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Chen Z, Li X, Cui X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Wang X, Shi H, Ding M, Yang Y, Li W, Lv L. Association of CTNND2 gene polymorphism with schizophrenia: Two-sample case-control study in Chinese Han population. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023:912174231164669. [PMID: 36930964 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231164669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Catenin Delta 2 (CTNND2) is one of the genes regulating neuronal development in the brain. It is unclear whether CTNND2 is involved in SZ. With the hypothesis that CTNND2 may be a risk gene for SZ, we performed a case-control association analysis to investigate if CTNND2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are implicated in SZ in a Han Chinese northern population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited subjects from 2010 to 2022 from the Han population of northern Henan and divided them into two case-control samples, including a discovery sample (SZ = 528 and control = 528) and replication sample (SZ = 2458 and control = 6914). Twenty-one SNPs were genotyped on the Illumina BeadStation 500G platform using GoldenGate technology and analyzed by PLINK. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess clinical symptoms. RESULTS Rs16901943, rs7733427, and rs2168878 SNPs were associated with SZ (Chi2 = 7.484, 11.576, and 5.391, respectively, df = 1; p = 0.006, 0.00067, and 0.02, respectively) in two samples. Rs10058868 was associated with SZ in male patients in the discovery sample (Chi2 = 6.264, df = 1, p = .044). Only rs7733427 survived Bonferroni correction. Linkage disequilibrium block three haplotypes were associated with SZ in the discovery and total sample. PANSS analysis of the four SNPs implicated rs10058868 and rs2168878 with symptoms of depression and excitement, respectively, in the SZ patients. CONCLUSION Four SNPs were identified as being correlated with SZ. The CTNND2 gene may be involved in susceptibility to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaonian Chen
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangzheng Cui
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Shi
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Minli Ding
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Luvsannyam E, Jain MS, Pormento MKL, Siddiqui H, Balagtas ARA, Emuze BO, Poprawski T. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e23959. [PMID: 35541299 PMCID: PMC9080788 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating disease that presents with both positive and negative symptoms affecting cognition and emotions. Extensive studies have analyzed the different factors that contribute to the disorder. There is evidence of significant genetic etiology involving multiple genes such as dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1). There is no clear link between neurotransmitter changes and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; however, studies have shown that subcortical dopamine dysfunction is the key mechanism. Specific regions of gray and white matter changes are observed in patients with schizophrenia; gray matter changes being more significant after the onset of psychosis. These pathological changes may be implicated in the impairment of executive functioning, attention, and working memory. The disease can be managed with pharmacological treatments based on individual patient profile, patient compliance, and disease severity. The challenge of disease management sometimes persists due to the side effects. A better understanding of the pathological processes in schizophrenia may lead to more specific and effective therapies.
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Jun R, Zhang W, Beacher NJ, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lin DT. Dysbindin-1, BDNF, and GABAergic Transmission in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:876749. [PMID: 35815020 PMCID: PMC9258742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.876749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, anhedonia, disordered thinking, and cognitive impairments. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia. Dysbindin-1 (DTNBP1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are both genetic factors associated with schizophrenia. Mice lacking Dtnbp1 showed behavioral deficits similar to human patients suffering from schizophrenia. DTNBP1 plays important functions in synapse formation and maintenance, receptor trafficking, and neurotransmitter release. DTNBP1 is co-assembled with 7 other proteins into a large protein complex, known as the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1). Large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) are involved in the secretion of hormones and neuropeptides, including BDNF. BDNF plays important roles in neuronal development, survival, and synaptic plasticity. BDNF is also critical in maintaining GABAergic inhibitory transmission in the brain. Two studies independently showed that DTNBP1 mediated activity-dependent BDNF secretion to maintain inhibitory transmission. Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neural activities is thought to contribute to schizophrenia. In this mini-review, we will discuss a potential pathogenetic mechanism for schizophrenia involving DTNBP1, BDNF, and inhibitory transmission. We will also discuss how these processes are interrelated and associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jun
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas J Beacher
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Da-Ting Lin
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Schiele MA, Gottschalk MG, Domschke K. The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101830. [PMID: 32163803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders are highly complex and multifactorial in origin, comprising an elaborate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA modifications (e.g. CpG methylation), histone modifications (e.g. acetylation) and microRNAs function as a translator between genes and the environment. Indeed, environmental influences such as exposure to stress shape epigenetic patterns, and lifetime experiences continue to alter the function of the genome throughout the lifespan. Here, we summarize the recently burgeoning body of research regarding the involvement of aberrant epigenetic signatures in mediating an increased vulnerability to a wide range of mental disorders. We review the current knowledge of epigenetic changes to constitute useful markers predicting the clinical response to psychotherapeutic interventions, and of psychotherapy to alter - and potentially reverse - epigenetic risk patterns. Given first evidence pointing to a transgenerational transmission of epigenetic information, epigenetic alterations arising from successful psychotherapy might be transferred to future generations and thus contribute to the prevention of mental disorders. Findings are integrated into a multi-level framework highlighting challenges pertaining to the mechanisms of action and clinical implications of epigenetic research. Promising future directions regarding the prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment of mental disorders in line with a 'precision medicine' approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael G Gottschalk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Effect of VNTR Polymorphism of the AS3MT Gene and Obstetrical Complications on the Severity of Schizophrenia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 168:84-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhuo C, Yao Y, Xu Y, Liu C, Chen M, Ji F, Li J, Tian H, Jiang D, Lin C, Chen C. Schizophrenia and gut-flora related epigenetic factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:49-54. [PMID: 30419320 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder and the exact mechanisms that underpin SZ remain poorly understood despite decades of research. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are all considered to play a role. The importance of gut flora and its influence on the central nervous system has been recognized in recent years. We hypothesize that gut flora may be a converging point where environmental factors interact with epigenetic factors and contribute to SZ pathogenesis. AIM To summarize the current understanding of genetic and epigenetic factors and the possible involvement of gut flora in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. RESULTS We searched PubMed and Medline with a combination of the key words schizophrenia, microbiome, epigenetic factors to identify studies of genetic and epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Numerous genes that encode key proteins in neuronal signaling pathways have been linked to SZ. Epigenetic modifications, particularly, methylation and acetylation profiles, have been found to differ in individuals that present with SZ from those that don't. Gut flora may affect epigenetic modifications by regulation of key metabolic pathway molecules, including methionine, florate, biotin, and metabolites that are acetyl group donors. Despite a lack of direct studies on the subject, it is possible that gut flora may influence genetic and epigenetic expression and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ. CONCLUSION Gut flora is sensitive to both internal and environmental stimuli and the synthesis of some key molecules that participate in the epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Therefore, it is possible that gut flora is a converging point where environmental factors interact with genetic and epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China; Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China; Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yudong Yao
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Kasap M, Rajani V, Rajani J, Dwyer DS. Surprising conservation of schizophrenia risk genes in lower organisms reflects their essential function and the evolution of genetic liability. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:120-128. [PMID: 30017463 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness that affects approximately 1% of the population. Genetic variation in multiple genes causes elevated risk for the disorder, but the molecular basis is inadequately understood and it is not clear how risk genes have evolved and persisted in the genome. To address these issues, we have identified orthologs/homologs of 344 schizophrenia risk genes (from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium dataset) in lower organisms, including C. elegans, Drosophila and zebrafish, along with phenotypes produced by genetic disruption in C. elegans. Schizophrenia risk genes were evolutionarily conserved at significantly higher rates in C. elegans (81%) and zebrafish (88%) than genes in general for these two species (40-70%). The risk-gene equivalents were highly (~3-fold) enriched for essential genes consistent with polygenic mutation threshold models, which propose that genetic susceptibility results from the inevitable expression of harmful combinations of risk variants in the population. Most notably, numerous examples of cross-species synteny revealed how blocks of risk genes geared toward a shared biological purpose coalesced into proximity during evolution. We obtained initial evidence that schizophrenia risk genes affected different stages of development, potentially allowing differential modulation by the environment. Taken together, studies of the conservation of schizophrenia risk genes in simple model organisms provided novel insights into the molecular basis for genetic susceptibility to a complex human psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kasap
