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Wei LY, Chen XQ, Huang L, Shan QW, Tang Q. Liver transplantation for mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome caused by MPV17 deficiency: a case report and literature review. Front Surg 2024; 11:1348806. [PMID: 39055132 PMCID: PMC11269130 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1348806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effectiveness of liver transplantation (LT) in treating mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) caused by the MPV17 gene variant. Case presentation A boy aged 2.8 years presented with edema of the lower limbs and abdomen, which persisted for over 10 days and was of unknown origin; this was accompanied by abnormal liver function, intractable hypoglycemia, and hyperlactatemia. During the second week of onset, he developed acute-on-chronic liver failure and was diagnosed with MDS due to homozygous variant c.293C>T in the MPV17 gene. Subsequently, he underwent LT from a cadaveric donor. At follow-up after 15 months, his liver function was found to be normal, without any symptoms. Additionally, a literature review was performed that included MDS patients with the MPV17 variant who underwent LT. The results demonstrated that the survival rates for MDS patients who underwent LT were 69.5%, 38.6%, 38.6%, and 38.6% at 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year intervals, respectively. Sub-group analyses revealed the survival rate of MDS patients with isolated liver disease (83.33%, 5/6) was higher than that of hepatocerebral MDS patients (44.44%, 8/18). Fifteen variants were identified in the MPV17 gene, and patients with the c.293C>T (p.P98l) variant exhibited the highest survival rate. Conclusion Hepatocerebral MDS patients without neurological symptoms may benefit from LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yuan Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing-Wen Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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2
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Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang H, Wang C, Sui B, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhou M, Zhao L. Lyssavirus M protein degrades neuronal microtubules by reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism. mBio 2024; 15:e0288023. [PMID: 38349129 PMCID: PMC10936203 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02880-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with neurotropic viruses may result in changes in host behavior, which are closely associated with degenerative changes in neurons. The lyssavirus genus comprises highly neurotropic viruses, including the rabies virus (RABV), which has been shown to induce degenerative changes in neurons, marked by the self-destruction of axons. The underlying mechanism by which the RABV degrades neuronal cytoskeletal proteins remains incomplete. In this study, we show that infection with RABV or overexpression of its M protein can disrupt mitochondrial metabolism by binding to Slc25a4. This leads to a reduction in NAD+ production and a subsequent influx of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria into the cytoplasm of neuronal cell lines, activating Ca2+-dependent proteinase calpains that degrade α-tubulin. We further screened the M proteins of different lyssaviruses and discovered that the M protein of the dog-derived RABV strain (DRV) does not degrade α-tubulin. Sequence analysis of the DRV M protein and that of the lab-attenuated RABV strain CVS revealed that the 57th amino acid is vital for M-induced microtubule degradation. We generated a recombinant RABV with a mutation at the 57th amino acid position in its M protein and showed that this mutation reduces α-tubulin degradation in vitro and axonal degeneration in vivo. This study elucidates the mechanism by which lyssavirus induces neuron degeneration.IMPORTANCEPrevious studies have suggested that RABV (rabies virus, the representative of lyssavirus) infection induces structural abnormalities in neurons. But there are few articles on the mechanism of lyssavirus' effect on neurons, and the mechanism of how RABV infection induces neurological dysfunction remains incomplete. The M protein of lyssavirus can downregulate cellular ATP levels by interacting with Slc25a4, and this decrease in ATP leads to a decrease in the level of NAD+ in the cytosol, which results in the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular calcium pool, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The presence of large amounts of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm activates Ca2+-dependent proteases and degrades microtubule proteins. The amino acid 57 of M protein is the key site determining its disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and subsequent neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - An Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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3
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Keshavan N, Minczuk M, Viscomi C, Rahman S. Gene therapy for mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:145-175. [PMID: 38171948 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we detail the current state of application of gene therapy to primary mitochondrial disorders (PMDs). Recombinant adeno-associated virus-based (rAAV) gene replacement approaches for nuclear gene disorders have been undertaken successfully in more than ten preclinical mouse models of PMDs which has been made possible by the development of novel rAAV technologies that achieve more efficient organ targeting. So far, however, the greatest progress has been made for Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, for which phase 3 clinical trials of lenadogene nolparvovec demonstrated efficacy and good tolerability. Other methods of treating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders have also had traction, including refinements to nucleases that degrade mtDNA molecules with pathogenic variants, including transcription activator-like effector nucleases, zinc-finger nucleases, and meganucleases (mitoARCUS). rAAV-based approaches have been used successfully to deliver these nucleases in vivo in mice. Exciting developments in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology have achieved in vivo gene editing in mouse models of PMDs due to nuclear gene defects and new CRISPR-free gene editing approaches have shown great potential for therapeutic application in mtDNA disorders. We conclude the review by discussing the challenges of translating gene therapy in patients both from the point of view of achieving adequate organ transduction as well as clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandaki Keshavan
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michal Minczuk
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Shamima Rahman
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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4
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Gene Therapy for Mitochondrial Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061287. [PMID: 35745859 PMCID: PMC9231068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a group of severe genetic disorders caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome encoding proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. MDs have a wide range of symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunctions, with different clinical outcomes. The lack of natural history information, the limits of currently available preclinical models, and the wide range of phenotypic presentations seen in MD patients have all hampered the development of effective therapies. The growing number of pre-clinical and clinical trials over the last decade has shown that gene therapy is a viable precision medicine option for treating MD. However, several obstacles must be overcome, including vector design, targeted tissue tropism and efficient delivery, transgene expression, and immunotoxicity. This manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of gene therapy in MD, addressing the main challenges, the most feasible solutions, and the future perspectives of the field.
