1
|
Tseng YH, Lin HP, Lin SY, Chen BM, Vo TNN, Yang SH, Lin YC, Prijovic Z, Czosseck A, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Engineering stable and non-immunogenic immunoenzymes for cancer therapy via in situ generated prodrugs. J Control Release 2024; 369:179-198. [PMID: 38368947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Engineering human enzymes for therapeutic applications is attractive but introducing new amino acids may adversely affect enzyme stability and immunogenicity. Here we used a mammalian membrane-tethered screening system (ECSTASY) to evolve human lysosomal beta-glucuronidase (hBG) to hydrolyze a glucuronide metabolite (SN-38G) of the anticancer drug irinotecan (CPT-11). Three human beta-glucuronidase variants (hBG3, hBG10 and hBG19) with 3, 10 and 19 amino acid substitutions were identified that display up to 40-fold enhanced enzymatic activity, higher stability than E. coli beta-glucuronidase in human serum, and similar pharmacokinetics in mice as wild-type hBG. The hBG variants were two to three orders of magnitude less immunogenic than E. coli beta-glucuronidase in hBG transgenic mice. Intravenous administration of an immunoenzyme (hcc49-hBG10) targeting a sialyl-Tn tumor-associated antigen to mice bearing human colon xenografts significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of CPT-11 as measured by tumor suppression and mouse survival. Our results suggest that genetically-modified human enzymes represent a good alternative to microbially-derived enzymes for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zeljko Prijovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | - Andreas Czosseck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Xu K, Liu H, Zhang W, Hu C, Li Y. Design, synthesis of auristatins-glucuronide conjugates targeting the β-glucuronidase in tumor microenvironment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 95:129493. [PMID: 37793497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Auristatins-glucuronide conjugates designed targeting the β-Glucuronidase in tumor microenvironment were synthesized and evaluated on stabilities, the release of auristatins and the antitumor activities in this study. Conjugates 20 and 21 showed remarkable stabilities in phosphate buffer and bovine serum solution, and excellent selectivity between the in vitro antiproliferative activities against β-glucuronidase pretreated and untreated cancer cells (IC50 = 5.7 nM ∼ 9.7 nM, IC50 (-Enz) > 1 μM). Furthermore, conjugate 20 showed potent antitumor efficacy in HCT-116 xenograft mouse model without inducing side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Keshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yingxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burnouf PA, Roffler SR, Wu CC, Su YC. Glucuronides: From biological waste to bio-nanomedical applications. J Control Release 2022; 349:765-782. [PMID: 35907593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long considered as no more than biological waste meant to be eliminated in urine, glucuronides have recently contributed to tremendous developments in the biomedical field, particularly against cancer. While glucuronide prodrugs monotherapy and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy have been around for some time, new facets have emerged that combine the unique properties of glucuronides notably in the fields of antibody-drug conjugates and nanomedicine. In both cases, glucuronides are utilized as a vector to improve pharmacokinetics and confer localized activation of potent drugs at tumor sites while also decreasing systemic toxicity. Here we will discuss some of the most promising strategies using glucuronides to promote successful anti-tumor therapeutic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng Y, Shi Z, Liang Y, Ding K, Wang Y. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by an enzyme-responsive prodrug of tubulin destabilizer for triple-negative breast cancer therapy with high safety. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114344. [PMID: 35405397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In response to the long-term potential toxicity concerns of tubulin destabilizer, an enzyme-responsive prodrug therapy for triple-negative breast cancer was developed based on the different β-glucuronidase levels between tumor and normal tissues in this study. All the prodrugs synthesized herein showed remarkable stability in phosphate buffer and bovine serum solution, among which 17a was found to be more susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. 17a exhibited excellent selectivity between the in vitro antiproliferative activities against β-glucuronidase-pretreated and -untreated cancer cells (IC50 (+Enz) = 8.9-15.7 nM, IC50 (-Enz) > 50 μM), along with favorable liver microsomal metabolic stability and improved aqueous solubility. Furthermore, as a candidate prodrug 17a showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model without causing perceptible injury to organs. Importantly, 17a exhibited superior safety profiles with higher LD50 value and no perceivable cardiotoxicity, which was a major dose-limiting adverse effect for the parent compound 1. These salient toxicity-reduced effects of 17a would merit further in-depth assessment of this compound for preclinical therapeutic usages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhixian Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuru Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gardner TJ, Lee JP, Bourne CM, Wijewarnasuriya D, Kinarivala N, Kurtz KG, Corless BC, Dacek MM, Chang AY, Mo G, Nguyen KM, Brentjens RJ, Tan DS, Scheinberg DA. Engineering CAR-T cells to activate small-molecule drugs in situ. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:216-225. [PMID: 34969970 PMCID: PMC9152922 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells represent a major breakthrough in cancer therapy, wherein a patient's own T cells are engineered to recognize a tumor antigen, resulting in activation of a local cytotoxic immune response. However, CAR-T cell therapies are currently limited to the treatment of B cell cancers and their effectiveness is hindered by resistance from antigen-negative tumor cells, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, eventual exhaustion of T cell immunologic functions and frequent severe toxicities. To overcome these problems, we have developed a novel class of CAR-T cells engineered to express an enzyme that activates a systemically administered small-molecule prodrug in situ at a tumor site. We show that these synthetic enzyme-armed killer (SEAKER) cells exhibit enhanced anticancer activity with small-molecule prodrugs, both in vitro and in vivo in mouse tumor models. This modular platform enables combined targeting of cellular and small-molecule therapies to treat cancers and potentially a variety of other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Peter Lee
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology
| | - Christopher M. Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Immunology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and
| | - Dinali Wijewarnasuriya
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Keifer G. Kurtz
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Broderick C. Corless
