggest that PAR2 antagonists could be useful disease-modifying, anti-inflammatory agents in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland Department of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
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Chen D, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Yu L. Capsaicin up-regulates protease-activated receptor-4 mRNA and protein in primary cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:337-46. [PMID: 23274964 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous study has shown that there is a functional link between the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor and protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) in modulation of inflammation and pain. Capsaicin activation of TRPV1 is involved in enhancement of the expression of TRPV1 in mRNA and protein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in vivo. Whether capsaicin could influence expression of PAR4 in primary sensory neurons remains unknown. In the present study, expression of PAR4 in cultured rat DRG neurons was observed using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and Western blots to examine whether increases in PAR4 mRNA and protein levels are induced by capsaicin treatment with or without pre-treatment of forskolin, a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) activator or PKA inhibitor fragment 14-22 (PKI14-22), a PKA inhibitor. Capsaicin treatment of cultured DRG neurons significantly increased the expression of PAR4 in mRNA and protein levels. The percentage of PAR4-, TRPV1-immunoreactive neurons and their co-localization in cultured DRG neurons increased significantly in the presence of capsaicin as compared with that in the absence of capsaicin. Compared with capsaicin-only group, pre-incubation with forskolin strongly enhanced the capsaicin-induced increase of PAR4 in mRNA and protein levels. Consistent with the involvement of PKA in the modulation of PAR4 expression, this evoked expression both at mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited after PKA was inhibited by pre-incubation with PKI14-22. Taken together, these results provide evidence that TRPV1 activation significantly increases the expression of PAR4 mRNA and protein levels in primary cultures of DRG neurons after capsaicin incubation. Effects of capsaicin on PAR4 expression appear to be mediated by cAMP/PKA signal pathways in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
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Cunningham MR, McIntosh KA, Pediani JD, Robben J, Cooke AE, Nilsson M, Gould GW, Mundell S, Milligan G, Plevin R. Novel role for proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in membrane trafficking of proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16656-69. [PMID: 22411985 PMCID: PMC3351358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors 4 (PAR4) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) recognized through the ability of serine proteases such as thrombin and trypsin to mediate receptor activation. Due to the irreversible nature of activation, a fresh supply of receptor is required to be mobilized to the cell surface for responsiveness to agonist to be sustained. Unlike other PAR subtypes, the mechanisms regulating receptor trafficking of PAR4 remain unknown. Here, we report novel features of the intracellular trafficking of PAR4 to the plasma membrane. PAR4 was poorly expressed at the plasma membrane and largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a complex with the COPI protein subunit β-COP1. Analysis of the PAR4 protein sequence identified an arginine-based (RXR) ER retention sequence located within intracellular loop-2 (R183AR → A183AA), mutation of which allowed efficient membrane delivery of PAR4. Interestingly, co-expression with PAR2 facilitated plasma membrane delivery of PAR4, an effect produced through disruption of β-COP1 binding and facilitation of interaction with the chaperone protein 14-3-3ζ. Intermolecular FRET studies confirmed heterodimerization between PAR2 and PAR4. PAR2 also enhanced glycosylation of PAR4 and activation of PAR4 signaling. Our results identify a novel regulatory role for PAR2 in the anterograde traffic of PAR4. PAR2 was shown to both facilitate and abrogate protein interactions with PAR4, impacting upon receptor localization and cell signal transduction. This work is likely to impact markedly upon the understanding of the receptor pharmacology of PAR4 in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Univesity of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Crilly A, Burns E, Nickdel MB, Lockhart JC, Perry ME, Ferrell PW, Baxter D, Dale J, Dunning L, Wilson H, Nijjar JS, Gracie JA, Ferrell WR, McInnes IB. PAR(2) expression in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1049-54. [PMID: 22294633 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by serine proteinases with proinflammatory activity. A study was undertaken to investigate the presence and functional significance of PAR(2) expression on rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-derived leucocyte subsets. METHODS Venous blood was obtained from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) as well as healthy control subjects. Surface expression of