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Wang SX, Streit A. Shared features in ear and kidney development - implications for oto-renal syndromes. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050447. [PMID: 38353121 PMCID: PMC10886756 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between ear and kidney anomalies has long been recognized. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, embryonic development of the inner ear and kidney has been studied extensively. Here, we describe the developmental pathways shared between both organs with particular emphasis on the genes that regulate signalling cross talk and the specification of progenitor cells and specialised cell types. We relate this to the clinical features of oto-renal syndromes and explore links to developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Xiaoyan Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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2
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Kovacs S, Scansen BA, Stern JA. The Genetics of Canine Pulmonary Valve Stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1379-1391. [PMID: 37423844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent advancements in understanding the genetic contribution to pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in brachycephalic breeds such as the French Bulldog and Bulldog. The associated genes are transcriptions factors involved in cardiac development, which is comparable to the genes that cause PS in humans. However, validation studies and functional follow up is necessary before this information can be used for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kovacs
- Anatomic Pathology Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Brian A Scansen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 West Drake Road, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, UC Davis VMTH, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Tabib A, Talebi T, Ghasemi S, Pourirahim M, Naderi N, Maleki M, Kalayinia S. A novel stop-gain pathogenic variant in FLT4 and a nonsynonymous pathogenic variant in PTPN11 associated with congenital heart defects. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:286. [PMID: 36496429 PMCID: PMC9737984 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital malformations, including structural malformations in the heart and great vessels. CHD complications such as low birth weight, prematurity, pregnancy termination, mortality, and morbidity depend on the type of defect. METHODS In the present research, genetic analyses via whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 3 unrelated pedigrees with CHDs. The candidate variants were confirmed, segregated by PCR-based Sanger sequencing, and evaluated by bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS A novel stop-gain c.C244T:p.R82X variant in the FLT4 gene, as well as a nonsynonymous c.C1403T:p.T468M variant in the PTPN11 gene, was reported by WES. FLT4 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in lymphatic development and is known as vascular endothelial growth factor 3. CONCLUSIONS We are the first to report a novel c.C244T variant in the FLT4 gene associated with CHDs. Using WES, we also identified a nonsynonymous variant affecting protein-tyrosine phosphatase, the non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) gene. The clinical implementation of WES can determine gene variants in diseases with high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity like CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisa Tabib
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Heart Valve Diseases Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taravat Talebi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Serwa Ghasemi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourirahim
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Naderi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Kalayinia
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Schreuder WH, van der Wal JE, de Lange J, van den Berg H. Multiple versus solitary giant cell lesions of the jaw: Similar or distinct entities? Bone 2021; 149:115935. [PMID: 33771761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of giant cell lesions of the jaw present as a solitary focus of disease in bones of the maxillofacial skeleton. Less frequently they occur as multifocal lesions. This raises the clinical dilemma if these should be considered distinct entities and therefore each need a specific therapeutic approach. Solitary giant cell lesions of the jaw present with a great diversity of symptoms. Recent molecular analysis revealed that these are associated with somatic gain-of-function mutations in KRAS, FGFR1 or TRPV4 in a large component of the mononuclear stromal cells which all act on the RAS/MAPK pathway. For multifocal lesions, a small group of neoplastic multifocal giant cell lesions of the jaw remain after ruling out hyperparathyroidism. Strikingly, most of these patients are diagnosed with jaw lesions before the age of 20 years, thus before the completion of dental and jaw development. These multifocal lesions are often accompanied by a diagnosis or strong clinical suspicion of a syndrome. Many of the frequently reported syndromes belong to the so-called RASopathies, with germline or mosaic mutations leading to downstream upregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway. The other frequently reported syndrome is cherubism, with gain-of-function mutations in the SH3BP2 gene leading through assumed and unknown signaling to an autoinflammatory bone disorder with hyperactive osteoclasts and defective osteoblastogenesis. Based on this extensive literature review, a RAS/MAPK pathway activation is hypothesized in all giant cell lesions of the jaw. The different interaction between and contribution of deregulated signaling in individual cell lineages and crosstalk with other pathways among the different germline- and non-germline-based alterations causing giant cell lesions of the jaw can be explanatory for the characteristic clinical features. As such, this might also aid in the understanding of the age-dependent symptomatology of syndrome associated giant cell lesions of the jaw; hopefully guiding ideal timing when installing treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem H Schreuder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline E van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan de Lange
