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Al-Aqtash R, Collier DM. Ionotropic purinergic receptor 7 (P2X7) channel structure and pharmacology provides insight regarding non-nucleotide agonism. Channels (Austin) 2024; 18:2355150. [PMID: 38762911 PMCID: PMC11110710 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2024.2355150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a member of the Ionotropic Purinergic Receptor (P2X) family. The P2X family of receptors is composed of seven (P2X1-7), ligand-gated, nonselective cation channels. Changes in P2X expression have been reported in multiple disease models. P2Xs have large complex extracellular domains that function as receptors for a variety of ligands, including endogenous and synthetic agonists and antagonists. ATP is the canonical agonist. ATP affinity ranges from nanomolar to micromolar for most P2XRs, but P2X7 has uniquely poor ATP affinity. In many physiological settings, it may be difficult to achieve the millimolar extracellular ATP concentrations needed for P2X7 channel activation; however, channel function is implicated in pain sensation, immune cell function, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Multiple high-resolution P2X7 structures have been solved in apo-, ATP-, and antagonist-bound states. P2X7 structural data reveal distinct allosteric and orthosteric antagonist-binding sites. Both allosteric and orthosteric P2X7 antagonists are well documented to inhibit ATP-evoked channel current. However, a growing body of evidence supports P2X7 activation by non-nucleotide agonists, including extracellular histone proteins and human cathelicidin-derived peptides (LL-37). Interestingly, P2X7 non-nucleotide agonism is not inhibited by allosteric antagonists, but is inhibited by orthosteric antagonists. Herein, we review P2X7 function with a focus on the efficacy of available pharmacology on P2X7 channel current activation by non-nucleotide agonists in effort to understand agonist/antagonist efficacy, and consider the impact of these data on the current understanding of P2X7 in physiology and disease given these limitations of P2X7-selective antagonists and incomplete knockout mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rua’a Al-Aqtash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M. Collier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Al Mamun A, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Pyroptosis in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and its Therapeutic Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3839-3864. [PMID: 38895141 PMCID: PMC11185259 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s465203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of cell death resulting from the activation of gasdermins (GSDMs) pore-forming proteins and the release of several pro-inflammatory factors. However, inflammasomes are the intracellular protein complexes that cleave gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to the formation of robust cell membrane pores and the initiation of pyroptosis. Inflammasome activation and gasdermin-mediated membrane pore formation are the important intrinsic processes in the classical pyroptotic signaling pathway. Overactivation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis and amplifies inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the overactivation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis may further induce the progression of cancers, nerve injury, inflammatory disorders and metabolic dysfunctions. Current evidence also indicates that pyroptosis-dependent cell death accelerates the progression of diabetes and its frequent consequences including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory reaction further exacerbates DPN-mediated CNS injury. Accumulating evidence shows that several molecular signaling mechanisms trigger pyroptosis in insulin-producing cells, further leading to the development of DPN. Numerous studies have suggested that certain natural compounds or drugs may possess promising pharmacological properties by modulating inflammasomes and pyroptosis, thereby offering potential preventive and practical therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of DPN. This review elaborates on the underlying molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and explores possible therapeutic strategies for regulating pyroptosis-regulated cell death in the pharmacological treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang J, Gao L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun S, Wu L. Involvement of microglial P2X7 receptor in pain modulation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14496. [PMID: 37950524 PMCID: PMC10805404 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a rapid response mechanism that compels organisms to retreat from the harmful stimuli and triggers a repair response. Nonetheless, when pain persists for extended periods, it can lead to adverse changes into in the individual's brain, negatively impacting their emotional state and overall quality of life. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in regulating a variety of pain-related disorders. Specifically, recent studies have shed light on the central role that microglial purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) plays in regulating pain. In this respect, the P2X7R on microglial membranes represents a potential therapeutic target. AIMS To expound on the intricate link between microglial P2X7R and pain, offering insights into potential avenues for future research. METHODS We reviewed 140 literature and summarized the important role of microglial P2X7R in regulating pain, including the structure and function of P2X7R, the relationship between P2X7R and microglial polarization, P2X7R-related signaling pathways, and the effects of P2X7R antagonists on pain regulation. RESULTS P2X7R activation is related to M1 polarization of microglia, while suppressing P2X7R can transfer microglia from M1 into M2 phenotype. And targeting the P2X7R-mediated signaling pathways helps to explore new therapy for pain alleviation. P2X7R antagonists also hold potential for translational and clinical applications in pain management. CONCLUSIONS Microglial P2X7R holds promise as a potential novel pharmacological target for clinical treatments due to its distinctive structure, function, and the development of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Haozhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Li‐an Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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Andersen LL, Huang Y, Urban C, Oubraham L, Winheim E, Stafford C, Nagl D, O'Duill F, Ebert T, Engleitner T, Paludan SR, Krug A, Rad R, Hornung V, Pichlmair A. Systematic P2Y receptor survey identifies P2Y11 as modulator of immune responses and virus replication in macrophages. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113279. [PMID: 37881155 PMCID: PMC10690470 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is in place to assist in ensuring tissue homeostasis, which can be easily perturbed by invading pathogens or nonpathogenic stressors causing tissue damage. Extracellular nucleotides are well known to contribute to innate immune signaling specificity and strength, but how their signaling is relayed downstream of cell surface receptors and how this translates into antiviral immunity is only partially understood. Here, we systematically investigated the responses of human macrophages to extracellular nucleotides, focusing on the nucleotide-sensing GPRC receptors of the P2Y family. Time-resolved transcriptomic analysis showed that adenine- and uridine-based nucleotides induce a specific, immediate, and transient cytokine response through the MAPK signaling pathway that regulates transcriptional activation by AP-1. Using receptor trans-complementation, we identified a subset of P2Ys (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y11) that govern inflammatory responses via cytokine induction, while others (P2Y4, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14) directly induce antiviral responses. Notably, P2Y11 combined both activities, and depletion or inhibition of this receptor in macrophages impaired both inflammatory and antiviral responses. Collectively, these results highlight the underappreciated functions of P2Y receptors in innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Lykke Andersen
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yiqi Huang
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Lila Oubraham
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Elena Winheim
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Che Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Dennis Nagl
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fionan O'Duill
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center of immunology of viral infection (CiViA)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Center of immunology of viral infection (CiViA)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner SiteMunichGermany
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Kiaie SH, Hatami Z, Nasr MS, Pazooki P, Hemmati S, Baradaran B, Valizadeh H. Pharmacological interaction and immune response of purinergic receptors in therapeutic modulation. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09966-7. [PMID: 37843749 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides and purine nucleotides serve as transmitter and modulator agents that extend their functions beyond the cell. In this context, purinergic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and modulating metabolic alterations in tumor cells. Therefore, it is essential to consider the pharmacological targeting of purinergic receptors (PUR), which encompass the expression and inhibition of P1 receptors (metabotropic adenosine receptors) as well as P2 receptors (extracellular ATP/ADP) comprising P2X and P2Y receptors. Thus, the pharmacological interaction between inhibitors (such as RNA, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules) and PUR represents a key aspect in facilitating the development of therapeutic interventions. Moreover, this review explores recent advancements in pharmacological inhibitors and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity of PUR, specifically in relation to immunological and inflammatory responses. These responses encompass the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC), the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), the regulation of T cells, and the activation of inflammasomes in all human leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nasr
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Multi-Interprofessional Center for Health Informatics (MICHI), The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Pouya Pazooki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Institute Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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P2X7-NLRP3-Caspase-1 signaling mediates activity-induced muscle pain in male but not female mice. Pain 2023:00006396-990000000-00266. [PMID: 36930885 PMCID: PMC10363217 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We developed an animal model of activity-induced muscle pain that is dependent on local macrophage activation and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Activation of purinergic type 2X (P2X) 7 receptors recruits the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP) 3 and activates Caspase-1 to release IL-1β. We hypothesized that pharmacological blockade of P2X7, NLRP3, and Caspase-1 would prevent development of activity-induced muscle pain in vivo and release of IL-1β from macrophages in vitro. The decrease in muscle withdrawal thresholds in male, but not female, mice was prevented by the administration of P2X7, NLRP3, and Caspase-1 inhibitors before induction of the model, whereas blockade of IL-1β before induction prevented muscle hyperalgesia in both male and female mice. Blockade of P2X7, NLRP3, Capsase-1, or IL-1β 24 hours, but not 1 week, after induction of the model alleviated muscle hyperalgesia in male, but not female, mice. mRNA expression of P2X7, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β from muscle was increased 24 hours after induction of the model in both male and female mice. Using multiplex, increases in IL-1β induced by combining adenosine triphosphate with pH 6.5 in lipopolysaccharide-primed male and female macrophages were significantly lower with the presence of inhibitors of P2X7 (A740003), NLRP3 (MCC950), and Caspase-1 (Z-WEHD-FMK) when compared with the vehicle. The current data suggest the P2X7/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway contributed to activity-induced muscle pain initiation and early maintenance phases in male but not female, and not in late maintenance phases in male mice.
