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Griffith LM, VanRaden M, Barrett AJ, Childs RW, Fowler DH, Kang EM, Tisdale JF, Klein HG, Stroncek DF. Transfusion support for matched sibling allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (1993-2010): factors that predict intensity and time to transfusion independence. Transfusion 2019; 59:303-315. [PMID: 30362577 PMCID: PMC6322947 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant require variable, often extensive transfusion support. Identification of factors that predict urgent, intensive, or special needs should improve management of these patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of red blood cell (RBC) and platelet transfusion support provided for sequential matched sibling donor allogeneic transplants conducted at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, from 1993 through 2010. Factors potentially important for predicting quantity of RBC and platelet transfusions, and time to transfusion independence through Day 200 following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were evaluated. RESULTS Subjects (n = 800) received 10,591 RBC and 10,199 platelet transfusions. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the need for RBC pretransplant, CD34+ dose, transplant year, diagnostic category, and ABO match were significantly independently associated with quantity of RBC transfusions during Days 0 through 30. Only pretransplant need for RBCs, CD34+ dose, and transplant year had significance during Days 0 through 100. Similar analyses for quantity of platelet transfusions demonstrated that for both Days 0 through 30 and 0 through 100 significant factors were need for platelet support before transplant, CD34+ dose, transplant year, and transplant regimen. Of note, long term, during Days 101 through 200, only CD34+ dose remained significant for quantity of RBC and platelet transfusions. Analysis of time to transfusion independence demonstrated that patients with ABO major mismatches required longer to achieve freedom from RBC transfusion support compared to identical matches or those with minor mismatches. CONCLUSION Patient-specific factors including CD34+ dose and ABO match of the graft should be given particular consideration by transfusion services when planning support of patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Griffith
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark VanRaden
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - A. John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard W. Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel H. Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth M. Kang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Harvey G. Klein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David F. Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Soyer N, Uysal A, Tombuloglu M, Sahin F, Saydam G, Vural F. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: Single center experience. World J Hematol 2017; 6:1-10. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease which leads the unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is characterized by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome. Reciprocal translocation of the ABL gene from chromosome 9 to 22 t (9; 22) (q34; q11.2) generate a fusion gene (BCR-ABL). BCR-ABL protein had constitutive tyrosine kinase activity that is a primary cause of chronic phase of CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are now considered standard therapy for patients with CML. Even though, successful treatment with the TKIs, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is still an important option for the treatment of CML, especially for patients who are resistant or intolerant to at least one second generation TKI or for patients with blastic phase. Today, we know that there is no evidence for increased transplant-related toxicity and negative impact of survival with pre-transplant TKIs. However, there are some controversies about timing of ASCT, the optimal conditioning regimens and donor source. Another important issue is that BCR-ABL signaling is not necessary for survival of CML stem cell and TKIs were not effective on these cells. So, ASCT may play a role to eliminate CML stem cells. In this article, we review the diagnosis, management and treatment of CML. Later, we present our center’s outcomes of ASCT for patients with CML and then, we discuss the place of ASCT in CML treatment in the TKIs era.
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3
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The role of stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in the 21st century. Blood 2015; 125:3230-5. [PMID: 25852053 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-567784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has largely replaced curative strategies based on allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, SCT still remains an option for accelerated/blastic-phase and selected chronic-phase CML. Transplant outcomes can be optimized by peritransplant TKIs, conditioning regimen, BCR-ABL monitoring, and relapse management. Controversies exist in transplant timing, pediatric CML, alternative donors, and economics. SCT continues to serve as a platform of "operational cure" for CML with TKIs and immunotherapies.