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Megan M. Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Aaron Y. Chang
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - George Mo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
| | | | - Renier J. Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Derek S. Tan
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences,,Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA, Corresponding authors. ,
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology,,Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences,, Corresponding authors. ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kunihiro AG, Luis PB, Brickey JA, Frye JB, Chow HHS, Schneider C, Funk JL. Beta-Glucuronidase Catalyzes Deconjugation and Activation of Curcumin-Glucuronide in Bone. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:500-509. [PMID: 30794412 PMCID: PMC6528680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biological basis for documented in vivo bone-protective effects of turmeric-derived curcumin is unclear since curcumin is barely detectable in serum, being rapidly conjugated to form what is thought to be an inactive glucuronide. Studies were therefore undertaken to test the postulate that antiresorptive effects of curcumin require deconjugation within bone to form the bioactive aglycone and that β-glucuronidase (GUSB), a deconjugating enzyme expressed by hematopoietic marrow cells, facilitates this site-specific transformation. Consistent with this postulate, aglycone, but not glucuronidated, curcumin inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, a key curcumin target in bone. Aglycone curcumin, expressed relative to total curcumin, was higher in bone marrow than in serum of curcumin-treated C57BL/6J mice, while remaining a minor component. Ex vivo, under conditions preventing further metabolism of the unstable aglycone, the majority of curcumin-glucuronide delivered to marrow in vivo was hydrolyzed to the aglycone, a process that was inhibited by treatment with saccharolactone, a GUSB inhibitor, or in mice having reduced (C3H/HeJ) or absent (mps/mps) GUSB activity. These findings suggest that curcumin, despite low systemic bioavailability, may be enzymatically activated (deconjugated) within GUSB-enriched bone to exert protective effects, a metabolic process that could also contribute to bone-protective effects of other highly glucuronidated dietary polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Julia A Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jen B Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - H-H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al-Aghbar MA, Chu YS, Chen BM, Roffler SR. High-Affinity Ligands Can Trigger T Cell Receptor Signaling Without CD45 Segregation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 29686683 PMCID: PMC5900011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How T cell receptors (TCRs) are triggered to start signaling is still not fully understood. It has been proposed that segregation of the large membrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from engaged TCRs initiates signaling by favoring phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 molecules. However, whether CD45 segregation is important to initiate triggering is still uncertain. We examined CD45 segregation from TCRs engaged to anti-CD3 scFv with high or low affinity and with defined molecular lengths on glass-supported lipid bilayers using total internal reflection microscopy. Both short and elongated high-affinity anti-CD3 scFv effectively induced similar calcium mobilization, Zap70 phosphorylation, and cytokine secretion in Jurkat T cells but CD45 segregated from activated TCR microclusters significantly less for elongated versus short anti-CD3 ligands. In addition, at early times, triggering cells with both high and low affinity elongated anti-CD3 scFv resulted in similar degrees of CD3 co-localization with CD45, but only the high-affinity scFv induced T cell activation. The lack of correlation between CD45 segregation and early markers of T cell activation suggests that segregation of CD45 from engaged TCRs is not mandatory for initial triggering of TCR signaling by elongated high-affinity ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukkavilli R, Yang C, Tanwar RS, Saxena R, Gundala SR, Zhang Y, Ghareeb A, Floyd SD, Vangala S, Kuo WW, Rida PCG, Aneja R. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations in the development of ginger extract as an anticancer agent. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3056. [PMID: 29445099 PMCID: PMC5813242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer efficacy of ginger phenolics (GPs) has been demonstrated in various in vitro assays and xenograft mouse models. However, only sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations of GPs were detected in human and mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Intriguingly, a significant portion of GPs occurred as phase II metabolites (mainly glucuronide conjugates) in plasma. To evaluate the disposition of GPs and understand the real players responsible for efficacy, we performed a PK and tissue distribution study in mice. Plasma exposure of GPs was similar on day 1 and 7, suggesting no induction or inhibition of clearance pathways. Both free and conjugated GPs accumulated in all tissues including tumors. While non-cytotoxicity of 6-ginerol glucuronide precluded the role of conjugated GPs in cell death, the free forms were cytotoxic against prostate cancer cells. The efficacy of ginger was best explained by the reconversion of conjugated GPs to free forms by β-glucuronidase, which is over-expressed in the tumor tissue. This previously unrecognized two-step process suggests an instantaneous conversion of ingested free GPs into conjugated forms, followed by their subsequent absorption into systemic circulation and reconversion into free forms. This proposed model uncovers the mechanistic underpinnings of ginger's anticancer activity despite sub-therapeutic levels of free GPs in the plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rao Mukkavilli
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | | | - Roopali Saxena
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | - Sushma R Gundala
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | - Ahmed Ghareeb
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | - Stephan D Floyd
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
| | | | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng KW, Tseng CH, Yang CN, Tzeng CC, Cheng TC, Leu YL, Chuang YC, Wang JY, Lu YC, Chen YL, Cheng TL. Specific Inhibition of Bacterial β-Glucuronidase by Pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline Derivatives via a pH-Dependent Manner To Suppress Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Toxicity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9222-9238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance
and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research
Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Cherng-Chyi Tzeng
- Research
Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Center
for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 717, Tainan
| | - Yu-Chung Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute
of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Department