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Potula R, Gentile TA, Meissler JJ, Shekarabi A, Wiah S, Farkas DJ, Inan S, Eisenstein TK, Rawls SM. Purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist inhibits methamphetamine-induced reward, hyperlocomotion, and cortical IL-7A levels in mice: A role for P2X7/IL-17A crosstalk in methamphetamine behaviors? Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:47-52. [PMID: 36174884 PMCID: PMC10022398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are dysregulated during psychostimulant exposure. Furthermore, P2X7 receptors enhance endogenous systems (e.g., cytokines, dopamine, and glutamate) that facilitate psychostimulant addiction. Therefore, using mouse locomotor, conditioned place preference (CPP), and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) assays, we tested the hypothesis that methamphetamine (METH) reward and acute locomotor activation requires P2X7 receptor activity. We also investigated effects of P2X7 blockade on METH-induced changes in cytokine levels in brain reward regions. A438079 (5, 10, 50 mg/kg), a P2X7 antagonist, did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity but reduced hyperlocomotion caused by acute METH (1 mg/kg) exposure. A438079 (10 mg/kg) also prevented expression of METH CPP without causing aversive or rewarding effects. For ICSS experiments, METH (1 mg/kg) facilitated brain reward function as interpreted from reductions in baseline threshold. In the presence of A438079 (50 mg/kg), METH-induced facilitation of ICSS was reduced. Repeated METH exposure (1 mg/kg × 7 d) caused enhancement of IL-17A levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that was normalized by A438070 (10 mg/kg × 7 d). The present data suggest that P2X7 receptor activity contributes to rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of METH through a potential mechanism involving IL-17A, which has recently been implicated in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghava Potula
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taylor A Gentile
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aryan Shekarabi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonita Wiah
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Farkas
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Baroja-Mazo A, Peñín-Franch A, Lucas-Ruiz F, de Torre-Minguela C, Alarcón-Vila C, Hernández-Caselles T, Pelegrín P. P2X7 receptor activation impairs antitumour activity of natural killer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:111-128. [PMID: 36098250 PMCID: PMC10092446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A high number of intratumoural infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells is associated with better survival in several types of cancer, constituting an important first line of defence against tumours. Hypoxia in the core of solid tumours induces cellular stress and ATP release into the extracellular space where it triggers purinergic receptor activation on tumour-associated immune cells. The aim of this study was to assess whether activation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 by extracellular ATP plays a role in the NK cells antitumour activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We carried out in vitro experiments using purified human NK cells triggered through P2X7 by extracellular ATP. NK cell killing activity against the tumour target cells K562 was studied by means of NK cytotoxicity assays. Likewise, we designed a subcutaneous solid tumour in vivo mouse model. KEY RESULTS In this study we found that human NK cells, expressing a functional plasma membrane P2X7, acquired an anergic state after ATP treatment, which impaired their antitumour activity and decreased IFN-γ secretion. This effect was reversed by specific P2X7 antagonists and pretreatment with either IL-2 or IL-15. Furthermore, genetic P2rx7 knockdown resulted in improved control of tumour size by NK cells. In addition, IL-2 therapy restored the ability of NK cells to diminish the size of tumours. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show that P2X7 activation represents a new mechanism whereby NK cells may lose antitumour effectiveness, opening the possibility of generating modified NK cells lacking P2X7 but with improved antitumour capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Peñín-Franch
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos de Torre-Minguela
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Trinidad Hernández-Caselles
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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9
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de Tapia L, García-Fojeda B, Kronqvist N, Johansson J, Casals C. The collectin SP-A and its trimeric recombinant fragment protect alveolar epithelial cells from the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of human cathelicidin in vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994328. [PMID: 36105805 PMCID: PMC9464622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathelicidin (LL-37) is a defense peptide with antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, LL-37 can also trigger tissue injury by binding to host cell membranes. The cytotoxic effects of LL-37 may be especially relevant in chronic respiratory diseases characterized by increased LL-37. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the human collectin SP-A and a trimeric recombinant fragment thereof (rfhSP-A) can regulate the activities of LL-37. To this end, we studied the interaction of LL-37 with SP-A and rfhSP-A by intrinsic fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, and circular dichroism, as well as the effects of these proteins on the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of LL-37. Both SP-A and rfhSP-A bound LL-37 with high affinity at physiological ionic strength (KD = 0.45 ± 0.01 nM for SP-A and 1.22 ± 0.7 nM for rfhSP-A). Such interactions result in the reduction of LL-37-induced cell permeability and IL-8 release in human pneumocytes, mediated by P2X7 channels. Binding of LL-37 to SP-A did not modify the properties of SP-A or the antibacterial activity of LL-37 against respiratory pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae). SP-A/LL-37 complexes showed a greater ability to aggregate LPS vesicles than LL-37, which reduces endotoxin bioactivity. These results reveal the protective role of native SP-A in controlling LL-37 activities and suggest a potential therapeutic effect of rfhSP-A in reducing the cytotoxic and inflammatory actions of LL-37, without affecting its microbicidal activity against Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia de Tapia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén García-Fojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nina Kronqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Casals,
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10
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Yang JX, Wang HF, Chen JZ, Li HY, Hu JC, Yu AA, Wen JJ, Chen SJ, Lai WD, Wang S, Jin Y, Yu J. Potential Neuroimmune Interaction in Chronic Pain: A Review on Immune Cells in Peripheral and Central Sensitization. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:946846. [PMID: 35859655 PMCID: PMC9289261 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.946846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a long-standing unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling that has a tremendous impact on the physiological functions of the body, manifesting itself as a dysfunction of the nervous system, which can occur with peripheral and central sensitization. Many recent studies have shown that a variety of common immune cells in the immune system are involved in chronic pain by acting on the peripheral or central nervous system, especially in the autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms of regulation of the sensory nervous system by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, T cells, and central glial cells. In addition, we discuss in more detail the influence of each immune cell on the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of chronic pain. Neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells as intrinsic immune cells can induce the transition from acute to chronic pain and its maintenance; B cells and T cells as adaptive immune cells are mainly involved in the initiation of chronic pain, and T cells also contribute to the resolution of it; the role of glial cells in the nervous system can be extended to the beginning and end of chronic pain. This article aims to promote the understanding of the neuroimmune mechanisms of chronic pain, and to provide new therapeutic ideas and strategies for the control of chronic pain at the immune cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Yang
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zhun Chen
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Yu Li
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Chen Hu
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An-An Yu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Lai
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Wang
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Jin
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
- Jie Yu
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11
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KIMURA H, YAMAZAKI T, MIHARA T, KAJI N, KISHI K, HORI M. Purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist ameliorates intestinal inflammation in postoperative ileus. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:610-617. [PMID: 35249909 PMCID: PMC9096048 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) is a postsurgical gastrointestinal motility dysfunction caused by mechanical stress to the intestine during abdominal surgery. POI leads to nausea and vomiting reduced patient quality of life, as well as high medical costs and extended hospitalization. Intestinal inflammation caused by macrophages and neutrophils is thought to be important in the mechanism of POI. Surgery-associated tissue injury and inflammation induce the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from injured cells. Released ATP binds the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) expressed on inflammatory cells, inducing the secretion of inflammatory mediators. P2X7R antagonists are thought to be important mediators of the first step in the inflammation process, and studies in chemically induced colitis models confirmed that P2X7R antagonists exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that P2X7R plays an important role in POI. POI models were generated from C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated with P2X7R antagonist A438079 (34 mg/kg) 30 min before and 2 hr after intestinal manipulation (IM). Inflammatory cell infiltration and gastrointestinal transit were measured. A438079 ameliorated macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the POI model. Impaired intestinal transit improved following A438079 treatment. P2X7R was expressed on both infiltrating and resident macrophages in the inflamed ileal muscle layer. The P2X7R antagonist A438079 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via P2X7R expressed on macrophages and therefore could be a target in the treatment of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi KIMURA
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako YAMAZAKI
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki MIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki KAJI
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa KISHI
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi HORI
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Jackson A, Werry EL, O'Brien-Brown J, Schiavini P, Wilkinson S, Wong ECN, McKenzie ADJ, Maximova A, Kassiou M. Pharmacological characterization of a structural hybrid P2X7R antagonist using ATP and LL-37. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 914:174667. [PMID: 34863711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) have the potential to treat diseases where neuroinflammation is present such as depression, chronic pain and Alzheimer's disease. We recently developed a structural hybrid (C1; 1-((adamantan-1-yl)methyl)-2-cyano-3-(quinolin-5-yl)guanidine) of a purported competitive P2X7R antagonist (C2; 2-cyano-1-((1S)-1-phenylethyl)-3-(quinolin-5-yl)guanidine) and a likely negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the P2X7R (C3; N-((adamantan-1-yl)methyl)-2-chloro-5-methoxybenzamide). Here we aimed to pharmacologically characterize C1, to gain insights into how select structural components impact antagonist interaction with the P2X7R. A second aim was to examine the role of the peptide LL-37, an apparent activator of the P2X7R, and compare the ability of multiple P2X7R antagonists to block its effects. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were characterised using washout, Schild and receptor protection studies, all using dye uptake assays in HEK293 cells expressing the P2X7R. LL-37 was examined in the same HEK293 cells and THP-1 monocytes. Compounds 2 and 3 acted as a BzATP-competitive antagonist and NAM of the P2X7R respectively. Compound 1 was a slowly reversible NAM of the P2X7R suggesting the incorporation of an appropriately positioned adamantane promotes binding to the allosteric site of the P2X7R. LL-37 was shown to potentiate the ability of ATP to induce dye uptake at low concentrations (1-3 μg mL-1) or induce dye uptake alone at higher concentrations (10-20 μg mL-1). None of the P2X7R antagonists studied were able to block LL-37-induced dye uptake bringing in to question the ability of current P2X7R antagonists to inhibit the inflammatory action of LL-37 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Eryn L Werry