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Shreveport, USA
| | - Vivek Rajani
- Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Jackie Rajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Donard S Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Shreveport, USA; Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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8
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John J, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Possible role of rare variants in Trace amine associated receptor 1 in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:190-195. [PMID: 28242106 PMCID: PMC5569002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic mental illness with behavioral abnormalities. Recent common variant based genome wide association studies and rare variant detection using next generation sequencing approaches have identified numerous variants that confer risk for SZ, but etiology remains unclear propelling continuing investigations. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a rare heterozygous variant (c.545G>T; p.Cys182Phe) in Trace amine associated receptor 1 gene (TAAR1 6q23.2) in three affected members in a small SZ family. The variant predicted to be damaging by 15 prediction tools, causes breakage of a conserved disulfide bond in this G-protein-coupled receptor. On screening this intronless gene for additional variant(s) in ~800 sporadic SZ patients, we identified six rare protein altering variants (MAF<0.001) namely p.Ser47Cys, p.Phe51Leu, p.Tyr294Ter, p.Leu295Ser in four unrelated north Indian cases (n=475); p.Ala109Thr and p.Val250Ala in two independent Caucasian/African-American patients (n=310). Five of these variants were also predicted to be damaging. Besides, a rare synonymous variant was observed in SZ patients. These rare variants were absent in north Indian healthy controls (n=410) but significantly enriched in patients (p=0.036). Conversely, three common coding SNPs (rs8192621, rs8192620 and rs8192619) and a promoter SNP (rs60266355) tested for association with SZ in the north Indian cohort were not significant (P>0.05). TAAR1 is a modulator of monoaminergic pathways and interacts with AKT signaling pathways. Substantial animal model based pharmacological and functional data implying its relevance in SZ are also available. However, this is the first report suggestive of the likely contribution of rare variants in this gene to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - K V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Dysbindin-1 Involvement in the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102044. [PMID: 28937620 PMCID: PMC5666726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder that afflicts about 1% of the world’s population, falling into the top 10 medical disorders causing disability. Existing therapeutic strategies have had limited success on cognitive impairment and long-term disability and are burdened by side effects. Although new antipsychotic medications have been launched in the past decades, there has been a general lack of significant innovation. This lack of significant progress in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia is a reflection of the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. To date, many susceptibility genes have been identified to be associated with schizophrenia. DTNBP1 gene, which encodes dysbindin-1, has been linked to schizophrenia in multiple populations. Studies on genetic variations show that DTNBP1 modulate prefrontal brain functions and psychiatric phenotypes. Dysbindin-1 is enriched in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, while postmortem brain studies of individuals with schizophrenia show decreased levels of dysbindin-1 mRNA and protein in these brain regions. These studies proposed a strong connection between dysbindin-1 function and the pathogenesis of disease. Dysbindin-1 protein was localized at both pre- and post-synaptic sites, where it regulates neurotransmitter release and receptors signaling. Moreover, dysbindin-1 has also been found to be involved in neuronal development. Reduced expression levels of dysbindin-1 mRNA and protein appear to be common in dysfunctional brain areas of schizophrenic patients. The present review addresses our current knowledge of dysbindin-1 with emphasis on its potential role in the schizophrenia pathology. We propose that dysbindin-1 and its signaling pathways may constitute potential therapeutic targets in the therapy of schizophrenia.
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Vona B, Nanda I, Shehata-Dieler W, Haaf T. Genetics of Tinnitus: Still in its Infancy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:236. [PMID: 28533738 PMCID: PMC5421307 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is the perception of a phantom sound that affects between 10 and 15% of the general population. Despite this considerable prevalence, treatments for tinnitus are presently lacking. Tinnitus exhibits a diverse array of recognized risk factors and extreme clinical heterogeneity. Furthermore, it can involve an unknown number of auditory and non-auditory networks and molecular pathways. This complex combination has hampered advancements in the field. The identification of specific genetic factors has been at the forefront of several research investigations in the past decade. Nine studies have examined genes in a case-control association approach. Recently, a genome-wide association study has highlighted several potentially significant pathways that are implicated in tinnitus. Two twin studies have calculated a moderate heritability for tinnitus and disclosed a greater concordance rate in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins. Despite the more recent data alluding to genetic factors in tinnitus, a strong association with any specific genetic locus is lacking and a genetic study with sufficient statistical power has yet to be designed. Future research endeavors must overcome the many inherent limitations in previous study designs. This review summarizes the previously embarked upon tinnitus genetic investigations and summarizes the hurdles that have been encountered. The identification of candidate genes responsible for tinnitus may afford gene based diagnostic approaches, effective therapy development, and personalized therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Wafaa Shehata-Dieler
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Comprehensive Hearing Center, University Hospital WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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Al-Eitan L, Al-Habahbeh S, Alkhatib R. Genetic association analysis of ERBB4 polymorphisms with the risk ofschizophrenia susceptibility in a Jordanian population of Arab descent. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:542-553. [PMID: 28425244 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1603-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The ERBB4 gene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase and is considered to be one of the risk genes of schizophrenia. Although there is evidence of the roles of genes and the environment in the etiology of schizophrenia, a comprehensive biological and genetic background of the disease is still lacking. The aim of this study is to assess whether genetic variation in the human ERBB4 gene is associated with vulnerability to schizophrenia in the Jordanian Arab population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 185 inpatients with schizophrenia participated in this study and 195 healthy genetically homogeneous individuals were also used as controls. Two genetic variants, rs839523 (G/A, intron 2) and rs3748962 (A/G, exon 27), encompassing the ERBB4 gene were genotyped using DNA sequencing. RESULTS The results revealed a strong and statistically significant genetic association of rs839523 with schizophrenia (P = 0.002 for allele and P = 0.006 for genotype). CONCLUSION This study provides strong statistical evidence that there is an association between the ERBB4 gene and schizophrenia in a Jordanian population of Arab descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sahar Al-Habahbeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rami Alkhatib
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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A Neurophysiological Perspective on a Preventive Treatment against Schizophrenia Using Transcranial Electric Stimulation of the Corticothalamic Pathway. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7040034. [PMID: 28350371 PMCID: PMC5406691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients are waiting for a treatment free of detrimental effects. Psychotic disorders are devastating mental illnesses associated with dysfunctional brain networks. Ongoing brain network gamma frequency (30–80 Hz) oscillations, naturally implicated in integrative function, are excessively amplified during hallucinations, in at-risk mental states for psychosis and first-episode psychosis. So, gamma oscillations represent a bioelectrical marker for cerebral network disorders with prognostic and therapeutic potential. They accompany sensorimotor and cognitive deficits already present in prodromal schizophrenia. Abnormally amplified gamma oscillations are reproduced in the corticothalamic systems of healthy humans and rodents after a single systemic administration, at a psychotomimetic dose, of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine. These translational ketamine models of prodromal schizophrenia are thus promising to work out a preventive noninvasive treatment against first-episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. In the present essay, transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is considered an appropriate preventive therapeutic modality because it can influence cognitive performance and neural oscillations. Here, I highlight clinical and experimental findings showing that, together, the corticothalamic pathway, the thalamus, and the glutamatergic synaptic transmission form an etiopathophysiological backbone for schizophrenia and represent a potential therapeutic target for preventive TES of dysfunctional brain networks in at-risk mental state patients against psychotic disorders.