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5
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Roy A, Kandettu A, Ray S, Chakrabarty S. Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair defects: Clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148554. [PMID: 35341749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria is a unique cellular organelle involved in multiple cellular processes and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This semi-autonomous organelle contains its circular genome - mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), that undergoes continuous cycles of replication and repair to maintain the mitochondrial genome integrity. The majority of the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial replisome and repair genes, are nuclear-encoded. Although the repair machinery of mitochondria is quite efficient, the mitochondrial genome is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and other types of exogenous and endogenous agent-induced DNA damage, due to the absence of protective histones and their proximity to the main ROS production sites. Mutations in replication and repair genes of mitochondria can result in mtDNA depletion and deletions subsequently leading to mitochondrial genome instability. The combined action of mutations and deletions can result in compromised mitochondrial genome maintenance and lead to various mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair process, key proteins involved, and their altered function in mitochondrial disorders. The focus of this review will be on the key genes of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair machinery and the clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amoolya Kandettu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bottani E, Lamperti C, Prigione A, Tiranti V, Persico N, Brunetti D. Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Mitochondrial Diseases: "One-Size-Fits-All" and "Precision Medicine" Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1083. [PMID: 33187380 PMCID: PMC7696526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) refer to a group of severe, often inherited genetic conditions due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome or in the nuclear genes encoding for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mutations hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, affecting the primary source of cellular ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. The limited information of the natural history, the limitations of currently available preclinical models, coupled with the large variability of phenotypical presentations of PMD patients, have strongly penalized the development of effective therapies. However, new therapeutic strategies have been emerging, often with promising preclinical and clinical results. Here we review the state of the art on experimental treatments for mitochondrial diseases, presenting "one-size-fits-all" approaches and precision medicine strategies. Finally, we propose novel perspective therapeutic plans, either based on preclinical studies or currently used for other genetic or metabolic diseases that could be transferred to PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich Heine University (HHU), 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicola Persico
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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8
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Spalinger MR, Schwarzfischer M, Scharl M. The Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Inflammasome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5481. [PMID: 32751912 PMCID: PMC7432435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that mediate the activation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. More than half a decade ago, it has been shown that the inflammasome adaptor molecule, ASC requires tyrosine phosphorylation to allow effective inflammasome assembly and sustained IL-1β/IL-18 release. This finding provided evidence that the tyrosine phosphorylation status of inflammasome components affects inflammasome assembly and that inflammasomes are subjected to regulation via kinases and phosphatases. In the subsequent years, it was reported that activation of the inflammasome receptor molecule, NLRP3, is modulated via tyrosine phosphorylation as well, and that NLRP3 de-phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues was required for inflammasome assembly and sustained IL-1β/IL-18 release. These findings demonstrated the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation as a key modulator of inflammasome activity. Following these initial reports, additional work elucidated that the activity of several inflammasome components is dictated via their phosphorylation status. Particularly, the action of specific tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are of critical importance for the regulation of inflammasome assembly and activity. By summarizing the currently available literature on the interaction of tyrosine phosphatases with inflammasome components we here provide an overview how tyrosine phosphatases affect the activation status of inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R. Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Zekonyte U, Bacman SR, Moraes CT. DNA-editing enzymes as potential treatments for heteroplasmic mtDNA diseases. J Intern Med 2020; 287:685-697. [PMID: 32176378 PMCID: PMC7260085 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome are the cause of many debilitating neuromuscular disorders. Currently, there is no cure or treatment for these diseases, and symptom management is the only relief doctors can provide. Although supplements and vitamins are commonly used in treatment, they provide little benefit to the patient and are only palliative. This is why gene therapy is a promising research topic to potentially treat and, in theory, even cure diseases caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mammalian cells contain approximately a thousand copies of mtDNA, which can lead to a phenomenon called heteroplasmy, where both wild-type and mutant mtDNA molecules co-exist within the cell. Disease only manifests once the per cent of mutant mtDNA reaches a high threshold (usually >80%), which causes mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced ATP production. This is a useful feature to take advantage of for gene therapy applications, as not every mutant copy of mtDNA needs to be eliminated, but only enough to shift the heteroplasmic ratio below the disease threshold. Several DNA-editing enzymes have been used to shift heteroplasmy in cell culture and mice. This review provides an overview of these enzymes and discusses roadblocks of applying these to gene therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zekonyte
- From the, Graduate Program in Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S R Bacman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Pereira CV, Peralta S, Arguello T, Bacman SR, Diaz F, Moraes CT. Myopathy reversion in mice after restauration of mitochondrial complex I. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10674. [PMID: 31916679 PMCID: PMC7005622 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopathies are common manifestations of mitochondrial diseases. To investigate whether gene replacement can be used as an effective strategy to treat or cure mitochondrial myopathies, we have generated a complex I conditional knockout mouse model lacking NDUFS3 subunit in skeletal muscle. NDUFS3 protein levels were undetectable in muscle of 15‐day‐old smKO mice, and myopathy symptoms could be detected by 2 months of age, worsening over time. rAAV9‐Ndufs3 delivered systemically into 15‐ to 18‐day‐old mice effectively restored NDUFS3 levels in skeletal muscle, precluding the development of the myopathy. To test the ability of rAAV9‐mediated gene replacement to revert muscle function after disease onset, we also treated post‐symptomatic, 2‐month‐old mice. The injected mice showed a remarkable improvement of the mitochondrial myopathy and biochemical parameters, which remained for the duration of the study. Our results showed that muscle pathology could be reversed after restoring complex I, which was absent for more than 2 months. These findings have far‐reaching implications for the ability of muscle to tolerate a mitochondrial defect and for the treatment of mitochondrial myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tania Arguello