PAR(2) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analysed by flow cytometry and interleukin 6 (IL-6) generation by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with RA had elevated but variable surface expression of PAR(2) on CD14+ monocytes compared with control subjects (median (1st to 3rd quartiles) 1.76% (0.86-4.10%) vs 0.06% (0.03-0.81%), p<0.0001). CD3+ T cells showed a similar pattern with significantly higher PAR(2) expression in patients with RA compared with controls (3.05% (0.36-11.82%) vs 0.08% (0.02-0.28%), p<0.0001). For both subsets, PAR(2) expression was significantly higher (p<0.00001) in patients with high levels of disease activity: PAR(2) expression for both CD14+ and CD3+ cells correlated to C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Furthermore, in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed RA, elevated PAR(2) expression in both CD14+ and CD3+ cells was significantly reduced 3 months after methotrexate or sulfasalazine treatment and this reduction correlated significantly with the reduction in the 28-joint Disease Activity Scale score (p<0.05). PAR(2) expression on cells from patients with OA was low, similar to levels seen in control subjects. Generation of IL-6 by monocytes in response to a selective PAR(2) agonist was significantly greater in patients with RA than in patients with OA and control subjects (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a pathogenic role for PAR(2) in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crilly
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
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Chia E, Kagota S, Wijekoon EP, McGuire JJ. Protection of protease-activated receptor 2 mediated vasodilatation against angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. BMC Pharmacol 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21955547 PMCID: PMC3192660 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under conditions of cardiovascular dysfunction, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonists maintain vasodilatation activity, which has been attributed to increased cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase and calcium-activated potassium channel (SK3.1) activities. Protease-activated receptor 2 agonist mediated vasodilatation is unknown under conditions of dysfunction caused by angiotensin II. The main purpose of our study was to determine whether PAR2-induced vasodilatation of resistance arteries was attenuated by prolonged angiotensin II treatment in mice. We compared the vasodilatation of resistance-type arteries (mesenteric) from angiotensin II-treated PAR2 wild-type mice (WT) induced by PAR2 agonist 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fly) to the responses obtained in controls (saline treatment). We also investigated arterial vasodilatation in angiotensin II-treated PAR2 deficient (PAR2-/-) mice. Results 2fly-induced relaxations of untreated arteries from angiotensin II-treated WT were not different than saline-treated WT. Treatment of arteries with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and SK3.1 inhibitor (L-NAME + TRAM-34) blocked 2fly in angiotensin II-treated WT. Protein and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 were increased, and cyclooxygenase activity increased the sensitivity of arteries to 2fly in only angiotensin II-treated WT. These protective vasodilatation mechanisms were selective for 2fly compared with acetylcholine- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations which were attenuated by angiotensin II; PAR2-/- were protected against this attenuation of nitroprusside. Conclusions PAR2-mediated vasodilatation of resistance type arteries is protected against the negative effects of angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. In conditions of endothelial dysfunction, angiotensin II induction of cyclooxygenases increases sensitivity to PAR2 agonist and the preserved vasodilatation mechanism involves activation of SK3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chia
- Memorial University, St, John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Abstract
Vascular endothelium is a key regulator of homeostasis. In physiological conditions it mediates vascular dilatation, prevents platelet adhesion, and inhibits thrombin generation. However, endothelial dysfunction caused by physical injury of the vascular wall, for example during balloon angioplasty, acute or chronic inflammation, such as in atherothrombosis, creates a proinflammatory environment which supports leukocyte transmigration toward inflammatory sites. At the same time, the dysfunction promotes thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and coagulation. The serine protease thrombin plays a pivotal role in the coagulation cascade. However, thrombin is not only the key effector of coagulation cascade; it also plays a significant role in inflammatory diseases. It shows an array of effects on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes, and platelets, all of which participate in the vascular pathophysiology such as atherothrombosis. Therefore, thrombin can be considered as an important modulatory molecule of vascular homeostasis. This review summarizes the existing evidence on the role of thrombin in vascular inflammation.
