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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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2
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Dahmani M, Zhu JC, Cook JH, Riley SP. Anaphylatoxin signaling activates macrophages to control intracellular Rickettsia proliferation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0253823. [PMID: 37855623 PMCID: PMC10714731 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02538-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Rickettsia species are extremely dangerous bacteria that grow within the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. In most cases, these bacteria are able to overpower the host cell and grow within the protected environment of the cytoplasm. However, a dramatic conflict occurs when Rickettsia encounter innate immune cells; the bacteria can "win" by taking over the host, or the bacteria can "lose" if the host cell efficiently fights the infection. This manuscript examines how the immune complement system is able to detect the presence of Rickettsia and alert nearby cells. Byproducts of complement activation called anaphylatoxins are signals that "activate" innate immune cells to mount an aggressive defensive strategy. This study enhances our collective understanding of the innate immune reaction to intracellular bacteria and will contribute to future efforts at controlling these dangerous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyi C. Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack H. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P. Riley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
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3
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Chen Y, Yin S, Liu R, Yang Y, Wu Q, Lin W, Li W. β-Sitosterol activates autophagy to inhibit the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the complement C5a receptor 1/alpha fetoprotein axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175983. [PMID: 37598926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly refractory. β-Sitosterol has been reported to suppress proliferation and migration as well as interfere with cell metabolism in tumors. However, there is limited information on the effects of β-sitosterol on HCC. Herein, we used a xenograft mouse model to investigate the effects of β-sitosterol on HCC tumor growth. The molecular mechanism was elucidated using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, lentiviral transfection, CCK8, scratch, Transwell, and Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B assays. The results showed that HepG2 cells highly expressed complement C5a receptor 1. β-Sitosterol antagonized complement component 5a and exerted inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells. The inhibitory effect of β-sitosterol was reversed by the knockdown of complement C5a receptor 1. Bioinformatics analysis suggested alpha fetoprotein (AFP) as a downstream factor of complement C5a receptor 1. β-Sitosterol inhibited AFP expression, which was reversed by complement C5a receptor 1 knockdown. The inhibitory effects of β-sitosterol on cell proliferation and migration were weakened by AFP overexpression. Furthermore, β-sitosterol induced autophagy in HepG2 cells, which was reversed by complement C5a receptor 1 knockdown and AFP overexpression. Blockade of autophagy by 3-MA attenuated β-sitosterol inhibition of proliferation and migration in HepG2 cells. Moreover, β-sitosterol inhibited HCC progression in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that β-sitosterol inhibits HCC advancement by activating autophagy through the complement C5a receptor 1/AFP axis. These findings recommend β-sitosterol as a promising therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Chen
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 570100, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Health, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Song Yin
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China; Wannan Medical College, Anhui, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 570100, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Health, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 570100, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Health, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qiuping Wu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 570100, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Health, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 570100, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Health, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei 230022, China.