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sandra R Bacman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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Emerging therapies for mitochondrial diseases. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:467-481. [PMID: 29980632 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For the vast majority of patients with mitochondrial diseases, only supportive and symptomatic therapies are available. However, in the last decade, due to extraordinary advances in defining the causes and pathomechanisms of these diverse disorders, new therapies are being developed in the laboratory and are entering human clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the current use of dietary supplement and exercise therapies as well as emerging therapies that may be broadly applicable across multiple mitochondrial diseases or tailored for specific disorders. Examples of non-tailored therapeutic targets include: activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics, bypass of biochemical defects, mitochondrial replacement therapy, and hypoxia. In contrast, tailored therapies are: scavenging of toxic compounds, deoxynucleoside and deoxynucleotide treatments, cell replacement therapies, gene therapy, shifting mitochondrial DNA mutation heteroplasmy, and stabilization of mutant mitochondrial transfer RNAs.
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Lu YW, Acoba MG, Selvaraju K, Huang TC, Nirujogi RS, Sathe G, Pandey A, Claypool SM. Human adenine nucleotide translocases physically and functionally interact with respirasomes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1489-1506. [PMID: 28404750 PMCID: PMC5449148 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of interactions for human adenine nucleotide translocases, required for oxidative phosphorylation, is reported. Of particular interest is an evolutionarily conserved and functionally important association with respiratory supercomplexes, which is surprising because the respirasomes of yeast and mammals are different. Members of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) family exchange ADP for ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane, an activity that is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mutations in or dysregulation of ANTs is associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, cardiomyopathy, nonsyndromic intellectual disability, apoptosis, and the Warburg effect. Binding partners of human ANTs have not been systematically identified. The absence of such information has prevented a detailed molecular understanding of the assorted ANT-associated diseases, including insight into their disparate phenotypic manifestations. To fill this void, in this study, we define the interactomes of two human ANT isoforms. Analogous to its yeast counterpart, human ANTs associate with heterologous partner proteins, including the respiratory supercomplex (RSC) and other solute carriers. The evolutionarily conserved ANT–RSC association is particularly noteworthy because the composition, and thereby organization, of RSCs in yeast and human is different. Surprisingly, absence of the major ANT isoform only modestly impairs OXPHOS in HEK293 cells, indicating that the low levels of other isoforms provide functional redundancy. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of OXPHOS expression and function inhibits ANT-dependent ADP/ATP exchange. Thus ANTs and the OXPHOS machinery physically interact and functionally cooperate to enhance ANT transport capacity and mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Kandasamy Selvaraju
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Tai-Chung Huang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Raja S Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185
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Peralta S, Garcia S, Yin HY, Arguello T, Diaz F, Moraes CT. Sustained AMPK activation improves muscle function in a mitochondrial myopathy mouse model by promoting muscle fiber regeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3178-3191. [PMID: 27288451 PMCID: PMC5179920 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pharmacological activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-kinase using 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) has been shown to improve muscle mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. We asked whether prolonged AICAR treatment is beneficial in a mouse model of slowly progressing mitochondrial myopathy (Cox10-Mef2c-Cre), and whether the compensatory mechanism is indeed an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. We treated the animals for 3 months and found that sustained AMP-dependent kinase activation improved cytochrome c oxidase activity, rescued the motor phenotype and delayed the onset of the myopathy. This improvement was observed whether treatment started before or after the onset of the disease. We found that AICAR increased skeletal muscle regeneration thereby decreasing the levels of deleted Cox10-floxed alleles. We conclude that although increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and other pathways may contribute, the main mechanism by which AICAR improves the myopathy phenotype is by promoting muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology
- Genetics Graduate Program
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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14
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Tischner C, Wenz T. Keep the fire burning: Current avenues in the quest of treating mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:32-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Viscomi C, Bottani E, Zeviani M. Emerging concepts in the therapy of mitochondrial disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:544-57. [PMID: 25766847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are an important group of genetic conditions characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial disorders come with an impressive variability of symptoms, organ involvement, and clinical course, which considerably impact the quality of life and quite often shorten the lifespan expectancy. Although the last 20 years have witnessed an exponential increase in understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to disease, this has not resulted in the development of effective therapeutic approaches, amenable of improving clinical course and outcome of these conditions to any significant extent. Therapeutic options for mitochondrial diseases still remain focused on supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. However, new therapeutic strategies have recently been emerging, some of which have shown potential efficacy at the pre-clinical level. This review will present the state of the art on experimental therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | - Massimo Zeviani