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Paolo Schiavini
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shane Wilkinson
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Erick C N Wong
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - André D J McKenzie
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alexandra Maximova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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13
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor has been proposed as a novel drug target for different types of diseases associated with inflammation, including brain diseases, peripheral inflammation, and cancers. Structurally diverse P2X7 receptor antagonists, mainly negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), have been developed in recent years, and several P2X7 receptor antagonists are currently evaluated in clinical trials. The P2X7 receptor requires high micro- to even millimolar ATP concentrations to be activated. Selective agonists for the P2X7 receptor are not available. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been described, but PAMs with high potency and selectivity are still lacking. This chapter discusses medicinal chemistry approaches toward the development of P2X7 receptor modulators and presents a selection of recommended tool compounds for studying P2X7 receptors in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Wu YY, Zhang HL, Lu X, Du H, Li YC, Zhang PA, Xu GY. Targeting GATA1 and p2x7r Locus Binding in Spinal Astrocytes Suppresses Chronic Visceral Pain by Promoting DNA Demethylation. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:359-372. [PMID: 34890016 PMCID: PMC9068853 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread, chronic abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements. Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that injury and inflammation during the neonatal period have long-term effects on tissue structure and function in the adult that may predispose to gastrointestinal diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate how the epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation of the p2x7r locus guided by the transcription factor GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) in spinal astrocytes affects chronic visceral pain in adult rats with neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). The spinal GATA1 targeting to DNA demethylation of p2x7r locus in these rats was assessed by assessing GATA1 function with luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, patch clamp, and interference in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide was designed and applied to determine the influence of GATA1 on the DNA methylation of a p2x7r CpG island. We showed that NCI caused the induction of GATA1, Ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3), and purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes of the spinal dorsal horn, and demonstrated that inhibiting these molecules markedly increased the pain threshold, inhibited the activation of astrocytes, and decreased the spinal sEPSC frequency. NCI also markedly demethylated the p2x7r locus in a manner dependent on the enhancement of both a GATA1–TET3 physical interaction and GATA1 binding at the p2x7r promoter. Importantly, we showed that demethylation of the p2x7r locus (and the attendant increase in P2X7R expression) was reversed upon knockdown of GATA1 or TET3 expression, and demonstrated that a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide that selectively blocked the GATA1 binding site increased the methylation of a CpG island in the p2x7r promoter. These results demonstrate that chronic visceral pain is mediated synergistically by GATA1 and TET3 via a DNA-demethylation mechanism that controls p2x7r transcription in spinal dorsal horn astrocytes, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting GATA1 and p2x7r locus binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226600, China
| | - Han Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
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15
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Nie L, Ma D, Quinn JP, Wang M. Src family kinases activity is required for transmitting purinergic P2X7 receptor signaling in cortical spreading depression and neuroinflammation. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:146. [PMID: 34863113 PMCID: PMC8903689 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2X7 receptor plays an important role in migraine pathophysiology. Yet precise molecular mechanism underlying P2X7R signaling in migraine remains unclear. This study explores the hypothesis that P2X7 receptor transmits signaling to Src family kinases (SFKs) during cortical spreading depression (CSD) and neuroinflammation after CSD. METHODS CSD was recorded using electrophysiology in rats and intrinsic optical imaging in mouse brain slices. Cortical IL-1β and TNFα mRNA levels were detected using qPCR. Glutamate release from mouse brain slices was detected using glutamate assay. RESULTS The data showed that deactivation of SFKs by systemic injection of PP2 reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD in rats and CSD-induced IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression in rat ipsilateral cortices. Consistently, in mouse brain slices, inhibition of SFKs activity by saracatinib and P2X7 receptor by A740003 similarly reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD. When the interaction of P2X7 receptor and SFKs was disrupted by TAT-P2X7, a marked reduction of cortical susceptibility to CSD, IL-1β gene expression and glutamate release after CSD induction were observed in mouse brain slices. The reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD by TAT-P2X7 was restored by NMDA, and disrupting the Fyn-NMDA interaction using TAT-Fyn (39-57) but not disrupting Src-NMDA receptor interaction using TAT-Src (40-49) reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD. Furthermore, activation of P2X7 receptor by BzATP restored the TAT-Fyn (39-57)-reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD. CONCLUSION This study reveals that SFKs activity transmits P2X7 receptor signaling to facilitate CSD propagation via glutamatergic pathway and promote neuroinflammation, which is of particular relevance to migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Nie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), 111 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Dongqing Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), 111 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - John P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Minyan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), 111 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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16
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The Tyrosine Phosphatase hPTPRβ Controls the Early Signals and Dopaminergic Cells Viability via the P2X 7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312936. [PMID: 34884741 PMCID: PMC8657974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP, one of the signaling molecules most commonly secreted in the nervous system and capable of stimulating multiple pathways, binds to the ionotropic purinergic receptors, in particular, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and stimulates neuronal cell death. Given this effect of purinergic receptors on the viability of dopaminergic neurons model cells and that Ras GTPases control Erk1/2-regulated mitogen-activated cell proliferation and survival, we have investigated the role of the small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, together with their regulatory and effector molecules as the potential molecular intermediates in the P2X7R-regulated cell death of SN4741 dopaminergic neurons model cells. Here, we demonstrate that the neuronal response to purinergic stimulation involves the Calmodulin/RasGRF1 activation of the small GTPase Ras and Erk1/2. We also demonstrate that tyrosine phosphatase PTPRβ and other tyrosine phosphatases regulate the small GTPase activation pathway and neuronal viability. Our work expands the knowledge on the intracellular responses of dopaminergic cells by identifying new participating molecules and signaling pathways. In this sense, the study of the molecular circuitry of these neurons is key to understanding the functional effects of ATP, as well as considering the importance of these cells in Parkinson’s Disease.
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17
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Arulkandarajah KH, Osterstock G, Lafont A, Le Corronc H, Escalas N, Corsini S, Le Bras B, Chenane L, Boeri J, Czarnecki A, Mouffle C, Bullier E, Hong E, Soula C, Legendre P, Mangin JM. Neuroepithelial progenitors generate and propagate non-neuronal action potentials across the spinal cord. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4584-4595.e4. [PMID: 34478646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, electrical signaling is thought to rely exclusively on differentiating neurons as they acquire the ability to generate and propagate action potentials. Accordingly, neuroepithelial progenitors (NEPs), which give rise to all neurons and glial cells during development, have been reported to remain electrically passive. Here, we investigated the physiological properties of NEPs at the onset of spontaneous neural activity (SNA) initiating motor behavior in mouse embryonic spinal cord. Using patch-clamp recordings, we discovered that spinal NEPs exhibit spontaneous membrane depolarizations during episodes of SNA. These rhythmic depolarizations exhibited a ventral-to-dorsal gradient with the highest amplitude located in the floor plate, the ventral-most part of the neuroepithelium. Paired recordings revealed that NEPs are coupled via gap junctions and form an electrical syncytium. Although other NEPs were electrically passive, we discovered that floor-plate NEPs generated large Na+/Ca2+ action potentials. Unlike in neurons, floor-plate action potentials relied primarily on the activation of voltage-gated T-type calcium channels (TTCCs). In situ hybridization showed that all 3 known subtypes of TTCCs are predominantly expressed in the floor plate. During SNA, we found that acetylcholine released by motoneurons rhythmically triggers floor-plate action potentials by acting through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Finally, by expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f in the floor plate, we demonstrated that neuroepithelial action potentials are associated with calcium waves and propagate along the entire length of the spinal cord. Our work reveals a novel physiological mechanism to generate and propagate electrical signals across a neural structure independently from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaimakan Hervé Arulkandarajah
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Osterstock
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Agathe Lafont
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Corronc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France; Université d'Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Corsini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Barbara Le Bras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Linda Chenane
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Boeri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Antonny Czarnecki
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Mouffle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Erika Bullier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elim Hong
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Legendre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Mangin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
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18
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Airway Exposure to Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles Induces Type 2 Immunity by a Mechanism Involving Oxidative Stress and ATP Release. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169071. [PMID: 34445774 PMCID: PMC8396525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) induced immune responses were investigated in human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells and mice. PEI rapidly induced ATP release from hBE cells and pretreatment with glutathione (GSH) blocked the response. PEI activated two conductive pathways, VDAC-1 and pannexin 1, which completely accounted for ATP efflux across the plasma membrane. Moreover, PEI increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was reduced by the pannexin 1 inhibitor, 10Panx (50 μM), the VDAC-1 inhibitor, DIDS (100 μM), and was nearly abolished by pretreatment with GSH (5 mM). The increase in [Ca2+]i involved Ca2+ uptake through two pathways, one blocked by oxidized ATP (oATP, 300 μM) and another that was blocked by the TRPV-1 antagonist A784168 (100 nM). PEI stimulation also increased IL-33 mRNA expression and protein secretion. In vivo experiments showed that acute (4.5 h) PEI exposure stimulated secretion of Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Conjugation of PEI with ovalbumin also induced eosinophil recruitment and secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 into BAL fluid, which was inhibited in IL-33 receptor (ST2) deficient mice. In conclusion, PEI-induced oxidative stress stimulated type 2 immune responses by activating ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake leading to IL-33 secretion, similar to allergens derived from Alternaria.