of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Long Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Center
for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental
Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walther R, Rautio J, Zelikin AN. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:65-77. [PMID: 28676386 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are cunning derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetics profile of the drug. Within a prodrug, pharmacological activity of the drug is masked and is recovered within the human body upon bioconversion of the prodrug, a process that is typically mediated by enzymes. This concept is highly successful and a significant fraction of marketed therapeutic formulations is based on prodrugs. An advanced subset of prodrugs can be engineered such as to achieve site-specific bioconversion of the prodrug - to comprise the highly advantageous "enzyme prodrug therapy", EPT. Design of prodrugs for EPT is similar to the prodrugs in general medicinal use in that the pharmacological activity of the drug is masked, but differs significantly in that site-specific bioconversion is a prime consideration, and the enzymes typically used for EPT are non-mammalian and/or with low systemic abundance in the human body. This review focuses on the design of prodrugs for EPT in terms of the choice of an enzyme and the corresponding prodrug for bioconversion. We also discuss the recent success of "self immolative linkers" which significantly empower and diversify the prodrug design, and present methodologies for the design of prodrugs with extended blood residence time. The review aims to be of specific interest for medicinal chemists, biomedical engineers, and pharmaceutical scientists.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen BM, Al-Aghbar MA, Lee CH, Chang TC, Su YC, Li YC, Chang SE, Chen CC, Chung TH, Liao YC, Lee CH, Roffler SR. The Affinity of Elongated Membrane-Tethered Ligands Determines Potency of T Cell Receptor Triggering. Front Immunol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28740495 PMCID: PMC5502409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important mediators of adoptive immunity but the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering remains uncertain. The interspatial distance between engaged T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is believed to be important for topological rearrangement of membrane tyrosine phosphatases and initiation of TCR signaling. We investigated the relationship between ligand topology and affinity by generating a series of artificial APCs that express membrane-tethered anti-CD3 scFv with different affinities (OKT3, BC3, and 2C11) in addition to recombinant class I and II pMHC molecules. The dimensions of membrane-tethered anti-CD3 and pMHC molecules were progressively increased by insertion of different extracellular domains. In agreement with previous studies, elongation of pMHC molecules or low-affinity anti-CD3 scFv caused progressive loss of T cell activation. However, elongation of high-affinity ligands (BC3 and OKT3 scFv) did not abolish TCR phosphorylation and T cell activation. Mutation of key amino acids in OKT3 to reduce binding affinity to CD3 resulted in restoration of topological dependence on T cell activation. Our results show that high-affinity TCR ligands can effectively induce TCR triggering even at large interspatial distances between T cells and APCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qudrat A, Truong K. Modular assembly of synthetic proteins that span the plasma membrane in mammalian cells. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27938351 PMCID: PMC5148844 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve synthetic control over how a cell responds to other cells or the extracellular environment, it is important to reliably engineer proteins that can traffic and span the plasma membrane. Using a modular approach to assemble proteins, we identified the minimum necessary components required to engineer such membrane-spanning proteins with predictable orientation in mammalian cells. Results While a transmembrane domain (TM) fused to the N-terminus of a protein is sufficient to traffic it to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an additional signal peptidase cleavage site downstream of this TM enhanced sorting out of the ER. Next, a second TM in the synthetic protein helped anchor and accumulate the membrane-spanning protein on the plasma membrane. The orientation of the components of the synthetic protein were determined through measuring intracellular Ca2+ signaling using the R-GECO biosensor and through measuring extracellular quenching of yellow fluorescent protein variants by saturating acidic and salt conditions. Conclusions This work forms the basis of engineering novel proteins that span the plasma membrane to potentially control intracellular responses to extracellular conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0320-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Qudrat
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street Room 407, Rosebrugh Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Kevin Truong
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street Room 407, Rosebrugh Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada. .,Edward S. Rogers, Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Chou HC, Huang PT, Chen KC, Cheng TL, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Synthesis and Antitumor Properties of BQC-Glucuronide, a Camptothecin Prodrug for Selective Tumor Activation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan
International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ping-Ting Huang
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty
of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia Nan University, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang WC, Burnouf PA, Su YC, Chen BM, Chuang KH, Lee CW, Wei PK, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. Engineering Chimeric Receptors To Investigate the Size- and Rigidity-Dependent Interaction of PEGylated Nanoparticles with Cells. ACS NANO 2016; 10:648-662. [PMID: 26741147 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of ligands to the surface of nanoparticles (NPs) is an attractive approach to target specific cells and increase intracellular delivery of nanocargos. To expedite investigation of targeted NPs, we engineered human cancer cells to express chimeric receptors that bind polyethylene glycol (PEG) and internalize stealth NPs in a fashion similar to ligand-targeted liposomes against epidermal growth factor receptor 1 or 2 (HER1 or HER2), which are validated targets for cancer therapy. Measurement of the rate of endocytosis and lysosomal accumulation of small (80-94 nm) or large (180-220 nm) flexible liposomes or more rigid lipid-coated mesoporous silica particles in human HT29 colon cancer and SKBR3 breast cancer cells that express chimeric receptors revealed that larger and more rigid NPs were internalized more slowly than smaller and more flexible NPs. An exception is when both the small and large liposomes underwent endocytosis via HER2. HER1 mediated faster and greater uptake of NPs into cells but retained NPs less well as compared to HER2. Lysosomal accumulation of NPs internalized via HER1 was unaffected by NP rigidity but was inversely related to NP size, whereas large rigid NPs internalized by HER2 displayed increased lysosomal accumulation. Our results provide insight into the effects of NP properties on receptor-mediated endocytosis and suggest that anti-PEG chimeric receptors may help accelerate investigation of targeted stealth NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kuen Wei