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Phase 2 clinical trial of rapamycin-resistant donor CD4+ Th2/Th1 (T-Rapa) cells after low-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2013; 121:2864-74. [PMID: 23426943 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-446872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental models, ex vivo induced T-cell rapamycin resistance occurred independent of T helper 1 (Th1)/T helper 2 (Th2) differentiation and yielded allogeneic CD4(+) T cells of increased in vivo efficacy that facilitated engraftment and permitted graft-versus-tumor effects while minimizing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To translate these findings, we performed a phase 2 multicenter clinical trial of rapamycin-resistant donor CD4(+) Th2/Th1 (T-Rapa) cells after allogeneic-matched sibling donor hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for therapy of refractory hematologic malignancy. T-Rapa cell products, which expressed a balanced Th2/Th1 phenotype, were administered as a preemptive donor lymphocyte infusion at day 14 post-HCT. After T-Rapa cell infusion, mixed donor/host chimerism rapidly converted, and there was preferential immune reconstitution with donor CD4(+) Th2 and Th1 cells relative to regulatory T cells and CD8(+) T cells. The cumulative incidence probability of acute GVHD was 20% and 40% at days 100 and 180 post-HCT, respectively. There was no transplant-related mortality. Eighteen of 40 patients (45%) remain in sustained complete remission (range of follow-up: 42-84 months). These results demonstrate the safety of this low-intensity transplant approach and the feasibility of subsequent randomized studies to compare T-Rapa cell-based therapy with standard transplantation regimens.
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5
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Improved outcome following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with higher expression of BMI-1 and immune responses to BMI-1 protein. Leukemia 2011; 25:629-37. [PMID: 21252986 PMCID: PMC3076540 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BMI-1 and EZH2 are polycomb group (PcG) proteins which maintain self-renewal of stem cells, and are overexpressed in leukemia. To investigate the potential of PcG proteins as leukemia-associated antigens, and targets for graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects, we studied cells from 86 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and 25 HLA-A*0201+ sibling donors collected prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Although BMI-1 overexpression in CD34+ cells of CML patients treated with pharmacotherapy is associated with poor prognosis, we found, conversely, that in CML patients treated with SCT, a higher expression of BMI-1, and correspondingly lower expression of its target for repression, CDKN2A, is associated with improved leukemia-free survival. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to BMI-1 peptide were detected in 5 of 25 (20%) donors, and 8 of 19 (42%) HLA-A*0201+ CML patients. BMI-1 generated more total and high avidity immune responses, and was more immunogenic than EZH2. PcG-specific CTLs had memory phenotype, were readily expanded in short-term cultures, and were detected post-SCT in recipients of PcG-specific CTL-positive donors. A higher BMI-1 expression in CML CD34+ progenitors was associated with native BMI-1 immune responses. These immune responses to PcG proteins may target leukemia stem cells and have relevance for disease control by GVL.
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6
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Long-term disease-free survival after nonmyeloablative cyclophosphamide/fludarabine conditioning and related/unrelated allotransplantation for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplasia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45:1300-8. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Wrzesinski C, Paulos CM, Kaiser A, Muranski P, Palmer DC, Gattinoni L, Yu Z, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Increased intensity lymphodepletion enhances tumor treatment efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. J Immunother 2010; 33:1-7. [PMID: 19952961 PMCID: PMC3247626 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b88ffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphodepletion before adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapies can enhance anti-tumor responses by augmenting innate immunity, by increasing access to homeostatic cytokines, and by depressing the numbers of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Although it is clear that high-dose total body irradiation given together with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation effectively enhances ACT, the relationship between the intensity of lymphodepletion and tumor treatment efficacy has not been systematically studied. Using the pmel-1 mouse model of self/tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, we observed a strong correlation between the intensity of the conditioning regimen and the efficacy of ACT-based treatments using linear regression analysis. This was the case for preparative total body irradiation administered either as a single dose (R=0.97, P<0.001) or in fractionated doses (R=0.94, P<0.001). Increased amounts of preparative total body irradiation were directly correlated with progressively more favorable ratios of transferred tumor-reactive CD8 T cells toward endogenous cells with the potential for inhibitory activity including: CD4 cells (potentially T regulatory cells); Gr1 cells (which are capable of functioning as myeloid-derived suppressor cells); and endogenous CD8 and natural killer 1.1 cells (that can act as "sinks" for homeostatic cytokines in the postablative setting). With increasing ablation, we also observed elevated lipopolysaccharide levels in the sera and heightened levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines. Thus, increased intensity lymphodepletion triggers enhanced tumor treatment efficacy and the benefits of high-dose total body irradiation must be titrated against its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wrzesinski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Andrew Kaiser
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
- Performed in partial fulfillment of a Ph.D. in Biochemistry (to D.C.P.) at the George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
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8
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Doti CA, Bullorsky EO. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50 Suppl 2:27-31. [DOI: 10.3109/10428190903470331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Nonmyeloablative and Reduced-Intensity Conditioning for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Am J Clin Oncol 2009; 32:618-28. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e31817f9de1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Foss
- Medical Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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11
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Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia–status in 2007. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 42 Suppl 1:S11-S13. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Abstract
The graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) effect is a central component of the stem cell allograft's ability to cure haematological malignancies. The GVL effect is mediated by donor-derived natural killer cells and T lymphocytes, which have distinct mechanisms of recognizing and targeting the recipient's malignant cells. After transplantation the cytokine milieu is favourable to the early establishment of a GVL effect, but the need to prevent graft-versus-host disease limits the full potential of this process. Clinical studies have identified some critical components of the transplant preparation, donor selection, stem cell source (peripheral blood versus bone marrow) and post-transplant management that can be manipulated to optimize the GVL effect. However, further developments focusing on the selective depletion of unwanted alloreactivity with preservation of GVL effects, and the use of vaccines or the adoptive transfer of leukaemia-specific lymphocytes, will be required to enhance the GVL effect to reliably eradicate more resistant leukaemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1220, USA.