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Huang Z, Tan S. P2X7 Receptor as a Potential Target for Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1108-1120. [PMID: 33494675 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210120141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder. Although the genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors have been related to the development of MDD, it is generally believed that a series of pathological changes in the brain caused by chronic stress is the main cause of MDD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying chronic stress-induced MDD are largely undermined. Recent investigations have found that increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in the inflammatory pathway in the microglia cells in the brain are the potential pathophysiological mechanism of MDD. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and its mediated signaling pathway play a key role in microglia activation. The present review aimed to present and discuss the accumulating data on the role of P2X7R in MDD. Firstly, we summarized the research progress in the correlation between P2X7R and MDD. Subsequently, we presented the P2X7R mediated microglia activation in MDD and the role of P2X7R in increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability caused by chronic stress. Lastly, we also discussed the potential mechanism underlying-P2X7R expression changes after chronic stress. In conclusion, P2X7R is a key molecule regulating the activation of microglia. Chronic stress activates microglia in the hippocampus by secreting interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) and other inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the BBB permeability, thus promoting the occurrence and development of MDD, which indicated that P2X7R might be a promising therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Sijie Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
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20
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Wang Y, Chen S, Wang W, Chen J, Kong W, Wang Y. Role of P2X7R in eosinophilic and non‑eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:521. [PMID: 34036391 PMCID: PMC8160476 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an inflammation‑mediated disease of the nasal mucosa. P2X7R has been reported to be a potential biomarker for inflammation. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of P2X7R in CRSwNP, and the interaction between P2X7R and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of CRSwNP. Firstly, the expression profiles of P2X7R in nasal mucosa were investigated using western blotting (WB), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Next, the effect of inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) combined with 2'(3')‑O‑(4‑benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5'‑triphosphate triethylammonium salt (BzATP) on primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) was determined. Then, the therapeutic effect of the selective P2X7R antagonist, A740003, on P3X7R, NOD‑like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and IL‑1β alterations in HNECs was explored using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, WB and PCR. It was found that P2X7R was overexpressed in CRSwNP, especially in eosinophilic CRSwNP, the expression of P2X7R, NLRP3 and IL‑1β were upregulated in HNECs after induction by LPS combined with BzATP; but the expression of NLRP3 and IL‑1β were downregulated after stimulation with A740003. The aforementioned results indicate that P2X7R‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation may have a role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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21
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Zeng Y, Luo H, Gao Z, Zhu X, Shen Y, Li Y, Hu J, Yang J. Reduction of prefrontal purinergic signaling is necessary for the analgesic effect of morphine. iScience 2021; 24:102213. [PMID: 33733073 PMCID: PMC7940985 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine is commonly used to relieve moderate to severe pain, but repeated doses cause opioid tolerance. Here, we used ATP sensor and fiber photometry to detect prefrontal ATP level. It showed that prefrontal ATP level decreased after morphine injection and the event amplitude tended to decrease with continuous morphine exposure. Morphine had little effect on prefrontal ATP due to its tolerance. Therefore, we hypothesized that the analgesic effect of morphine might be related to ATP in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Moreover, local infusion of ATP partially antagonized morphine analgesia. Then we found that inhibiting P2X7R in the mPFC mimicked morphine analgesia. In morphine-tolerant mice, pretreatment with P2X4R or P2X7R antagonists in the mPFC enhanced analgesic effect. Our findings suggest that reduction of prefrontal purinergic signaling is necessary for the morphine analgesia, which help elucidate the mechanism of morphine analgesia and may lead to the development of new clinical treatments for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeting Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Huoqing Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zilong Gao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yinbo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, 200030, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- gCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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22
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Dias L, Lopes CR, Gonçalves FQ, Nunes A, Pochmann D, Machado NJ, Tomé AR, Agostinho P, Cunha RA. Crosstalk Between ATP-P 2X7 and Adenosine A 2A Receptors Controlling Neuroinflammation in Rats Subject to Repeated Restraint Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:639322. [PMID: 33732112 PMCID: PMC7957057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.639322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive conditions precipitated by repeated stress are a major socio-economical burden in Western countries. Previous studies showed that ATP-P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) antagonists attenuate behavioral modifications upon exposure to repeated stress. Since it is unknown if these two purinergic modulation systems work independently, we now investigated a putative interplay between P2X7R and A2AR. Adult rats exposed to restraint stress for 14 days displayed an anxious (thigmotaxis, elevated plus maze), depressive (anhedonia, increased immobility), and amnesic (modified Y maze, object displacement) profile, together with increased expression of Iba-1 (a marker of microglia “activation”) and interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; proinflammatory cytokines) and an up-regulation of P2X7R (mRNA) and A2AR (receptor binding) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. All these features were attenuated by the P2X7R-preferring antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG, 45 mg/kg, i.p.) or by caffeine (0.3 g/L, p.o.), which affords neuroprotection through A2AR blockade. Notably, BBG attenuated A2AR upregulation and caffeine attenuated P2X7R upregulation. In microglial N9 cells, the P2X7R agonist BzATP (100 μM) or the A2AR agonist CGS26180 (100 nM) increased calcium levels, which was abrogated by the P2X7R antagonist JNJ47965567 (1 μM) and by the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 (50 nM), respectively; notably JNJ47965567 prevented the effect of CGS21680 and the effect of BzATP was attenuated by SCH58261 and increased by CGS21680. These results provide the first demonstration of a functional interaction between P2X7R and A2AR controlling microglia reactivity likely involved in behavioral adaptive responses to stress and are illustrative of a cooperation between the two arms of the purinergic system in the control of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Nunes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Pochmann
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno J Machado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelo R Tomé
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Paraventricular Nucleus P2X7 Receptors Aggravate Acute Myocardial Infarction Injury via ROS-Induced Vasopressin-V1b Activation in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:641-656. [PMID: 33620697 PMCID: PMC8099953 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms by which P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) mediate the activation of vasopressinergic neurons thereby increasing sympathetic hyperactivity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of rats with acute myocardial ischemia (AMI). The left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery was ligated to induce AMI in rats. The rats were pretreated with BBG (brilliant blue G, a P2X7R antagonist), nelivaptan (a vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist), or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) [an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor]. Hemodynamic parameters of the heart were monitored. Myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were assessed. In the PVN of AMI rats, P2X7R mediated microglial activation, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) were higher than in the sham group. Intraperitoneal injection of BBG effectively reduced ROS production and vasopressin expression in the PVN of AMI rats. Moreover, both BBG and DPI pretreatment effectively reduced sympathetic hyperactivity and ameliorated AMI injury, as represented by reduced inflammation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, microinjection of nelivaptan into the PVN improved cardiac function and reduced the norepinephrine (AE) levels in AMI rats. Collectively, the results suggest that, within the PVN of AMI rats, P2X7R upregulation mediates microglial activation and the overproduction of ROS, which in turn activates vasopressinergic neuron-V1b receptors and sympathetic hyperactivity, hence aggravating myocardial injury in the AMI setting.