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation "Carlo Besta" Institute of Neurology IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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16
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Peralta S, Torraco A, Iommarini L, Diaz F. Mitochondrial Diseases Part III: Therapeutic interventions in mouse models of OXPHOS deficiencies. Mitochondrion 2015; 23:71-80. [PMID: 25638392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects are the cause of numerous disorders affecting the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) in humans leading predominantly to neurological and muscular degeneration. The molecular origin, manifestations, and progression of mitochondrial diseases have a broad spectrum, which makes very challenging to find a globally effective therapy. The study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial dysfunction indicates that there is a wide range of pathways, enzymes and molecules that can be potentially targeted for therapeutic purposes. Therefore, focusing on the pathology of the disease is essential to design new treatments. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the different therapeutic interventions tested in some mouse models of mitochondrial diseases emphasizing the molecular mechanisms of action and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15 - 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Iommarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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17
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Mizui M, Koga T, Lieberman LA, Beltran J, Yoshida N, Johnson MC, Tisch R, Tsokos GC. IL-2 protects lupus-prone mice from multiple end-organ damage by limiting CD4-CD8- IL-17-producing T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2168-77. [PMID: 25063876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2, a cytokine with pleiotropic effects, is critical for immune cell activation and peripheral tolerance. Although the therapeutic potential of IL-2 has been previously suggested in autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms whereby IL-2 mitigates autoimmunity and prevents organ damage remain unclear. Using an inducible recombinant adeno-associated virus vector, we investigated the effect of low systemic levels of IL-2 in lupus-prone MRL/Fas(lpr/lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice. Treatment of mice after the onset of disease with IL-2-recombinant adeno-associated virus resulted in reduced mononuclear cell infiltration and pathology of various tissues, including skin, lungs, and kidneys. In parallel, we noted a significant decrease of IL-17-producing CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative T cells and an increase in CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) immunoregulatory T cells (Treg) in the periphery. We also show that IL-2 can drive double-negative (DN) T cell death through an indirect mechanism. Notably, targeted delivery of IL-2 to CD122(+) cytotoxic lymphocytes effectively reduced the number of DN T cells and lymphadenopathy, whereas selective expansion of Treg by IL-2 had no effect on DN T cells. Collectively, our data suggest that administration of IL-2 to lupus-prone mice protects against end-organ damage and suppresses inflammation by dually limiting IL-17-producing DN T cells and expanding Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Tomohiro Koga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Linda A Lieberman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jessica Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark C Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
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18
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Mah CS, Soustek MS, Todd AG, McCall A, Smith BK, Corti M, Falk DJ, Byrne BJ. Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy for metabolic myopathy. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:928-36. [PMID: 24164240 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies are a diverse group of rare diseases in which impaired breakdown of stored energy leads to profound muscle dysfunction ranging from exercise intolerance to severe muscle wasting. Metabolic myopathies are largely caused by functional deficiency of a single gene and are generally subcategorized into three major types of metabolic disease: mitochondrial, lipid, or glycogen. Treatment varies greatly depending on the biochemical nature of the disease, and unfortunately no definitive treatments exist for metabolic myopathy. Since this group of diseases is inherited, gene therapy is being explored as an approach to personalized medical treatment. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors in particular have shown to be promising in the treatment of several forms of metabolic myopathy. This review will discuss the most recent advances in gene therapy efforts for the treatment of metabolic myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn S Mah
- 1 Powell Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610
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Morató L, Bertini E, Verrigni D, Ardissone A, Ruiz M, Ferrer I, Uziel G, Pujol A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in central nervous system white matter disorders. Glia 2014; 62:1878-94. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Morató
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); ISCIII Spain
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Verrigni
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Department of Child Neurology The Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute (IRCCS); Milan Italy
| | - Montse Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); ISCIII Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); ISCIII Spain
| | - Graziella Uziel
- Department of Child Neurology The Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute (IRCCS); Milan Italy
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); ISCIII Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
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20
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases involve the respiratory chain, which is under the dual control of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The complexity of mitochondrial genetics provides one explanation for the clinical heterogeneity of mitochondrial diseases, but our understanding of disease pathogenesis remains limited. Classification of Mendelian mitochondrial encephalomyopathies has been laborious, but whole-exome sequencing studies have revealed unexpected molecular aetiologies for both typical and atypical mitochondrial disease phenotypes. Mendelian mitochondrial defects can affect five components of mitochondrial biology: subunits of respiratory chain complexes (direct hits); mitochondrial assembly proteins; mtDNA translation; phospholipid composition of the inner mitochondrial membrane; or mitochondrial dynamics. A sixth category-defects of mtDNA maintenance-combines features of Mendelian and mitochondrial genetics. Genetic defects in mitochondrial dynamics are especially important in neurology as they cause optic atrophy, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Therapy is inadequate and mostly palliative, but promising new avenues are being identified. Here, we review current knowledge on the genetics and pathogenesis of the six categories of mitochondrial disorders outlined above, focusing on their salient clinical manifestations and highlighting novel clinical entities. An outline of diagnostic clues for the various forms of mitochondrial disease, as well as potential therapeutic strategies, is also discussed.