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Biology, Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hsieh YT, Lin HP, Chen BM, Huang PT, Roffler SR. Effect of Cellular Location of Human Carboxylesterase 2 on CPT-11 Hydrolysis and Anticancer Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141088. [PMID: 26509550 PMCID: PMC4624787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CPT-11 is an anticancer prodrug that is clinically used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Hydrolysis of CPT-11 by human carboxylesterase 2 (CE2) generates SN-38, a topoisomerase I inhibitor that is the active anti-tumor agent. Expression of CE2 in cancer cells is under investigation for the tumor-localized activation of CPT-11. CE2 is normally expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells but can be engineered to direct expression of active enzyme on the plasma membrane or as a secreted form. Although previous studies have investigated different locations of CE2 expression in cancer cells, it remains unclear if CE2 cellular location affects CPT-11 anticancer activity. In the present study, we directly compared the influence of CE2 cellular location on substrate hydrolysis and CPT-11 cytotoxicity. We linked expression of CE2 and enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) via a foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) peptide to facilitate fluorescence-activated cell sorting to achieve similar expression levels of ER-located, secreted or membrane-anchored CE2. Soluble CE2 was detected in the medium of cells that expressed secreted and membrane-anchored CE2, but not in cells that expressed ER-retained CE2. Cancer cells that expressed all three forms of CE2 were more sensitive to CPT-11 as compared to unmodified cancer cells, but the membrane-anchored and ER-retained forms of CE2 were consistently more effective than secreted CE2. We conclude that expression of CE2 in the ER or on the membrane of cancer cells is suitable for enhancing CPT-11 anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ting Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chuang HY, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Roffler SR. Toward reducing immunogenicity of enzyme replacement therapy: altering the specificity of human β-glucuronidase to compensate for α-iduronidase deficiency. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:519-29. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Tung HY, Su YC, Chen BM, Burnouf PA, Huang WC, Chuang KH, Yan YT, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. Selective Delivery of PEGylated Compounds to Tumor Cells by Anti-PEG Hybrid Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1317-26. [PMID: 25852063 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is attached to many peptides, proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticles to reduce their immunogenicity and improve their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. Here, we describe hybrid antibodies that can selectively deliver PEGylated medicines, imaging agents, or nanomedicines to target cells. Human IgG1 hybrid antibodies αPEG:αHER2 and αPEG:αCD19 were shown by ELISA, FACS, and plasmon resonance to bind to both PEG and HER2 receptors on SK-BR-3 breast adenocarcinoma and BT-474 breast ductal carcinoma cells or CD19 receptors on Ramos and Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cells. In addition, αPEG:αHER2 specifically targeted PEGylated proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticles to SK-BR-3 cells that overexpressed HER2, but not to HER2-negative MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Endocytosis of PEGylated nanoparticles into SK-BR-3 cells was induced specifically by the αPEG:αHER2 hybrid antibody, as observed by confocal imaging of the accumulation of Qdots inside SK-BR-3 cells. Treatment of HER2(+) SK-BR-3 and BT-474 cancer cells with αPEG:αHER2 and the clinically used chemotherapeutic agent PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin for 3 hours enhanced the in vitro effectiveness of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin by over two orders of magnitude. Hybrid anti-PEG antibodies offer a versatile and simple method to deliver PEGylated compounds to cellular locations and can potentially enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PEGylated medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Tung
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, MedicoGenomic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hsieh YT, Chen KC, Cheng CM, Cheng TL, Tao MH, Roffler SR. Impediments to enhancement of CPT-11 anticancer activity by E. coli directed beta-glucuronidase therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118028. [PMID: 25688562 PMCID: PMC4331512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CPT-11 is a camptothecin analog used for the clinical treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma. CPT-11 is converted into the therapeutic anti-cancer agent SN-38 by liver enzymes and can be further metabolized to a non-toxic glucuronide SN-38G, resulting in low SN-38 but high SN-38G concentrations in the circulation. We previously demonstrated that adenoviral expression of membrane-anchored beta-glucuronidase could promote conversion of SN-38G to SN-38 in tumors and increase the anticancer activity of CPT-11. Here, we identified impediments to effective tumor therapy with E. coli that were engineered to constitutively express highly active E. coli beta-glucuronidase intracellularly to enhance the anticancer activity of CPT-11. The engineered bacteria, E. coli (lux/βG), could hydrolyze SN-38G to SN-38, increased the sensitivity of cultured tumor cells to SN-38G by about 100 fold and selectively accumulated in tumors. However, E. coli (lux/βG) did not more effectively increase CPT-11 anticancer activity in human tumor xenografts as compared to non-engineered E. coli. SN-38G conversion to SN-38 by E. coli (lux/βG) appeared to be limited by slow uptake into bacteria as well as by segregation of E. coli in necrotic regions of tumors that may be relatively inaccessible to systemically-administered drug molecules. Studies using a fluorescent glucuronide probe showed that significantly greater glucuronide hydrolysis could be achieved in mice pretreated with E. coli (lux/βG) by direct intratumoral injection of the glucuronide probe or by intratumoral lysis of bacteria to release intracellular beta-glucuronidase. Our study suggests that the distribution of beta-glucuronidase, and possibly other therapeutic proteins, in the tumor microenvironment might be an important barrier for effective bacterial-based tumor therapy. Expression of secreted therapeutic proteins or induction of therapeutic protein release from bacteria might therefore be a promising strategy to enhance anti-tumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su YC, Cheng TC, Leu YL, Roffler SR, Wang JY, Chuang CH, Kao CH, Chen KC, Wang HE, Cheng TL. PET