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13
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Ham S, Kim TK, Chung S, Im HI. Drug Abuse and Psychosis: New Insights into Drug-induced Psychosis. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:11-24. [PMID: 28243163 PMCID: PMC5326711 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive drug use or prescribed medicine abuse can cause psychosis. Some representative symptoms frequently elicited by patients with psychosis are hallucination, anhedonia, and disrupted executive functions. These psychoses are categorized into three classifications of symptoms: positive, negative, and cognitive. The symptoms of DIP are not different from the symptoms of schizophrenia, and it is difficult to distinguish between them. Due to this ambiguity of distinction between the DIP and schizophrenia, the DIP animal model has been frequently used as the schizophrenia animal model. However, although the symptoms may be the same, its causes are clearly different in that DIP is acquired and schizophrenia is heritable. Therefore, in this review, we cover several DIP models such as of amphetamine, PCP/ketamine, scopolamine, and LSD, and then we also address three schizophrenia models through a genetic approach with a new perspective that distinguishes DIP from schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Ham
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Tae Kyoo Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston 02215, USA
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.; Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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Histone Posttranslational Modifications in Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:237-254. [PMID: 28523550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability; however, family and twin studies have indicated that environmental factors also play important roles in the etiology of disease. Environmental triggers exert their influence on behavior via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation and methylation, as well as DNA methylation, can induce lasting changes in gene expression and have therefore been implicated in promoting the behavioral and neuronal behaviors that characterize this disorder. Importantly, because epigenetic processes are potentially reversible, they might serve as targets in the design of novel therapies in psychiatry. This chapter will review the current information regarding histone modifications in schizophrenia and the potential therapeutic relevance of such marks.
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15
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Jia P, Han G, Zhao J, Lu P, Zhao Z. SZGR 2.0: a one-stop shop of schizophrenia candidate genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:D915-D924. [PMID: 27733502 PMCID: PMC5210619 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SZGR 2.0 is a comprehensive resource of candidate variants and genes for schizophrenia, covering genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, translational and many other types of evidence. By systematic review and curation of multiple lines of evidence, we included almost all variants and genes that have ever been reported to be associated with schizophrenia. In particular, we collected ∼4200 common variants reported in genome-wide association studies, ∼1000 de novo mutations discovered by large-scale sequencing of family samples, 215 genes spanning rare and replication copy number variations, 99 genes overlapping with linkage regions, 240 differentially expressed genes, 4651 differentially methylated genes and 49 genes as antipsychotic drug targets. To facilitate interpretation, we included various functional annotation data, especially brain eQTL, methylation QTL, brain expression featured in deep categorization of brain areas and developmental stages and brain-specific promoter and enhancer annotations. Furthermore, we conducted cross-study, cross-data type and integrative analyses of the multidimensional data deposited in SZGR 2.0, and made the data and results available through a user-friendly interface. In summary, SZGR 2.0 provides a one-stop shop of schizophrenia variants and genes and their function and regulation, providing an important resource in the schizophrenia and other mental disease community. SZGR 2.0 is available at https://bioinfo.uth.edu/SZGR/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guangchun Han
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pinyi Lu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Can Psychological, Social and Demographical Factors Predict Clinical Characteristics Symptomatology of Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia? Psychiatr Q 2016; 87:501-13. [PMID: 26646576 PMCID: PMC4945684 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-015-9405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a complex, psychiatric disorder affecting 1 % of population. Its clinical phenotype is heterogeneous with delusions, hallucinations, depression, disorganized behaviour and negative symptoms. Bipolar affective disorder (BD) refers to periodic changes in mood and activity from depression to mania. It affects 0.5-1.5 % of population. Two types of disorder (type I and type II) are distinguished by severity of mania episodes. In our analysis, we aimed to check if clinical and demographical characteristics of the sample are predictors of symptom dimensions occurrence in BD and SCH cases. We included total sample of 443 bipolar and 439 schizophrenia patients. Diagnosis was based on DSM-IV criteria using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. We applied regression models to analyse associations between clinical and demographical traits from OPCRIT and symptom dimensions. We used previously computed dimensions of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder as quantitative traits for regression models. Male gender seemed protective factor for depression dimension in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder sample. Presence of definite psychosocial stressor prior disease seemed risk factor for depressive and suicidal domain in BD and SCH. OPCRIT items describing premorbid functioning seemed related with depression, positive and disorganised dimensions in schizophrenia and psychotic in BD. We proved clinical and demographical characteristics of the sample are predictors of symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We also saw relation between clinical dimensions and course of disorder and impairment during disorder.