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Dangwal S, Rauch BH, Gensch T, Dai L, Bretschneider E, Vogelaar CF, Schrör K, Rosenkranz AC. High Glucose Enhances Thrombin Responses via Protease-Activated Receptor-4 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:624-33. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.219105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Dangwal
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Thomas Gensch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Luru Dai
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Ellen Bretschneider
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Christina Francisca Vogelaar
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Karsten Schrör
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
| | - Anke C. Rosenkranz
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (S.D., B.H.R., K.S., A.C.R.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology and Biophysics-1 (ISB-1) (T.G.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (L.D.), No 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Molekulare Hämostaseologie (E.B.), Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; and Labor für molekulare Neurobiologie (C.F.V.), Neurologie Abteilung,
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Ion channels in inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2011; 461:401-21. [PMID: 21279380 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most physical illness in vertebrates involves inflammation. Inflammation causes disease by fluid shifts across cell membranes and cell layers, changes in muscle function and generation of pain. These disease processes can be explained by changes in numbers or function of ion channels. Changes in ion channels have been detected in diarrhoeal illnesses, pyelonephritis, allergy, acute lung injury and systemic inflammatory response syndromes involving septic shock. The key role played by changes in ion transport is directly evident in inflammation-induced pain. Expression or function of all major categories of ion channels like sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, transient receptor potential, purinergic receptor and acid-sensing ion channels can be influenced by cyto- and chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, ATP, reactive oxygen species and protons released in inflammation. Key pathways in this interaction are cyclic nucleotide, phosphoinositide and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signalling, direct modification by reactive oxygen species like nitric oxide, ATP or protons and disruption of the cytoskeleton. Therapeutic interventions to modulate the adverse and overlapping effects of the numerous different inflammatory mediators on each ion transport system need to target adversely affected ion transport systems directly and locally.
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Yang XP, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang P. beta-Tryptase up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression via proteinase-activated receptor-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in bone marrow stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1550-8. [PMID: 20578818 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.496013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tryptases are predominantly mast cell-specific serine proteases with pleiotropic biological activities. Recently, significant amounts of tryptases have been shown to be produced by myeloblasts in certain patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the function of secreted tryptases in pathological circumstances remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether beta-tryptase affects the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in AML. We detected the expression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) on AML BMSCs and found that beta-tryptase significantly up-regulated VEGF mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner by real-time PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Furthermore, beta-tryptase increased ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation, and pretreatment with FLLSY-NH(2), PD98059, and SB230580 (PAR-2, ERK1/2, and p38MAPK inhibitors, respectively) inhibited the beta-tryptase-induced production of VEGF. These results suggest that beta-tryptase up-regulates VEGF production in AML BMSCs via the PAR-2, ERK1/2, and p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Peng Yang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Park Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang C. Effect of PAR2 in regulating TNF-α and NAD(P)H oxidase in coronary arterioles in type 2 diabetic mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 106:111-23. [PMID: 20972877 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is expressed in endothelial cells and mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation. We hypothesized that PAR2 regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced coronary arteriolar dysfunction in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice. To test this, coronary arterioles from WT control, db/db, db/db mice treated with PAR2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH₂ (db/db+FSLLRY-NH₂) and db/db mice null for TNF (db(TNF-)/db(TNF-)) were isolated and pressurized (60 cmH₂O) without flow. Although vasodilation to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was not different among WT, db/db, db/db+FSLLRY-NH₂ and db(TNF-)/db(TNF-), endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh)- and flow-mediated vasodilation were impaired in db/db mice but were enhanced in db(TNF-)/db(TNF-) mice and db/db mice treated with PAR2 antagonist. NOS inhibitor N (G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly reduced ACh-induced dilation in WT, db(TNF-)/db(TNF-) and db/db+FSLLRY-NH₂, but did not alter the vasodilation in db/db mice. In contrast, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (Indo) did not alter ACh-induced vasodilation in these four groups of mice. PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP, 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-am)-induced dilation was higher in db/db mice than that in WT, db(TNF-)/db(TNF-) and db/db mice treated with PAR2 antagonist. These effects were abolished by denudation, or in the presence of L-NAME or Indo. Protein expressions of TNF-α, PAR2, gp91(phox) and p47(phox) in the heart and isolated coronary arterioles