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24
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Notartomaso S, Scarselli P, Mascio G, Liberatore F, Mazzon E, Mammana S, Gugliandolo A, Cruccu G, Bruno V, Nicoletti F, Battaglia G. N-Acetylcysteine causes analgesia in a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920904292. [PMID: 32009537 PMCID: PMC6997966 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920904292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine, one of the most prescribed antioxidant drugs, enhances pain
threshold in rodents and humans by activating mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate
receptors. Here, we assessed the analgesic activity of N-acetylcysteine in the
streptozotocin model of painful diabetic neuropathy and examined the effect of
N-acetylcysteine on proteins that are involved in mechanisms of nociceptive
sensitization. Mice with blood glucose levels ≥250 mg/dl in response to a single
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg) were used for the
assessment of mechanical pain thresholds. Systemic treatment with
N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, i.p., either single injection or daily injections
for seven days) caused analgesia in diabetic mice. N-acetylcysteine-induced
analgesia was abrogated by the Sxc− inhibitors, sulfasalazine (8 mg/kg, i.p.), erastin (30 mg/kg,
i.p.), and sorafenib (10 mg/kg, i.p.), or by the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist,
LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Repeated administrations of N-acetylcysteine in
diabetic mice reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the dorsal region of the lumbar
spinal cord. The analgesic activity of N-acetylcysteine was occluded by the MEK
inhibitor, PD0325901 (25 mg/kg, i.p.), the TRPV1 channel blocker, capsazepine
(40 mg/kg, i.p.), or by a cocktail of NMDA and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate
receptor antagonists (memantine, 25 mg/kg, plus MTEP, 5 mg/kg,
both i.p.). These findings offer the first demonstration that N-acetylcysteine
relieves pain associated with diabetic neuropathy and holds promise for the use
of N-acetylcysteine as an add-on drug in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Scarselli
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giada Mascio
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | - Santa Mammana
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Cruccu
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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25
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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26
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Kataoka H, Mori T, Into T. Citrobacter koseri stimulates dendritic cells to induce IL-33 expression via abundant ATP production. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33439115 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Food allergies (FAs) occur due to intestinal immune dysfunction elicited by dysbiotic conditions. It was previously determined by us that Citrobacter species propagate in the faeces of mice with FAs and worsen allergic symptoms by inducing the allergenic cytokine IL-33. Dendritic cells can play important roles in regulation of FA responses.Hypothesis. Citrobacter species propagating in intestines of mice worsen allergic symptoms by stimulating dendritic cells to induce IL-33 expression.Aim. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether C. koseri stimulates dendritic cells to induce IL-33 expression.Methodology. IL-33 expression was evaluated in a DC2.4 mouse dendritic cell line stimulated by live or heat-inactivated C. koseri JCM1658, ATP, LPS extracted from C. koseri JCM1658 or other enterobacteria by real-time PCR. The ATP concentration and number of live bacteria in the culture supernatant were measured simultaneously.Results. Live C. koseri JCM1658 induced higher levels of IL-33 expression than other enterobacteria tested, but such a response was not elicited by heat-inactivated C. koseri JCM1658. LPS extracted from C. koseri JCM1658 did not induce IL-33 expression and suppressed live C. koseri JCM1658-induced IL-33 expression via the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signalling. Furthermore, ATP produced by C. koseri JCM1658 stimulated dendritic cells to induce IL-33 expression by stimulating the P2X7 receptor, and LPS attenuated extracellular ATP-induced IL-33 expression. C. koseri JCM1658 was observed to proliferate more vigorously and produce more ATP than other enterobacteria.Conclusion. C. koseri acts as an allergenic bacterium through ATP production, stimulating dendritic cells to induce IL-33 expression, while LPS released from inactivated C. koseri JCM1658 attenuates this allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kataoka
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infection Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Taiki Mori
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infection Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infection Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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27
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Protective effects of dihydromyricetin on primary hippocampal astrocytes from cytotoxicity induced by comorbid diabetic neuropathic pain and depression. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:585-599. [PMID: 33155081 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated astrocytes play a key role in diabetic neuropathic pain and depression. We aimed to assess the protective effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) on primary hippocampal astrocytes cultured with high glucose (HG), substance P (SP), and corticosterone (CORT). Culturing with HG + SP + CORT resulted in damage to primary hippocampal astrocytes, which simulates the clinical damage caused by comorbidity of diabetic neuropathic pain and depression. Western blot, qPCR, and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that HG + SP + CORT increased P2X7 receptor expression in primary hippocampal astrocytes, which was reversed by DHM treatment. Further, HG + SP + CORT elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, free Ca2+, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels, which was inhibited by DHM or P2X7 shRNA treatment. Moreover, DHM significantly reduced the P2X7 agonist-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2X7 receptor. These findings suggest that DHM can protect primary hippocampal astrocytes cultured with HG + SP + CORT from P2X7 receptor-mediated damage. Culturing cells with HG + SP + CORT might be a viable cell model for cellular injury exploration of diabetic comorbid pain and depression.
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28
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Alberto AVP, da Silva Ferreira NC, Soares RF, Alves LA. Molecular Modeling Applied to the Discovery of New Lead Compounds for P2 Receptors Based on Natural Sources. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01221. [PMID: 33117147 PMCID: PMC7553047 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P2 receptors are a family of transmembrane receptors activated by nucleotides and nucleosides. Two classes have been described in mammals, P2X and P2Y, which are implicated in various diseases. Currently, only P2Y12 has medicines approved for clinical use as antiplatelet agents and natural products have emerged as a source of new drugs with action on P2 receptors due to the diversity of chemical structures. In drug discovery, in silico virtual screening (VS) techniques have become popular because they have numerous advantages, which include the evaluation of thousands of molecules against a target, usually proteins, faster and cheaper than classical high throughput screening (HTS). The number of studies using VS techniques has been growing in recent years and has led to the discovery of new molecules of natural origin with action on different P2X and P2Y receptors. Using different algorithms it is possible to obtain information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, toxicity, as well as predictions on biological activity and the lead-likeness of the selected hits. Selected biomolecules may then be tested by molecular dynamics and, if necessary, rationally designed or modified to improve their interaction for the target. The algorithms of these in silico tools are being improved to permit the precision development of new drugs and, in the future, this process will take the front of drug development against some central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Therefore, this review discusses the methodologies of in silico tools concerning P2 receptors, as well as future perspectives and discoveries, such as the employment of artificial intelligence in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Ferreira Soares
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Positron Emission Tomography in the Inflamed Cerebellum: Addressing Novel Targets among G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Immune Receptors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100925. [PMID: 32998351 PMCID: PMC7601272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes preceding clinical manifestation of brain diseases are moving increasingly into the focus of positron emission tomographic (PET) investigations. A key role in inflammation and as a target of PET imaging efforts is attributed to microglia. Cerebellar microglia, with a predominant ameboid and activated subtype, is of special interest also regarding improved and changing knowledge on functional involvement of the cerebellum in mental activities in addition to its regulatory role in motor function. The present contribution considers small molecule ligands as potential PET tools for the visualization of several receptors recognized to be overexpressed in microglia and which can potentially serve as indicators of inflammatory processes in the cerebellum. The sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), neuropeptide Y receptor 2 (NPY2) and purinoceptor Y12 (P2Y12) cannabinoid receptors and the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 as G-protein-coupled receptors and the ionotropic purinoceptor P2X7 provide structures with rather classical binding behavior, while the immune receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) might depend for instance on further accessory proteins. Improvement in differentiation between microglial functional subtypes in comparison to the presently used 18 kDa translocator protein ligands as well as of the knowledge on the role of polymorphisms are special challenges in such developments.