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17
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Butler MG, McGuire AB, Masoud H, Manzardo AM. Currently recognized genes for schizophrenia: High-resolution chromosome ideogram representation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:181-202. [PMID: 26462458 PMCID: PMC6679920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A large body of genetic data from schizophrenia-related research has identified an assortment of genes and disturbed pathways supporting involvement of complex genetic components for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Advances in genetic technology and expanding studies with searchable genomic databases have led to multiple published reports, allowing us to compile a master list of known, clinically relevant, or susceptibility genes contributing to schizophrenia. We searched key words related to schizophrenia and genetics from peer-reviewed medical literature sources, authoritative public access psychiatric websites and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery and characterization of schizophrenia. Our list of 560 genes were arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms. Genome wide pathway analysis using GeneAnalytics was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess the underlying genetic architecture for schizophrenia. Recognized genes of clinical relevance, susceptibility or causation impact a broad range of biological pathways and mechanisms including ion channels (e.g., CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1H), metabolism (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6), multiple targets of neurotransmitter pathways impacting dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin function, brain development (e.g., NRG1, RELN), signaling peptides (e.g., PIK3CA, PIK4CA) and immune function (e.g., HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1) and interleukins (e.g., IL1A, IL10, IL6). This summary will enable clinical and laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and other clinicians to access convenient pictorial images of the distribution and location of contributing genes to inform diagnosis and gene-based treatment as well as provide risk estimates for genetic counseling of families with affected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Correspondence to: Merlin G. Butler, M.D., Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Austen B. McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Humaira Masoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ann M. Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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18
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Ocklenburg S, Güntürkün O, Hugdahl K, Hirnstein M. Laterality and mental disorders in the postgenomic age – A closer look at schizophrenia and language lateralization. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Matsuno H, Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Yano-Umeda S, Saneyoshi T, Takeda M, Hayashi Y. A naturally occurring null variant of the NMDA type glutamate receptor NR3B subunit is a risk factor of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116319. [PMID: 25768306 PMCID: PMC4358936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the significance of a common human genetic variation of the NMDAR NR3B subunit that inserts 4 bases within the coding region (insCGTT) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The cDNA carrying this polymorphism generates a truncated protein, which is electrophysiologically non-functional in heterologous expression systems. Among 586 schizophrenia patients and 754 healthy controls, insCGTT was significantly overrepresented in patients compared to controls (odds ratio = 1.37, p = 0.035). Among 121 schizophrenia patients and 372 healthy controls, genetic analyses of normal individuals revealed that those carrying insCGTT have a predisposition to schizotypal personality traits (F1,356 = 4.69, p = 0.031). Furthermore, pre-pulse inhibition, a neurobiological trait disturbed in patients with schizophrenia, was significantly impaired in patients carrying insCGTT compared with those with the major allele (F1,116 = 5.72, p = 0.018, F1,238 = 4.46, p = 0.036, respectively). These results indicate that a naturally occurring null variant in NR3B could be a risk factor of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsuno
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (RH)
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Yano-Umeda
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeo Saneyoshi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (RH)
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20
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Stepanov VA, Bocharova AV, Saduakassova KZ, Marusin AV, Koneva LA, Vagaitseva KV, Svyatova GS. Replicative study of susceptibility to childhood-onset schizophrenia in Kazakhs. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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22
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Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Polymorphisms as Risk Factor in Temporomandibular Disorders Patients From Southern Italy. Clin J Pain 2014; 30:129-33. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0b013e318287a358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Dwyer DS, Weeks K, Aamodt EJ. Drug discovery based on genetic and metabolic findings in schizophrenia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:773-89. [PMID: 24410607 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the genetics of schizophrenia provides the rationale for re-evaluating causative factors and therapeutic strategies for this disease. Here, we review the major candidate susceptibility genes and relate the aberrant function of these genes to defective regulation of energy metabolism in the schizophrenic brain. Disturbances in energy metabolism potentially lead to neurodevelopmental deficits, impaired function of the mature nervous system and failure to maintain neurites/dendrites and synaptic connections. Current antipsychotic drugs do not specifically address these underlying deficits; therefore, a new generation of more effective medications is urgently needed. Novel targets for future drug discovery are identified in this review. The coordinated application of structure-based drug design, systems biology and research on model organisms may greatly facilitate the search for next-generation antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Professor and Director of Basic Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260;
| | - Jeanne M. McCaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital, and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903;
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25
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Maternal immune activation during gestation interacts with Disc1 point mutation to exacerbate schizophrenia-related behaviors in mice. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7654-66. [PMID: 23637159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0091-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is thought to result from interactions between susceptible genotypes and environmental risk factors. DISC1 is an important gene for schizophrenia and mood disorders based on both human and animal studies. In the present study we sought to investigate interactions between two distinct point mutations in the mouse Disc1 gene (L100P and Q31L) and maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C). PolyI:C given at 5 mg/kg impaired cognitive and social behavior in both wild-type (WT) and Disc1-Q31L(+/-) offspring, and reduced prepulse inhibition at 16 but not 8 weeks of age. Disc1-L100P(+/-) mutants were more sensitive to MIA than WT or Disc1-Q31L(+/-) mice. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a critical cytokine for mediating the behavioral and transcriptional effects of polyI:C. We found a more pronounced increase of IL-6 in response to polyI:C in fetal brain in Disc1-L100P(+/-) mice compared with WT or Disc1-Q31L(+/-) mice. Coadministration of an anti-IL-6 antibody with polyI:C reversed schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotypes in Disc1-L100P(+/-) mice. In summary, we found specific interactions between discrete genetic (Disc1-L100P(+/-)) and environmental factors (MIA) that exacerbate schizophrenia-related phenotypes. IL-6 may be important in the pathophysiology of this interaction.
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26
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Rose EJ, Donohoe G. Brain vs behavior: an effect size comparison of neuroimaging and cognitive studies of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:518-26. [PMID: 22499782 PMCID: PMC3627766 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (SZ) are hypothesized to be more penetrant at the level of brain structure and function than at the level of behavior. However, to date the relative sensitivity of imaging vs cognitive measures of these variants has not been quantified. We considered effect sizes associated with cognitive and imaging studies of 9 robust SZ risk genes (DAOA, DISC1, DTNBP1, NRG1, RGS4, NRGN, CACNA1C, TCF4, and ZNF804A) published between January 2005-November 2011. Summary data was used to calculate estimates of effect size for each significant finding. The mean effect size for each study was categorized as small, medium, or large and the relative frequency of each category was compared between modalities and across genes. Random effects meta-analysis was used to consider the impact of experimental methodology on effect size. Imaging studies reported mostly medium or large effects, whereas cognitive investigations commonly reported small effects. Meta-analysis confirmed that imaging studies were associated with larger effects. Effect size estimates were negatively correlated with sample size but did not differ as a function of gene nor imaging modality. These observations support the notion that SZ risk variants show larger effects, and hence greater penetrance, when characterized using indices of brain structure and function than when indexed by cognitive measures. However, it remains to be established whether this holds true for individual risk variants, imaging modalities, or cognitive functions, and how such effects may be mediated by a relationship with sample size and other aspects of experimental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tang B, Jia H, Kast RJ, Thomas EA. Epigenetic changes at gene promoters in response to immune activation in utero. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30:168-75. [PMID: 23402795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that maternal infection increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism in offspring. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with these effects are unclear. Here, we have studied epigenetic gene regulation in mice exposed to non-specific immune activation elicited by polyI:C injection to pregnant dams. Using Western blot analysis, we detected global hypoacetylation of histone H3, at lysine residues 9 and 14, and histone H4, at lysine residue 8, in the cortex from juvenile (∼24days of age) offspring exposed to polyI:C in utero, but not from adult (3months of age) offspring, which exhibit significant behavioral abnormalities. Accordingly, we detected robust deficits in the expression of genes associated with neuronal development, synaptic transmission and immune signaling in the cortex of polyI:C-exposed juvenile mice. In particular, we found that several genes in the glutamate receptor signaling pathway, including Gria1 and Slc17a7, showed decreases in promoter-specific histone acetylation, and corresponding gene expression deficits, in polyI:C-exposed offspring at both juvenile and adult ages. In contrast, the expression of these same genes, in addition to Disc1 and Ntrk3, was elevated in the hippocampus of juvenile mice, in concordance with elevated levels of promoter-specific histone acetylation. We suggest that these early epigenetic changes contribute to the delayed behavioral abnormalities that are observed in adult animals after exposure to polyI:C, and which resemble symptoms seen in schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Red., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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Baker AEZ, Procter NG. A qualitative inquiry into consumer beliefs about the causes of mental illness. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2013; 20:442-7. [PMID: 22812505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines consumer or service user beliefs about the causes of mental illness. It presents a qualitative, participatory action research study involving semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 people who had been diagnosed with a mental illness and attended a community mental health centre in metropolitan South Australia. Inductive thematic analysis was undertaken, with a range of beliefs about the possible cause of mental illness identified. Findings are organized within two key areas: social or environmental factors and physical or biological factors. The social or environmental category included varied situations, clustered under the subcategories of: stress during childhood, events in adulthood and religious beliefs. Physical or biological factors included beliefs that mental illness was inherited, caused by brain malfunction or chemical imbalance. Of note, one-third of consumer participants who discussed possible causes of mental illness identified multiple potential causes. Implications for service delivery, specifically related to therapeutic trust and engagement, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Z Baker
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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29
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Involvement of PTPN5, the gene encoding the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, in schizophrenia and cognition. Psychiatr Genet 2012; 22:168-76. [PMID: 22555153 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283518586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family that has been implicated in learning and memory. In this study, we examined the association of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 5 (PTPN5) gene, which encodes for STEP, with both schizophrenia and cognitive functioning in the Israeli Jewish population. METHODS A schizophrenia (SZ) case-control study of 868 participants was carried out (286 patients and 582 controls). Eleven PTPN5 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and single markers and haplotype association analyses were carried out. A cognitive variability study included 437 healthy women who completed a computerized cognitive battery. We performed univariate associations between the SNPs and cognitive performance. The possible functional role of these variants was examined by studying their association with gene expression levels in the brain. RESULTS In the SZ study, we found a nominal association in the whole sample between rs4075664 and SZ. Male patients with SZ showed a more significant association for three SNPs (rs4075664, rs2278732, and rs4757710). Haplotypes of the studied SNPs were associated with SZ both in the overall sample and within the male subsample. Expression analysis provided some support for the effects of the associated SNPs on PTPN5 expression level. The cognitive variability study showed positive associations between PTPN5 SNPs and different cognitive subtests. Principal component analysis showed an 'attention index' neurocognitive component that was associated with two SNP pairs (rs10832983 × rs10766504 and rs7932938 × rs4757718). CONCLUSION The results imply a model in which PTPN5 may play a role in normal cognitive functioning and contribute to aspects of the neuropathology of SZ.
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Barone R, Sturiale L, Palmigiano A, Zappia M, Garozzo D. Glycomics of pediatric and adulthood diseases of the central nervous system. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5123-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu Q, Jamba M, Patrick C, Padmanabhan S, Brennan MD. Targeted pharmacogenetic analysis of antipsychotic response in the CATIE study. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1227-37. [PMID: 22920393 PMCID: PMC3518380 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the impact of 6789 SNPs on treatment response to antipsychotics in Caucasian patients from the CATIE study. MATERIALS & METHODS An Illumina (CA, USA) BeadChip was designed that targeted genes potentially impacting disease risk, disease presentation or antipsychotic response. SNPs tagged regions of linkage disequilibrium or functional variants not detectable using previous genotypes for CATIE. Change in Positive and Negative Syndrome scale total score was modeled using a mixed model repeated measures method that assumed a 30-day lag period. Genetic association analysis was performed using linear regression. RESULTS Association analysis identified 20 SNPs with p-values of ≤5 × 10(-4). Many of these are in genes previously implicated in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases. CONCLUSION The targeted approach identified SNPs possibly influencing response to antipsychotic drugs in Caucasian patients suffering from schizophrenia. The findings support a biological link between disease risk and presentation and antipsychotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- SureGene, LLC, 600 Envoy Circle, Louisville, KY 40299, USA
| | - Maidar Jamba
- SureGene, LLC, 600 Envoy Circle, Louisville, KY 40299, USA
| | - Calvin Patrick
- SureGene, LLC, 600 Envoy Circle, Louisville, KY 40299, USA
| | | | - Mark D Brennan
- SureGene, LLC, 600 Envoy Circle, Louisville, KY 40299, USA
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Hirata Y, Zai CC, Souza RP, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL. Association study of GRIK1 gene polymorphisms in schizophrenia: case-control and family-based studies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:345-51. [PMID: 22730074 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glutamatergic function is one of the major hypotheses for schizophrenia. Within the glutamate system, the glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate-1 (GRIK1) gene is thought to be particularly involved in schizophrenia because of the reported reduction of GRIK1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients. OBJECTIVE We examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GRIK1 gene for possible association with schizophrenia. METHODS We analyzed eight SNPs across the GRIK1 gene in 202 case-control pairs and 108 small nuclear families. RESULTS For the case-control study, we found nominal significant associations in the analysis of rs469472 (p = 0.028) and its haplotypes. In the family-based study, nominal significant association was also observed for rs469472 (p = 0.046), as well as rs455892 (p = 0.024). The marker rs469472 was associated with schizophrenia when we combined the case-control and family samples (p = 0.027). The association findings did not survive correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Because we observed similar association findings with marker rs469472 in two independent samples, further analyses in larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hirata
- Neurogenetics Section, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Analysis of OPCRIT results indicate the presence of a novel 'social functioning' domain and complex structure of other dimensions in the Wielkopolska (Poland) population. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:223-32. [PMID: 22521495 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of our study was to examine factor structure of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in the Wielkopolska population, using dimension reduction techniques. METHODS Schizophrenia (n=443) and bipolar affective disorder (n=499) patients were assessed using Operational Criteria Checklist (OPCRIT). Principal component analysis and Maximum Likelihood Factor analysis were carried out to obtain factor structure with significance level for the factor loadings exceeding 0.4. Varimax and promax rotations were used to identify the meaningful factors. RESULTS Rotated solution indicated multidimensional structure for depression and excitement as well as positive domains in the schizophrenia sample. Negative and disorganized dimensions existed as single factors, with item composition similar to that already described. Additionally, a new "social functioning" dimension was identified. In bipolar affective disorder sample, the interpretable dimensions included: depression, psychotic, atypical depression, negative, substance use, excitement and "social functioning". Factor structure of the combined sample consisted of depression, excitement, disorganization, delusions, substance use, negative and social functioning factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated multidimensional and hierarchical structures for some of the previously described dimensions. Additional use of items not exactly related to disease symptoms lead to discovery of "substance use" and "social functioning" dimensions.