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13
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Complete molecular responses are achieved after reduced intensity stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 111:5252-5. [PMID: 18378854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-118141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia were treated with imatinib mesylate (IM) for 6 to 12 months to establish disease control, before reduced intensity stem cell transplantation (RISCT). Escalating doses of donor lymphocyte infusions were given from 6 months after transplantation to eradicate residual disease. A total of 18 patients entered the study and 15 received RISCT (median follow-up, 31 months). RISCT was well tolerated with rapid engraftment, short inpatient stays, and few readmissions. Viral reactivation was common, although extensive graft-versus-host disease occurred infrequently. Donor lymphocyte infusions were given as part of the RISCT protocol in 13 of 15 patients. BCR-ABL transcripts continued to decrease after RISCT, and 8 (53%) patients achieved sustained undetectable levels. All patients are currently off IM. Although IM is now established as first-line therapy for chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia, this protocol is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective strategy in these patients. This study is registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN86187144.
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14
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Although it is now generally accepted that imatinib is the best initial treatment for patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase, a number of questions remain unanswered. For example, (1) Is imatinib the best initial treatment for every chronic-phase patient? (2) At what dose should imatinib be started? (3) How should response to treatment be monitored? (4) For how long should the drug be continued in patients who have achieved and maintain a complete molecular response? (5) How does one handle a patient who achieves a 2-log but not a 3-log reduction in BCR-ABL transcripts? (6) How should response or failure be defined? (7) For the patient deemed to have failed imatinib, should one offer dasatinib or nilotinib? (8) For the patient who has failed imatinib but has a possible allogeneic transplant donor, should one offer dasatinib or nilotinib before recommending a transplantation? (9) Should the transplantation be myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning? (10) How should one treat the patient who relapses after allografting? This paper will address these issues, many of which cannot yet be answered definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Goldman
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College at Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Impact of postgrafting immunosuppressive regimens on nonrelapse mortality and survival after nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant using the fludarabine and low-dose total-body irradiation 200-cGy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:790-805. [PMID: 17580257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of nonmyeloablative (NM) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has extended the potential curative treatment option of allografting to patients in whom it was previously contraindicated because of advanced age or comorbidity. Acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) and its consequent nonrelapse mortality (NRM), remains the major limitation of NM HCT. In this report, we analyzed the outcome of 67 patients (median age, 45 years) with hematologic diseases receiving NM conditioning with fludarabine 90 mg/m(2) and total body irradiation (TBI) 200-cGy, followed by filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell transplant from HLA identical (n = 61), 5/6 antigen-matched related (n = 1), 6/6 antigen-matched unrelated (n = 3), and 5/6 antigen-matched unrelated (n = 2) donors. The first cohort of 21 patients were given cyclosporine (CSP) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as postgrafting immunosuppression, whereas the subsequent cohort was given additional methotrexate (MTX) and extended duration of CSP/MMF prophylaxis in an attempt to reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Sixty-four (95%) patients engrafted and 3 (5%) had secondary graft failure. Myelosuppression was moderate with neutrophil counts not declining below 500/microL in approximately 25% of patients, and with more than half of the patients not requiring any blood or platelet transfusion. The 2-year cumulative interval (CI) of grade II-IV, grade