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Han S, Hu Y, Jia D, Lv Y, Liu M, Wang D, Chao J, Xia X, Wang Q, Liu P, Cai Y, Ren X. IFT27 regulates the long-term maintenance of photoreceptor outer segments in zebrafish. Gene 2024; 905:148237. [PMID: 38310983 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Approximately a quarter of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is caused by mutations in transport-related genes in cilia. IFT27 (Intraflagellar Transport 27), a core component of the ciliary intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, has been implicated as a significant pathogenic gene in RP. The pathogenic mechanisms and subsequent pathology related to IFT27 mutations in RP are largely obscure. Here, we utilized TALEN technology to create an ift27 knockout (ift27-/-) zebrafish model. Electroretinography (ERG) detection showed impaired vision in this model. Histopathological examinations disclosed that ift27 mutations cause progressive degeneration of photoreceptors in zebrafish, and this degeneration was late-onset. Immunofluorescence labeling of outer segments showed that rods degenerated before cones, aligning with the conventional characterization of RP. In cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells, we found that IFT27 was involved in maintaining ciliary morphology. Furthermore, decreased IFT27 expression resulted in the inhibition of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, including decreased expression of key factors in the Hh pathway and abnormal localization of the ciliary mediator Gli2. In summary, we generated an ift27-/- zebrafish line with retinal degeneration which mimicked the symptoms of RP patients, highlighting IFT27's integral role in the long-term maintenance of cilia via the Hh signaling pathway. This work may furnish new insights into the treatment or delay of RP caused by IFT27 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Danna Jia
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Chao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Leavey P, Appel H, Makrides N, Blackshaw S. Molecular mechanisms controlling vertebrate retinal patterning, neurogenesis, and cell fate specification. Trends Genet 2023; 39:736-757. [PMID: 37423870 PMCID: PMC10529299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling neurogenesis and specification of the developing retina, with a focus on insights obtained from comparative single cell multiomic analysis. We discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms by which extrinsic factors trigger transcriptional changes that spatially pattern the optic cup (OC) and control the initiation and progression of retinal neurogenesis. We also discuss progress in unraveling the core evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that specify early- and late-state retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and neurogenic progenitors and that control the final steps in determining cell identity. Finally, we discuss findings that provide insight into regulation of species-specific aspects of retinal patterning and neurogenesis, including consideration of key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patrick Leavey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haley Appel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Shim S, Goyal R, Panoutsopoulos AA, Balashova OA, Lee D, Borodinsky LN. Calcium dynamics at the neural cell primary cilium regulate Hedgehog signaling-dependent neurogenesis in the embryonic neural tube. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220037120. [PMID: 37252980 PMCID: PMC10266006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220037120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation is paramount for the appropriate development of the nervous system. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known to sequentially promote cell proliferation and specification of neuronal phenotypes, but the signaling mechanisms responsible for the developmental switch from mitogenic to neurogenic have remained unclear. Here, we show that Shh enhances Ca2+ activity at the neural cell primary cilium of developing Xenopus laevis embryos through Ca2+ influx via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 3 (TRPC3) and release from intracellular stores in a developmental stage-dependent manner. This ciliary Ca2+ activity in turn antagonizes canonical, proliferative Shh signaling in neural stem cells by down-regulating Sox2 expression and up-regulating expression of neurogenic genes, enabling neuronal differentiation. These discoveries indicate that the Shh-Ca2+-dependent switch in neural cell ciliary signaling triggers the switch in Shh action from canonical-mitogenic to neurogenic. The molecular mechanisms identified in this neurogenic signaling axis are potential targets for the treatment of brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Shim
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Raman Goyal
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Alexios A. Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Olga A. Balashova
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - David Lee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Laura N. Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
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4
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Schultz‐Rogers LE, Thayer ML, Kambakam S, Wierson WA, Helmer JA, Wishman MD, Wall KA, Greig JL, Forsman JL, Puchhalapalli K, Nair S, Weiss TJ, Luiken JM, Blackburn PR, Ekker SC, Kool M, McGrail M. Rbbp4 loss disrupts neural progenitor cell cycle regulation independent of Rb and leads to Tp53 acetylation and apoptosis. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1267-1290. [PMID: 35266256 PMCID: PMC9356990 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (Rbbp4) is a component of transcription regulatory complexes that control cell cycle gene expression. Previous work indicated that Rbbp4 cooperates with the Rb tumor suppressor to block cell cycle entry. Here, we use genetic analysis to examine the interactions of Rbbp4, Rb, and Tp53 in zebrafish neural progenitor cell cycle regulation and survival. RESULTS Rbbp4 is upregulated across the spectrum of human embryonal and glial brain cancers. Transgenic rescue of rbbp4 mutant embryos shows Rbbp4 is essential for zebrafish neurogenesis. Rbbp4 loss leads to apoptosis and γ-H2AX in the developing brain that is suppressed by tp53 knockdown or maternal zygotic deletion. Mutant retinal neural precursors accumulate in M phase and fail to initiate G0 gene expression. rbbp4; rb1 mutants show an additive effect on the number of M phase cells. In rbbp4 mutants, Tp53 acetylation is detected; however, Rbbp4 overexpression did not rescue DNA damage-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Rbbp4 is necessary for neural progenitor cell cycle progression and initiation of G0 independent of Rb. Tp53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of Rbpb4 correlates with Tp53 acetylation. Together these results suggest that Rbbp4 is required for cell cycle exit and contributes to neural progenitor survival through the regulation of Tp53 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Schultz‐Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics and GenomicsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Pathology and Lab MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michelle L. Thayer
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Wesley A. Wierson
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jordan A. Helmer
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Mark D. Wishman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Kristen A. Wall
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jessica L. Greig
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jaimie L. Forsman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Kavya Puchhalapalli
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Siddharth Nair
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Kinesiology and HealthIowa State UniversityAmesUSA
| | - Trevor J. Weiss
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jon M. Luiken
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Patrick R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Department of PathologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer (KiTZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro‐oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Maura McGrail
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics and GenomicsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- GeneticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Kinesiology and HealthIowa State UniversityAmesUSA
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5
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Pérez-Dones D, Ledesma-Terrón M, Míguez DG. Quantitative Approaches to Study Retinal Neurogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1222. [PMID: 34572408 PMCID: PMC8471905 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the development of the vertebrate retina can be addressed from several perspectives: from a purely qualitative to a more quantitative approach that takes into account its spatio-temporal features, its three-dimensional structure and also the regulation and properties at the systems level. Here, we review the ongoing transition toward a full four-dimensional characterization of the developing vertebrate retina, focusing on the challenges at the experimental, image acquisition, image processing and quantification. Using the developing zebrafish retina, we illustrate how quantitative data extracted from these type of highly dense, three-dimensional tissues depend strongly on the image quality, image processing and algorithms used to segment and quantify. Therefore, we propose that the scientific community that focuses on developmental systems could strongly benefit from a more detailed disclosure of the tools and pipelines used to process and analyze images from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pérez-Dones
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Ledesma-Terrón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David G Míguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Retinal Stem Cell 'Retirement Plans': Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126528. [PMID: 34207050 PMCID: PMC8234741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops from a specified group of precursor cells that adopt distinct identities and generate lineages of either the neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, or ciliary body. In some species, including teleost fish and amphibians, proliferative cells with stem-cell-like properties capable of continuously supplying new retinal cells post-embryonically have been characterized and extensively studied. This region, termed the ciliary or circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), possibly represents a conserved retinal stem cell niche. In this review, we highlight the research characterizing similar CMZ-like regions, or stem-like cells located at the peripheral margin, across multiple different species. We discuss the proliferative parameters, multipotency and growth mechanisms of these cells to understand how they behave in vivo and how different molecular factors and signalling networks converge at the CMZ niche to regulate their activity. The evidence suggests that the mature retina may have a conserved propensity for homeostatic growth and plasticity and that dysfunction in the regulation of CMZ activity may partially account for dystrophic eye growth diseases such as myopia and hyperopia. A better understanding of the properties of CMZ cells will enable important insight into how an endogenous generative tissue compartment can adapt to altered retinal physiology and potentially even restore vision loss caused by retinal degenerative conditions.