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21
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Strauss KA, DuBiner L, Simon M, Zaragoza M, Sengupta PP, Li P, Narula N, Dreike S, Platt J, Procaccio V, Ortiz-González XR, Puffenberger EG, Kelley RI, Morton DH, Narula J, Wallace DC. Severity of cardiomyopathy associated with adenine nucleotide translocator-1 deficiency correlates with mtDNA haplogroup. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3453-8. [PMID: 23401503 PMCID: PMC3587196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300690110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded mitochondrial proteins can cause cardiomyopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, the cardiac phenotype of nuclear DNA mitochondrial mutations might be modulated by mtDNA variation. We studied a 13-generation Mennonite pedigree with autosomal recessive myopathy and cardiomyopathy due to an SLC25A4 frameshift null mutation (c.523delC, p.Q175RfsX38), which codes for the heart-muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator-1. Ten homozygous null (adenine nucleotide translocator-1(-/-)) patients monitored over a median of 6 years had a phenotype of progressive myocardial thickening, hyperalaninemia, lactic acidosis, exercise intolerance, and persistent adrenergic activation. Electrocardiography and echocardiography with velocity vector imaging revealed abnormal contractile mechanics, myocardial repolarization abnormalities, and impaired left ventricular relaxation. End-stage heart disease was characterized by massive, symmetric, concentric cardiac hypertrophy; widespread cardiomyocyte degeneration; overabundant and structurally abnormal mitochondria; extensive subendocardial interstitial fibrosis; and marked hypertrophy of arteriolar smooth muscle. Substantial variability in the progression and severity of heart disease segregated with maternal lineage, and sequencing of mtDNA from five maternal lineages revealed two major European haplogroups, U and H. Patients with the haplogroup U mtDNAs had more rapid and severe cardiomyopathy than those with haplogroup H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
- Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602
| | - Lauren DuBiner
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - Mariella Simon
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Michael Zaragoza
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Peng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10019
| | - Sandra Dreike
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI 96826
| | - Julia Platt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, National Center for Neurodegenerative and Mitochondrial Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d' Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Xilma R. Ortiz-González
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Erik G. Puffenberger
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - Richard I. Kelley
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - D. Holmes Morton
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
- Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602
| | | | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
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22
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Narula N, Zaragoza MV, Sengupta PP, Li P, Haider N, Verjans J, Waymire K, Vannan M, Wallace DC. Adenine nucleotide translocase 1 deficiency results in dilated cardiomyopathy with defects in myocardial mechanics, histopathological alterations, and activation of apoptosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:1-10. [PMID: 21232697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic mitochondrial energy deficiency causes dilated cardiomyopathy, we characterized the hearts of age-matched young and old adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)1 mutant and control mice. BACKGROUND ANTs export mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate into the cytosol and have a role in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Mitochondrial energy deficiency has been hypothesized, on the basis of indirect evidence, to be a factor in the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathies. Ant1 inactivation should limit adenosine triphosphate for contraction and calcium transport, thereby resulting in early cardiac dysfunction with later dilation and heart failure. METHODS we conducted a multiyear study of 73 mutant (Ant1-/-) and 57 control (Ant1+/+) mice, between the ages of 2 and 21 months. Hearts were characterized by cardiac anatomy, echocardiographic imaging with velocity vector analysis, histopathology, and apoptosis assays. RESULTS the Ant1-/- mice developed a distinctive concentric dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by substantial myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular dilation, with cardiac function declining earlier in age as compared to control mice. Left ventricular circumferential, radial, and rotational mechanics were reduced even in the younger mutants with preserved systolic function. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated increased myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and calcification in the mutant mice as compared with control mice. Furthermore, increased cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels and caspase 3 activation were observed in the mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS our results demonstrate that mitochondrial energy deficiency is sufficient to cause dilated cardiomyopathy, confirming that energy defects are a factor in this disease. Energy deficiency initially leads to early mechanical dysfunction before a decline in left ventricular systolic function. Chronic energy deficiency with age then leads to heart failure. Our results now allow us to use the Ant1-/- mouse model for testing new therapies for ANT1 mutant patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiomegaly/enzymology