were higher in db/db mice compared to WT mice. Administration of PAR2 antagonist to db/db mice reduced protein expression of TNF-α, gp91(phox) and PAR2. Protein expression of gp91(phox) and p47(phox) was lower in db(TNF-)/db(TNF-) compared to db/db mice. These results indicate that PAR2 plays a pivotal role in endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes by up-regulating the expression/production of TNF-α and activating NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Goh FG, Ng PY, Nilsson M, Kanke T, Plevin R. Dual effect of the novel peptide antagonist K-14585 on proteinase-activated receptor-2-mediated signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1695-704. [PMID: 19917067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we have examined the effects of the novel peptide antagonist N-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-3-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]aminocarbonyl]-glycinyl-L-lysinyl-L-phenylalanyl-N-benzhydrylamide (K-14585) on proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)(2)-mediated intracellular signalling events. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using NCTC2544 cells expressing PAR(2), we assessed the effects of K-14585 on PAR(2)-mediated [(3)H] inositol phosphate accumulation, MAP kinase activation, p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and DNA binding and IL-8 production. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with K-14585 (5 microM) inhibited [(3)H] inositol phosphate levels stimulated by PAR(2)-activating peptide Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val (SLIGKV-OH) in PAR(2)-expressing NCTC2544 cells. K-14585 pretreatment did not influence PAR(2)-mediated extracellular regulated kinase activation but inhibited p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. At a higher concentration (30 microM), K-14585 alone stimulated p38 MAP kinase activation. These effects were replicated in EAhy926 cells, endogenously expressing PAR(2), but not in parental or PAR(4)-expressing NCTC2544 cells, suggesting these effects were PAR(2)-dependent. SLIGKV-mediated stimulation of p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was substantially reduced by the G(q/11) inhibitor YM-254890, without affecting K-14585-mediated phosphorylation. Pretreatment with K-14585 inhibited PAR(2)-mediated p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and NFkappaB-DNA binding. K-14585 (30 microM) alone stimulated comparable NFkappaB reporter activity to SLIGKV-OH. K-14585 inhibited SLIGKV-stimulated IL-8 production, but given alone increased IL-8. While SLIGKV-induced IL-8 formation was reduced by both SB203580 and YM-254890, the response to K-14585 was sensitive to SB203580 but not YM-254890. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal that K-14585 has a duality of action functioning both as an antagonist and agonist due to either partial agonist actions or possible agonist-directed signalling. The data also suggest two modes of p38 MAP kinase activation emanating from PAR(2), one G(q/11)-dependent and the other G(q/11)-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Goon Goh
- Division of Physiology & Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Lam DK, Schmidt BL. Serine proteases and protease-activated receptor 2-dependent allodynia: a novel cancer pain pathway. Pain 2010; 149:263-272. [PMID: 20189717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mediators involved in the generation of pain in patients with cancer are poorly understood. Using a combined molecular, pharmacologic, behavioral, and genetic approach, we have identified a novel mechanism of cancer-dependent allodynia induced by protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Here we show that human head and neck carcinoma cells have increased levels of proteolytic activity compared to normal human cell controls. Supernatant from human carcinoma cells, but not controls, caused marked and prolonged mechanical allodynia in mice, when administered into the hindpaw. This nociceptive effect was abolished by serine protease inhibition, diminished by mast cell depletion and absent in PAR2-deficient mice. In addition, non-contact co-culture of trigeminal ganglion neurons with human head and neck carcinoma cells increased the proportion of neurons that exhibited PAR2-immunoreactivity. Our results point to a direct role for serine proteases and their receptor in the pathogenesis of cancer pain. This previously unrecognized cancer pain pathway has important therapeutic implications wherein serine protease inhibitors and PAR2 antagonists may be useful for the treatment of cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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50
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Zhang H, Lin L, Yang H, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhang L, He S. Induction of IL-13 production and upregulation of gene expression of protease activated receptors in P815 cells by IL-6. Cytokine 2010; 50:138-45. [PMID: 20189822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a multifunctional cytokine which has been showed to induce up-regulated expression of Fc epsilon RI receptor and histamine production in mast cells. However, little is known of its effects on Th2 cytokine secretion and protease activated receptor (PAR) expression in mast cells. In the present study, we examined potential influence of IL-6 on IL-13, IL-4 and IL-10 release from P815 cells and PAR expression on P815 cells by using flow cytometry analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and cellular activation of signaling ELISA (CASE) techniques. The results showed that IL-6 induced up to 1.8-fold increase in IL-13, but not IL-4 or IL-10 release from P815 cells, and FSLLRY-NH(2) did not affect IL-6 induced IL-13 release. Tryptase elicited 2.0-fold increase in IL-13 release from P815 cells, which can be inhibited by IL-6. IL-6 elicited the up-regulated expression of PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3 and PAR-4 mRNAs, but had little effects on expression of PAR proteins. U0126, PD98059 and LY204002 abolished IL-6 induced IL-13 release when they were preincubated with P815 cells, indicating ERK and Akt cell signaling pathways may be involved in the event. In conclusion, IL-6 can stimulate IL-13 release from mast cells through an ERK and Akt cell signaling pathway dependent, but PAR independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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