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7
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Pickering J, Chinnaiya K, Towers M. An autoregulatory cell cycle timer integrates growth and specification in chick wing digit development. eLife 2019; 8:47625. [PMID: 31545166 PMCID: PMC6777937 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question is how proliferation and growth are timed during embryogenesis. Although it has been suggested that the cell cycle could be a timer, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we describe a cell cycle timer that operates in Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing polarising region cells of the chick wing bud. Our data are consistent with Shh signalling stimulating polarising region cell proliferation via Cyclin D2, and then inhibiting proliferation via a Bmp2-p27kip1 pathway. When Shh signalling is blocked, polarising region cells over-proliferate and form an additional digit, which can be prevented by applying Bmp2 or by inhibiting D cyclin activity. In addition, Bmp2 also restores posterior digit identity in the absence of Shh signalling, thus indicating that it specifies antero-posterior (thumb to little finger) positional values. Our results reveal how an autoregulatory cell cycle timer integrates growth and specification and are widely applicable to many tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pickering
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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8
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Li G, Jin D, Zhong TP. Tubgcp3 Is Required for Retinal Progenitor Cell Proliferation During Zebrafish Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:126. [PMID: 31178691 PMCID: PMC6543929 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosomal protein γ-tubulin complex protein 3 (Tubgcp3/GCP3) is required for the assembly of γ-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs) and γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs), which play critical roles in mitotic spindle formation during mitosis. However, its function in vertebrate embryonic development is unknown. Here, we generated the zebrafish tubgcp3 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the tubgcp3 mutants exhibited the small eye phenotype. Tubgcp3 is required for the cell cycle progression of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), and its depletion caused cell cycle arrest in the mitotic (M) phase. The M-phase arrested RPCs exhibited aberrant monopolar spindles and abnormal distributed centrioles and γ-tubulin. Moreover, these RPCs underwent apoptosis finally. Our study provides the in vivo model for the functional study of Tubgcp3 and sheds light on the roles of centrosomal γ-tubulin complexes in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Wei N, Zhang X, Hong Q, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Guo X, Chi X, Tong M, Liu Q. The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is suppressed following PCB 1254 exposure during retinal development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:340-347. [PMID: 30578594 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) has been reported to have detrimental effects on retinal development. In order to explore the role of Shh signaling in retinal development after PCB1254 exposure in vivo and in vitro, zebrafish and RGC-5 retinal cell line were used. Compared with the controls, PCB exposure inhibited proliferation and increased the apoptosis levels. The expression of Shh mRNA decreased in the PCB1254 -treated groups both in vivo and in vitro compared with that of the controls. The ptch2 mRNA expression increased in the experimental groups. The expression of gli2 mRNA decreased in the PCB1254 -treated groups. Immunofluorescence and western blotting assays confirmed that the expression of Shh proteins decreased in PCB1254 -treated groups compared with control groups. Moreover, ptch2 protein levels increased in the PCB1254 -treated groups as well as the decreased protein expressions of gli1 and gli2. These results demonstrated that Shh signaling pathway may participate in the damage of retinal development caused by PCB1254 exposure, providing evidence that eye diseases could be caused by environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xirong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Fang C, Bian G, Ren P, Xiang J, Song J, Yu C, Zhang Q, Liu L, Chen K, Liu F, Zhang K, Wu C, Sun R, Hu D, Ju G, Wang J. S1P transporter SPNS2 regulates proper postnatal retinal morphogenesis. FASEB J 2018; 32:3597-3613. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701116r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Pan Ren
- Department of Plastic SurgeryTangdu HospitalXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jun Song
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Caiyong Yu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of NeurologyHainan Branch of Chinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalSanyaChina
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruixia Sun
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of OphthalmologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Gong Ju
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jian Wang
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
- Institutes for Life Sciences and School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
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11
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Thomas JL, Morgan GW, Dolinski KM, Thummel R. Characterization of the pleiotropic roles of Sonic Hedgehog during retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish. Exp Eye Res 2018; 166:106-115. [PMID: 29030175 PMCID: PMC5756498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the mammalian retina, the zebrafish retina possesses the ability to regenerate. This is primarily accomplished through Müller glial cells, which, upon damage, re-enter the cell cycle to form retinal progenitors. The progenitors continue to proliferate as they migrate to the area of damage and ultimately differentiate into new neurons. The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression and function of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) during regeneration of the adult zebrafish retina. Expression profiling of Shh pathway genes showed a significant upregulation of expression associated with stages of progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Activation of Shh signaling during early stages of retinal regeneration using intraocular injections of the recombinant human SHH (SHH-N) resulted in increased Müller cell gliosis, proliferation, and neuroprotection of damaged retinal neurons. Continued activation of Shh resulted in a greater number of differentiated amacrine and ganglion cells in the fully regenerated retina. Conversely, inhibition of Shh signaling using intraocular injections of cyclopamine resulted in decreased Müller glial cell proliferation and a fewer number of regenerated amacrine and ganglion cells. These data suggest that Shh signaling plays pleiotropic roles in proliferation and differentiation during adult zebrafish retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Gregory W Morgan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Kaylee M Dolinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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12
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Yoo KW, Thiruvarangan M, Jeong YM, Lee MS, Maddirevula S, Rhee M, Bae YK, Kim HG, Kim CH. Mind Bomb-Binding Partner RanBP9 Plays a Contributory Role in Retinal Development. Mol Cells 2017; 40:271-279. [PMID: 28359144 PMCID: PMC5424273 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ran-binding protein family member, RanBP9 has been reported in various basic cellular mechanisms and neuropathological conditions including schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported that RanBP9 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and retina; however, the role of RanBP9 in retinal development is largely unknown. Here, we present the novel and regulatory roles of RanBP9 in retinal development of a vertebrate animal model, zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos exhibited abundant expression of ranbp9 in developing brain tissues as well as in the developing retina. Yeast two-hybrid screening demonstrated the interaction of RanBP9 with Mind bomb, a component of Notch signaling involved in both neurogenesis and neural disease autism. The interaction is further substantiated by co-localization studies in cultured cells. Knockdown of ranbp9 resulted in retinal dysplasia with defective proliferation of retinal cells, downregulation of neuronal differentiation marker huC, elevation of neural proliferation marker her4, and alteration of cell cycle marker p57kip2. Expression of the Müller glial cell marker glutamine synthase was also affected in knockdown morphants. Our results suggest that Mind bomb-binding partner RanBP9 plays a role during retinal cell development of zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Won Yoo
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | | | - Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | | | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Young-Ki Bae
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of OB/GYN, Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, GA 30912,
USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