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Yanagi M, Southcott S, Lister J, Tamminga CA. Animal models of schizophrenia emphasizing construct validity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:411-44. [PMID: 22137438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Achieving animal models of schizophrenia which are representative of clear aspects of the illness is critical to understanding pathophysiology and developing novel treatments for the complex syndrome. This chapter reviews the various approaches that have been used in the past to create animal models of schizophrenia, including pharmacological approaches, environmental risk conditions and schizophrenia risk genes. In addition, we present a new animal model which derives directly from human tissue and brain imaging data used to develop a human schizophrenia model. This chapter emphasizes the crucial need for construct validity and of modeling discrete elements of schizophrenia's illness presentation as the way to successful advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yanagi
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Deng X, Takaki H, Wang L, Kuroki T, Nakahara T, Hashimoto K, Ninomiya H, Arinami T, Inada T, Ujike H, Itokawa M, Tochigi M, Watanabe Y, Someya T, Kunugi H, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Shibata H, Fukumaki Y. Positive association of phencyclidine-responsive genes, PDE4A and PLAT, with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:850-8. [PMID: 21898905 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As schizophrenia-like symptoms are produced by administration of phencyclidine (PCP), a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, PCP-responsive genes could be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We injected PCP to Wistar rats and isolated five different parts of the brain in 1 and 4 hr after the injection. We analyzed the gene expression induced by the PCP treatment of these tissues using the AGILENT rat cDNA microarray system. We observed changes in expression level in 90 genes and 21 ESTs after the treatment. Out of the 10 genes showing >2-fold expressional change evaluated by qRT-PCR, we selected 7 genes as subjects for the locus-wide association study to identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in the Japanese population. In haplotype analysis, significant associations were detected in combinations of two SNPs of BTG2 (P = 1.4 × 10(-6) ), PDE4A (P = 1.4 × 10(-6) ), and PLAT (P = 1 × 10(-3) ), after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Additionally, we not only successfully replicated the haplotype associations in PDE4A (P = 6.8 × 10(-12) ) and PLAT (P = 0.015), but also detected single-point associations of one SNP in PDE4A (P = 0.0068) and two SNPs in PLAT (P = 0.0260 and 0.0104) in another larger sample set consisting of 2,224 cases and 2,250 controls. These results indicate that PDE4A and PLAT may be susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Deng
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Dysbindin-1, a schizophrenia-related protein, facilitates neurite outgrowth by promoting the transcriptional activity of p53. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1105-16. [PMID: 21502952 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the DTNBP1 gene (encoding the protein dysbindin-1) have been implicated as risk factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previous studies have indicated that dysbindin-1 functions in the regulation of synaptic activity. Recently, dysbindin-1 has also been documented to be involved in neuronal development. In this study, we identified necdin as a binding partner of dysbindin-1 using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Dysbindin-1 recruits necdin to the cytoplasm, thereby attenuating the repressive effects of necdin on p53 transcriptional activity. Knockdown of dysbindin-1, like knockdown of p53, greatly decreases the expressions of the p53 target genes coronin 1b and rab13, which are required for neurite outgrowth. Moreover, overexpression of p53 restores the neurite outgrowth blocked by dysbindin-1 knockdown. In brains of dysbindin-1 null mice (the sandy strain), p21, Coronin 1b and Rab13 levels are reduced. Furthermore, primary cultured cortical neurons from sandy mice display neurite outgrowth defects when compared with those from wild-type mice. Thus, our data provide evidence that dysbindin-1 has an important role in neurite outgrowth through its regulation of p53's transcriptional activity.
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Li C, Li Y, Xu J, Lv J, Ma Y, Shao T, Gong B, Tan R, Xiao Y, Li X. Disease-driven detection of differential inherited SNP modules from SNP network. Gene 2011; 489:119-29. [PMID: 21920414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the synergetic effects between variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is crucial for understanding the genetic characters of complex diseases. Here, we proposed a two-step approach to detect differentially inherited SNP modules (synergetic SNP units) from a SNP network. First, SNP-SNP interactions are identified based on prior biological knowledge, such as their adjacency on the chromosome or degree of relatedness between the functional relationships of their genes. These interactions form SNP networks. Second, disease-risk SNP modules (or sub-networks) are prioritised by their differentially inherited properties in IBD (Identity by Descent) profiles of affected and unaffected sibpairs. The search process is driven by the disease information and follows the structure of a SNP network. Simulation studies have indicated that this approach achieves high accuracy and a low false-positive rate in the identification of known disease-susceptible SNPs. Applying this method to an alcoholism dataset, we found that flexible patterns of susceptible SNP combinations do play a role in complex diseases, and some known genes were detected through these risk SNP modules. One example is GRM7, a known alcoholism gene successfully detected by a SNP module comprised of two SNPs, but neither of the two SNPs was significantly associated with the disease in single-locus analysis. These identified genes are also enriched in some pathways associated with alcoholism, including the calcium signalling pathway, axon guidance and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. The integration of network biology and genetic analysis provides putative functional bridges between genetic variants and candidate genes or pathways, thereby providing new insight into the aetiology of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxing Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, PR China
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Herberth M, Koethe D, Cheng TMK, Krzyszton ND, Schoeffmann S, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Kranaster L, Leweke FM, Bahn S. Impaired glycolytic response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of first-onset antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:848-59. [PMID: 20585325 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the biological mechanisms underpinning the pathology of schizophrenia. We have analysed the proteome of stimulated and unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from schizophrenia patients and controls as a potential model of altered cellular signaling using liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic profiling. PBMCs from patients and controls were stimulated for 72 h in vitro using staphylococcal enterotoxin B. In total, 18 differentially expressed proteins between first-onset, antipsychotic-naive patients and controls in the unstimulated and stimulated conditions were identified. Remarkably, eight of these proteins were associated with the glycolytic pathway and patient-control differences were more prominent in stimulated compared with unstimulated PBMCs. None of these proteins were altered in chronically ill antipsychotic-treated patients. Non-linear multivariate statistical analysis showed that small subsets of these proteins could be used as a signal for distinguishing first-onset patients from controls with high precision. Functional analysis of PBMCs did not reveal any difference in the glycolytic rate between patients and controls despite increased levels of lactate and the glucose transporter-1, and decreased levels of the insulin receptor in patients. In addition, subjects showed increased serum levels of insulin, consistent with the idea that some schizophrenia patients are insulin resistant. These results show that schizophrenia patients respond differently to PBMC activation and this is manifested at disease onset and may be modulated by antipsychotic treatment. The glycolytic protein signature associated with this effect could therefore be of diagnostic and prognostic value. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of using cells for functional discovery and show that it may not be sufficient to measure protein expression levels in static states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herberth
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Schijndel JEV, Martens GJM. Gene expression profiling in rodent models for schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:382-93. [PMID: 21629445 PMCID: PMC3080594 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex neurodevelopmental disorder schizophrenia is thought to be induced by an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental stressors. In order to get a better insight into the aetiology of this complex disorder, animal models have been developed. In this review, we summarize mRNA expression profiling studies on neurodevelopmental, pharmacological and genetic animal models for schizophrenia. We discuss parallels and contradictions among these studies, and propose strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder (PD) is up to 4% worldwide and there is substantial evidence that genetic factors contribute to the development of PD. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TMEM132D, identified in a whole-genome association study (GWAS), were found to be associated with PD in three independent samples, with a two-SNP haplotype associated in each of three samples in the same direction, and with a P-value of 1.2e-7 in the combined sample (909 cases and 915 controls). Independent SNPs in this gene were also associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms in patients affected by PD or panic attacks as well as in patients suffering from unipolar depression. Risk genotypes for PD were associated with higher TMEM132D mRNA expression levels in the frontal cortex. In parallel, using a mouse model of extremes in trait anxiety, we could further show that anxiety-related behavior was positively correlated with Tmem132d mRNA expression in the anterior cingulate cortex, central to the processing of anxiety/fear-related stimuli, and that in this animal model a Tmem132d SNP is associated with anxiety-related behavior in an F2 panel. TMEM132D may thus be an important new candidate gene for PD as well as more generally for anxiety-related behavior.