imaging of β-glucuronidase activity by an activity-based 124I-trapping probe for the personalized glucuronide prodrug targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2852-63. [PMID: 25277385 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucuronidase (βG) is a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prodrug therapy. The ability to image βG activity in patients would assist in personalized glucuronide prodrug cancer therapy. However, whole-body imaging of βG activity for medical usage is not yet available. Here, we developed a radioactive βG activity-based trapping probe for positron emission tomography (PET). We generated a (124)I-tyramine-conjugated difluoromethylphenol beta-glucuronide probe (TrapG) to form (124)I-TrapG that could be selectively activated by βG for subsequent attachment of (124)I-tyramine to nucleophilic moieties near βG-expressing sites. We estimated the specificity of a fluorescent FITC-TrapG, the cytotoxicity of tyramine-TrapG, and the serum half-life of (124)I-TrapG. βG targeting of (124)I-TrapG in vivo was examined by micro-PET. The biodistribution of (131)I-TrapG was investigated in different organs. Finally, we imaged the endogenous βG activity and assessed its correlation with therapeutic efficacy of 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) prodrug in native tumors. FITC-TrapG showed specific trapping at βG-expressing CT26 (CT26/mβG) cells but not in CT26 cells. The native TrapG probe possessed low cytotoxicity. (124)I-TrapG preferentially accumulated in CT26/mβG but not CT26 cells. Meanwhile, micro-PET and whole-body autoradiography results demonstrated that (124)I-TrapG signals in CT26/mβG tumors were 141.4-fold greater than in CT26 tumors. Importantly, Colo205 xenografts in nude mice that express elevated endogenous βG can be monitored by using infrared glucuronide trapping probes (NIR-TrapG) and suppressed by 9ACG prodrug treatment. (124)I-TrapG exhibited low cytotoxicity allowing long-term monitoring of βG activity in vivo to aid in the optimization of prodrug targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Su YC, Al-Qaisi TS, Tung HY, Cheng TL, Chuang KH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Mimicking the germinal center reaction in hybridoma cells to isolate temperature-selective anti-PEG antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1069-83. [PMID: 24874693 PMCID: PMC4171010 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of antibody class and binding properties typically requires cloning of antibody genes, antibody library construction, phage or yeast display and recombinant antibody expression. Here, we describe an alternative “cloning-free” approach to generate antibodies with altered antigen-binding and heavy chain isotype by mimicking the germinal center reaction in antibody-secreting hybridoma cells. This was accomplished by lentiviral transduction and controllable expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to generate somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in antibody genes coupled with high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of hybridoma cells to detect altered antibody binding properties. Starting from a single established hybridoma clone, we isolated mutated antibodies that bind to a low-temperature structure of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polymer widely used in nanotechnology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. FACS of AID-infected hybridoma cells also facilitated rapid identification of class switched variants of monoclonal IgM to monoclonal IgG. Mimicking the germinal center reaction in hybridoma cells may offer a general method to identify and isolate antibodies with altered binding properties and class-switched heavy chains without the need to carry out DNA library construction, antibody engineering and recombinant protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Su
- Program in Molecular Medicine; National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Talal S Al-Qaisi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Tung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology; MedicoGenomic Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy; Taipei Medical University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tranoy-Opalinski I, Legigan T, Barat R, Clarhaut J, Thomas M, Renoux B, Papot S. β-Glucuronidase-responsive prodrugs for selective cancer chemotherapy: an update. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:302-13. [PMID: 24480360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The design of novel antitumor agents allowing the destruction of malignant cells while sparing healthy tissues is one of the major challenges in medicinal chemistry. In this context, the use of non-toxic prodrugs programmed to be selectively activated by beta-glucuronidase present at high concentration in the microenvironment of most solid tumors has attracted considerable attention. This review summarizes the major progresses that have been realized in this field over the past ten years. This includes the new prodrugs that have been designed to target a wide variety of anticancer drugs, the prodrugs employed in the course of a combined therapy, the dendritic glucuronide prodrugs and the concept of β-glucuronidase-responsive albumin binding prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tranoy-Opalinski
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Thibaut Legigan
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Romain Barat
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Clarhaut
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC 0802, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Mikaël Thomas
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Brigitte Renoux
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés", 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin YC, Chen BM, Lu WC, Su CI, Prijovich ZM, Chung WC, Wu PY, Chen KC, Lee IC, Juan TY, Roffler SR. The B7-1 cytoplasmic tail enhances intracellular transport and mammalian cell surface display of chimeric proteins in the absence of a linear ER export motif. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75084. [PMID: 24073236 PMCID: PMC3779271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-tethered proteins (mammalian surface display) are increasingly being used for novel therapeutic and biotechnology applications. Maximizing surface expression of chimeric proteins on mammalian cells is important for these applications. We show that the cytoplasmic domain from the B7-1 antigen, a commonly used element for mammalian surface display, can enhance the intracellular transport and surface display of chimeric proteins in a Sar1 and Rab1 dependent fashion. However, mutational, alanine scanning and deletion analysis demonstrate the absence of linear ER export motifs in the B7 cytoplasmic domain. Rather, efficient intracellular transport correlated with the presence of predicted secondary structure in the cytoplasmic tail. Examination of the cytoplasmic domains of 984 human and 782 mouse type I transmembrane proteins revealed that many previously identified ER export motifs are rarely found in the cytoplasmic tail of type I transmembrane proteins. Our results suggest that efficient intracellular transport of B7 chimeric proteins is associated with the structure rather than to the presence of a linear ER export motif in the cytoplasmic tail, and indicate that short (less than ~ 10-20 amino acids) and unstructured cytoplasmic tails should be avoided to express high levels of chimeric proteins on mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-I Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Chuan Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chiao Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Juan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ediz M, Avcıbaşı U, Ünak P, Müftüler FZB, Medine Eİ, Yurt Kılçar A, Demiroğlu H, Gümüşer FG, Sakarya S. Investigation of Therapeutic Efficiency of Bleomycin and Bleomycin-Glucuronide Labeled with 131I on the Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:310-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Ediz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Uğur Avcıbaşı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ünak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Emin İlker Medine