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Female
- Histocytochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/deficiency
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/genetics
- Mutation
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocardium/pathology
- Stroke Volume
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupoor Narula
- Center for Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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23
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Wenz T, Williams SL, Bacman SR, Moraes CT. Emerging therapeutic approaches to mitochondrial diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:219-29. [PMID: 20818736 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are very heterogeneous and can affect different tissues and organs. Moreover, they can be caused by genetic defects in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA as well as by environmental factors. All of these factors have made the development of therapies difficult. In this review article, we will discuss emerging approaches to the therapy of mitochondrial disorders, some of which are targeted to specific conditions whereas others may be applicable to a more diverse group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Wenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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24
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Phillips MJ, Webb-Wood S, Faulkner AE, Jabbar SB, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Do VT, Boatright JH, Wallace DC, Pardue MT. Retinal function and structure in Ant1-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6744-52. [PMID: 20671283 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in ANT, a mitochondrial ATP transporter, are typically associated with myopathy. Because of the high metabolic demands of the retina, the authors examined whether elimination of the Ant1 isoform in a transgenic mouse affects retinal function or morphology. METHODS RT-PCR was used to confirm Ant1 expression in retinas of wild-type (WT) or Ant1(-/-) mice. Full-field ERGs were used to test retinal function under dark- and light-adapted conditions and the recovery of the photoresponse to a bright flash. Using histologic methods, the authors assessed the retinal location of ANT and ANT1-β-gal reporter protein, mitochondrial activity with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining, retinal layer thickness, and bipolar cell types using Chx10 and recoverin. RESULTS Ant1(-/-) mice had supernormal ERG b-waves under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. X-Gal staining was detected in a subset of cells within the inner retina. The following characteristics were normal in Ant1(-/-) mice compared with age-matched WT mice: recovery of the photoresponse, COX and SDH activity, retinal morphology, and bipolar cell morphology. CONCLUSIONS The presence of ANT1 in a subset of inner retinal cells accompanied by supernormal ERG responses suggests that ANT1 may be localized to hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. However, the immunohistochemical techniques used here did not show any differences in bipolar cells. Moderate functional changes coupled with a lack of detectable morphologic changes suggest that ANT1 is not essential for ATP transport in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joseph Phillips
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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25
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Wallace DC, Fan W, Procaccio V. Mitochondrial energetics and therapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:297-348. [PMID: 20078222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a wide range of degenerative and metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. All these clinical manifestations arise from the central role of bioenergetics in cell biology. Although genetic therapies are maturing as the rules of bioenergetic genetics are clarified, metabolic therapies have been ineffectual. This failure results from our limited appreciation of the role of bioenergetics as the interface between the environment and the cell. A systems approach, which, ironically, was first successfully applied over 80 years ago with the introduction of the ketogenic diet, is required. Analysis of the many ways that a shift from carbohydrate glycolytic metabolism to fatty acid and ketone oxidative metabolism may modulate metabolism, signal transduction pathways, and the epigenome gives us an appreciation of the ketogenic diet and the potential for bioenergetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3940, USA.