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13
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Lepanto P, Davison C, Casanova G, Badano JL, Zolessi FR. Characterization of primary cilia during the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells in the zebrafish. Neural Dev 2016; 11:10. [PMID: 27053191 PMCID: PMC4823885 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation in vivo is a highly stereotyped process, likely resulting from the interaction of cell type-specific transcription factors and tissue-derived signaling factors. The primary cilium, as a signaling hub in the cell, may have a role during this process but its presence and localization during RGC generation, and its contribution to the process of cell differentiation, have not been previously assessed in vivo. Methods In this work we analyzed the distribution of primary cilia in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as their main ultrastructural features by transmission electron microscopy, in the early stages of retinal histogenesis in the zebrafish, around the time of RGC generation and initial differentiation. In addition, we knocked-down ift88 and elipsa, two genes with an essential role in cilia generation and maintenance, a treatment that caused a general reduction in organelle size. The effect on retinal development and RGC differentiation was assessed by confocal microscopy of transgenic or immunolabeled embryos. Results Our results show that retinal neuroepithelial cells have an apically-localized primary cilium usually protruding from the apical membrane. We also found a small proportion of sub-apical cilia, before and during the neurogenic period. This organelle was also present in an apical position in neuroblasts during apical process retraction and dendritogenesis, although between these stages cilia appeared highly dynamic regarding both presence and position. Disruption of cilia caused a decrease in the proliferation of retinal progenitors and a reduction of neural retina volume. In addition, retinal histogenesis was globally delayed albeit RGC layer formation was preferentially reduced with respect to the amacrine and photoreceptor cell layers. Conclusions These results indicate that primary cilia exhibit a highly dynamic behavior during early retinal differentiation, and that they are required for the proliferation and survival of retinal progenitors, as well as for neuronal generation, particularly of RGCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lepanto
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Camila Davison
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Flavio R Zolessi
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay. .,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
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14
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Expression and function of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet-1 in the developing and mature vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Stenkamp DL. Development of the Vertebrate Eye and Retina. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:397-414. [PMID: 26310167 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mature, functional, and healthy eye is generated by the coordinated regulatory interaction of numerous and diverse developing tissues. The neural retina of the eye must undergo the neurogenesis of multiple retinal cell types in the correct ratios and spatial patterns. This chapter provides an overview of retinal development, and includes a summary of the process of eye organogenesis, a discussion of major principles of retinal neurogenesis, and describes some of the key molecular factors critical for retinal development. Defects in many of these factors underlie diseases of the eye, and an understanding of the process of retinal development will be critical for successful future applications of regenerative therapies for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
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16
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Chung HY, Chang CT, Young HW, Hu SP, Tzou WS, Hu CH. Ethanol inhibits retinal and CNS differentiation due to failure of cell cycle exit via an apoptosis-independent pathway. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 38:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Boije H, Shirazi Fard S, Ring H, Hallböök F. Forkheadbox N4 (FoxN4) triggers context-dependent differentiation in the developing chick retina and neural tube. Differentiation 2013; 85:11-9. [PMID: 23314287 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FoxN4, a forkhead box transcription factor, is expressed in the chicken eye field and in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) throughout development. FoxN4 labelling overlapped with that of Pax6 and Sox2, two crucial transcription factors for RPCs. Later, during neurogenesis in the retina, some cells were intensely and transiently labelled for FoxN4. These cells co-labelled for Lim1, a transcription factor expressed in early-born horizontal cells. The result suggests that high levels of FoxN4 combined with expression of Lim1 define a population of RPCs committed to the horizontal cell fate prior to their last apical mitosis. As these prospective horizontal cells develop, their FoxN4 expression is down-regulated. Previous results suggested that FoxN4 is important for the generation of horizontal and amacrine cells but that it is not sufficient for the generation of horizontal cells (Li et al., 2004). We found that over-expression of FoxN4 in embryonic day 3 chicken retina could activate horizontal cell markers Prox1 and Lim1, and that it generated numerous and ectopically located horizontal cells of both main subtypes. However, genes expressed in photoreceptors, amacrine and ganglion cells were also activated, indicating that FoxN4 triggered the expression of several differentiation factors. This effect was not exclusive for the retina but was also seen when FoxN4 was over-expressed in the mesencephalic neural tube. Combining the results from over-expression and wild-type expression data we suggest a model where a low level of FoxN4 is maintained in RPCs and that increased levels during a restricted period trigger neurogenesis and commitment of RPCs to the horizontal cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boije
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Hoxd13 Contribution to the Evolution of Vertebrate Appendages. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1219-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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McNeill B, Mazerolle C, Bassett EA, Mears AJ, Ringuette R, Lagali P, Picketts DJ, Paes K, Rice D, Wallace VA. Hedgehog regulates Norrie disease protein to drive neural progenitor self-renewal. Hum Mol Genet 2012. [PMID: 23201751 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND) is a congenital disorder characterized by retinal hypovascularization and cognitive delay. ND has been linked to mutations in 'Norrie Disease Protein' (Ndp), which encodes the secreted protein Norrin. Norrin functions as a secreted angiogenic factor, although its role in neural development has not been assessed. Here, we show that Ndp expression is initiated in retinal progenitors in response to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which induces Gli2 binding to the Ndp promoter. Using a combination of genetic epistasis and acute RNAi-knockdown approaches, we show that Ndp is required downstream of Hh activation to induce retinal progenitor proliferation in the retina. Strikingly, Ndp regulates the rate of cell-cycle re-entry and not cell-cycle kinetics, thereby uncoupling the self-renewal and cell-cycle progression functions of Hh. Taken together, we have uncovered a cell autonomous function for Ndp in retinal progenitor proliferation that is independent of its function in the retinal vasculature, which could explain the neural defects associated with ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McNeill
- Vision Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. K1H 8L6, Canada
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20
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Gregory-Evans CY, Wallace VA, Gregory-Evans K. Gene networks: dissecting pathways in retinal development and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:40-66. [PMID: 23128416 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During retinal neurogenesis, diverse cellular subtypes originate from multipotent neural progenitors in a spatiotemporal order leading to a highly specialized laminar structure combined with a distinct mosaic architecture. This is driven by the combinatorial action of transcription factors and signaling molecules which specify cell fate and differentiation. The emerging approach of gene network analysis has allowed a better understanding of the functional relationships between genes expressed in the developing retina. For instance, these gene networks have identified transcriptional hubs that have revealed potential targets and pathways for the development of therapeutic options for retinal diseases. Much of the current knowledge has been informed by targeted gene deletion experiments and gain-of-functional analysis. In this review we will provide an update on retinal development gene networks and address the wider implications for future disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada.