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yurt Kılçar
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demiroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Gül Gümüşer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sakarya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
- Adnan Menderes University, ADUBILTEM Science and Technology Research and Development Center, Aydin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Expression of β-glucuronidase on the surface of bacteria enhances activation of glucuronide prodrugs. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:276-81. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
25
|
Chen KC, Schmuck K, Tietze LF, Roffler SR. Selective cancer therapy by extracellular activation of a highly potent glycosidic duocarmycin analogue. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1773-82. [PMID: 23448264 DOI: 10.1021/mp300581u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is limited by systemic toxicity and poor selectivity. Tumor-selective activation of glucuronide prodrugs by beta-glucuronidase in the tumor microenvironment in a monotherapeutic approach is one promising way to increase cancer selectivity. Here we examined the cellular requirement for enzymatic activation as well as the in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of a glucuronide prodrug of a potent duocarmycin analogue that is active at low picomolar concentrations. Prodrug activation by intracellular and extracellular beta-glucuronidase was investigated by measuring prodrug 2 cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines that displayed different endogenous levels of beta-glucuronidase, as well as against beta-glucuronidase-deficient fibroblasts and newly established beta-glucuronidase knockdown cancer lines. In all cases, glucuronide prodrug 2 was 1000-5000 times less cytotoxic than the parent duocarmycin analogue regardless of intracellular levels of beta-glucuronidase. By contrast, cancer cells that displayed tethered beta-glucuronidase on their plasma membrane were 80-fold more sensitive to glucuronide prodrug 2, demonstrating that prodrug activation depended primarily on extracellular rather than intracellular beta-glucuronidase activity. Glucuronide prodrug 2 (2.5 mg/kg) displayed greater antitumor activity and less systemic toxicity in vivo than the clinically used drug carboplatin (50 mg/kg) to mice bearing human lung cancer xenografts. Intratumoral injection of an adenoviral vector expressing membrane-tethered beta-glucuronidase dramatically enhanced the in vivo antitumor activity of prodrug 2. Our data provide evidence that increasing extracellular beta-glucuronidase activity in the tumor microenvironment can boost the therapeutic index of a highly potent glucuronide prodrug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In this report, we detail Substrate Mediated Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (SMEPT) as a novel approach in drug delivery which relies on enzyme-functionalized cell culture substrates to achieve a localized conversion of benign prodrug(s) into active therapeutics with subsequent delivery to adhering cells or adjacent tissues. For proof-of-concept SMEPT, we use surface adhered micro-structured physical hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), β-glucuronidase enzyme and glucuronide prodrugs. We demonstrate enzymatic activity mediated by the assembled hydrogel samples and illustrate arms of control over rate of release of model fluorescent cargo. SMEPT was not impaired by adhering cells and afforded facile time - and dose - dependent uptake of the in situ generated fluorescent cargo by hepatic cells, HepG2. With the use of a glucuronide derivative of an anticancer drug, SN-38, SMEPT afforded a decrease in cell viability to a level similar to that achieved using parent drug. Finally, dose response was achieved using SMEPT and administration of judiciously chosen concentration of SN-38 glucuronide prodrug thus revealing external control over drug delivery using drug eluting surface. We believe that this highly adaptable concept will find use in diverse biomedical applications, specifically surface mediated drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen CP, Hsieh YT, Prijovich ZM, Chuang HY, Chen KC, Lu WC, Tseng Q, Leu YL, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. ECSTASY, an adjustable membrane-tethered/soluble protein expression system for the directed evolution of mammalian proteins. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:367-75. [PMID: 22691701 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an adjustable membrane-tethered/soluble protein screening methodology termed ECSTASY (enzyme cleavable surface tethered all-purpose screening system) which combines the power of high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting of membrane-tethered proteins with the flexibility of soluble assays for isolation of improved mammalian recombinant proteins. In this approach, retroviral transduction is employed to stably tether a library of protein variants on the surface of mammalian cells via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor. High-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting is used to array cells expressing properly folded and/or active protein variants on their surface into microtiter culture plates. After culture to expand individual clones, treatment of cells with phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C releases soluble protein variants for multiplex measurement of protein concentration, activity and/or function. We utilized ECSTASY to rapidly generate human β-glucuronidase variants for cancer therapy by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with up to 30-fold greater potency to catalyze the hydrolysis of the clinically relevant camptothecin anti-cancer prodrug as compared with wild-type human β-glucuronidase. A variety of recombinant proteins could be adjustably displayed on fibroblasts, suggesting that ECSTASY represents a general, simple and versatile methodology for high-throughput screening to accelerate sequence activity-based evolution of mammalian proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Pao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koçan F, Avcıbaşı U, Ünak P, Müftüler FZB, İçhedef ÇA, Demiroğlu H, Gümüşer FG. Metabolic Comparison of Radiolabeled Bleomycin and Bleomycin-Glucuronide Labeled with 99mTc. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:573-84. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feray Koçan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ugur Avcıbaşı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ünak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Çigdem A. İçhedef