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk van den Berg
- Department of Pediatrics / Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Gomes CC, Diniz MG, Bastos VC, Bernardes VF, Gomez RS. Making sense of giant cell lesions of the jaws (GCLJ): lessons learned from next-generation sequencing. J Pathol 2019; 250:126-133. [PMID: 31705763 DOI: 10.1002/path.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed mutations in several bone-related lesions and was recently used to uncover the genetic basis of giant cell lesions of the jaws (GCLJ). Consistent with their benign nature, GCLJ show a low tumor mutation burden. They also harbor somatic, heterozygous, mutually exclusive mutations in TRPV4, KRAS, or FGFR1. These signature mutations occur only in a subset of lesional cells, suggesting the existence of a 'landscaping effect', with mutant cells inducing abnormal accumulation of non-mutant cells that form the tumor mass. Osteoclast-rich lesions with histological similarities to GCLJ can occur in the jaws sporadically or in association with genetically inherited syndromes. Based on recent results, the pathogenesis of a subgroup of sporadic GCLJ seems closely related to non-ossifying fibroma of long bones, with both lesions sharing MAPK pathway-activating mutations. In this review, we extrapolate from these recent findings to contextualize GCLJ genetics and we highlight the therapeutic implications of this new information. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina G Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor C Bastos
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Bernardes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Rodríguez F, Ponce D, Berward FJ, Lopetegui B, Cassorla F, Aracena M. RAF1 variant in a patient with Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines and craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1598-1602. [PMID: 31145547 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 14 years and 8 months girl, who is the first child of nonconsanguineous parents, with short stature, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, multiple facial lentigines, high and wide forehead, downslanting palpebral fissures, low-set ears, short neck, and pectus excavatum; all features suggestive of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML). In addition, the patient exhibited craniosynostosis. Molecular analysis of rats sarcoma (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway genes with high-resolution melting curve analysis followed by sequencing showed a RAF1 amino acid substitution of valine to glycine at position 263 (p.V263G). The present report provides clinical data regarding the first association of a RAF1 variant and craniosynostosis in a patient with clinical diagnosis of NSML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodríguez
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Ponce
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Berward
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit of Neuro Oncology, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardita Lopetegui
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Surgery, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Cassorla
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Aracena
- Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unit of Genetics, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Targeted/exome sequencing identified mutations in ten Chinese patients diagnosed with Noonan syndrome and related disorders. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:62. [PMID: 29084544 PMCID: PMC5663114 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome (NS) and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) are autosomal dominant developmental disorders. NS and NSML are caused by abnormalities in genes that encode proteins related to the RAS-MAPK pathway, including PTPN11, RAF1, BRAF, and MAP2K. In this study, we diagnosed ten NS or NSML patients via targeted sequencing or whole exome sequencing (TS/WES). Methods TS/WES was performed to identify mutations in ten Chinese patients who exhibited the following manifestations: potential facial dysmorphisms, short stature, congenital heart defects, and developmental delay. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the suspected pathological variants in the patients and their family members. Results TS/WES revealed three mutations in the PTPN11 gene, three mutations in RAF1 gene, and four mutations in BRAF gene in the NS and NSML patients who were previously diagnosed based on the abovementioned clinical features. All the identified mutations were determined to be de novo mutations. However, two patients who carried the same mutation in the RAF1 gene presented different clinical features. One patient with multiple lentigines was diagnosed with NSML, while the other patient without lentigines was diagnosed with NS. In addition, a patient who carried a hotspot mutation in the BRAF gene was diagnosed with NS instead of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS). Conclusions TS/WES has emerged as a useful tool for definitive diagnosis and accurate genetic counseling of atypical cases. In this study, we analyzed ten Chinese patients diagnosed with NS and related disorders and identified their correspondingPTPN11, RAF1, and BRAF mutations. Among the target genes, BRAF showed the same degree of correlation with NS incidence as that of PTPN11 or RAF1.
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van den Berg H, Schreuder WH, Jongmans M, van Bommel-Slee D, Witsenburg B, de Lange J. Multiple giant cell lesions in a patient with Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:425-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Edwards PC. Insight into the pathogenesis and nature of Central Giant Cell Lesions of the Jaws. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e196-8. [PMID: 25681371 PMCID: PMC4393982 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Central giant cell lesions of the jaws are not uncommon. While the majority of these represent single, sporadic lesions, histologically identical lesions are seen in association with a number of other bone lesions, as well as in certain syndromes. This manuscript offers a brief update on recent developments in this area that provide new insight into the pathogenesis and nature of Central Giant Cell Lesions of the Jaws.