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Fallin MD, Lasseter VK, Liu Y, Avramopoulos D, McGrath J, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G, Liang KY, Chen PL, Valle D, Pulver AE. Linkage and association on 8p21.2-p21.1 in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156:188-97. [PMID: 21302347 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, we and others have consistently reported linkage to a schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility region on chromosome 8p21. Most recently, in the largest SZ linkage sample to date, a multi-site international collaboration performed a SNP-based linkage scan (~6,000 SNPs; 831 pedigrees; 121 from Johns Hopkins (JHU)), that showed the strongest evidence for linkage in a 1 Mb region of chr 8p21 from rs1561817 to rs9797 (Z(max) = 3.22, P = 0.0004) [Holmans et al. 2009. Mol Psychiatry]. We have investigated this 8p21 peak region further in two ways: first by linkage and family-based association in 106 8p-linked European-Caucasian (EUC) JHU pedigrees using 1,402 SNPs across a 4.4 Mb region surrounding the peak; second, by an independent case-control association study in the genetically more homogeneous Ashkenazim (AJ) (709 cases, 1,547 controls) using 970 SNPs in a further narrowed 2.8 Mb region. Family-based association analyses in EUC pedigrees and case-control analyses in AJ samples reveal significant associations for SNPs in and around DPYSL2 and ADRA1A, candidate genes previously associated with SZ in our work and others. Further, several independent gene expression studies have shown that DPYSL2 is differentially expressed in SZ brains [Beasley et al. 2006. Proteomics 6(11):3414–3425; Edgar et al. 2000. Mol Psychiatry 5(1):85–90; Johnston-Wilson et al. 2000. Mol Psychiatry 5(2):142–149] or in response to psychosis-inducing pharmaceuticals [Iwazaki et al. 2007. Proteomics 7(7):1131–1139; Paulson et al. 2004. Proteomics 4(3):819–825]. Taken together, this work further supports DPYSL2 and the surrounding genomic region as a susceptibility locus for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Shaikh M, Hall MH, Schulze K, Dutt A, Walshe M, Williams I, Constante M, Picchioni M, Toulopoulou T, Collier D, Rijsdijk F, Powell J, Arranz M, Murray RM, Bramon E. Do COMT, BDNF and NRG1 polymorphisms influence P50 sensory gating in psychosis? Psychol Med 2011; 41:263-276. [PMID: 20102668 DOI: 10.1017/s003329170999239x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory P50 sensory gating deficits correlate with genetic risk for schizophrenia and constitute a plausible endophenotype for the disease. The well-supported role of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes in neurodevelopment and cognition make a strong theoretical case for their influence on the P50 endophenotype. METHOD The possible role of NRG1, COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphisms on the P50 endophenotype was examined in a large sample consisting of psychotic patients, their unaffected relatives and unrelated healthy controls using linear regression analyses. RESULTS Although P50 deficits were present in patients and their unaffected relatives, there was no evidence for an association between NRG1, COMT Val158Met or BDNF Val66Met genotypes and the P50 endophenotype. CONCLUSIONS The evidence from our large study suggests that any such association between P50 indices and NRG1, COMT Val158Met or BDNF Val66Met genotypes, if present, must be very subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shaikh
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London/South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Pidsley R, Mill J. Epigenetic studies of psychosis: current findings, methodological approaches, and implications for postmortem research. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:146-56. [PMID: 20510393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely speculated that epigenetic changes may play a role in the etiology of psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Epigenetics is the study of mitotically heritable, but reversible, changes in gene expression that occur without a change in the genomic DNA sequence, brought about principally through alterations in DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Although numerous studies have examined psychosis-associated gene expression changes in postmortem brain samples, epigenetic studies of psychosis are in their infancy. In this article, we discuss methodologic and logistic issues related to epigenomic studies using postmortem brain tissue, before discussing the future implications of such research for our understanding of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pidsley
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
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McClay JL, Adkins DE, Aberg K, Stroup S, Perkins DO, Vladimirov VI, Lieberman JA, Sullivan PF, van den Oord EJCG. Genome-wide pharmacogenomic analysis of response to treatment with antipsychotics. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:76-85. [PMID: 19721433 PMCID: PMC2888895 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is an often devastating neuropsychiatric illness. Understanding the genetic variation affecting response to antipsychotics is important to develop novel diagnostic tests to match individual schizophrenia patients to the most effective and safe medication. In this study, we use a genome-wide approach to detect genetic variation underlying individual differences in response to treatment with the antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone and perphenazine. Our sample consisted of 738 subjects with DSM-IV schizophrenia who took part in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness. Subjects were genotyped using the Affymetrix 500 K genotyping platform plus a custom 164 K chip to improve genome-wide coverage. Treatment outcome was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Our criterion for genome-wide significance was a prespecified threshold that ensures that, on an average, only 10% of the significant findings are false discoveries. The top statistical result reached significance at our prespecified threshold and involved a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in an intergenic region on chromosome 4p15. In addition, SNPs in Ankyrin Repeat and Sterile Alpha Motif Domain-Containing Protein 1B (ANKS1B) and in the Contactin-Associated Protein-Like 5 gene (CNTNAP5), which mediated the effects of olanzapine and risperidone on Negative symptoms, were very close to our threshold for declaring significance. The most significant SNP in CNTNAP5 is nonsynonymous, giving rise to an amino-acid substitution. In addition to highlighting our top results, we provide all P-values for download as a resource for investigators with the requisite samples to carry out replication. This study demonstrates the potential of genome-wide association studies to discover novel genes that mediate the effects of antipsychotics, which could eventually help to tailor drug treatment to schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Kim SH, Song JY, Joo EJ, Lee KY, Ahn YM, Kim YS. EGR3 as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Korea. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1355-60. [PMID: 20687139 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early growth response (EGR) genes play critical roles in signal transduction in the brain, which is involved in neuronal activation, brain development, and synaptic plasticity. EGR genes, including EGR2, EGR3, and EGR4, showed significant association with schizophrenia in Japanese schizophrenic pedigrees. In particular, EGR3, which resides at the chromosomal location 8p21.3, was suggested to be a potential susceptibility gene in schizophrenia based on a study of Japanese cases. However, this requires further replication with an independent sample set. We investigated the association of the EGR3 and EGR2 genes, which were suggested as potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia supported by both genetic association and postmortem brain expression studies, with schizophrenia in Korean patients. Along with 350 healthy individuals, 244 schizophrenic patients were analyzed. Among the four examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of EGR3 (rs1008949, rs7009708, rs35201266, and rs3750192), SNP rs35201266 in intron 1 of the EGR3 gene showed a significant association with schizophrenia (P = 0.0008, χ(2) = 11.156, OR = 1.493), which withstands multiple testing correction. In addition, the "T-G-C-G" haplotype of EGR3 was under-represented in the patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.0073, χ(2) = 7.188, OR = 0.697). However, an association between the SNPs of EGR2 (rs2295814 and rs2297488) and schizophrenia was not found. These findings are consistent with the previous genetic association of the EGR3 gene in Japanese cohorts, which is the first replication concerning the association of EGR3 with schizophrenia in an independent cohort. Taken together, EGR3 could be suggested as a compelling susceptibility gene in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. Analysis of HapMap tag-SNPs in dysbindin (DTNBP1) reveals evidence of consistent association with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25:314-9. [PMID: 20615671 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), or dysbindin, is thought to be critical in regulating the glutamatergic system. While the dopamine pathway is known to be important in the aetiology of schizophrenia, it seems likely that glutamatergic dysfunction can lead to the development of schizophrenia. DTNBP1 is widely expressed in brain, levels are reduced in brains of schizophrenia patients and a DTNBP1 polymorphism has been associated with reduced brain expression. Despite numerous genetic studies no DTNBP1 polymorphism has been strongly implicated in schizophrenia aetiology. Using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging approach we genotyped 13 SNPs in DTNBP1 to investigate possible associations with DTNBP1 and schizophrenia. Four polymorphisms were found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia. The strongest association was found with an A/C SNP in intron 7 (rs9370822). Homozygotes for the C allele of rs9370822 were more than two and a half times as likely to have schizophrenia compared to controls. The other polymorphisms showed much weaker association and are less likely to be biologically significant. These results suggest that DTNBP1 is a good candidate for schizophrenia risk and rs9370822 is either functionally important or in disequilibrium with a functional SNP, although our observations should be viewed with caution until they are independently replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Schoder D, Hannequin D, Martinaud O, Opolczynski G, Guyant-Maréchal L, Le Ber I, Campion D. Morbid risk for schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of people with frontotemporal dementia. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197:28-35. [PMID: 20592430 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.068981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial co-occurrence of frontotemporal dementia and schizophrenia has never been investigated. AIMS To test the hypothesis that frontotemporal dementia and schizophrenia might have a common aetiology in some families in which both syndromes coexist (mixed families). METHOD The morbid risk for schizophrenia, calculated in first-degree relatives of 100 frontotemporal dementia probands, was compared with that calculated in first-degree relatives of 100 Alzheimer's disease probands. In mixed families, sequencing analysis of known frontotemporal dementia genes and detailed phenotype characterisation of individuals with frontotemporal dementia and schizophrenia were performed. RESULTS The morbid risk for schizophrenia was significantly higher in relatives of frontotemporal dementia probands (1.35, s.e. = 0.45) than in relatives of Alzheimer's disease probands (0.32, s.e. = 0.22). Ten mixed families were characterised. In three of them a frontotemporal dementia causal mutation was identified that was present in individuals with schizophrenia. Several specific clinical features were noted in people with schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia in mixed families. CONCLUSIONS Co-occurrence of schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia could indicate, in some families, a common aetiology for both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Schoder
- INSERM U614, University of Medicine, Rouen, and Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-les-Rouen, France
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Subchronic phencyclidine in rats: alterations in locomotor activity, maze performance, and GABA(A) receptor binding. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:1-10. [PMID: 19949321 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283347091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP), an antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors, decreases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition, suggesting that changes in GABAergic receptor function underlie behavioral and cognitive deficits resulting from repeated administration of PCP. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with PCP (4.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, twice a day for 7 consecutive days) or saline were tested in behavioral and cognitive tasks 7 days after injections. The PCP group showed increased amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg)-stimulated locomotor activity, and exhibited a greater number of errors in the double Y-maze memory task, when compared with controls. Subchronic PCP treatment increased [H]muscimol-binding sites and decreased affinity for [H]muscimol binding in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum in comparison with controls. There were no changes in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase or the GABA membrane transporter protein. These data show that subchronic PCP administration induces an impaired performance of a previously learned task and an enhanced response to amphetamine in the rat. The observed changes in GABAA receptors in the rat brain are consistent with the notion that alterations in GABAergic receptor function contribute to the behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with repeated exposure to PCP.
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Fanous A, Zhao Z, van den Oord E, Maher B, Thiselton D, Bergen S, Wormley B, Bigdeli T, Amdur R, O'Neill F, Walsh D, Kendler K, Riley B. Association study of SNAP25 and schizophrenia in Irish family and case-control samples. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:663-674. [PMID: 19806613 PMCID: PMC2859301 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SNAP25 occurs on chromosome 20p12.2, which has been linked to schizophrenia in some samples, and recently linked to latent classes of psychotic illness in our sample. SNAP25 is crucial to synaptic functioning, may be involved in axonal growth and dendritic sprouting, and its expression may be decreased in schizophrenia. We genotyped 18 haplotype-tagging SNPs in SNAP25 in a sample of 270 Irish high-density families. Single marker and haplotype analyses were performed in FBAT and PDT. We adjusted for multiple testing by computing q values. Association was followed up in an independent sample of 657 cases and 411 controls. We tested for allelic effects on the clinical phenotype by using the method of sequential addition and 5 factor-derived scores of the OPCRIT. Nine of 18 SNPs had P values <0.05 in either FBAT or PDT for one or more definitions of illness. Several two-marker haplotypes were also associated. Subjects inheriting the risk alleles of the most significantly associated two-marker haplotype were likely to have higher levels of hallucinations and delusions. The most significantly associated marker, rs6039820, was observed to perturb 12 transcription-factor binding sites in in silico analyses. An attempt to replicate association findings in the case-control sample resulted in no SNPs being significantly associated. We observed robust association in both single marker and haplotype-based analyses between SNAP25 and schizophrenia in an Irish family sample. Although we failed to replicate this in an independent sample, this gene should be further tested in other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia,Georgetown University Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Correspondence to: Dr. A.H. Fanous, 50 Irving St. NW, Washington, DC 20422.
| | - Z. Zhao
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E.J.C.G. van den Oord
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - B.S. Maher
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - D.L. Thiselton
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - S.E. Bergen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - B. Wormley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - T. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - R.L. Amdur
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia,Georgetown University Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - D. Walsh
- Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K.S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - B.P. Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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