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21
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Stückemann T, Wegleiter T, Stefan E, Nägele O, Tarbashevich K, Böck G, Raz E, Aanstad P. Zebrafish Cxcr4a determines the proliferative response to Hedgehog signalling. Development 2012; 139:2711-20. [PMID: 22782722 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays dual roles in proliferation and patterning during embryonic development, but the mechanism(s) that distinguish the mitogenic and patterning activities of Hh signalling are not fully understood. An additional level of complexity is provided by the observation that Hh signalling can both promote and inhibit cell proliferation. One model to account for this apparent paradox is that Hh signalling primarily regulates cell cycle kinetics, such that activation of Hh signalling promotes fast cycling and an earlier cell cycle exit. Here we report that activation of Hh signalling promotes endodermal cell proliferation but inhibits proliferation in neighbouring non-endodermal cells, suggesting that the cell cycle kinetics model is insufficient to account for the opposing proliferative responses to Hh signalling. We show that expression of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4a is a critical parameter that determines the proliferative response to Hh signalling, and that loss of Cxcr4a function attenuates the transcription of cell cycle regulator targets of Hh signalling without affecting general transcriptional targets. We show that Cxcr4a inhibits PKA activity independently of Hh signalling, and propose that Cxcr4a enhances Hh-dependent proliferation by promoting the activity of Gli1. Our results indicate that Cxcr4a is required for Hh-dependent cell proliferation but not for Hh-dependent patterning, and suggest that the parallel activation of Cxcr4a is required to modulate the Hh pathway to distinguish between patterning and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stückemann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Insm1a-mediated gene repression is essential for the formation and differentiation of Müller glia-derived progenitors in the injured retina. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1013-23. [PMID: 23000964 PMCID: PMC3463712 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, retinal injury stimulates Müller glia (MG) reprograming; allowing them to generate multipotent progenitors that regenerate damaged cells and restore vision. Recent studies suggest transcriptional repression may underlie these events. To identify these repressors, we compared the transcriptomes of MG and MG-derived progenitors and identified insm1a, a transcriptional repressor exhibiting a biphasic pattern of expression that is essential for retina regeneration. Insm1a was found to suppress ascl1a and its own expression and link injury-dependent ascl1a induction with dickkopf (dkk) suppression, which is necessary for MG dedifferentiation. We also found that Insm1a was responsible for sculpting the zone of injury-responsive MG by suppressing hb-egfa expression. Finally, we provide evidence that Insm1a stimulates progenitor cell cycle exit by suppressing a genetic program driving progenitor proliferation. Our studies identify Insm1a as a key regulator of retina regeneration and provide a mechanistic understanding of how it contributes to multiple phases of this process.
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23
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Huang HY, Liu JT, Yan HY, Tsai HJ. Arl6ip1 Plays a Role in Proliferation during Zebrafish Retinogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:161-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000331589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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McNeill B, Perez-Iratxeta C, Mazerolle C, Furimsky M, Mishina Y, Andrade-Navarro MA, Wallace VA. Comparative genomics identification of a novel set of temporally regulated hedgehog target genes in the retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:333-40. [PMID: 22281533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is involved in numerous developmental and adult processes with many links to cancer. In vertebrates, the activity of the Hh pathway is mediated primarily through three Gli transcription factors (Gli1, 2 and 3) that can serve as transcriptional activators or repressors. The identification of Gli target genes is essential for the understanding of the Hh-mediated processes. We used a comparative genomics approach using the mouse and human genomes to identify 390 genes that contained conserved Gli binding sites. RT-qPCR validation of 46 target genes in E14.5 and P0.5 retinal explants revealed that Hh pathway activation resulted in the modulation of 30 of these targets, 25 of which demonstrated a temporal regulation. Further validation revealed that the expression of Bok, FoxA1, Sox8 and Wnt7a was dependent upon Sonic Hh (Shh) signaling in the retina and their regulation is under positive and negative controls by Gli2 and Gli3, respectively. We also show using chromatin immunoprecipitation that Gli2 binds to the Sox8 promoter, suggesting that Sox8 is an Hh-dependent direct target of Gli2. Finally, we demonstrate that the Hh pathway also modulates the expression of Sox9 and Sox10, which together with Sox8 make up the SoxE group. Previously, it has been shown that Hh and SoxE group genes promote Müller glial cell development in the retina. Our data are consistent with the possibility for a role of SoxE group genes downstream of Hh signaling on Müller cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McNeill
- Vision Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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25
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Suppressor of fused is required to maintain the multipotency of neural progenitor cells in the retina. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5169-80. [PMID: 21451052 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5495-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a crucial role in development of the CNS, including the neural retina. Suppressor of fused (Sufu) has been recently identified as a critical regulator of Hh signaling in mammals. However, the precise roles that Sufu plays in the regulation of proliferation and cell-fate decisions in neural progenitors is unknown. Here, we have addressed these questions by conditionally deleting Sufu in mouse multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). Sufu deletion in RPCs results in transient increases in Hh activity and proliferation followed by developmentally premature cell-cycle exit. Importantly, we demonstrate a novel role for Sufu in the maintenance of multipotency in RPCs. Sufu-null RPCs downregulate transcription factors required to specify or maintain RPC identity (Rax, Vsx2) and multipotency (Pax6) but continue to express the neural progenitor marker Sox2. These cells fail to express retinal lineage-specific transcription factors, such as Math5, and adopt an amacrine or horizontal cell fate at the expense of all other classes of retinal neurons. Genetic elimination of Gli2 in Sufu-null RPCs attenuates Hh pathway activity and restores multipotency in neural progenitors. These data provide novel evidence that Sufu-mediated antagonism of Hh/Gli2 signaling is required to maintain RPC multipotency and identity.