Key words:Central giant cell lesion, RASopathy
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Charles Edwards
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan St., Room S104, Indianapolis IN 46202-5186, USA,
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10
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Leopard syndrome caused by heterozygous missense mutation of Tyr 279 Cys in the PTPN11 gene in a sporadic case of Chinese Han. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:e101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Pugh TJ, Morozova O, Attiyeh EF, Asgharzadeh S, Wei JS, Auclair D, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Hanna M, Kiezun A, Kim J, Lawrence MS, Lichenstein L, McKenna A, Pedamallu CS, Ramos AH, Shefler E, Sivachenko A, Sougnez C, Stewart C, Ally A, Birol I, Chiu R, Corbett RD, Hirst M, Jackman SD, Kamoh B, Khodabakshi AH, Krzywinski M, Lo A, Moore RA, Mungall KL, Qian J, Tam A, Thiessen N, Zhao Y, Cole KA, Diamond M, Diskin SJ, Mosse YP, Wood AC, Ji L, Sposto R, Badgett T, London WB, Moyer Y, Gastier-Foster JM, Smith MA, Auvil JMG, Gerhard DS, Hogarty MD, Jones SJM, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Seeger RC, Khan J, Marra MA, Meyerson M, Maris JM. The genetic landscape of high-risk neuroblastoma. Nat Genet 2013; 45:279-84. [PMID: 23334666 PMCID: PMC3682833 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a malignancy of the developing sympathetic nervous system that often presents with widespread metastatic disease, resulting in survival rates of less than 50%. To determine the spectrum of somatic mutation in high-risk neuroblastoma, we studied 240 affected individuals (cases) using a combination of whole-exome, genome and transcriptome sequencing as part of the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) initiative. Here we report a low median exonic mutation frequency of 0.60 per Mb (0.48 nonsilent) and notably few recurrently mutated genes in these tumors. Genes with significant somatic mutation frequencies included ALK (9.2% of cases), PTPN11 (2.9%), ATRX (2.5%, and an additional 7.1% had focal deletions), MYCN (1.7%, causing a recurrent p.Pro44Leu alteration) and NRAS (0.83%). Rare, potentially pathogenic germline variants were significantly enriched in ALK, CHEK2, PINK1 and BARD1. The relative paucity of recurrent somatic mutations in neuroblastoma challenges current therapeutic strategies that rely on frequently altered oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J. Pugh
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Olena Morozova
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Edward F. Attiyeh
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Saban Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Jun S. Wei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA
| | - Daniel Auclair
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Scott L. Carter
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Megan Hanna
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adam Kiezun
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jaegil Kim
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Lee Lichenstein
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alex H. Ramos
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Erica Shefler
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Carrie Sougnez
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chip Stewart
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adrian Ally
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Readman Chiu
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Richard D. Corbett
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Shaun D. Jackman
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Baljit Kamoh
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Alireza Hadj Khodabakshi
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Martin Krzywinski
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Allan Lo
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Richard A. Moore
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mungall
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Jenny Qian
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Angela Tam
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Nina Thiessen
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kristina A. Cole
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maura Diamond
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sharon J. Diskin
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yael P. Mosse
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew C. Wood
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lingyun Ji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Saban Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Richard Sposto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Saban Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Thomas Badgett
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Children’s Hospital Boston / Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Oncology Group, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yvonne Moyer
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Daniela S. Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael D. Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven J. M. Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Eric S. Lander
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Gad Getz
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Saban Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA, 90027
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA
| | - Marco A. Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John M. Maris
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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12
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Karbach J, Coerdt W, Wagner W, Bartsch O. Case report: Noonan syndrome with multiple giant cell lesions and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2283-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Reichenberger EJ, Levine MA, Olsen BR, Papadaki ME, Lietman SA. The role of SH3BP2 in the pathophysiology of cherubism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 22640988 PMCID: PMC3359958 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cherubism is a rare bone dysplasia that is characterized by symmetrical bone resorption limited to the jaws. Bone lesions are filled with soft fibrous giant cell-rich tissue that can expand and cause severe facial deformity. The disorder typically begins in children at ages of 2-5 years and the bone resorption and facial swelling continues until puberty; in most cases the lesions regress spontaneously thereafter. Most patients with cherubism have germline mutations in the gene encoding SH3BP2, an adapter protein involved in adaptive and innate immune response signaling. A mouse model carrying a Pro416Arg mutation in SH3BP2 develops osteopenia and expansile lytic lesions in bone and some soft tissue organs. In this review we discuss the genetics of cherubism, the biological functions of SH3BP2 and the analysis of the mouse model. The data suggest that the underlying cause for cherubism is a systemic autoinflammatory response to physiologic challenges despite the localized appearance of bone resorption and fibrous expansion to the jaws in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst J Reichenberger
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Syndromic Hearing Loss in Association with PTPN11-Related Disorder: The Experience of Cochlear Implantation in a Child with LEOPARD Syndrome. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 6:99-102. [PMID: 23799168 PMCID: PMC3687070 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2013.6.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most frequent clinical manifestations of patients who suffer with multi-systemic genetic disorders. HL in association with other physical stigmata is referred to as a syndromic form of HL. LEOPARD syndrome (LS) is one of the disorders with syndromic HL and it is caused by a mutation in the PTPN11 or RAF1 gene. In general, 5 year old children who undergo cochlear implantation usually show a marked change in behavior regarding sound detection within the first 6 months of implant use, but word identification may not be exhibited for at least another 6-12 months of implant use. We herein report on a 5-year-old girl with LS. Her clinical manifestations including bilateral sensorineural HL, which indicated the diagnosis of LS. We confirmed the diagnosis by identifying a disease-causing mutation in the PTPN11 gene, which was a heterozygous missense mutation Ala461Thr (c.1381G>A). She underwent cochlear implantation (CI) without complications and she is currently on regular follow-up at postoperative 1 year. This is the first reported case of CI in a patient with LS in the medical literature.