III-IV acute GVHD and chronic GVHD were 49%, 30%, and 34%, respectively. The 2-year probability of NRM, overall (OS), and progression-free (PFS) survival were 27%, 43%, and 28%, respectively. GVHD-related death accounted for 85% of NRM. Compared with patients receiving CSP/MMF, patients receiving extended duration of CSP/MMF with additional MTX in postgrafting immunosuppression had a significantly lower risk of grade III-IV acute GVHD (CI 20% versus 52%; P = .009) and NRM (CI at 2 years: 11% versus 62%; P < .001), without any significant adverse impact on the risk of relapse (CI at 2 years: 59% versus 33%; P = .174) Subgroup analysis of a cohort of patients given MTX/CSP/MMF showed that patients with "standard risk" diseases (n = 21) had a 3-year OS and PFS of 85% and 65%, respectively. This compares favorably to the 41% (P = .02) and 23% (P = .03) OS and PFS, respectively, in patients with "high-risk" diseases (n = 25). In conclusion, the addition of MTX onto the current postgrafting immunosuppression regimen with extended CSP/MMF prophylaxis duration provides more effective protection against severe GVHD, and is associated with more favorable outcome in patients receiving NM fludarabine/TBI conditioning than in patients receiving fludarabine/TBI conditioning with CSP and MMF without MTX.
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Yong ASM, Rezvani K, Savani BN, Eniafe R, Mielke S, Goldman JM, Barrett AJ. High PR3 or ELA2 expression by CD34+ cells in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with improved outcome following allogeneic stem cell transplantation and may improve PR1 peptide-driven graft-versus-leukemia effects. Blood 2007; 110:770-5. [PMID: 17412886 PMCID: PMC1924474 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary granule proteins elastase (ELA2) and proteinase 3 (PR3) both contain the nonapeptide PR1, which can induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. To investigate whether eradication of CML after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) was influenced by PR3 and ELA2 gene expression or PR1-specific CTL responses, we studied cells from 87 CML patients and 27 HLA-A*0201(+) donors collected prior to T-cell-depleted HLA-identical sibling SCT. For patients in advanced phase (AdP), a higher expression of both PR3 and ELA2 in CD34(+) progenitors before SCT was associated with a lower incidence of relapse-related death, improved leukemia-free survival (LFS), and overall survival (OS); in chronic phase patients, no differences were observed. PR1-CTL responses were detected in 7 of 27 HLA-identical sibling donors, and associated with improved LFS and OS after SCT on follow-up. PR1-CTL responses detected in 7 of 28 CML patients before transplantation were not predictive of outcome and correlated inversely with PR3 and ELA2 expression. These findings suggest that assessment of PR3 and ELA2 expression in leukemic progenitors is useful for predicting posttransplantation outcome in AdP patients undergoing SCT. The presence of a donor immune response against PR1 may be advantageous and could be exploited therapeutically.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/physiology
- Female
- Graft vs Leukemia Effect/physiology
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Male
- Peptide Hydrolases/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Retrospective Studies
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Stem Cell Transplantation/mortality
- Transplantation Conditioning
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S M Yong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1202, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
The recognition that the immune system can play a major role in the control and cure of transplantable disorders led to the development of reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation. The notion is that a compromise can be made between the intensity of conditioning and the fostering of graft-versus-host disease/ graft-versus-leukemia (GVHD/GVL), allowing the use of less intense conditioning with concomitantly less intense immediate toxicity. Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens have allowed the application of transplantation to older patients and to patients with underlying medical problems that preclude full-dose transplantation. Clearly, in some settings in which dose intensity is important, reduced-intensity regimens are less useful. However, for diseases that are either indolent, highly susceptible to GVL, or under good control before entering transplantation, this approach appears to have substantial benefits. Although the therapy appears to be valuable, concerns about delayed immune reconstitution and GVHD remain.
