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Sahli CA, Ben Salem I, Jouini L, Laouini N, Dabboubi R, Hadj Fredj S, Siala H, Othmeni R, Dakhlaoui B, Fattoum S, Bibi A, Messaoud T. Setup of a Protocol of Molecular Diagnosis of β-Thalassemia Mutations in Tunisia using Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC). J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:392-8. [PMID: 27086580 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS β-Thalassemia is one of the most prevalent worldwide autosomal recessive disorders. It presents a great molecular heterogeneity resulting from more than 200 causative mutations in the β-globin gene. In Tunisia, β-thalassemia represents the most prevalent monogenic hemoglobin disorder with 2.21% of carriers. Efficient and reliable mutation-screening methods are essential in order to establish appropriate prevention programs for at risk couples. The aim of the present study is to develop an efficient method based on the denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in which the whole β-globin gene (HBB) is screened for mutations covering about 90% of the spectrum. METHODS We have performed the validation of a DHPLC assay for direct genotyping of 11 known β-thalassemia mutations in the Tunisian population. RESULTS DHPLC assay was established based on the analysis of 62 archival β-thalassemia samples previously genotyped then validated with full concordance on 50 tests with blind randomized samples previously genotyped with DNA sequencing and with 96% of consistency on 40 samples as a prospective study. CONCLUSION Compared to other genotyping techniques, the DHPLC method can meet the requirements of direct genotyping of known β-thalassemia mutations in Tunisia and to be applied as a powerful tool for the genetic screening of prenatal and postnatal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Abdelhafidh Sahli
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikbel Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Jouini
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Laouini
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Dabboubi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Hadj Fredj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Siala
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Othmeni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Dakhlaoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Fattoum
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bibi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Taieb Messaoud
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Laboratory LR00SP03, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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Fujishima K, Yamamoto S, Tsukagoshi K, Hashimoto M. A Microbead-based Single Base Extension Assay for the Detection of Known Single-base Changes in Genomic DNA. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fujishima
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University
| | - Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University
| | - Masahiko Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University
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Cordeiro M, Giestas L, Lima JC, Baptista P. Coupling an universal primer to SBE combined spectral codification strategy for single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:90-4. [PMID: 23942375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a strategy that combines Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based spectral codification with a single base extension (SBE) reaction for single nucleotide sequence discrimination in solution. This strategy is capable of unequivocally detect the allele variants present in solution. To extend the use of this tool to any locus of interest, it would be required the development of an universal approach capable of combining a sequence specific SBE primer to an universal sequence labeled and optimized for spectral codification. Here, we extend this concept to a general strategy by means of a labeled universal oligonucleotide primer (donor), a sequence specific primer that allows for incorporation of the complementary acceptor labeled ddNTP, which allows discrimination the allele variant in the sample via the unambiguous FRET signature of the donor/acceptor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mílton Cordeiro
- CIGMH, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Suzuki W, Osaka T, Sekizawa A, Kitagawa M, Honma I. Development of a fibrous DNA chip for cost-effective β-thalassemia genotyping. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:301-7. [PMID: 22847765 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
β-thalassemia is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide. Concerted efforts are being made to prevent the disease, as the medical and economic burden of thalassemia represents a major public health problem. The molecular diagnosis of the β-globin mutations that cause the disease currently involves a combination of classic methodologies. A microarray-based assay for parallel one-shot detection of mutations has been developed, but the assay remains too expensive for routine application. We developed a cost-effective plastic fiber-based DNA chip for the fast and reliable detection of 25 types of β-thalassemia mutations. Assay conditions were established and genotyping was successfully performed on a genomic sample from a β-thalassemia patient. Our data show that this β-thalassemia genotyping chip is an advantageous platform for mass genotyping because of its low cost, rapid results, and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Hasib L, Dilcher M, Hufert F, Meyer-König U, Weidmann M. Development of a flow-through [corrected] microarray based reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay for the detection of European Bunyaviruses. [corrected]. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 49:176-86. [PMID: 21390485 PMCID: PMC3172416 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is suspected that apart from tick-borne encephalitis virus several additional European Arboviruses such as the sandfly borne Toscana virus, sandfly fever Sicilian virus and sandfly fever Naples virus, mosquito-borne Tahyna virus, Inkoo virus, Batai virus and tick-borne Uukuniemi virus cause aseptic meningo-encephalitis or febrile disease in Europe. Currently, the microarray technology is developing rapidly and there are many efforts to apply it to infectious diseases diagnostics. In order to arrive at an assay system useful for high throughput analysis of samples from aseptic meningo-encephalitis cases the authors developed a combined multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and flow-through microarray assay for the detection of European Bunyaviruses. These results show that this combined assay indeed is highly sensitive, and specific for the accurate detection of multiple viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekbira Hasib
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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He X, Sheng M, Xu M, Xiong C, Ren Z. Rapid Identification of Common β-Thalassemia Mutations in the Chinese Population Using Duplex or Triplex Amplicon Genotyping by High-Resolution Melting Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:851-6. [PMID: 21034280 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang He