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15
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Novelli G, Predazzi IM, Mango R, Romeo F, Mehta JL. Role of genomics in cardiovascular medicine. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:428-36. [PMID: 21191544 PMCID: PMC3011138 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i12.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As all branches of science grow and new experimental techniques become readily accessible, our knowledge of medicine is likely to increase exponentially in the coming years. Recently developed technologies have revolutionized our analytical capacities, leading to vast knowledge of many genes or genomic regions involved in the pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases, which are often associated with other genetic syndromes, coronary artery disease and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. The knowledge-base of the genesis of cardiovascular diseases is likely going to be further revolutionized in this new era of genomic medicine. Here, we review the advances that have been made over the last several years in this field and discuss different genetic mechanisms that have been shown to underlie a variety of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Giuseppe Novelli, Irene M Predazzi, Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Section of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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16
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Tartaglia M, Gelb BD. Disorders of dysregulated signal traffic through the RAS-MAPK pathway: phenotypic spectrum and molecular mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1214:99-121. [PMID: 20958325 PMCID: PMC3010252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RAS GTPases control a major signaling network implicated in several cellular functions, including cell fate determination, proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and senescence. Within this network, signal flow through the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway-the first identified mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade-mediates early and late developmental processes controlling morphology determination, organogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and growth. Signaling through the RAS-MAPK cascade is tightly controlled; and its enhanced activation represents a well-known event in oncogenesis. Unexpectedly, in the past few years, inherited dysregulation of this pathway has been recognized as the cause underlying a group of clinically related disorders sharing facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects, reduced postnatal growth, ectodermal anomalies, variable cognitive deficits, and susceptibility to certain malignancies as major features. These disorders are caused by heterozygosity for mutations in genes encoding RAS proteins, regulators of RAS function, modulators of RAS interaction with effectors, or downstream signal transducers. Here, we provide an overview of the phenotypic spectrum associated with germline mutations perturbing RAS-MAPK signaling, the unpredicted molecular mechanisms converging toward the dysregulation of this signaling cascade, and major genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Chrcanovic BR, Gomez RS, Freire-Maia B. Neurofibromatosis type 1 associated with bilateral central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2010; 39:538-43. [PMID: 21071237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1, or von Recklinghausen disease, is one of the most common hereditary neurocutaneous disorders in humans. Clinically, Neurofibromatosis type 1 is characterized by café-au-lait spots, freckling, skin neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma, bony defects, Lisch nodules and tumors of the central nervous system. Central giant cell granuloma is a benign central lesion of bone, primarily involving the jaws, of variably aggressive nature characterized by aggregates of multinucleated giant cells in a background of cellular vascular fibrous connective tissue and spindle-shaped mononuclear stromal cells. The association between neurofibromatosis and central giant cell granuloma has been reported in the literature. A case of mandibular bilateral central giant cell granuloma in a patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1 was conservatively but successfully treated by adequate surgical curettage of mandibular bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos Chrcanovic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500 Prédio 45, Coração Eucarístico, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Denayer E, Devriendt K, de Ravel T, Van Buggenhout G, Smeets E, Francois I, Sznajer Y, Craen M, Leventopoulos G, Mutesa L, Vandecasseye W, Massa G, Kayserili H, Sciot R, Fryns JP, Legius E. Tumor spectrum in children with Noonan syndrome and SOS1 or RAF1 mutations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:242-52. [PMID: 19953625 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, and RAF1. We performed SOS1, RAF1, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutation analysis in a cohort of 102 PTPN11- and KRAS-negative NS patients and found pathogenic SOS1 mutations in 10, RAF1 mutations in 4, and BRAF mutations in 2 patients. Three novel SOS1 mutations were found. One was classified as a rare benign variant and the other remains unclassified. We confirm a high prevalence of pulmonic stenosis and ectodermal abnormalities in SOS1-positive patients. Three patients with SOS1 mutations presented with tumors (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Sertoli cell testis tumor, and granular cell tumors of the skin). One patient with a RAF1 mutation had a lesion suggestive for a giant cell tumor. This is the first report describing different tumor types in NS patients with germ line SOS1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Denayer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Tartaglia M, Zampino G, Gelb BD. Noonan syndrome: clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis. Mol Syndromol 2010; 1:2-26. [PMID: 20648242 DOI: 10.1159/000276766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common, clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous developmental disorder characterized by postnatally reduced growth, distinctive facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects and variable cognitive deficits. Other associated features include ectodermal and skeletal defects, cryptorchidism, lymphatic dysplasias, bleeding tendency, and, rarely, predisposition to hematologic malignancies during childhood. NS is caused by mutations in the PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, RAF1, BRAF and MEK1 (MAP2K1) genes, accounting for approximately 70% of affected individuals. SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11), SOS1, BRAF, RAF1 and MEK1 positively contribute to RAS-MAPK signaling, and possess complex autoinhibitory mechanisms that are impaired by mutations. Similarly, reduced GTPase activity or increased guanine nucleotide release underlie the aberrant signal flow through the MAPK cascade promoted by most KRAS mutations. More recently, a single missense mutation in SHOC2, which encodes a cytoplasmic scaffold positively controlling RAF1 activation, has been discovered to cause a closely related phenotype previously termed Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. This mutation promotes aberrantly acquired N-myristoylation of the protein, resulting in its constitutive targeting to the plasma membrane and dysregulated function. PTPN11, BRAF and RAF1 mutations also account for approximately 95% of LEOPARD syndrome, a condition which resembles NS phenotypically but is characterized by multiple lentigines dispersed throughout the body, café-au-lait spots, and a higher prevalence of electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, obstructive cardiomyopathy and sensorineural hearing deficits. These recent discoveries demonstrate that the substantial phenotypic variation characterizing NS and related conditions can be ascribed, in part, to the gene mutated and even the specific molecular lesion involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Osawa R, Akiyama M, Yamanaka Y, Ujiie H, Nemoto-Hasebe I, Takeda A, Yanagi T, Shimizu H. A novel PTPN11 missense mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:1202-4. [PMID: 19659470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Osawa
- Departments of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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21
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Beneteau C, Cavé H, Moncla A, Dorison N, Munnich A, Verloes A, Leheup B. SOS1 and PTPN11 mutations in five cases of Noonan syndrome with multiple giant cell lesions. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1216-21. [PMID: 19352411 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report five cases of multiple giant cell lesions in patients with typical Noonan syndrome. Such association has frequently been referred to as Noonan-like/multiple giant cell (NL/MGCL) syndrome before the molecular definition of Noonan syndrome. Two patients show mutations in PTPN11 (p.Tyr62Asp and p.Asn308Asp) and three in SOS1 (p.Arg552Ser and p.Arg552Thr). The latter are the first SOS1 mutations reported outside PTPN11 in NL/MGCL syndrome. MGCL lesions were observed in jaws ('cherubism') and joints ('pigmented villonodular synovitis'). We show through those patients that both types of MGCL are not PTPN11-specific, but rather represent a low penetrant (or perhaps overlooked) complication of the dysregulated RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. We recommend discarding NL/MGCL syndrome from the nosology, as this presentation is neither gene-nor allele-specific of Noonan syndrome; these patients should be described as Noonan syndrome with MGCL (of the mandible, the long bone...). The term cherubism should be used only when multiple giant cell lesions occur without any other clinical and molecular evidence of Noonan syndrome, with or without mutations of the SH3BP2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beneteau
- Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique, Hôpital d'Enfants CHU de Nancy, Faculté de Médecine Nancy Université Henri Poincaré, Vandoeuvre, France.
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22
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Schrader KA, Nelson TN, De Luca A, Huntsman DG, McGillivray BC. Multiple granular cell tumors are an associated feature of LEOPARD syndrome caused by mutation inPTPN11. Clin Genet 2009; 75:185-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Mascheroni E, Digilio MC, Cortis E, Devito R, Sarkozy A, Capolino R, Dallapiccola B, Ugazio AG. Pigmented villonodular synovitis in a patient with Noonan syndrome and SOS1 gene mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2966-7. [PMID: 18925667 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Multiple giant cell lesions in patients with Noonan syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:420-5. [PMID: 18854871 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFCS) are related developmental disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding various components of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade. NS is associated with mutations in the genes PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, or KRAS, whereas CFCS can be caused by mutations in BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, or KRAS. The NS phenotype is rarely accompanied by multiple giant cell lesions (MGCL) of the jaw (Noonan-like/MGCL syndrome (NL/MGCLS)). PTPN11 mutations are the only genetic abnormalities reported so far in some patients with NL/MGCLS and in one individual with LEOPARD syndrome and MGCL. In a cohort of 75 NS patients previously tested negative for mutations in PTPN11 and KRAS, we detected SOS1 mutations in 11 individuals, four of whom had MGCL. To explore further the relevance of aberrant RAS-MAPK signaling in syndromic MGCL, we analyzed the established genes causing CFCS in three subjects with MGCL associated with a phenotype fitting CFCS. Mutations in BRAF or MEK1 were identified in these patients. All mutations detected in these seven patients with syndromic MGCL had previously been described in NS or CFCS without apparent MGCL. This study demonstrates that MGCL may occur in NS and CFCS with various underlying genetic alterations and no obvious genotype-phenotype correlation. This suggests that dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK pathway represents the common and basic molecular event predisposing to giant cell lesion formation in patients with NS and CFCS rather than specific mutation effects.