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Ruiz-Argüelles GJ, Gómez-Almaguer D, Ruiz-Delgado GJ, Tarin-Arzaga LDC. Transient mixed chimerism after stem cell transplantation can induce durable molecular complete remissions in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:2590-2. [PMID: 17169803 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600942496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three patients with BCR/ABL+ chronic myelogenous leukemia were allografted, two with unrelated compatible placental blood and one from a human leukocyte antigen compatible sibling. The patients engrafted successfully, achieved mixed chimerism and all cleared the BCR/ABL fusion transcript. Despíte the fact that the three patients lost the chimerism, they have remained in complete molecular remissions 9 months, 16 months and 5 years, respectively, after the allografts. It is possible that the transient induction of a graft-vs.-leukemia effect was able to control the malignancy despite the fact that the three patients lost the graft; however, other possible explanations are discussed. A longer follow-up of the patients is mandatory to further clarify these observations.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chimerism
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Male
- Remission Induction
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Transplantation Chimera/genetics
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Krejci M, Mayer J, Doubek M, Brychtova Y, Pospisil Z, Racil Z, Dvorakova D, Lengerova M, Horky O, Koristek Z, Dolezal T, Vorlicek J. Clinical outcomes and direct hospital costs of reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38:483-91. [PMID: 16980996 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation was given to 19 patients (aged 15-59 years) in the first chronic phase and one patient in the accelerated phase with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after a regimen consisting of fludarabine (Flu), busulfan (Bu) and ATG Fresenius. The median follow-up was 27 months. Until day +100, no transplant-related mortality was recorded. The incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) was 55 and 75%, respectively. Two patients (10%) died from GvHD. Fourteen (70%) patients achieved molecular remission. Additional post-transplant intervention (donor lymphocyte infusion, imatinib) was necessary, however, in 10 patients (50% of the patients; non-achievement of stable molecular remission or later relapses). The total direct cost of the transplantation treatment for all of the patients came to 1,572,880 euro. If the patients had been treated with imatinib and followed-up with the same time period as they were following a transplantation, the direct cost of the imatinib treatment would have been 2,005,117 euro. The transplantation treatment appears to be less expensive after approximately 2 years of follow-up. Flu+Bu+ATG is a low-toxicity regimen for patients with CML. However, a close follow-up is necessary and about 50% of the patients require further therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krejci
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematooncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Grigg A, Hughes T. Role of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in the Imatinib Era. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:795-807. [PMID: 16864049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to superior survival in the short to medium term, the first-generation ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate has generally supplanted all other therapies as the initial treatment of choice in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. The role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has shifted from a preferred first-line therapy to a possible second- or third-line therapy. However, despite generally excellent responses to imatinib, some patients respond poorly or lose response, and the risk-benefit equation in these cases may rapidly shift in favor of the alloSCT option. These patients need to be identified as soon as possible so that the alloSCT option can be applied while they are still in controlled chronic phase. Monitoring of imatinib response in patients who have suitable donors and are potentially eligible for alloSCT needs to be frequent, sensitive, and accurate. Clear criteria for switching from imatinib therapy to the alloSCT option should be established for each patient according to the specific risk profile of the transplant. The potential efficacy and safety of clinical trials combining reduced intensity alloSCT with ABL kinase inhibitor therapy warrants further consideration.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Benzamides
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/history
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Piperazines/history
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/history
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/history
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grigg
- Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Barrett AJ, Savani BN. Stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning regimens: a review of ten years experience with new transplant concepts and new therapeutic agents. Leukemia 2006; 20:1661-72. [PMID: 16871277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The realization in the 1990s that allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCT) have a potentially curative graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect in addition to the antileukemic action of myeloablative conditioning regimens was a major stimulus for the development of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens, aimed primarily at securing engraftment to provide the GVL effect, while minimizing regimen-related toxicity. It is now over 10 years since RIC regimens were heralded as a new direction in the field of SCT. Over the last decade much has been learned about the ways in which the conditioning regimen can be tailored to provide adequate immunosuppression, and modulated to deliver a chosen degree of antimalignant treatment. The huge literature of clinical data with RIC transplantation now permits us to more clearly define the success and limitations of the approach. This review examines the origins of RIC SCT, explores the degree to which the initial expectations and purpose of the approach have been realized, and outlines some ways forward for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892-1202, USA.