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health, China, and Shanghai Lab of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Sheng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaorui Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health, China, and Shanghai Lab of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Jin SQ, Ye BC, Huo H, Zeng AJ, Xie CK, Ren BQ, Huang HJ. Multiplexed Bead-Based Mesofluidic System for Gene Diagnosis and Genotyping. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9925-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1024792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Quan Jin
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hao Huo
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ai-Jun Zeng
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Cheng-Ke Xie
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Bing-Qiang Ren
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China, and Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Direct and nondestructive verification of PNA immobilization using click chemistry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:633-6. [PMID: 18782561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fluorogenic 1,3-Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition reaction was used as part of a novel immobilization strategy of PNA capture probes on a microarray. By using this click chemistry, azidocoumarin-anchored PNA probes were immobilized on phenyl acetylene-modified glass slides with the simultaneous generation of the fluorescent triazolylcoumarin moiety. Since the emitting moieties are generated in the immobilization reaction itself, fluorescent signals can be used to directly monitor the integrity of immobilization in a nondestructive manner. By using this strategy, PNA microarrays were prepared and successfully employed to perform microarray-based diagnosis of selected mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1.
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Li Q, Li LY, Huang SW, Li L, Chen XW, Zhou WJ, Xu XM. Rapid genotyping of known mutations and polymorphisms in beta-globin gene based on the DHPLC profile patterns of homoduplexes and heteroduplexes. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:681-7. [PMID: 18339318 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-thalassemia represents a great heterogeneity as over 200 mutations have been identified for the beta-globin gene responsible for this disease. A rapid genotyping test with high accuracy, selectivity, and reproducibility suitable for the determination of known mutations is needed for prenatal screening and post-natal diagnosis of this disease in clinical setting. DESIGN AND METHODS We have performed the validation of a DHPLC assay for direct genotyping of known causative mutations in beta-globin gene using the chromatographic pattern-based strategy under partially-denaturing conditions. RESULTS DHPLC assay was established based on the analysis of 795 DNA samples from a group of various genotypes for the 20 mutations and 8 polymorphisms in beta-globin gene then validated on 319 tests in a blind study. The results obtained with this assay were in concordance with the results obtained by DNA sequence analysis. CONCLUSION This simple method can meet the requirements of direct genotyping of known beta-thalassemia mutations and/or polymorphisms in the clinical setting for Chinese and in general as a model for other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China
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Cremonesi L, Ferrari M, Giordano PC, Harteveld CL, Kleanthous M, Papasavva T, Patrinos GP, Traeger-Synodinos J. An overview of current microarray-based human globin gene mutation detection methods. Hemoglobin 2007; 31:289-311. [PMID: 17654067 DOI: 10.1080/03630260701459366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The panoply of human globin gene mutation detection methods could become significantly enriched with the advent of microarray-based genotyping platforms. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current medium and high-throughput microarray-based globin gene mutation detection platforms, namely the microelectronic array, the "thalassochip" arrayed primer extension (APEX) technology and the single base extension methods. This article also outlines an emerging method based on multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and discusses the implications of customized solutions for resequencing of genomic loci in relation to molecular genetic testing of hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cremonesi
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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TAMGeS: a Three-array Method for Genotyping of SNPs by a dual-colour approach. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:10. [PMID: 17212826 PMCID: PMC1783851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many of the most effective high-throughput protocols for SNP genotyping employ microarrays. Genotypes are assessed by comparing the signal intensities that derive from the hybridization of different allele-specific probes labelled either by using four fluorescent dyes, one for each base, or by using only two dyes and investigating the polymorphic alleles two by two on separate arrays. The employment of only two dyes makes it possible to use a dual-laser scanner, which has the advantage of being present in every microarray laboratory. However, this protocol may present some drawbacks. To infer all the six possible genotypes it is necessary to compare signals from two arrays, but this comparison not always is successful. A number of systematic errors in the experimental protocol, in fact, may differently affect signal intensities on separate arrays. Here we present TAMGeS (Three-Array Method for Genotyping of SNPs), an exhaustive method for SNP genotyping through SBE (Single Base Extension) and dual-colour microarrays, which makes the comparison of signals on distinct arrays reliable by using a third array and a data handling method for signal normalization based on bilinear regression theory. Results We tested the effectiveness of the proposed method by evaluating the results obtained from the direct comparison of the two arrays or by applying TAMGeS, both on experimental and synthetic data. With synthetic data, TAMGeS reduced the frequency of errors by an order of magnitude, when the incidence of systematic errors was not negligible. With the experimental data, produced by genotyping 25 SNPs in 437 subjects, TAMGeS reduced the percentage of missing genotypes from 54% (Two-Array Method) to 14.5%. Allelic and genotypic call rates were 99.3% and 99.5%, respectively. The normalization procedure takes into account also systematic errors, which can be generated by a time-delayed assay, thus making the protocol more flexible. Conclusion TAMGeS represents an innovative method, which proved to be very effective in producing reliable SNP genotyping data by dual-colour microarrays. The requirement of a third array is well balanced by the strong enhancement in data quality and by the greater flexibility of the experimental protocol.