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Sarkozy A, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B. Leopard syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3:13. [PMID: 18505544 PMCID: PMC2467408 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LEOPARD syndrome (LS, OMIM 151100) is a rare multiple congenital anomalies condition, mainly characterized by skin, facial and cardiac anomalies. LEOPARD is an acronym for the major features of this disorder, including multiple Lentigines, ECG conduction abnormalities, Ocular hypertelorism, Pulmonic stenosis, Abnormal genitalia, Retardation of growth, and sensorineural Deafness. About 200 patients have been reported worldwide but the real incidence of LS has not been assessed. Facial dysmorphism includes ocular hypertelorism, palpebral ptosis and low-set ears. Stature is usually below the 25th centile. Cardiac defects, in particular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mostly involving the left ventricle, and ECG anomalies are common. The lentigines may be congenital, although more frequently manifest by the age of 4–5 years and increase throughout puberty. Additional common features are café-au-lait spots (CLS), chest anomalies, cryptorchidism, delayed puberty, hypotonia, mild developmental delay, sensorineural deafness and learning difficulties. In about 85% of the cases, a heterozygous missense mutation is detected in exons 7, 12 or 13 of the PTPN11 gene. Recently, missense mutations in the RAF1 gene have been found in two out of six PTPN11-negative LS patients. Mutation analysis can be carried out on blood, chorionic villi and amniotic fluid samples. LS is largely overlapping Noonan syndrome and, during childhood, Neurofibromatosis type 1-Noonan syndrome. Diagnostic clues of LS are multiple lentigines and CLS, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and deafness. Mutation-based differential diagnosis in patients with borderline clinical manifestations is warranted. LS is an autosomal dominant condition, with full penetrance and variable expressivity. If one parent is affected, a 50% recurrence risk is appropriate. LS should be suspected in foetuses with severe cardiac hypertrophy and prenatal DNA test may be performed. Clinical management should address growth and motor development and congenital anomalies, in particular cardiac defects that should be monitored annually. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy needs careful risk assessment and prophylaxis against sudden death in patients at risk. Hearing should be evaluated annually until adulthood. With the only exception of ventricular hypertrophy, adults with LS do not require special medical care and long-term prognosis is favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sarkozy
- IRCCS-CSS, San Giovanni Rotondo and CSS-Mendel Institute, Viale Regina Elena 261, 00198, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Stoker AW. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional inferences from mouse models and human diseases. FEBS J 2008; 275:816-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Writzl K, Hoovers J, Sistermans EA, Hennekam RCM. LEOPARD syndrome with partly normal skin and sex chromosome mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:2612-5. [PMID: 17935252 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a family with LEOPARD syndrome which was molecularly proven (p.Thr468Met in PTPN11) in a father and his adult son. The father had multiple lentigines dispersed equally over his body; the son was similarly affected except for the left part of thorax, back and left arm, which were completely devoid of lentigines and only showed a few nevi. In addition, the son was found to have a mosaic karyotype, 47,XYY/46,XY, in lymphocytes. Skin biopsies from the pigmented and unpigmented forearm showed that mainly a 47,XYY karyotype was present in the pigmented skin and mainly a 46,XY karyotype in the unpigmented skin. In both fibroblast cultures the PTPN11 mutation was present, and no additional mutation could be detected. We discuss the various possible explanations for this phenotype, which include the possibility of coincidence; revertant mosaicism; silencing of a second PTPN11 mutation; gene(s) located on a sex chromosome influencing the phenotype; and epigenetic influences. We favor that the co-occurrence of a sex chromosome mosaicism and mosaicism for skin symptoms in a single patient with LEOPARD syndrome is coincidence, but that mosaicism for LEOPARD skin symptoms in itself may well be more frequent and needs additional studies. Each of the above-hypothesized mechanisms may then remain possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Writzl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL, London, UK
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases belong to a highly conserved family of Ser-Thr protein kinases in the human kinome and have diverse roles in broad physiological functions. The 4 best-characterized MAP kinase pathways, ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and ERK5, have been implicated in different aspects of cardiac regulation, from development to pathological remodeling. Recent advancements in the development of kinase-specific inhibitors and genetically engineered animal models have revealed significant new insights about MAP kinase pathways in the heart. However, this explosive body of new information also has yielded many controversies about the functional role of specific MAP kinases as either detrimental promoters or critical protectors of the heart during cardiac pathological processes. These uncertainties have raised questions on whether/how MAP kinases can be targeted to develop effective therapies against heart diseases. In this review, recent studies examining the role of MAP kinase subfamilies in cardiac development, hypertrophy, and survival are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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van Capelle CI, Hogeman PHG, van der Sijs-Bos CJM, Heggelman BGF, Idowu B, Slootweg PJ, Wittkampf ARM, Flanagan AM. Neurofibromatosis presenting with a cherubism phenotype. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:905-9. [PMID: 17120035 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on a child who presented clinical manifestations of both neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and cherubism. With genetic testing, we found a mutation in the NF-1 gene, confirming the neurocutaneous disorder. Histology when correlated with radiological evaluation of a mandibular biopsy was consistent with cherubism. This is the first report in the literature of a child with proven neurofibromatosis type 1 and cherubism without extragnathic lesions. This emphasises that cherubism is a clinical phenotype that can be associated with a number of germline mutations involving SH3BP2, PTPN11 and NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I van Capelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Meander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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30