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26
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Paridaen JTML, Janson E, Utami KH, Pereboom TC, Essers PB, van Rooijen C, Zivkovic D, MacInnes AW. The nucleolar GTP-binding proteins Gnl2 and nucleostemin are required for retinal neurogenesis in developing zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011; 355:286-301. [PMID: 21565180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS), a member of a family of nucleolar GTP-binding proteins, is highly expressed in proliferating cells such as stem and cancer cells and is involved in the control of cell cycle progression. Both depletion and overexpression of NS result in stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53 protein in vitro. Although it has been previously suggested that NS has p53-independent functions, these to date remain unknown. Here, we report two zebrafish mutants recovered from forward and reverse genetic screens that carry loss of function mutations in two members of this nucleolar protein family, Guanine nucleotide binding-protein-like 2 (Gnl2) and Gnl3/NS. We demonstrate that these proteins are required for correct timing of cell cycle exit and subsequent neural differentiation in the brain and retina. Concomitantly, we observe aberrant expression of the cell cycle regulators cyclinD1 and p57kip2. Our models demonstrate that the loss of Gnl2 or NS induces p53 stabilization and p53-mediated apoptosis. However, the retinal differentiation defects are independent of p53 activation. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that Gnl2 and NS have both non-cell autonomously and cell-autonomous function in correct timing of cell cycle exit and neural differentiation. Finally, the data suggest that Gnl2 and NS affect cell cycle exit of neural progenitors by regulating the expression of cell cycle regulators independently of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T M L Paridaen
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Wallace VA. Concise Review: Making a Retina-From the Building Blocks to Clinical Applications. Stem Cells 2011; 29:412-7. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gonzalez-Nunez V, Nocco V, Budd A. Characterization of drCol 15a1b: a novel component of the stem cell niche in the zebrafish retina. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1399-411. [PMID: 20549708 DOI: 10.1002/stem.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop novel tools to help improve our understanding of stem cell biology, and potentially also the utility of stem cells in regenerative medicine. We report the cloning, functional, and bioinformatic characterization of a novel stem cell marker in the zebrafish retina, drCol 15a1b. The expression pattern of drCol 15a1b is restricted to stem cell niches located in the central nervous system, whereas other collagen XVs are associated with muscle and endothelial tissues. Knocking down drCol 15a1b expression causes smaller eyes, ear defects, and brain edema. Microscopic analysis reveals enhanced proliferation in the morphant eye, with many mitotic nuclei located in the central retina, together with a delayed differentiation of the mature retinal cell types. Besides, several markers known to be expressed in the ciliary marginal zone display broader expression areas in morpholino-injected embryos, suggesting an anomalous diffusion of signaling effectors from the sonic hedgehog and notch pathways. These results indicate that drCol 15a1b is a novel stem cell marker in the central nervous system that has a key role in homing stem cells into specialized niches in the adult organism. Moreover, mutations in the hCol 18a1 gene are responsible for the Knobloch syndrome, which affects brain and retinal structures, suggesting that drCol 15a1b may function similarly to mammalian Col 18a1. Thus, our results shed new light on the signaling pathways that underlie the maintenance of stem cells in the adult organism while helping us to understand the role of extracellular matrix proteins in modulating the signals that determine stem cell differentiation, cell cycle exit and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Feijóo CG, Oñate MG, Milla LA, Palma VA. Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-Gli signaling controls neural progenitor cell division in the developing tectum in zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:589-98. [PMID: 21219478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms that control neural progenitor differentiation and behavior, as well as their functional integration into adult neural circuitry, are far from being understood. Given the complexity of the mammalian brain, non-mammalian models provide an excellent model to study neurogenesis, including both the cellular composition of the neurogenic microenvironment, and the factors required for precursor growth and maintenance. In particular, we chose to address the question of the control of progenitor proliferation by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) using the zebrafish dorsal mesencephalon, known as the optic tectum (OT), as a model system. Here we show that either inhibiting pharmacologically or eliminating hedgehog (Hh) signaling by using mutants that lack essential components of the Hh pathway reduces neural progenitor cell proliferation affecting neurogenesis in the OT. On the contrary, pharmacological gain-of-function experiments result in significant increase in proliferation. Importantly, Shh-dependent function controls neural progenitor cell behavior as sox2-positive cell populations were lost in the OT in the absence of Hh signaling, as evidenced in slow-muscle-omitted (smu) mutants and with timed cyclopamine inhibition. Expressions of essential components of the Hh pathway reveal for the first time a late dorsal expression in the embryonic OT. Our observations argue strongly for a role of Shh in neural progenitor biology in the OT and provide comparative data to our current understanding of progenitor/stem cell mechanisms that place Shh as a key niche factor in the dorsal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G Feijóo
- Center for Genomics of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Osborn DPS, Li K, Hinits Y, Hughes SM. Cdkn1c drives muscle differentiation through a positive feedback loop with Myod. Dev Biol 2010; 350:464-75. [PMID: 21147088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation often requires conversion of analogue signals to a stable binary output through positive feedback. Hedgehog (Hh) signalling promotes myogenesis in the vertebrate somite, in part by raising the activity of muscle regulatory factors (MRFs) of the Myod family above a threshold. Hh is known to enhance MRF expression. Here we show that Hh is also essential at a second step that increases Myod protein activity, permitting it to promote Myogenin expression. Hh acts by inducing expression of cdkn1c (p57(Kip2)) in slow muscle precursor cells, but neither Hh nor Cdkn1c is required for their cell cycle exit. Cdkn1c co-operates with Myod to drive differentiation of several early zebrafish muscle fibre types. Myod in turn up-regulates cdkn1c, thereby providing a positive feedback loop that switches myogenic cells to terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P S Osborn
- King's College London, Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
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Prykhozhij SV. In the absence of Sonic hedgehog, p53 induces apoptosis and inhibits retinal cell proliferation, cell-cycle exit and differentiation in zebrafish. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13549. [PMID: 21042410 PMCID: PMC2958845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates cell proliferation during vertebrate development via induction of cell-cycle regulator gene expression or activation of other signalling pathways, prevents cell death by an as yet unclear mechanism and is required for differentiation of retinal cell types. Thus, an unsolved question is how the same signalling molecule can regulate such distinct cell processes as proliferation, cell survival and differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings Analysis of the zebrafish shh−/− mutant revealed that in this context p53 mediates elevated apoptosis during nervous system and retina development and interferes with retinal proliferation and differentiation. While in shh−/− mutants there is activation of p53 target genes and p53-mediated apoptosis, an increase in Hedgehog (Hh) signalling by over-expression of dominant-negative Protein Kinase A strongly decreased p53 target gene expression and apoptosis levels in shh−/− mutants. Using a novel p53 reporter transgene, I confirm that p53 is active in tissues that require Shh for cell survival. Proliferation assays revealed that loss of p53 can rescue normal cell-cycle exit and the mitotic indices in the shh−/− mutant retina at 24, 36 and 48 hpf. Moreover, generation of amacrine cells and photoreceptors was strongly enhanced in the double p53−/−shh−/− mutant retina suggesting the effect of p53 on retinal differentiation. Conclusions Loss of Shh signalling leads to the p53-dependent apoptosis in the developing nervous system and retina. Moreover, Shh-mediated control of p53 activity is required for proliferation and cell cycle exit of retinal cells as well as differentiation of amacrine cells and photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Uribe RA, Gross JM. Id2a influences neuron and glia formation in the zebrafish retina by modulating retinoblast cell cycle kinetics. Development 2010; 137:3763-74. [PMID: 20943708 DOI: 10.1242/dev.050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation (Id) family helix-loop-helix proteins regulate the proliferation, survival and differentiation of numerous cell types during development; however, their functions during retinal development have not been analyzed. Using loss-of-function and overexpression assays in zebrafish, we demonstrate that Id2a levels modulate retinoblast cell cycle kinetics and thereby influence neuron and glia formation in the retina. Id2a-deficient retinas possess increased numbers of cells occupying S phase, at the expense of mitotic cells, and kinetic analyses demonstrate that Id2a is required for S-phase progression and/or the transition from S to M phase. Id2a-dependent defects in retinoblast proliferation lead to microphthalmia and to an absence of nearly all differentiated inner and outer nuclear layer cell types. Overexpression of id2a has the opposite effect on retinoblast cell cycle kinetics: id2a-overexpressing retinoblasts progress from S to M phase more rapidly and they undergo mitosis more frequently, which results in macrophthalmia. Mosaic analyses reveal that Id2a function in facilitating both cell cycle progression and neuronal differentiation in the retina is non-cell-autonomous, suggesting that Id2a functions upstream of the extrinsic pathways that regulate retinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Uribe