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demiroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fikriye G. Gümüşer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen KC, Wu SY, Leu YL, Prijovich ZM, Chen BM, Wang HE, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. A Humanized Immunoenzyme with Enhanced Activity for Glucuronide Prodrug Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:938-48. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1005784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Sciences, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan
| | | | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Enhancement of CPT-11 antitumor activity by adenovirus-mediated expression of β-glucuronidase in tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:381-9. [PMID: 21350582 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CPT-11 is a clinically important prodrug that requires conversion into the active metabolite SN-38, a potent topoisomerase I poison, for antitumor activity. However, SN-38 is rapidly metabolized to the inactive SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) in the liver, which reduces the amount of SN-38 available for killing cancer cells. Here, we investigated if local expression of β-glucuronidase (βG) on cancer cells to catalytically convert SN38G to SN38 could enhance the antitumor activity of CPT-11. βG was tethered on the plasma membrane of three different human cancer cell lines: human colon carcinoma (LS174T), lung adenocarcinoma (CL1-5) and bladder carcinoma (EJ). Surface β-glucuronidase-expressing cells were 20 to 80-fold more sensitive to SN-38G than the parental cells. Intravenous CPT-11 produced significantly greater suppression of CL1-5 and LS174 T tumors that expressed βG as compared with unmodified tumors. Furthermore, an adenoviral vector expressing membrane-tethered βG (Ad.βG) increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to SN-38G even at multiplicity of infections as low as 0.16, indicating bystander killing of non-transduced cancer cells. Importantly, intratumoral injection of Ad.βG significantly enhanced the in vivo antitumor activity of CPT-11 as compared with treatment with CPT-11 or Ad vectors alone. This study shows that Ad.βG has potential to boost the therapeutic index of CPT-11.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yeşilağaç R, Ünak P, Medine Eİ, İçhedef ÇA, Ertay T, Müftüler FB. Enzymatic synthesis of 125/131I labeled 8-hydroxyquinoline glucuronide and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of biological influence. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Medine IE, Unak P, Sakarya S, Toksöz F. Enzymatic synthesis of uracil glucuronide, labeling with 125/131I, and in vitro evaluation on adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:335-44. [PMID: 20578839 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are a family of membrane-bound enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum. They catalyze the glucuronidation of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, converting them into more polar glucuronides. In this study, uracil glucuronide was enzymatically synthesized using a UGT-rich microsome preparate, which was separated from Hutu-80 cells. Two different glucuronide derivatives were obtained, with a total reaction yield of 22.95% +/- 2.4% (n = 4). The glucuronide ligands were defined as uracil-n-glucuronide (UNG) and uracil-o-glucuronide (UOG). These were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and labeled with I-125 and I-131, separately. The radiolabeled (125/131)I-UNG and (125/131)I-UOG presented good incorporation ratios for Hutu-80, Caco-2, Detroit 562, and ACBRI 519 cells. The incorporation ratios of (125/131)I-UOG were higher than those of (125/131)I-UNG and of other labeled components for all cell types, and were also statistically significant compared to the values of (125/131)I-UNG for primary human intestinal epithelial cells (ACBRI 519) and human intestinal adenocarcinoma cells. Cell incorporation rates of n-glucuronides and o-glucuronides were higher compared to uracil, with o-glucuronides being more selective. The results suggest that both I-125- and I-131-labeled glucuronides can be used in imaging and therapy, and further research should be done in preclinical stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Emin Medine
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Antunes IF, Haisma HJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RA, de Vries EFJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of [18F]-FEAnGA as a PET Tracer for β-Glucuronidase Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:911-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9004602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inês F. Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde J. Haisma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Tzou SC, Roffler S, Chuang KH, Yeh HP, Kao CH, Su YC, Cheng CM, Tseng WL, Shiea J, Harm IH, Cheng KW, Chen BM, Hwang JJ, Cheng TL, Wang HE. Micro-PET imaging of beta-glucuronidase activity by the hydrophobic conversion of a glucuronide probe. Radiology 2009; 252:754-62. [PMID: 19717754 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2523082055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a new glucuronide probe for micro-positron emission topography (PET) that can depict beta-glucuronidase (betaG)-expressing tumors in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS All animal experiments were preapproved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A betaG-specific probe was generated by labeling phenolphthalein glucuronide (PTH-G) with iodine 131 ((131)I) or (124)I. To test the specificity of the probe in vitro, (124)I-PTH-G was added to CT26 and betaG-expressing CT26 (CT26/betaG) cells. Mice bearing CT26 and CT26/betaG tumors (n = 6) were injected with (124)I-PTH-G and subjected to micro-PET imaging. A betaG-specific inhibitor D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone monohydrate was used in vitro and in vivo to ascertain the specificity of the glucuronide probes. Finally, the biodistributions of the probes were determined in selected organs after injection of (131)I-PTH-G to mice bearing CT26 and CT26/betaG tumors (n = 14). Differences in the radioactivity in CT26 and CT26/betaG tumors were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS (124)I-PTH-G was selectively converted to (124)I-PTH (phenolphthalein), which accumulated in CT26/betaG cells and tumors in vitro. The micro-PET images demonstrated enhanced activity in CT26/betaG tumors resulting from betaG-mediated conversion and trapping of the radioactive probes. Accumulation of radioactive signals was 3.6-, 3.4-, and 3.3-fold higher in the CT26/betaG tumors than in parental CT26 tumors at 1, 3, and 20 hours, respectively, after injection of the probe (for all the three time points, P < .05). CONCLUSION Hydrophilic-hydrophobic conversion of (124)I-PTH-G probe can aid in imaging of betaG-expressing tumors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prijovich ZM, Chen KC, Roffler SR. Local enzymatic hydrolysis of an endogenously generated metabolite can enhance CPT-11 anticancer efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:940-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