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23
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Mauro MJ, Maziarz RT. Stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: when should it be used? Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:404-16. [PMID: 16529146 DOI: 10.4065/81.3.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been a cornerstone of therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) for more than 15 years and is still a standard treatment option for patients with CML. The advent of imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of the molecular defect driving CML, the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, has rewritten treatment algorithms for this disease and has shifted focus away from allografting. Despite advances in stem cell transplantation, such as broader availability with the use of modified conditioning regimens, use of allografting has diminished. Also, the nearly universal patient exposure to imatinib or other kinase inhibitors before transplantation may affect the biology of the disease that is currently being treated with an allograft and ultimately may affect outcomes. Exceedingly high rates of meaningful and stable response with longer follow-up continue to drive enthusiasm for imatinib use, and understanding of resistance mechanisms has driven rapid investigation of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors to address imatinib failure and suboptimal response. In most patients, imatinib reduces CML to a minimal residual disease state in which options to further deepen remission, such as immunotherapy, are sought; monitoring techniques and interpretation of response advance in parallel to meet demands; and uncertainty remains as a new natural history of CML is defined in an era of kinase inhibitor therapy. This review summarizes the state of transplant and nontransplant therapy for CML and discusses the decision making for patients with an aim to optimize the use of our best therapies for CML in an era of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mauro
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN73C, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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24
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Nakamura R, Chakrabarti S, Akin C, Robyn J, Bahceci E, Greene A, Childs R, Dunbar CE, Metcalfe DD, Barrett AJ. A pilot study of nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for advanced systemic mastocytosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37:353-8. [PMID: 16400343 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease characterized by tissue infiltration of neoplastic mast cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells. Patients with advanced SM have a poor prognosis, and there is no mast cell ablative therapy available for most patients who carry an activating point mutation in the c-kit gene. We report results of a prospective study evaluating the safety, engraftment, and possibility of inducing a graft-versus-mast cell (GvMC) effect after allogeneic nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from an HLA-identical sibling. Three patients with advanced SM were transplanted. All achieved complete donor T cell chimerism followed by clinical evidence for GvMC effect. However, all patients experienced disease progression with the longest response duration of 39 months. The GvMC effect can be observed after nonmyeloablative HCT with limited efficacy. Effective cytoreductive therapy prior to HCT may be required for long-term disease control and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nakamura
- Stem Cell Allogeneic Transplant Unit, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Apperley JF. Managing the Patient with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Through and After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Hematology 2006:226-32. [PMID: 17124065 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2006.1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although the only curative therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia remains allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), early to mid-term results of imatinib in newly diagnosed patients are sufficiently impressive to have displaced allo-SCT to second- or third-line treatment. Patients now arrive at a decision for transplantation in a variety of disease situations: failing to achieve certain hematological, cytogenetic and molecular milestones by some pre-determined timepoint, having lost a previous best response or by progression to advanced phase. The decision, therefore, is not simply whether to transplant or not, but also how to transplant. Evolving transplant technology requires that the individual circumstances of each patient should be considered when recommending the procedure. Attempts to improve the safety of transplant are generally associated with a reduction in long-term disease control and patient monitoring, and management is life-long. The treatment of recurrent disease is no longer straightforward, with the choices being donor lymphocytes or tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone or in combination. This section will review the evidence supporting some of these decisions and highlight current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Apperley
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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26