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Genetics in cardiology. Part III. Monogenic inheritance syndromes and cardiac disease. COR ET VASA 2007. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2007.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Edwards PC, Fantasia JE, Saini T, Rosenberg TJ, Sachs SA, Ruggiero S. Clinically aggressive central giant cell granulomas in two patients with neurofibromatosis 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:765-72. [PMID: 17138179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder caused by a spectrum of mutations affecting the Nf1 gene. Affected patients develop benign and malignant tumors at an increased frequency. Clinical findings include multiple cutaneous café-au-lait pigmentations, neurofibromas, axillary freckling, optic gliomas, benign iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules), scoliosis, and poorly defined soft tissue lesions of the skeleton. Kerl first reported an association of NF1 with multiple central giant cell granulomas (CGCGs) of the jaws. There have since been 4 additional published cases of NF1 patients with CGCGs of the jaws. CLINICAL CASES We report on 2 patients who presented with NF1 and aggressive CGCGs of the jaws. In both cases, the clinical course was characterized by numerous recurrences despite mechanical curettage and surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS We review proposed mechanisms to explain the apparent association between NF1 and an increased incidence of CGCGs of the jaws. While the presence of CGCGs of the jaws in patients with NF1 could represent either a coincidental association or a true genetic linkage, we propose that this phenomenon is most likely related to NF1-mediated osseous dysplasia. Compared to normal bone, the Nf1-haploinsufficient bone in a patient with NF1 may be less able to remodel in response to as of yet unidentified stimuli (e.g. excessive mechanical stress and/or vascular fragility), and consequently may be more susceptible to developing CGCG-like lesions. Alternatively, the CGCG in NF1 patients could represent a true neoplasm, resulting from additional, as of yet unidentified, genetic alterations to Nf1-haploinsufficient bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Edwards
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of General Dentistry, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Gelb BD, Tartaglia M. Noonan syndrome and related disorders: dysregulated RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15 Spec No 2:R220-6. [PMID: 16987887 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a relatively common, genetically heterogeneous Mendelian trait with a pleiomorphic phenotype. Prior to the period covered in this review, missense mutations in PTPN11 had been found to account for nearly 50% of Noonan syndrome cases. That gene encodes SHP-2, a protein tyrosine kinase that plays diverse roles in signal transduction including signaling via the RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Noonan syndrome-associated PTPN11 mutations are gain-of-function, with most disrupting SHP-2's activation-inactivation mechanism. Here, we review recent information that has elucidated further the types and effects of PTPN11 defects in Noonan syndrome and compare them to the related, but specific, missense PTPN11 mutations causing other diseases including LEOPARD syndrome and leukemias. These new data derive from biochemical and cell biological studies as well as animal modeling with fruit flies and chick embryos. The discovery of KRAS missense mutation as a minor cause of Noonan syndrome and the pathogenetic mechanisms of those mutants is discussed. Finally, the elucidation of gene defects underlying two phenotypically related disorders, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes is also reviewed. As these genes also encode proteins relevant for RAS-MAPK signal transduction, all of the syndromes discussed in this article now can be understood to constitute a class of disorders caused by dysregulated RAS-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1040, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Posligua L, McDonald DJ, Dehner LP. Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor in association with neurofibromatosis type 1-Noonan syndrome: possibly more than a chance relationship. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30:734-8. [PMID: 16723851 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200606000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A case of diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor arising in the left upper extremity is reported in a 23-year-old man with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-Noonan syndrome. The predominately mononuclear cellular proliferation with psammomatous calcifications had the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a fibrohistiocytic neoplasm. This uncommon type of soft tissue neoplasm occurring in this unique clinical setting served to open an inquiry into the subject of non-neurogenic tumors in association with NF1 and Noonan syndrome, both manifested in our patient. Nonossifying fibroma of bone as a presumptive fibrohistiocytic tumor is an uncommon but well-documented manifestation in NF1, whereas in Noonan-like syndrome, both giant cell granuloma and pigmented villonodular synovitis are recognized as associated lesions with histologic and immunophenotypic similarities with the diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Posligua
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology MO, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University Medical Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Papadopoulou A, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Fretzayas A, Daskalopoulos D, Kanavakis E, Nicolaidou P. Does the rare A172G mutation of PTPN11 gene convey a mild Noonan syndrome phenotype? HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 66:124-31. [PMID: 16804314 DOI: 10.1159/000094145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome NS (OMIM 163950) is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized mainly by typical facial dysmorphism, growth retardation and variable congenital heart defects. In unrelated individuals with sporadic or familial NS, heterozygous missense point mutations in the gene PTPN11 (OMIM 176876) have been confirmed, with a clustering of mutations in exons 3 and 8, the mutation A922G Asn308Asp accounting for nearly 25% of cases. PATIENT AND METHODS We report a 7-year-old boy with short stature and some other clinical features of NS, who has been investigated by molecular analysis for the presence of mutations in the PTPN11 gene. RESULT The de novo mutation A172G in the exon 3 of the PTPN11 gene, predicting an Asn58Asp substitution, has been found. To the best of our knowledge, this specific mutation has only been described once before, but this is the first report of detailed clinical data suggesting a mild phenotype. CONCLUSION Detailed clinical phenotype in every patient with major or minor features of NS and molecular identification of PTPN11 gene mutation may contribute to a better phenotype-genotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kitsiou-Tzeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Tartaglia M, Martinelli S, Stella L, Bocchinfuso G, Flex E, Cordeddu V, Zampino G, Burgt IVD, Palleschi A, Petrucci TC, Sorcini M, Schoch C, Foa R, Emanuel PD, Gelb BD. Diversity and functional consequences of germline and somatic PTPN11 mutations in human disease. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:279-90. [PMID: 16358218 PMCID: PMC1380235 DOI: 10.1086/499925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome (NS) and the clinically related LEOPARD syndrome (LS), whereas somatic mutations in the same gene contribute to leukemogenesis. On the basis of our previously gathered genetic and biochemical data, we proposed a model that splits NS- and leukemia-associated PTPN11 mutations into two major classes of activating lesions with differential perturbing effects on development and hematopoiesis. To test this model, we investigated further the diversity of germline and somatic PTPN11 mutations, delineated the association of those mutations with disease, characterized biochemically a panel of mutant SHP-2 proteins recurring in NS, LS, and leukemia, and performed molecular dynamics simulations to determine the structural effects of selected mutations. Our results document a strict correlation between the identity of the lesion and disease and demonstrate that NS-causative mutations have less potency for promoting SHP-2 gain of function than do leukemia-associated ones. Furthermore, we show that the recurrent LS-causing Y279C and T468M amino acid substitutions engender loss of SHP-2 catalytic activity, identifying a previously unrecognized behavior for this class of missense PTPN11 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a pleiomorphic autosomal dominant disorder with short stature, facial dysmorphia, webbed neck, and heart defects. In the past decade, progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of this disorder using a positional cloning approach. Noonan syndrome is now known to be a genetically heterogeneous disorder with nearly one half of cases caused by gain-of-function mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Similar germ line mutations cause two related genetic disorders, Noonan-like disorder with multiple giant cell lesion syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome, and somatic PTPN11 mutations can underlie certain pediatric hematopoietic malignancies, including juvenile myelomonocytic, acute lymphoblastic, and acute myelogenous leukemias. A mouse model of PTPN11-related Noonan syndrome was recently generated, providing a reagent for studying disease pathogenesis in greater depth as well as experimenting with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.
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Weismann CG, Hager A, Kaemmerer H, Maslen CL, Morris CD, Schranz D, Kreuder J, Gelb BD. PTPN11 mutations play a minor role in isolated congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:146-51. [PMID: 15940693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PTPN11 missense mutations cause approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with various congenital heart defects, most commonly valvar pulmonary stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Atrioventricular septal defects and coarctation of the aorta occur in 15% and 9%, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine if PTPN11 mutations exist in non-syndromic patients with these two relevant forms of congenital heart disease. The 15 coding PTPN11 exons and their intron boundaries from subjects with atrioventricular septal defects (n = 24) and coarctation of the aorta (n = 157) were analyzed using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced if abnormal. One subject with an atrioventricular septal defect but no other known medical problems had a c.127C > T transition in exon 2, predicting a p.L43F substitution. This mutation affected the phosphotyrosine-binding region in the N-terminal src homology 2 domain and was close to a Noonan syndrome mutation (p.T42A). An otherwise healthy patient with aortic coarctation had a silent c.540C > T change in exon 5 corresponding to p.D180D. Our study showed that PTPN11 mutations are rarely found in two isolated forms of congenital heart disease that commonly occur in Noonan syndrome. The p.L43F mutation belongs to a rare class of PTPN11 mutations altering the phosphotyrosine-binding region. These mutations are not predicted to alter the autoinhibition of the PTPN11 protein product, SHP-2, which is the mechanism for the vast majority of mutations causing Noonan syndrome. Future studies will be directed towards understanding these rare phosphotyrosine binding region mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance G Weismann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Justus Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany.
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Jafarov T, Ferimazova N, Reichenberger E. Noonan-like syndrome mutations in PTPN11 in patients diagnosed with cherubism. Clin Genet 2005; 68:190-1. [PMID: 15996221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tartaglia M, Gelb BD. Germ-line and somatic PTPN11 mutations in human disease. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 48:81-96. [PMID: 16053901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein tyrosyl phosphorylation of cell surface receptors and downstream intracellular transducers is a major regulatory mechanism used to modulate cellular responses to extracellular stimuli, and its deregulation frequently drives aberrant cell proliferation, survival and/or differentiation. SHP-2 is a cytoplasmic Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase that plays an important role in intracellular signaling and is required during development and hematopoiesis. Germ-line missense mutations in PTPN11, the gene coding SHP-2, have been discovered as a major molecular event underlying Noonan syndrome, an autosomal dominant trait characterized by short stature, dysmorphic facies, and congenital heart defects, as well as in other closely related developmental disorders. More recently, a distinct class of missense mutations in the same gene has been identified to occur as a somatic event contributing to myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. This review focuses on the role of SHP-2 in signal transduction, development and hematopoiesis, as well as on the consequences of SHP-2 gain-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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