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722, USA
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Serb JM, Orr MC, West Greenlee MH. Using evolutionary conserved modules in gene networks as a strategy to leverage high throughput gene expression queries. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12525. [PMID: 20824082 PMCID: PMC2932711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale gene expression studies have not yielded the expected insight into genetic networks that control complex processes. These anticipated discoveries have been limited not by technology, but by a lack of effective strategies to investigate the data in a manageable and meaningful way. Previous work suggests that using a pre-determined seed-network of gene relationships to query large-scale expression datasets is an effective way to generate candidate genes for further study and network expansion or enrichment. Based on the evolutionary conservation of gene relationships, we test the hypothesis that a seed network derived from studies of retinal cell determination in the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, will be an effective way to identify novel candidate genes for their role in mouse retinal development. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our results demonstrate that a number of gene relationships regulating retinal cell differentiation in the fly are identifiable as pairwise correlations between genes from developing mouse retina. In addition, we demonstrate that our extracted seed-network of correlated mouse genes is an effective tool for querying datasets and provides a context to generate hypotheses. Our query identified 46 genes correlated with our extracted seed-network members. Approximately 54% of these candidates had been previously linked to the developing brain and 33% had been previously linked to the developing retina. Five of six candidate genes investigated further were validated by experiments examining spatial and temporal protein expression in the developing retina. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We present an effective strategy for pursuing a systems biology approach that utilizes an evolutionary comparative framework between two model organisms, fly and mouse. Future implementation of this strategy will be useful to determine the extent of network conservation, not just gene conservation, between species and will facilitate the use of prior biological knowledge to develop rational systems-based hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Serb
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
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Cerveny KL, Cavodeassi F, Turner KJ, de Jong-Curtain TA, Heath JK, Wilson SW. The zebrafish flotte lotte mutant reveals that the local retinal environment promotes the differentiation of proliferating precursors emerging from their stem cell niche. Development 2010; 137:2107-15. [PMID: 20504962 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is currently unclear how intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms cooperate to control the progression from self-renewing to neurogenic divisions in retinal precursor cells. Here, we use the zebrafish flotte lotte (flo) mutant, which carries a mutation in the elys (ahctf1) gene, to study the relationship between cell cycle progression and neuronal differentiation by investigating how proliferating progenitor cells transition towards differentiation in a retinal stem cell niche termed the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). In zebrafish embryos without Elys, CMZ cells retain the capacity to proliferate but lose the ability to enter their final neurogenic divisions to differentiate as neurons. However, mosaic retinae composed of wild-type and flo cells show that despite inherent cell cycle defects, flo mutant cells progress from proliferation to differentiation when in the vicinity of wild-type retinal neurons. We propose that the differentiated retinal environment limits the proliferation of precursors emerging from the CMZ in a manner that explains the spatial organisation of cells in the CMZ and ensures that proliferative retinal progenitors are driven towards differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Cerveny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E6BT, UK
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Yamaguchi M, Imai F, Tonou-Fujimori N, Masai I. Mutations in N-cadherin and a Stardust homolog, Nagie oko, affect cell-cycle exit in zebrafish retina. Mech Dev 2010; 127:247-64. [PMID: 20362667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the loss of apicobasal cell polarity and the disruption of adherens junctions induce hyperplasia in the mouse developing brain. However, it is not fully understood whether hyperplasia is caused by an enhanced cell proliferation, an inhibited neurogenesis, or both. In this study, we found that the ratio of the number of proliferating progenitor cells to the total number of retinal cells increases in the neurogenic stages in zebrafish n-cadherin (ncad) and nagie oko (nok) mutants, in which the apicobasal cell polarity and adherens junctions in the retinal epithelium are disrupted. The cell-cycle progression was not altered in the ncad and nok mutants. Rather, the ratio of the number of cells undergoing neurogenic cell division to the total number of cells undergoing mitosis decreased in the ncad and nok mutant retinas, suggesting that the switching from proliferative cell division to neurogenic cell division was compromised in these mutant retinas. These findings suggest that the inhibition of neurogenesis is a primary defect that causes hyperplasia in the ncad and nok mutant retinas. The Hedgehog-protein kinase A signaling pathway and the Notch signaling pathway regulate retinal neurogenesis in zebrafish. We found that both signaling pathways are involved in the generation of neurogenic defects in the ncad and nok mutant retinas. Taken together, these findings suggest that apicobasal cell polarity and epithelial integrity are essential for retinal neurogenesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), Azatancha 1919-1, Onna, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Agathocleous M, Harris WA. From Progenitors to Differentiated Cells in the Vertebrate Retina. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2009; 25:45-69. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Agathocleous
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
- Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TA, United Kingdom;
| | - William A. Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
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Enteric neural crest differentiation in ganglioneuromas implicates Hedgehog signaling in peripheral neuroblastic tumor pathogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7491. [PMID: 19834598 PMCID: PMC2759000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuroblastic tumors (PNTs) share a common origin in the sympathetic nervous system, but manifest variable differentiation and growth potential. Malignant neuroblastoma (NB) and benign ganglioneuroma (GN) stand at opposite ends of the clinical spectrum. We hypothesize that a common PNT progenitor is driven to variable differentiation by specific developmental signaling pathways. To elucidate developmental pathways that direct PNTs along the differentiation spectrum, we compared the expression of genes related to neural crest development in GN and NB. In GNs, we found relatively low expression of sympathetic markers including adrenergic biosynthesis enzymes, indicating divergence from sympathetic fate. In contrast, GNs expressed relatively high levels of enteric neuropeptides and key constituents of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, including Dhh, Gli1 and Gli3. Predicted HH targets were also differentially expressed in GN, consistent with transcriptional response to HH signaling. These findings indicate that HH signaling is specifically active in GN. Together with the known role of HH activity in enteric neural development, these findings further suggested a role for HH activity in directing PNTs away from the sympathetic lineage toward a benign GN phenotype resembling enteric ganglia. We tested the potential for HH signaling to advance differentiation in PNTs by transducing NB cell lines with Gli1 and determining phenotypic and transcriptional response. Gli1 inhibited proliferation of NB cells, and induced a pattern of gene expression that resembled the differential pattern of gene expression of GN, compared to NB (p<0.00001). Moreover, the transcriptional response of SY5Y cells to Gli1 transduction closely resembled the transcriptional response to the differentiation agent retinoic acid (p<0.00001). Notably, Gli1 did not induce N-MYC expression in neuroblastoma cells, but strongly induced RET, a known mediator of RA effect. The decrease in NB cell proliferation induced by Gli1, and the similarity in the patterns of gene expression induced by Gli1 and by RA, corroborated by closely matched gene sets in GN tumors, all support a model in which HH signaling suppresses PNT growth by promoting differentiation along alternative neural crest pathways.