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Gibbons B, Datta P, Wu Y, Chan A, AL Armour J. Microarray MAPH: accurate array-based detection of relative copy number in genomic DNA. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:163. [PMID: 16813644 PMCID: PMC1533824 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current methods for measurement of copy number do not combine all the desirable qualities of convenience, throughput, economy, accuracy and resolution. In this study, to improve the throughput associated with Multiplex Amplifiable Probe Hybridisation (MAPH) we aimed to develop a modification based on the 3-Dimensional, Flow-Through Microarray Platform from PamGene International. In this new method, electrophoretic analysis of amplified products is replaced with photometric analysis of a probed oligonucleotide array. Copy number analysis of hybridised probes is based on a dual-label approach by comparing the intensity of Cy3-labelled MAPH probes amplified from test samples co-hybridised with similarly amplified Cy5-labelled reference MAPH probes. The key feature of using a hybridisation-based end point with MAPH is that discrimination of amplified probes is based on sequence and not fragment length. Results In this study we showed that microarray MAPH measurement of PMP22 gene dosage correlates well with PMP22 gene dosage determined by capillary MAPH and that copy number was accurately reported in analyses of DNA from 38 individuals, 12 of which were known to have Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A). Conclusion Measurement of microarray-based endpoints for MAPH appears to be of comparable accuracy to electrophoretic methods, and holds the prospect of fully exploiting the potential multiplicity of MAPH. The technology has the potential to simplify copy number assays for genes with a large number of exons, or of expanded sets of probes from dispersed genomic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gibbons
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Parikkhit Datta
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ying Wu
- PamGene International B.V., P.O. Box 1345, 5200 BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Chan
- PamGene International B.V., P.O. Box 1345, 5200 BJ 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - John AL Armour
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Dufva M, Petersen J, Stoltenborg M, Birgens H, Christensen CBV. Detection of mutations using microarrays of poly(C)10-poly(T)10 modified DNA probes immobilized on agarose films. Anal Biochem 2006; 352:188-97. [PMID: 16615930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allele-specific hybridization to a DNA microarray can be a useful method for genotyping patient DNA. In this article, we demonstrate that 13- to 17-base oligonucleotides tagged with a poly(T)10-poly(C)10 tail (TC tag), but otherwise unmodified, can be crosslinked by UV light irradiation to an agarose film grafted onto unmodified glass. Microarrays of TC-tagged probes immobilized on the agarose film can be used to diagnose mutations in the human beta-globin gene, which encodes the beta-chains in hemoglobin. Although the probes differed widely regarding melting point temperature ( approximately 20 degrees C), a single stringency wash still gave sufficiently high discrimination signals between perfect match and mismatch probes to allow robust mutation detection. In all, 270 genotypings were performed on patient materials, and no genotype was incorrectly classified. Quality control experiments conducted using a target DNA specific for the TC tag of the immobilized probes showed that the spotting and hybridization procedure had a variance of 20%, indicating that signal differences as low as twofold could be detected between perfect match and mismatch. Together, our results show that the use of microarrays of TC-tagged probes that have been immobilized on agarose films grafted onto glass is a robust and inexpensive genotyping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dufva
- Microarray Group, Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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