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30
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Fonteles AA, Neves JCS, Menezes APF, Pereira JF, Silva ATA, Cunha RA, Andrade GM. ATP Signaling Controlling Dyskinesia Through P2X7 Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:111. [PMID: 32848592 PMCID: PMC7427508 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine replacement therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the only temporary therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), but it triggers dyskinesia over time. Since dyskinesia is associated with increased neuronal firing that bolsters purinergic signaling, we now tested whether the selective and blood-brain barrier-permeable P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue-G (BBG, 22.5-45 mg/kg ip) attenuated behavioral, neurochemical and biochemical alterations in rats turned hemiparkinsonian upon unilateral striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and treated daily with L-DOPA (30 mg/kg by gavage) for 22 days. The blockade of P2X7 receptors decreased L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and motor incoordination in hemiparkinsonian rats. In parallel, BBG treatment rebalanced the altered dopamine D1 and D2 receptor density and signaling as well as some neuroinflammation-associated parameters in the striatum and substantia nigra. These findings herald a hitherto unrecognized role for purinergic signaling in the etiopathology of dyskinesia and prompt P2X7 receptor antagonists as novel candidate anti-dyskinesia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analu A Fonteles
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Julliana C S Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais A Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Geanne M Andrade
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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31
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Hu X, Liu Y, Wu J, Liu Y, Liu W, Chen J, Yang F. Inhibition of P2X7R in the amygdala ameliorates symptoms of neuropathic pain after spared nerve injury in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:507-514. [PMID: 32311494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala circuitry and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) have both been shown to play important roles in the modulation of neuropathic pain (NP). However, little is known about the functional role of P2X7R in the amygdala for the regulation of NP. This study aims to evaluate the alleviative effect of intra-amygdala microinfusion of a pharmacological antagonist of P2X7R (A-438079) on NP and explore its possible mechanism of action. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to construct the animal model of NP through spared nerve injury (SNI). The SNI rats randomly received chronic bilateral microinjection of A-438079 (100 pmol/side) or saline into the amygdalae via cannulas. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal duration (TWD) were measured by von Frey monofilaments. Besides, tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were performed to assess depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to determine the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) and connexin 43 (Cx43) in the spinal cord. In addition, the change of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) level in the spinal cord was assessed by Western blot. Our data showed that chronic treatment with A-438079 increased MWT and decreased TWD on days 11-21 post-SNI while decreased depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors. A-438079 administration significantly attenuated the elevated immunoreactivities of IBA-1 and GFAP in microglia and astrocytes after SNI. Furthermore, the decreased expression of GAP-43 in the spinal cord due to SNI was significantly attenuated by A-438079. However, when A-438079 and a pharmacological agonist (BzATP) of P2X7R were given simultaneously, all the effects caused by A-438079 alone were reversed. In brief, our study revealed the protective role of inhibiting P2X7R in the amygdala against symptoms associated with NP, possibly attributing to its inhibitory effects on spinal microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Junting Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Fengrui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province 421001, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Dos Santos EG, Faria RX, Rodrigues CR, Bello ML. Molecular dynamic simulations of full-length human purinergic receptor subtype P2X7 bonded to potent inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105454. [PMID: 32629018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the members of purinergic receptors, the family P2X of ionotropic proteins has the ion channel subtype P2X7 that show in studies to be an important molecular target for new drugs. The activity of human P2X7 receptor (hP2X7r) in the body, due to its pro-inflammatory function, can trigger physiological disorders related to chronic inflammatory processes, leading to neural degeneration, neuropathic pain and chronic pain. Recently, two series of promising new inhibitors of the hP2X7r ion channel have been reported. One series consisted of naphthoquinone derivatives and the other composed of triazole derivatives. The main objective of this study was to understand the binding mode differences between the hit compounds of each series and compare them to the native ligand ATP. The hP2X7r ion channel and membrane lipid models were prepared in order to allow study the appropriate protein molecular dynamics. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation approaches were applied in order to obtain atomistic and molecular details that are involved in intermolecular interactions. Both compounds AN-04 and 9d seem to have affinity to binding in the hP2X7r pore area according to molecular dynamics simulations results. The naphthoquinone derivative AN-04 demonstrated a binding free energy 7.68 fold larger than triazole derivative 9d and 3.8 fold lower than native ligand ATP. These results indicate that compound AN-04 might be a promising lead compound for the development of a novel selective hP2X7r inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldio G Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson X Faria
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Rodrigues
- ModMolQSAR, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Murilo L Bello
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Doǧan E, Aygün H, Arslan G, Rzayev E, Avcı B, Ayyıldız M, Ağar E. The Role of NMDA Receptors in the Effect of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor on Spontaneous Seizure Activity in WAG/Rij Rats With Genetic Absence Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:414. [PMID: 32435183 PMCID: PMC7218146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are ATP sensitive cation channels and have been shown to be effective in various epilepsy models. Absence epilepsy is a type of idiopathic, generalized, non-convulsive epilepsy. Limited data exist on the role of P2X7Rs and no data has been reported regarding the interaction between P2X7Rs and glutamate receptor NMDA in absence epilepsy. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the role of P2X7 and NMDA receptors and their possible interaction in WAG/Rij rats with absence epilepsy. Permanent cannula and electrodes were placed on the skulls of the animals. After the healing period of the electrode and cannula implantation, ECoG recordings were obtained during 180 min before and after drug injections. P2X7R agonist BzATP, at doses of 50 μg and 100 μg (intracerebroventricular; i.c.v.) and antagonist A-438079, at doses of 20 μg and 40 μg (i.c.v.) were administered alone or prior to memantine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal; i.p.) injection. The total number (in every 20 min), the mean duration, and the amplitude of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) were calculated and compared. Rats were decapitated and the right and left hemisphere, cerebellum, and brainstem were separated for the measurements of the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). BzATP and A-438079 did not alter measured SWDs parameters, whereas memantine reduced them, which is considered anticonvulsant. BzATP did not alter the anticonvulsant effect of memantine, while A-438079 decreased the effect of memantine. Administration of BzATP increased the levels of SOD and GR in cerebrum hemispheres. A-438079 did not alter any of the biochemical parameters. Memantine reduced the levels of MDA, GSH, and GR while increased the level of CAT in the cerebrum. Administration of BzATP before memantine abolished the effect of memantine on MDA levels. The evidence from this study suggests that P2X7Rs does not directly play a role in the formation of absence seizures. P2X7Rs agonist, reduced the antioxidant activity of memantine whereas agonist of P2X7Rs reduced the anticonvulsant action of memantine, suggesting a partial interaction between P2X7 and NMDA receptors in absence epilepsy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Doǧan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygün
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Arslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emil Rzayev
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Avcı
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ayyıldız
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Erdal Ağar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Gelin CF, Bhattacharya A, Letavic MA. P2X7 receptor antagonists for the treatment of systemic inflammatory disorders. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:63-99. [PMID: 32362329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 has continued to be a target of immense interest since it is implicated in several peripheral and central nervous system disorders that result from inflammation. This review primarily describes new P2X7 receptor antagonists that have been investigated and disclosed in patent applications or primary literature since 2015. While a crystal structure of the receptor to aid in the design of novel chemical structures remains elusive, many of the chemotypes that have been disclosed contain similarities, with an amide motif present in all series that have been explored to date. Several of the recent antagonists described are brain penetrant, and two compounds are currently in clinical trials for CNS indications. Additionally, brain penetrant PET ligands have been developed that aid in measuring target engagement and these ligands can potentially be used as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Gelin
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Letavic
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
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Nabekura T, Riggan L, Hildreth AD, O’Sullivan TE, Shibuya A. Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect Mice from Acute Liver Injury via Interferon-γ Secretion for Upregulating Bcl-xL Expression in Hepatocytes. Immunity 2020; 52:96-108.e9. [PMID: 31810881 PMCID: PMC8108607 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) have been originally found as liver-resident ILCs, their pathophysiological role in the liver remains poorly investigated. Here, we demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection into mice activated ILC1s, but not natural killer (NK) cells, in the liver. Activated ILC1s produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and protected mice from CCl4-induced acute liver injury. IFN-γ released from activated ILC1s promoted the survival of hepatocytes through upregulation of Bcl-xL. An activating NK receptor, DNAM-1, was required for the optimal activation and IFN-γ production of liver ILC1s. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate accelerated interleukin-12-driven IFN-γ production by liver ILC1s. These findings suggest that ILC1s are critical for tissue protection during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Luke Riggan
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew D. Hildreth
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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36
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Gubert C, Andrejew R, Leite CE, Moritz CEJ, Scholl J, Figueiro F, Kapczinski F, da Silva Magalhães PV, Battastini AMO. P2X7 Purinergic Receptor Is Involved in the Pathophysiology of Mania: a Preclinical Study. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1347-1360. [PMID: 31729632 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder remains incompletely elucidated. The purinergic receptor, P2X7 (P2X7R), plays a central role in neuroinflammation, the establishment, and maintenance of microglial activation and neuronal damage/death, all characteristics of bipolar disorder pathology. The present study aims to explore the participation of the P2X7R in a preclinical pharmacological model of mania. We analyzed the modulatory effects of the P2X7R antagonist, brilliant blue, on behavior, monoamines, gene expression, serum purine levels, and cell typing in a pharmacological model of mania induced by D-amphetamine (AMPH) in mice. Our results corroborate an association between the P2X7 receptor and the preclinical animal model of mania, as demonstrated by the decreased responsiveness to AMPH in animals with pharmacologically blocked P2X7R. This study further suggests a possible dopaminergic mechanism for the action of P2X7 receptor antagonism. Additionally, we observed increased peripheral levels of adenosine, a neuroprotective molecule, and increased central expression of Entpd3 and Entpd1 leading to the hydrolysis of ATP, a danger signal, possibly as an attempt to compensate for the damage induced by AMPH. Lastly, P2X7R antagonism in the AMPH model was found to potentially modulate astrogliosis. Our results support the hypothesis that P2X7R plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of mania, possibly by modulating the dopaminergic pathway and astrogliosis, as reflected in the behavioral changes observed. Taken together, this study suggests that a purinergic system imbalance is associated with the AMPH-induced preclinical animal model of mania. P2X7R may represent a promising molecular therapeutic target for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Leite
- Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliete Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Figueiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MacMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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37
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Cao F, Hu LQ, Yao SR, Hu Y, Wang DG, Fan YG, Pan GX, Tao SS, Zhang Q, Pan HF, Wu GC. P2X7 receptor: A potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:767-777. [PMID: 31181327 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a distinct ligand-gated ion channel, is a member of purinergic type 2 receptor family with ubiquitous expression in human body. Previous studies have revealed a pivotal role of P2X7R in innate and adaptive immunity. Once activated, it will meditate some vital cascaded responses including the assembly of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, non-classical secretion of IL-1β, modulation of cytokine-independent pathways in inflammation such as P2X7R- transglutaminase-2 (TG2) and P2X7R-cathepsin pathway, activation and regulation of T cells, etc. In fact, above responses have been identified to be involved in the development of autoimmunity, specifically, the NLRP3 inflammasome could promote inflammation in massive autoimmune diseases and TG2, as well as cathepsin may contribute to joint destruction and degeneration in inflammatory arthritis. Recently, numerous evidences further suggested the significance of P2X7R in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), etc. In this review, we will succinctly discuss the biological characteristics and summarize the recent progress of the involvement of P2X7R in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as its clinical implications and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Qin Hu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Ran Yao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De-Guang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yin-Guang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gui-Xia Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sha-Sha Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Cui Wu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 15 Feicui Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Fletcher EL, Wang AY, Jobling AI, Rutar MV, Greferath U, Gu B, Vessey KA. Targeting P2X7 receptors as a means for treating retinal disease. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1598-1605. [PMID: 30954685 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma are the commonest causes of irreversible vision loss in industrialized countries. The purine ATP is known to regulate a range of cellular functions in the retina via its action on P2 receptors, especially the P2X7 receptor. Although agents that attenuate P2X7 receptor function have been in development for many years, no compound is currently approved for the treatment of eye disease. However, newer compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier could have potential to reduce vision loss. This review will outline recent information relating to the role of P2X7 in age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma and, subsequently, we will discuss recent developments for attenuating P2X7 receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anna Y Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew V Rutar
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Gentile TA, Simmons SJ, Tallarida CS, Su S, Rom S, Watson MN, Reitz AB, Potula R, Rawls SM. Synthetic cathinone MDPV enhances reward function through purinergic P2X7 receptor-dependent pathway and increases P2X7 gene expression in nucleus accumbens. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:22-27. [PMID: 30754021 PMCID: PMC6447078 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Purinergic P2X7 receptors are present on neurons, astrocytes and microglia and activated by extracellular ATP. Since P2X7 receptor activation releases endogenous substrates (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, dopamine, and glutamate) that facilitate psychostimulant reward and reinforcement, we investigated the hypothesis that the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) produces rewarding effects that are dependent on active P2X7 receptors. METHODS Reward function was measured in male mice using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). MDPV (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) and a selective P2X7 antagonist (A438079) (5, 10, 50 mg/kg, IP) were tested alone and in combination. In separate mice, gene and protein expression of P2X7 and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase (an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of ATP, an endogenous ligand for P2X7 receptors) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were quantified following MDPV exposure (0.1, 0.5, 5 mg/kg, SC). KEY RESULTS MDPV (0.5 mg/kg, SC) facilitated ICSS as quantified by a significant reduction in brain reward threshold. A438079 (5, 10, 50 mg/kg, IP) did not affect ICSS by itself; however, for combined administration, A438079 (10 mg/kg, IP) inhibited facilitation of ICSS by MDPV (0.5 mg/kg, SC). At the cellular level, MDPV exposure increased gene and protein expression of P2X7 and ATP synthase in the NAcc. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION We provide evidence that a psychostimulant drug produces reward enhancement that is influenced by P2X7 receptor activity and enhances P2X7 receptor expression in the brain reward circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Gentile
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J. Simmons
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S. Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shu Su
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Raghava Potula
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Borges da Silva H, Wang H, Qian LJ, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. ARTC2.2/P2RX7 Signaling during Cell Isolation Distorts Function and Quantification of Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cell and Invariant NKT Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2153-2163. [PMID: 30777922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral invariant NKT cells (iNKT) and CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) express high levels of the extracellular ATP receptor P2RX7 in mice. High extracellular ATP concentrations or NAD-mediated P2RX7 ribosylation by the enzyme ARTC2.2 can induce P2RX7 pore formation and cell death. Because both ATP and NAD are released during tissue preparation for analysis, cell death through these pathways may compromise the analysis of iNKT and CD8+ TRM Indeed, ARTC2.2 blockade enhanced recovery of viable liver iNKT and TRM The expression of ARTC2.2 and P2RX7 on distinct iNKT subsets and TRM is unclear, however, as is the impact of recovery from other nonlymphoid sites. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of ARTC2.2 and P2RX7 expression in iNKT and CD8+ T cells in diverse tissues, at steady-state and after viral infection. NKT1 cells and CD8+ TRM express high levels of both ARTC2.2 and P2RX7 compared with NKT2, NKT17, and CD8+ circulating memory subsets. Using nanobody-mediated ARTC2.2 antagonism, we showed that ARTC2.2 blockade enhanced NKT1 and TRM recovery from nonlymphoid tissues during cell preparation. Moreover, blockade of this pathway was essential to preserve functionality, viability, and proliferation of both populations. We also showed that short-term direct P2RX7 blockade enhanced recovery of TRM, although to a lesser degree. In summary, our data show that short-term in vivo blockade of the ARTC2.2/P2RX7 axis permits much improved flow cytometry-based phenotyping and enumeration of murine iNKT and TRM from nonlymphoid tissues, and it represents a crucial step for functional studies of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lily J Qian
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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41
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Izumisawa Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K, Ciriello J, Kitamura N, Shibuya I. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in acutely dissociated subfornical organ (SFO) neurons of rats: Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+ oscillations induced by picomolar concentrations of angiotensin II. Brain Res 2019; 1704:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Guan S, Shen Y, Ge H, Xiong W, He L, Liu L, Yin C, Wei X, Gao Y. Dihydromyricetin Alleviates Diabetic Neuropathic Pain and Depression Comorbidity Symptoms by Inhibiting P2X 7 Receptor. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31681052 PMCID: PMC6813736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are common complications of diabetes mellitus and mutually affect each other. As a member of the ATP-gated ion channel family, P2X7 receptor is associated with the transduction of pain signal and the onset of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) on rats with comorbid DNP and MDD. After the comorbid model was established, rat behavior changes were monitored by measuring the mechanical withdrawal threshold, thermal withdrawal latency, sugar water preference, immobility time in the forced-swim test, and open-field test parameters. The expressions of P2X7 receptor in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cord, and hippocampus were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and double immunofluorescence. We found that hyperalgesia, allodynia, and depressive behaviors of rats with comorbid DNP and MDD were relieved by treatment with DHM or application of a short-hairpin RNA for P2X7 receptor. The expression levels of P2X7, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1ß were increased in the DRGs, spinal cord, and hippocampus of rats in the model group but restored after DHM or P2X7 short-hairpin RNA treatment. In conclusion, P2X7 receptor in the DRGs, spinal cord, and hippocampus participates in the transduction of DNP and MDD signals. DHM seems to relieve comorbid DNP and MDD by reducing the expression of P2X7 receptor in the DRGs, spinal cord, and hippocampus and may be an effective new drug for the treatment of patients with both DNP and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Guan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Sport Biological Centre, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huixiang Ge
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingkun He
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cancan Yin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingyu Wei
- Basic Medical College of Grade 2017, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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43
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The Effects of a Combination of Ion Channel Inhibitors in Female Rats Following Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113408. [PMID: 30384417 PMCID: PMC6274967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the ionic homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes imbalanced. Excess Ca2+ influx into cells triggers molecular cascades, which result in detrimental effects. The authors assessed the effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors (ICI) following repeated mTBI (rmTBI). Adult female rats were subjected to two rmTBI weight-drop injuries 24 h apart, sham procedures (sham), or no procedures (normal). Lomerizine, which inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, was administered orally twice daily, whereas YM872 and Brilliant Blue G, inhibiting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and P2X₇ receptors, respectively, were delivered intraperitoneally every 48 h post-injury. Vehicle treatment controls were included for rmTBI, sham, and normal groups. At 11 days following rmTBI, there was a significant increase in the time taken to cross the 3 cm beam, as a sub-analysis of neurological severity score (NSS) assessments, compared with the normal control (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in learning-associated improvement in rmTBI in Morris water maze (MWM) trials relative to the sham (p < 0.05). ICI-treated rmTBI animals were not different to sham, normal controls, or rmTBI treated with vehicle in all neurological severity score and Morris water maze assessments (p > 0.05). rmTBI resulted in increases in microglial cell density, antioxidant responses (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) immunoreactivity), and alterations to node of Ranvier structure. ICI treatment decreased microglial density, MnSOD immunoreactivity, and abnormalities of the node of Ranvier compared with vehicle controls (p < 0.01). The authors' findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of the combinatorial ICI treatment on day 11 post-rmTBI, suggesting an attractive therapeutic strategy against the damage induced by excess Ca2+ following rmTBI.