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Heine P, Dohle E, Schulte D. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the chick retina accelerates Meis2 downregulation simultaneously with retinal ganglion cell genesis. Neuroreport 2009; 20:279-84. [PMID: 19188860 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832000ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The spatial-temporal expression and function of Drosophila melanogaster homothorax (hth) and its vertebrate homologue Meis2 in the eye anlage show a high degree of evolutionary conservation. Both are expressed by progenitor cells ahead of the neurogenic wave front, promote rapid proliferation of these cells, and are downregulated before cells exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Here, we show that downregulation of Meis2 accompanies, but is not required, for retinal differentiation. In addition, we provide evidence that the mechanisms that terminate expression of both genes differ. Hth expression in the fly eye imaginal disc is primarily repressed by the transforming growth factor beta family protein decapentaplegic, whereas Meis2 expression in the chick eye cup is terminated in response to sonic hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Heine
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
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Distinct effects of Hedgehog signaling on neuronal fate specification and cell cycle progression in the embryonic mouse retina. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6932-44. [PMID: 19474320 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0289-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-extrinsic signals can profoundly influence the production of various neurons from common progenitors. Yet mechanisms by which extrinsic signals coordinate progenitor cell proliferation, cell cycle exit, and cell fate choices are not well understood. Here, we address whether Hedgehog (Hh) signals independently regulate progenitor proliferation and neuronal fate decisions in the embryonic mouse retina. Conditional ablation of the essential Hh signaling component Smoothened (Smo) in proliferating progenitors, rather than in nascent postmitotic neurons, leads to a dramatic increase of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a mild increase of cone photoreceptor precursors without significantly affecting other early-born neuronal cell types. In addition, Smo-deficient progenitors exhibit aberrant expression of cell cycle regulators and delayed G(1)/S transition, especially during the late embryonic stages, resulting in a reduced progenitor pool by birth. Deficiency in Smo function also causes reduced expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription repressor Hes1 and preferential elevation of the proneural gene Math5. In Smo and Math5 double knock-out mutants, the enhanced RGC production observed in Smo-deficient retinas is abolished, whereas defects in the G(1)/S transition persist, suggesting that Math5 mediates the Hh effect on neuronal fate specification but not on cell proliferation. These findings demonstrate that Hh signals regulate progenitor pool expansion primarily by promoting cell cycle progression and influence cell cycle exit and neuronal fates by controlling specific proneural genes. Together, these distinct cellular effects of Hh signaling in neural progenitor cells coordinate a balanced production of diverse neuronal cell types.
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41
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Norman RX, Ko HW, Huang V, Eun CM, Abler LL, Zhang Z, Sun X, Eggenschwiler JT. Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) regulates patterning in the mouse embryo through inhibition of Hedgehog signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:1740-54. [PMID: 19286674 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) is required for proper embryonic development in mice. Disruption of mouse Tulp3 results in morphological defects in the embryonic craniofacial regions, the spinal neural tube and the limbs. Here, we show that TULP3 functions as a novel negative regulator of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in the mouse. In Tulp3 mutants, ventral cell types in the lumbar neural tube, which acquire their identities in response to Shh signaling, are ectopically specified at the expense of dorsal cell types. Genetic epistasis experiments show that this ventralized phenotype occurs independently of Shh and the transmembrane protein Smoothened, but it is dependent on the transcription factor Gli2. The ventralized phenotype is also dependent on the kinesin II subunit Kif3A, which is required for intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. In addition, TULP3 is required for proper Shh-dependent limb patterning and for maintaining the correct balance between differentiation and proliferation in the neural tube. Finally, the localization of TULP3 to the tips of primary cilia raises the possibility that it regulates the Hedgehog pathway within this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan X Norman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Abstract
We show that Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) regulates T-cell development and homeostasis in both fetal and adult thymus, controlling thymocyte number. Fetal Ihh(-/-) thymi had reduced differentiation to double-positive (DP) cell and reduced cell numbers compared with wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, fetal Ihh(+/-) thymi had increased thymocyte numbers and proportion of DP cells relative to wild type, indicating that Ihh also negatively regulates thymocyte development. In vitro treatment of thymus explants with exogenous recombinant Hedgehog protein promoted thymocyte development in Ihh(-/-) thymi but inhibited thymocyte development in Ihh(+/-), confirming both positive and negative regulatory functions of Ihh. Analysis of Rag(-/-)Ihh(+/-) thymi showed that Ihh promotes T-cell development before pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) signaling, but negatively regulates T-cell development only after pre-TCR signaling has taken place. We show that Ihh is most highly expressed by the DP population and that Ihh produced by DP cells feeds back to negatively regulate the differentiation and proliferation of their double-negative progenitors. Thus, differentiation from double-negative to DP cell, and hence the size of the DP population, is dependent on the concentration of Ihh in the thymus. Analysis of Ihh conditional knockout and heterozygote adult mice showed that Ihh also influences thymocyte number in the adult.