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Kassim AA, Chinratanalab W, Ferrara JLM, Mineishi S. Reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemias: ‘what is the best recipe?’. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36:565-74. [PMID: 15995714 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) has been shown to be a safe and useful alternative transplant method for patients including elderly and medically unfit patients. RIST conditioning regimens vary widely in the intensity of myeloablation, immunoablation, and antileukemia effects, and thus optimal regimen for each disease entity is yet to be determined. Most reports on RIST to date are small, single-institution experiences or retrospective studies with heterogeneous patient populations and primary diseases, complicating any direct comparison between studies. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), moderate-intensity regimens may be effective, achieving 30-70% 1-year disease-free survival in various series, but minimal-intensity regimens are associated with high relapse rates. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), not even moderate-intensity regimens are effective and most patients with advanced ALL relapse post transplant. Thus, the risk/benefit ratios of graft-versus-host disease/graft-versus-leukemia effect differ among diseases. Larger, prospective, multi-center clinical trials are needed to determine the best use of RIST in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kassim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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27
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Kallianpur AR. Genomic screening and complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: has the time come? Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:1-16. [PMID: 15489868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of toxic complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is highly variable and dependent on a multitude of host, donor, and treatment factors. The increasingly broad indications for HSCT and the need to provide this treatment option to older and/or more debilitated patients emphasizes the importance of refining our methods of predicting and ameliorating these toxicities. Late complications (occurring after day 100) also pose a threat to quality of life after HSCT. Genetic polymorphisms in key molecular pathways in the host are likely to contribute significantly to the observed variability in the development HSCT-associated complications. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease and acute lung injury, two of the most serious organ toxicities that occur, represent useful paradigms for the identification of genetic polymorphisms in enzyme systems that modulate local and systemic responses to oxidant stress during transplant conditioning therapy. Ongoing studies in this area are providing clues to the prevention of adverse clinical outcomes based on the genetic milieu. This review of studies in HSCT that explore genetic risk factors for transplant complications indicates that significant progress is being made in this rapidly evolving area. However, further large-scale clinical and translational studies are needed before genomic screening can be widely used to individualize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kallianpur
- Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and TN Valley Health Services VA Medical Center, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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28
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Baron F, Maris MB, Storer BE, Sandmaier BM, Stuart MJ, McSweeney PA, Radich JP, Pulsipher MA, Agura ED, Chauncey TR, Maloney DG, Shizuru JA, Storb R. HLA-matched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:272-9. [PMID: 15812392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.12.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated 10/10 HLA antigen-matched unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine 3 x 30 mg/m2 and 2 Gy of total body irradiation as treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who were ineligible for conventional HCT. Data from 21 consecutive patients in first chronic phase (CP1; n = 12), accelerated phase (AP; n = 5), second CP (CP2; n = 3), and blast crisis (n = 1) were analyzed. Stem cell sources were bone marrow (n = 4) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMCs; n = 17). The patient who underwent transplantation in blast crisis died on day 21 (too early to be evaluated for engraftment) from progressive disease. Sustained engraftment was achieved in 5 of 12 patients who underwent transplantation in CP1, 4 of 5 patients who underwent transplantation in AP, and 2 of 3 patients who underwent transplantation in CP2, whereas 9 patients rejected their grafts between 28 and 400 days after HCT. Specifically, 1 of 4 marrow recipients and 10 of 17 G-PBMC recipients achieved sustained engraftment. Graft rejections were nonfatal in all cases and were followed by autologous reconstitution with persistence or recurrence of chronic myeloid leukemia. Seven of 11 patients with sustained engraftment--including all 5 patients in CP1, 2 of 4 patients in AP, and neither of the 2 patients in CP2--were alive in complete cytogenetic remissions 118 to 1205 days (median, 867 days) after HCT. Two of the remaining 4 patients died of nonrelapse causes in complete (n = 1) or major (n = 1) cytogenetic remissions, and 2 died of progressive disease. Further efforts are directed at reducing the risk of graft rejection by exclusive use of G-PBMC and increasing the degree of pretransplantation immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Baron
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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29
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Kerbauy FR, Storb R, Hegenbart U, Gooley T, Shizuru J, Al-Ali HK, Radich JP, Maloney DG, Agura E, Bruno B, Epner EM, Chauncey TR, Blume KG, Niederwieser D, Sandmaier BM. Hematopoietic cell transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors after low-dose radiation-based conditioning for treatment of CML. Leukemia 2005; 19:990-7. [PMID: 15800667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A total of 24 patients (median age 58; range, 27-71 years) with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first chronic (CP1) (n=14), second chronic (n=4), or accelerated phase (n=6) who were not candidates for conventional hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), received nonmyeloablative HCT from HLA-matched siblings a median of 28.5 (range, 11-271) months after diagnosis. They were conditioned with 2 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) alone (n=8) or combined with fludarabine, 90 mg/m(2) (n=16). Postgrafting immunosuppression included cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. All patients initially engrafted. However, 4 of 8 patients not given fludarabine experienced nonfatal rejection while all others had sustained engraftment. With a median follow-up of 36 (range, 4-49) months, 13 of 24 patients (54%) were alive and in complete remission. There were five (21%) deaths from nonrelapse mortality, one (4%) during the first 100 days after transplant. The proportions of grade II, III, and IV acute GVHD were 38, 4, and 8%, respectively. The 2-year estimate of chronic GVHD was 32%. The 2-year survival estimates for patients in CP1 (n=14) and beyond CP1 (n=10) were 70 and 56%, respectively. This study shows encouraging remission rates for patients with CML not eligible for conventional allografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Kerbauy