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Abstract
Research of patients with defects in cellular energy metabolism (mitochondrial disease) has led to a better understanding of mitochondrial biology in health and disease. The obtained knowledge is of increasing importance for physicians of all medical disciplines. It assists in enabling the development of rational treatment strategies for diseases or conditions caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. The still frequently used classical interventions with vitamins or co-factors are only beneficial in some rare mitochondrial disease conditions, like coenzyme Q biosynthesis defects. For that reason alternative strategies to correct disturbed energy metabolism have to be developed. New approaches in this direction include nutrition and exercise therapies, alternative gene expression, enzyme-replacement, scavenging of potentially toxic compounds and modulating cell signalling. The effect of some of these interventions has already been explored in humans whilst others are still at the level of single cell research. We review the state of the art of the development of mitochondrial treatment strategies and discuss what steps need to be taken to efficiently approach the huge burden of disease caused by dysfunctional mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koene
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jang JY, Choi Y, Jeon YK, Aung KCY, Kim CW. Over-expression of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1) induces apoptosis and tumor regression in vivo. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:160. [PMID: 18522758 PMCID: PMC2430968 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the exchange of mitochondrial ATP for cytosolic ADP. ANT has been known to be a major component of the permeability transition pore complex of mitochondria and contributes to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Human ANT has four isoforms (ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, and ANT4), and the expression of the ANT isoforms is variable depending on the tissue and cell type, developmental stage, and proliferation status. Among the isoforms, ANT1 is highly expressed in terminally-differentiated tissues, but expressed in low levels in proliferating cells, such as cancer cells. In particular, over-expression of ANT1 induces apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. Methods We applied an ANT1 gene transfer approach to induce apoptosis and to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of ANT1 in a nude mouse model. Results We demonstrated that ANT1 transfection induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, inactivated NF-κB activity, and increased Bax expression. ANT1-inducing apoptosis was accompanied by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and the activation of caspases-9 and -3. Moreover, ANT1 transfection significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Our results suggest that ANT1 transfection may be a useful therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Jang
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
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Alexander IE, Cunningham SC, Logan GJ, Christodoulou J. Potential of AAV vectors in the treatment of metabolic disease. Gene Ther 2008; 15:831-9. [PMID: 18401432 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism are collectively common, frequently severe and in many instances difficult or impossible to treat. Accordingly, there is a compelling need to explore novel therapeutic modalities, including gene therapy, and examine multiple phenotypes where the risks of experimental therapy are outweighed by potential benefits to trial participants. Among available gene delivery systems recombinant AAV shows special promise for the treatment of metabolic disease given the unprecedented efficiencies achieved in transducing key target tissues, such as liver and muscle, in small animal models. To date over 30 metabolic disease phenotypes have been investigated in small animal studies with complete phenotype correction being achieved in a substantial proportion. Achieving adequately widespread transduction within the central nervous system, however, remains a major challenge, and will be critical to realization of the therapeutic potential of gene therapy for many of the most clinically troubling metabolic disease phenotypes. Despite the relatively low immunogenicity of AAV vectors, immune responses are also emerging as a factor requiring special attention as efforts accelerate toward human clinical translation. Four metabolic disease phenotypes have reached phase I or I/II trials with one, targeting lipoprotein lipase deficiency, showing exciting early evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Wentworthville, NSW, Australia.
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Dörner A, Schultheiss HP. Adenine nucleotide translocase in the focus of cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 17:284-90. [PMID: 18021939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) facilitates the exchange of extramitochondrial adenosine diphosphate and intramitochondrial adenosine triphosphate across the inner mitochondrial membrane and appears to be a member of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore whose opening induces apoptosis. Genetically or physiologically restricted ANT function associated with insufficient energy supply and induced apoptosis leads to severe cardiac disturbance. In contrast, to counter myocardial stress, heart tissue developed cell protecting gene programs including ANT1 up-regulation to stabilize energy supply and concurrently suppress apoptotic processes. This review describes characteristics of ANT function and expression in cardiovascular diseases and ANT's role in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dörner
- Charité-University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Temkin V, Karin M. From death receptor to reactive oxygen species and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase: the receptor-interacting protein 1 odyssey. Immunol Rev 2007; 220:8-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sipo I, Fechner H, Pinkert S, Suckau L, Wang X, Weger S, Poller W. Differential internalization and nuclear uncoating of self-complementary adeno-associated virus pseudotype vectors as determinants of cardiac cell transduction. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1319-29. [PMID: 17611587 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was shown that several new pseudotyped adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors support cardioselective expression of transgenes. The molecular mechanisms underlying this propensity for cardiac cell transduction are not well understood. We comparatively analyzed AAV vector attachment, internalization, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear uncoating of recombinant self-complementary (sc) AAV2.2 versus pseudotyped scAAV2.6 vectors expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) in cells of cardiac origin. In cardiac-derived HL-1 cells and primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (PNCMs), expression of GFP increased rapidly after incubation with scAAV2.6-GFP, but remained low after scAAV2.2-GFP. Internalization of scAAV2.6-GFP was more efficient than that of scAAV2.2-GFP. Nuclear translocation was similarly efficient for both, but differential nuclear uncoating rates emerged as a key additional determinant of transduction: 30% of all scAAV2.6-GFP genomes translocated to the nucleus became uncoated within 48 h, but only 16% of scAAV2.2-GFP genomes. In contrast to this situation in cells of cardiac origin, scAAV2.2-GFP displayed more efficient internalization and similar (tumor cell line HeLa) or higher (human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC)) uncoating rates than scAAV.2.6-GFP in non-cardiac cell types. In summary, both internalization and nuclear uncoating are key determinants of cardiac transduction by scAAV2.6 vectors. Any in vitro screening for the AAV pseudotype most suitable for cardiac gene therapy - which is desirable since it may allow significant reductions in vector load in upcoming clinical trials--needs to quantitate both key steps in transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sipo
- Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Therapy for mitochondrial diseases is woefully inadequate. However, lack of a cure does not equate with lack of treatment. Palliative therapy is dictated by good medical practice and includes anticonvulsant medication, control of endocrine dysfunction, and surgical procedures. Removal of noxious metabolites is centered on combating lactic acidosis, but extends to other metabolites. Attempts to bypass blocks in the respiratory chain by administration of electron acceptors have not been successful, but this may be amenable to genetic engineering. Administration of metabolites and cofactors is the mainstay of real-life therapy and is especially important in disorders due to primary deficiencies of specific compounds, such as carnitine or coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). There is increasing interest in the administration of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) scavengers, both in primary mitochondrial diseases and in neurodegenerative diseases. Gene therapy is a challenge because of polyplasmy and heteroplasmy, but novel experimental approaches are being pursued. One important strategy is to decrease the ratio of mutant to wild-type mitochondrial genomes ("gene shifting") by different means: (1) converting mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes into normal nuclear DNA genes ("allotopic expression"); (2) importing cognate genes from other species ("xenotopic expression"); (3) correcting mtDNA mutations by importing specific restriction endonucleases; (4) selecting for respiratory function; and (5) inducing muscle regeneration. Germline therapy raises ethical problems but is being considered for prevention of maternal transmission of mtDNA mutations. Preventive therapy through genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis is becoming increasingly important for nuclear DNA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 4-420 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Temkin V, Huang Q, Liu H, Osada H, Pope RM. Inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange in receptor-interacting protein-mediated necrosis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2215-25. [PMID: 16507998 PMCID: PMC1430284 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.6.2215-2225.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) has been implicated in the induction of death receptor-mediated, nonapoptotic cell death. However, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha induced RIP-dependent inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT)-conducted transport of ADP into mitochondria, which resulted in reduced ATP and necrotic cell death. The inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange coincided with the loss of interaction between ANT and cyclophilin D and the inability of ANT to adopt the cytosolic conformational state, which prevented cytochrome c release. Neither overexpression of Bcl-xL nor inhibition of reactive oxygen species prevented necrosis. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ANT or cyclophilin D was effective at preventing cell death. These observations demonstrate a novel mechanism initiated through death receptor ligation and mediated by RIP that results in the suppression of ANT activity and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Temkin
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron, Suite 2300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) have attracted much attention as potent gene-delivery vehicles, mainly because of the persistence of this non-pathogenic virus in the host cell and its sustainable therapeutic gene expression. However, virus infection can be accompanied by potentially mutagenic random vector integration into the genome. A novel approach to AAV-mediated gene therapy based on gene targeting through homologous recombination allows efficient, high-fidelity, non-mutagenic gene repair in a host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vasileva
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) comprise a growing list of potentially lethal diseases caused by mutations in either mitochondrial (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA). Two such conditions, autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO) and Senger's Syndrome, are associated with dysfunction of the heart and muscle-specific isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT1), a nDNA gene product that facilitates transport of ATP and ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. AdPEO is a mtDNA deletion disorder broadly characterized by pathology involving the eyes, skeletal muscle, and central nervous system. In addition to ANT1, mutations in at least two other nuclear genes, twinkle and POLG, have been shown to cause mtDNA destabilization associated with adPEO. Senger's syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital heart defects, abnormalities of skeletal muscle mitochondria, cataracts, and elevated circulatory levels of lactic acid. This syndrome is associated with severe depletion of ANT1, which may be the result of an as yet unidentified ANT1-specific transcriptional or translational processing error. ANT1 has also been associated with a third condition, autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), an adult onset disorder characterized by variable muscle weakness in the face, feet, shoulders, and hips. FSHD patients possess specific DNA deletions on chromosome 4, which appear to cause derepression of several nearby genes, including ANT1. Early development of FSHD may involve mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, possibly associated with overexpression of ANT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Sharer
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Wallace DC. The mitochondrial genome in human adaptive radiation and disease: on the road to therapeutics and performance enhancement. Gene 2005; 354:169-80. [PMID: 16024186 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human mitochondrial genome consists of approximately 1500 genes, 37 encoded by the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the remainder encoded in the nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mtDNA is present in thousands of copies per cell and encodes proteins that are essential components of the mitochondrial energy generation pathway, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS generates heat to maintain our body temperature and ATP to do work. The mitochondria also produce much of the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can initiate apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) in response to energy deficiency and oxidative damage. Mitochondrial ROS mutates the mtDNA and mtDNA mutations have been associated with a wide range of age-related diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiomyopathy, diabetes and various cancers. The cellular accumulation of mtDNA mutations may also be the aging clock. Ancient mtDNA variants have also been adaptive and may influence individual health today. Mutations in nDNA-encoded mitochondrial genes can also disrupt OXPHOS, alter mtDNA replication, and affect mitochondrial division. In an effort to treat mitochondrial disease, both metabolic and genetic interventions have been attempted. Metabolic interventions have been directed at increasing energy output, reducing ROS production and stabilizing the mtPTP. Genetic therapies have attempted introduction of nucleic acids into the mitochondrion, nDNA-mitochondrial genes into the nucleus, and mtDNA-encoded genes into the nucleus. These therapeutic approaches might also be used to enhance performance, but we must be careful that catering to short term individual interests might undermine our capacity to adapt and survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA.
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