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Prykhozhij SV, Neumann CJ. Distinct roles of Shh and Fgf signaling in regulating cell proliferation during zebrafish pectoral fin development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:91. [PMID: 18811955 PMCID: PMC2562996 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell proliferation in multicellular organisms must be coordinated with pattern formation. The major signaling pathways directing pattern formation in the vertebrate limb are well characterized, and we have therefore chosen this organ to examine the interaction between proliferation and patterning. Two important signals for limb development are members of the Hedgehog (Hh) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (Fgf) families of secreted signaling proteins. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) directs pattern formation along the anterior/posterior axis of the limb, whereas several Fgfs in combination direct pattern formation along the proximal/distal axis of the limb. Results We used the genetic and pharmacological amenability of the zebrafish model system to dissect the relative importance of Shh and Fgf signaling in regulating proliferation during development of the pectoral fin buds. In zebrafish mutants disrupting the shh gene, proliferation in the pectoral fin buds is initially normal, but later is strongly reduced. Correlating with this reduction, Fgf signaling is normal at early stages, but is later lost in shh mutants. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Hh signaling for short periods has little effect on either Fgf signaling, or on expression of G1- and S-phase cell-cycle genes, whereas long periods of inhibition lead to the downregulation of both. In contrast, even short periods of pharmacological inhibition of Fgf signaling lead to strong disruption of proliferation in the fin buds, without affecting Shh signaling. To directly test the ability of Fgf signaling to regulate proliferation in the absence of Shh signaling, we implanted beads soaked with Fgf protein into shh mutant fin buds. We find that Fgf-soaked beads rescue proliferation in the pectoral find buds of shh mutants, indicating that Fgf signaling is sufficient to direct proliferation in zebrafish fin buds in the absence of Shh. Conclusion Previous studies have shown that both Shh and Fgf signaling are crucial for outgrowth of the vertebrate limb. The results presented here show that the role of Shh in this process is indirect, and is mediated by its effect on Fgf signaling. By contrast, the activity of the Fgf pathway affects proliferation directly and independently of its effect on Shh. These results show that Fgf signaling is of primary importance in directing outgrowth of the limb bud, and clarify the role of the Shh-Fgf feedback loop in regulating proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cho A, Ko HW, Eggenschwiler JT. FKBP8 cell-autonomously controls neural tube patterning through a Gli2- and Kif3a-dependent mechanism. Dev Biol 2008; 321:27-39. [PMID: 18590716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahryon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Denayer T, Locker M, Borday C, Deroo T, Janssens S, Hecht A, van Roy F, Perron M, Vleminckx K. Canonical Wnt signaling controls proliferation of retinal stem/progenitor cells in postembryonic Xenopus eyes. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2063-74. [PMID: 18556512 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate retinal stem cells, which reside quiescently within the ciliary margin, may offer a possibility for treatment of degenerative retinopathies. The highly proliferative retinal precursor cells in Xenopus eyes are confined to the most peripheral region, called the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). Although the canonical Wnt pathway has been implicated in the developing retina of different species, little is known about its involvement in postembryonic retinas. Using a green fluorescent protein-based Wnt-responsive reporter, we show that in transgenic Xenopus tadpoles, the canonical Wnt signaling is activated in the postembryonic CMZ. To further investigate the functional implications of this, we generated transgenic, hormone-inducible canonical Wnt pathway activating and repressing systems, which are directed to specifically intersect at the nuclear endpoint of transcriptional Wnt target gene activation. We found that postembryonic induction of the canonical Wnt pathway in transgenic retinas resulted in increased proliferation in the CMZ compartment. This is most likely due to delayed cell cycle exit, as inferred from a pulse-chase experiment on 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled retinal precursors. Conversely, repression of the canonical Wnt pathway inhibited proliferation of CMZ cells. Neither activation nor repression of the Wnt pathway affected the differentiated cells in the central retina. We conclude that even at postembryonic stages, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway continues to have a major function in promoting proliferation and maintaining retinal stem cells. These findings may contribute to the eventual design of vertebrate, stem cell-based retinal therapies. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinneke Denayer
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Dakubo GD, Mazerolle C, Furimsky M, Yu C, St-Jacques B, McMahon AP, Wallace VA. Indian hedgehog signaling from endothelial cells is required for sclera and retinal pigment epithelium development in the mouse eye. Dev Biol 2008; 320:242-55. [PMID: 18582859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of extraocular orbital structures, in particular the choroid and sclera, is regulated by a complex series of interactions between neuroectoderm, neural crest and mesoderm derivatives, although in many instances the signals that mediate these interactions are not known. In this study we have investigated the function of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) in the developing mammalian eye. We show that Ihh is expressed in a population of non-pigmented cells located in the developing choroid adjacent to the RPE. The analysis of Hh mutant mice demonstrates that the RPE and developing scleral mesenchyme are direct targets of Ihh signaling and that Ihh is required for the normal pigmentation pattern of the RPE and the condensation of mesenchymal cells to form the sclera. Our findings also indicate that Ihh signals indirectly to promote proliferation and photoreceptor specification in the neural retina. This study identifies Ihh as a novel choroid-derived signal that regulates RPE, sclera and neural retina development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Dakubo
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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47
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Recent papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 2:125-37. [PMID: 18248172 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2005.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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48
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Sequential and cooperative action of Fgfs and Shh in the zebrafish retina. Dev Biol 2008; 314:200-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wallace VA. Proliferative and cell fate effects of Hedgehog signaling in the vertebrate retina. Brain Res 2008; 1192:61-75. [PMID: 17655833 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The retina is an excellent system for delving into the question of how cell fate, number and organization are regulated in the central nervous system. Multipotential progenitor cells in the immature retina proliferate, exit the cell cycle and generate neurons and one glial cell type in a prescribed temporal sequence. While some aspects of progenitor behavior are controlled cell intrinsically, extrinsic signals present in the retina environment have been shown to impact on proliferation, differentiation and cell fate of progenitors. Intercellular signaling proteins of the Hedgehog (Hh) family regulate several aspects of visual system development in vertebrates--ranging from early eye field patterning to retinal and optic nerve development. This review highlights the role of Hh signaling on retinal progenitor proliferation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Wallace
- Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.
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50
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Zhao X, Das AV, Bhattacharya S, Thoreson WB, Sierra JR, Mallya KB, Ahmad I. Derivation of neurons with functional properties from adult limbal epithelium: implications in autologous cell therapy for photoreceptor degeneration. Stem Cells 2008; 26:939-49. [PMID: 18203675 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The limbal epithelium (LE), a circular and narrow epithelium that separates cornea from conjunctiva, harbors stem cells/progenitors in its basal layer that regenerate cornea. We have previously demonstrated that cells in the basal LE, when removed from their niche and cultured in reduced bond morphogenetic protein signaling, acquire properties of neural progenitors. Here, we demonstrate that LE-derived neural progenitors generate neurons with functional properties and can be directly differentiated along rod photoreceptor lineage in vitro and in vivo. These observations posit the LE as a potential source of neural progenitors for autologous cell therapy to treat photoreceptor degeneration in age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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