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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30
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Burroughs L, Storb R. Low-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myeloid malignancies: separating graft-versus-leukemia effects from graft-versus-host disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2005; 12:45-54. [PMID: 15604891 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000148762.05110.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past several years, significant advances in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), specifically the development of nonablative and reduced-intensity conditioning regimens, have enabled the extension of transplantation to include older or medically infirm patients with myeloid malignancies. The regimens rely largely on graft-versus-leukemia effects rather than high-dose therapy to eliminate malignant cells. Studies have demonstrated that the regimens allow sustained engraftment with relatively low transplant-related mortality. However, conclusions regarding the ultimate efficacy of these regimens for myeloid malignancies have been limited, given the small numbers of patients who have had transplants so far. This review summarizes recent studies of nonablative or reduced-intensity regimens for patients with myeloid malignancies (acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative disorders). In addition, this review evaluates what is currently known regarding the association of graft-versus-leukemia responses and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). When possible, graft-versus-leukemia responses are highlighted in the articles discussed. RECENT FINDINGS This review covers six articles and four abstracts that have been published since September 2003 on patients with myeloid malignancies who received HCT following nonmyeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning. Due to the heterogeneity of the conditioning and GVHD prophylaxis regimens, direct comparisons between studies are difficult. However, these studies have demonstrated encouraging overall survivals (30 to 74%), disease-free/event-free or progression-free survivals (19 to 62%), and nonrelapse mortalities (15 to 55%). In addition, these studies demonstrated evidence for graft-versus-leukemia responses. However, relapse and progressive disease continued to be problems, particularly in patients with large tumor burdens at time of HCT. SUMMARY Over the past 10 years, significant advances have been made in the field of transplantation. Nonmyeloablative and reduced-intensity HCT have promised patients with hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies potential cures. However, disease relapse and nonrelapse mortality, mainly from GVHD and its therapy, continue to be problems. Future studies are needed to increase our understanding of GVHD and graft-versus-leukemia responses, which will greatly improve outcome. In addition, a better understanding of minor histocompatibility antigens may lead to more targeted immunotherapy and enhance the precision and success of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Burroughs
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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31
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Recent publications in hematological oncology. Hematol Oncol 2004; 22:73-84. [PMID: 15515243 DOI: 10.1002/hon.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Weisser M, Schleuning M, Ledderose G, Rolf B, Schnittger S, Schoch C, Schwerdtfeger R, Kolb HJ. Reduced-intensity conditioning using TBI (8 Gy), fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and ATG in elderly CML patients provides excellent results especially when performed in the early course of the disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 34:1083-8. [PMID: 15489879 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation is a curative therapeutic option for chronic myelogenous leukemia. In order to decrease the toxicity of the procedure, the dosage of total body irradiation was reduced from 12 to 8 Gy and subsequently the dose of cyclophosphamide from 120 to 80 mg/kg. The purine analogue fludarabine, ATG, cyclosporine A and a short course of methotrexate were given for immune suppression. So far, 35 elderly CML patients with sibling and unrelated donors have been transplanted. Transplant-related mortality at day + 100 was 11%. After engraftment, all patients achieved a complete cytogenetic remission. Relapse occurred in 14% of the patients. The risk of relapse was significantly higher in those patients transplanted in second chronic or accelerated phase (P = 0.048). After a median follow-up of 30 months (range 12-62), 63% of the patients are alive. Those patients transplanted within the first year from diagnosis had an overall survival of 79% (P = 0.049), emphasizing the benefit of early transplantation. Stepwise reduction of conditioning intensity resulted in stable engraftment, low relapse rates and encouraging overall survival in this high-risk patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weisser
- Clinical Cooperative Group for Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine III, University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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