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44
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Comparison of ion channel inhibitor combinations for limiting secondary degeneration following partial optic nerve transection. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:161-171. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Diezmos EF, Markus I, Perera DS, Gan S, Zhang L, Sandow SL, Bertrand PP, Liu L. Blockade of Pannexin-1 Channels and Purinergic P2X7 Receptors Shows Protective Effects Against Cytokines-Induced Colitis of Human Colonic Mucosa. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:865. [PMID: 30127744 PMCID: PMC6087744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels are found in many cell types, and ATP released from these channels can act on nearby cells activating purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) which lead to inflammation. Although Panx1 and P2X7R are implicated in the process of inflammation and cell death, few studies have looked at the role they play in inflammatory bowel disease in human. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the function of Panx1 and P2X7R in an ex vivo colitis model developed from human colonic mucosal explants. Materials and Methods: Healthy human colonic mucosal strips (4 × 10 mm) were incubated in carbogenated culture medium at 37°C for 16 h. Proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β (each 10 ng/mL) were used to induce colitis in mucosal strips, and the effects of Panx1 and P2X7R on cytokines-induced tissue damage were determined in the presence of the Panx1 channel blocker 10Panx1 (100 μM) and P2X7R antagonist A438079 (100 μM). The effects of 10Panx1 and A438079 on cytokines-enhanced epithelial permeability were also studied using Caco-2 cells. Results: Histological staining showed that the mucosal strips had severe structural damage in the cytokines-only group but not in the incubation-control group (P < 0.01). Compared to the cytokines-only group, crypt damage was significantly decreased in groups receiving cytokines with inhibitors (10Panx1, A438079, or 10Panx1 + A438079, P < 0.05). The immunoreactive signals of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were abundant in all control tissues but were significantly disrupted and lost in the cytokines-only group (P < 0.01). The diminished ZO-1 immunoreactivity induced by cytokines was prevented in the presence of 10Panx1 (P = 0.04). Likewise, 10Panx1 significantly attenuated the cytokines-evoked increase in paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. Although the inhibition of P2X7R activity by A438079 diminished cytokines-induced crypt damage, its effect on the maintenance of ZO-1 immunoreactivity and Caco-2 epithelial cell integrity was less evident. Conclusion: The blockade of Panx1 and P2X7R reduced the inflammatory cytokines-induced crypt damage, loss of tight junctions and increase in cell permeability. Thus, Panx1 and P2X7R may have roles in causing mucosal damage, a common clinical feature of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Diezmos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irit Markus
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D S Perera
- Sydney Colorectal Associates, Hurstville, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Gan
- Sydney Colorectal Associates, Hurstville, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun L Sandow
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Inflammation and Healing Cluster, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul P Bertrand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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46
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Kovács G, Környei Z, Tóth K, Baranyi M, Brunner J, Neubrandt M, Dénes Á, Sperlágh B. Modulation of P2X7 purinergic receptor activity by extracellular Zn 2+ in cultured mouse hippocampal astroglia. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:1-13. [PMID: 30098501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7R protein, a P2 type purinergic receptor functioning as a non-selective cation channel, is expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system in several regions of the brain. The activation of the P2X7R protein by ATP modulates excitatory neurotransmission and contributes to microglial activation, apoptosis and neuron-glia communication. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is highly concentrated in the synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic hippocampal neurons where free zinc ions released into the synaptic cleft alter glutamatergic signal transmission. Changes in both P2X7R-mediated signaling and brain zinc homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular zinc regulates P2X7R activity in the hippocampus. We observed that P2X7R is expressed in both neurons and glial cells in primary mouse hippocampal neuron-glia culture. Propidium iodide (PI) uptake through large pores formed by pannexins and P2X7R was dose-dependently inhibited by extracellular zinc ions. Calcium influx mediated by P2X7R in glial cells was also reduced by free zinc ions. Interestingly, no calcium influx was detected in response to ATP or 3'-O-(4-Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) in neurons despite the expression of P2X7R at the plasma membrane. Our results show that free zinc ions can modulate hippocampal glial purinergic signaling, and changes in the activity of P2X7R may contribute to the development of depression-like behaviors associated with zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Neubrandt
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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47
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Amores-Iniesta J, Barberà-Cremades M, Martínez CM, Pons JA, Revilla-Nuin B, Martínez-Alarcón L, Di Virgilio F, Parrilla P, Baroja-Mazo A, Pelegrín P. Extracellular ATP Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Is an Early Danger Signal of Skin Allograft Rejection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3414-3426. [PMID: 29262323 PMCID: PMC5746605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are equipped with a number of receptors that recognize sterile injury and pathogens. We find that host immune cells release ATP as an inflammatory signal in response to allogeneic transplantation. ATP then acts via a feedback mechanism on the P2X7 channel to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequently process and release interleukin (IL)-18. This process is a necessary stage in the deleterious Th1 response against allotransplantation via interferon-γ production. Lack of IL-18 resulted in a decrease in graft-infiltrating CD8 cells but an increase in regulatory T cells. In human liver transplant patients undergoing progressive immunosuppressive drug withdrawal, we found that patients experiencing acute rejection had higher levels of the P2X7 receptor in circulating inflammatory monocytes compared to tolerant patients. These data suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of the P2X7 receptor or the NLRP3 inflammasome will aid in inducing transplant tolerance without complete immunoparalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Amores-Iniesta
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Barberà-Cremades
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos M Martínez
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Pons
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Revilla-Nuin
- Genomic Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Experimental Surgery Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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48
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Borges da Silva H, Beura LK, Wang H, Hanse EA, Gore R, Scott MC, Walsh DA, Block KE, Fonseca R, Yan Y, Hippen KL, Blazar BR, Masopust D, Kelekar A, Vulchanova L, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. The purinergic receptor P2RX7 directs metabolic fitness of long-lived memory CD8 + T cells. Nature 2018; 559:264-268. [PMID: 29973721 PMCID: PMC6054485 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is an ancient 'danger signal' used by eukaryotes to detect cellular damage1. In mice and humans, the release of eATP during inflammation or injury stimulates both innate immune activation and chronic pain through the purinergic receptor P2RX72-4. It is unclear, however, whether this pathway influences the generation of immunological memory, a hallmark of the adaptive immune system that constitutes the basis of vaccines and protective immunity against re-infection5,6. Here we show that P2RX7 is required for the establishment, maintenance and functionality of long-lived central and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cell populations in mice. By contrast, P2RX7 is not required for the generation of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, P2RX7 promotes mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic function in differentiating memory CD8+ T cells, at least in part by inducing AMP-activated protein kinase. Pharmacological inhibitors of P2RX7 provoked dysregulated metabolism and differentiation of activated mouse and human CD8+ T cells in vitro, and transient P2RX7 blockade in vivo ameliorated neuropathic pain but also compromised production of CD8+ memory T cells. These findings show that activation of P2RX7 by eATP provides a common currency that both alerts the nervous and immune system to tissue damage, and promotes the metabolic fitness and survival of the most durable and functionally relevant memory CD8+ T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Hanse
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Reshma Gore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel A Walsh
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katharine E Block
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raissa Fonseca
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Keli L Hippen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ameeta Kelekar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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49
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Young CNJ, Górecki DC. P2RX7 Purinoceptor as a Therapeutic Target-The Second Coming? Front Chem 2018; 6:248. [PMID: 30003075 PMCID: PMC6032550 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2RX7 receptor is a unique member of a family of extracellular ATP (eATP)-gated ion channels expressed in immune cells, where its activation triggers the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, P2RX7 has been long investigated as a target in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Subsequently, P2RX7 signaling has been documented in other physiological and pathological processes including pain, CNS and psychiatric disorders and cancer. As a result, a range of P2RX7 antagonists have been developed and trialed. Interestingly, the recent crystallization of mammalian and chicken receptors revealed that most widely-used antagonists may bind a unique allosteric site. The availability of crystal structures allows rational design of improved antagonists and modeling of binding sites of the known or presumed inhibitors. However, several unanswered questions limit the cogent development of P2RX7 therapies. Firstly, this receptor functions as an ion channel, but its chronic stimulation by high eATP causes opening of the non-selective large pore (LP), which can trigger cell death. Not only the molecular mechanism of LP opening is still not fully understood but its function(s) are also unclear. Furthermore, how can tumor cells take advantage of P2RX7 for growth and spread and yet survive overexpression of potentially cytotoxic LP in the eATP-rich environment? The recent discovery of the feedback loop, wherein the LP-evoked release of active MMP-2 triggers the receptor cleavage, provided one explanation. Another mechanism might be that of cancer cells expressing a structurally altered P2RX7 receptor, devoid of the LP function. Exploiting such mechanisms should lead to the development of new, less toxic anticancer treatments. Notably, targeted inhibition of P2RX7 is crucial as its global blockade reduces the immune and inflammatory responses, which have important anti-tumor effects in some types of malignancies. Therefore, another novel approach is the synthesis of tissue/cell specific P2RX7 antagonists. Progress has been aided by the development of p2rx7 knockout mice and new conditional knock-in and knock-out models are being created. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of receptor activation and inhibition, which cause its re-emergence as an important therapeutic target. We also highlight the key difficulties affecting this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- The General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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50
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Bernier L, Ase AR, Séguéla P. P2X receptor channels in chronic pain pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2219-2230. [PMID: 28728214 PMCID: PMC5980614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a highly prevalent debilitating condition for which treatment options remain limited for many patients. Ionotropic ATP signalling through excitatory and calcium-permeable P2X receptor channels is now rightfully considered as a critical player in pathological pain generation and maintenance; therefore, their selective targeting represents a therapeutic opportunity with promising yet untapped potential. Recent advances in the structural, functional and pharmacological characterization of rodent and human ATP-gated P2X receptor channels have shed brighter light on the role of specific subtypes in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer pain. Here, we will review the contribution of P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors to chronic pain and discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with the pharmacological manipulation of their function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis‐Philippe Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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