37
|
Chen KC, Wu CH, Chang CY, Lu WC, Tseng Q, Prijovich ZM, Schechinger W, Liaw YC, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Directed evolution of a lysosomal enzyme with enhanced activity at neutral pH by mammalian cell-surface display. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:1277-86. [PMID: 19101472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human beta-glucuronidase, due to low intrinsic immunogenicity in humans, is an attractive enzyme for tumor-specific prodrug activation, but its utility is hindered by low activity at physiological pH. Here we describe the development of a high-throughput screening procedure for enzymatic activity based on the stable retention of fluorescent reaction product in mammalian cells expressing properly folded glycoproteins on their surface. We utilized this procedure on error-prone PCR and saturation mutagenesis libraries to isolate beta-glucuronidase tetramers that were up to 60-fold more active (k(cat)/K(m)) at pH 7.0 and were up to an order of magnitude more effective at catalyzing the conversion of two structurally disparate glucuronide prodrugs to anticancer agents. The screening procedure described here can facilitate investigation of eukaryotic enzymes requiring posttranslational modifications for biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Secreted and intracellular proteins including antibodies, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex molecules, antigens, and enzymes can be redirected to and anchored on the surface of mammalian cells to reveal novel functions and properties such as reducing systemic toxicity, altering the in vivo distribution of drugs and extending the range of useful drugs, creating novel, specific signaling receptors and reshaping protein immunogenicity. The present review highlights progress in designing vectors to target and retain chimeric proteins on the surface of mammalian cells. Comparison of chimeric proteins indicates that selection of the proper cytoplasmic domain and introduction of oligiosaccharides near the cell surface can dramatically enhance surface expression, especially for single-chain antibodies. We also describe progress and limitations of employing surface-tethered proteins for preferential activation of prodrugs at cancer cells, imaging gene expression in living animals, performing high-throughput screening, selectively activating immune cells in tumors, producing new adhesion molecules, creating local immune privileged sites, limiting the distribution of soluble factors such as cytokines, and enhancing polypeptide immunogenicity. Surface-anchored chimeric proteins represent a rich source for developing new techniques and creating novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Leu YL, Chen CS, Wu YJ, Chern JW. Benzyl Ether-Linked Glucuronide Derivative of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin Designed for Selective Camptothecin-Based Anticancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1740-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Wang Chern
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Su YC, Chuang KH, Wang YM, Cheng CM, Lin SR, Wang JY, Hwang JJ, Chen BM, Chen KC, Roffler S, Cheng TL. Gene expression imaging by enzymatic catalysis of a fluorescent probe via membrane-anchored beta-glucuronidase. Gene Ther 2007; 14:565-74. [PMID: 17235292 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development of nonimmunogenic and specific reporter genes to monitor gene expression in vivo is important for the optimization of gene therapy protocols. We developed a membrane-anchored form of mouse beta-glucuronidase (mbetaG) as a reporter gene to hydrolyze a nonfluorescent glucuronide probe (fluorescein di-beta-D-glucuronide, (FDGlcU) to a highly fluorescent reporter to assess the location and persistence of gene expression. A functional beta-glucuronidase (betaG) was stably expressed on the surface of murine CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells where it selectively hydrolyzed the cell-impermeable FDGlcU probe. FDGlcU was also preferentially converted to fluorescent probe by (betaG) on CT26 tumors. The fluorescent intensity in betaG-expressing CT26 tumors was 240 times greater than the intensity in control tumors. Selective imaging of gene expression was also observed after intratumoral injection of adenoviral betaG vector into carcinoma xenografts. Importantly, mbetaG did not induce an antibody response after hydrodynamic plasmid immunization of Balb/c mice, indicating that the reporter gene product displayed low immunogenicity. A membrane-anchored form of human betaG also allowed in vivo imaging, demonstrating that human betaG can be employed for imaging. This imaging system therefore, displays good selectivity with low immunogenicity and may help assess the location, magnitude and duration of gene expression in living animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Su
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Prijovich ZM, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Effect of pH and human serum albumin on the cytotoxicity of a glucuronide prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:7-17. [PMID: 16983566 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) is a prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC) that displays potent antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Camptothecins exist in a pH dependent equilibrium between active lactone and inactive carboxy forms that can be altered by binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Here we investigated the influence of pH and HSA on the lactone-carboxy equilibrium, HSA binding, and cytotoxicity of 9ACG. METHODS Microfiltration and HPLC were used to measure the influence of pH on lactone to carboxy conversion and HSA binding of 9ACG as compared to other camptothecins. In vitro cytotoxicity of drugs was determined against EJ human bladder carcinoma cells and CL1-5 human lung cancer cells. RESULTS The rate of lactone to carboxy conversion was similar for 9ACG and 9AC. Decreasing the pH from 7.6 to 6.0 increased the equilibrium levels of the lactone forms of the drugs from 20 to almost 95% of total drug. HSA moderately diminished the amount of free 9ACG lactone but did not change the ratio of 9ACG lactone to 9ACG carboxy. Consistent with the effect of pH on lactone levels, lowering the pH of EJ human bladder carcinoma cells from 7.6 to 6.8 decreased the IC(50) of 9ACG from 480 to 98 nM and 9AC from 33 to 12 nM. Activation of 9ACG by human beta-glucuronidase anchored on the surface of EJ cells further decreased its IC(50) value to 26 nM. Although HSA significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of 9AC and 9ACG, activation of 9ACG at cancer cells with an antibody-beta-glucuronidase immunoconjugate produced greater cytotoxicity than 9AC. CONCLUSIONS Acidification and targeted delivery of beta-glucuronidase can enhance 9ACG cytotoxicity even in the presence of HSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|