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4
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Wang W, Xu Q, Zang S, Liu X, Liu H, Li Z, Fan Q, Tan S, Shi K, Xia Y, Sha Z. Inflammatory reaction and immune response of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) after infection with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109043. [PMID: 37673387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequently occurred bacterial diseases have seriously affected the aquaculture industry of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Notably, vibriosis, with Vibrio anguillarum as one of the causative pathogens, is the most severe bacterial disease with severe inflammatory response of the host, leading to high mortality rates. In the present study, we explored the relationship between bacterial concentrations and host mortality, inflammatory reaction, and immune response in half-smooth tongue sole after infection with V. anguillarum at different concentrations (Treatment 1, 6.4 × 105 CFU/mL; Treatment 2, 6.4 × 106 CFU/mL). The mortality of Treatment 2 (77.5%) was significantly higher than that of Treatment 1 (10%), corresponding with bacterial concentrations. Although the number of deaths varies, intensive deaths were observed within 24 h post infection (hpi) in both bacterial concentration groups. Histopathological analyses revealed that fish tissues were most severely damaged at 24 or 48 hpi, and Treatment 2 was more severe than Treatment 1. A qRT-PCR-based detection method with virulence factor gene empA was established to quantify the bacterial loads in various tissues, and the bacterial loads were the highest at 24 hpi in Treatment 2, and at 48 hpi in Treatment 1. Additionally, the expression levels of complement genes (C5a, C3, C5, and C6), inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10), and other immune-related genes (jak2, NF-κB1, stat3, and tlr3) were increased in various tissues after infection in both treatment groups, with most genes being most expressed at 24 or 48 hpi, and expression levels of inflammatory factors in Treatment 2 were higher than those in Treatment 1. Moreover, the expression of C5a was positively correlated with that of proinflammatory cytokines in both bacterial concentration groups. According to the results of this study, 24-48 hpi was a key node for early vibriosis detection and intervention. Compared with the low mortality of Treatment 1, the mass death of fish in Treatment 2 was suggested to be caused by uncontrolled excessive inflammatory reaction induced by the overactivation of complement system, especially C5a. We believe these results could provide theoretical basis for prevention, evaluation, and treatment of vibrio disease in tongue sole aquaculture, and lay a solid foundation for future functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shaoqing Zang
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xinbao Liu
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhujun Li
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qingxin Fan
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Suxu Tan
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kunpeng Shi
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanting Xia
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhenxia Sha
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Trambas IA, Coughlan MT, Tan SM. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Complement C5a Receptors in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108758. [PMID: 37240105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects 30-40% of patients with diabetes and is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The activation of the complement cascade, a highly conserved element of the innate immune system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. The potent anaphylatoxin C5a is a critical effector of complement-mediated inflammation. Excessive activation of the C5a-signalling axis promotes a potent inflammatory environment and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Conventional renoprotective agents used in the treatment of diabetes do not target the complement system. Mounting preclinical evidence indicates that inhibition of the complement system may prove protective in DKD by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Targeting the C5a-receptor signaling axis is of particular interest, as inhibition at this level attenuates inflammation while preserving the critical immunological defense functions of the complement system. In this review, the important role of the C5a/C5a-receptor axis in the pathogenesis of diabetes and kidney injuries will be discussed, and an overview of the status and mechanisms of action of current complement therapeutics in development will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez A Trambas
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sih Min Tan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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6
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Ghosh M, Rana S. The anaphylatoxin C5a: Structure, function, signaling, physiology, disease, and therapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110081. [PMID: 36989901 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is one of the oldest known tightly regulated host defense systems evolved for efficiently functioning cell-based immune systems and antibodies. Essentially, the complement system acts as a pivot between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The complement system collectively represents a cocktail of ∼50 cell-bound/soluble glycoproteins directly involved in controlling infection and inflammation. Activation of the complement cascade generates complement fragments like C3a, C4a, and C5a as anaphylatoxins. C5a is the most potent proinflammatory anaphylatoxin, which is involved in inflammatory signaling in a myriad of tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of human C5a in the context of its structure and signaling under several pathophysiological conditions, including the current and future therapeutic applications targeting C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaswini Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Soumendra Rana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India.
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7
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Fella E, Papacharalambous R, Kynigopoulos D, Ioannou M, Derua R, Christodoulou C, Stylianou M, Karaiskos C, Kagiava A, Petroula G, Pierides C, Kyriakou M, Koumas L, Costeas P, Panayiotou E. Pharmacological activation of the C5a receptor leads to stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor and alleviates cognitive impairment in a murine model of familial Alzheimer’s disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947071. [PMID: 36091045 PMCID: PMC9462583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain causing either familial or sporadic dementia. We have previously administered the modified C5a receptor agonist (EP67) for a short period to a transgenic mouse model of AD (5XFAD) and have observed not only reduction in β-amyloid deposition and gliosis but also improvement in cognitive impairment. Inquiring, however, on the effects of EP67 in an already heavily burdened animal, thus representing a more realistic scenario, we treated 6-month-old 5XFAD mice for a period of 14 weeks. We recorded a significant decrease in both fibrillar and pre-fibrillar β-amyloid as well as remarkable amelioration of cognitive impairment. Following proteomic analysis and pathway association, we postulate that these events are triggered through the upregulation of β-adrenergic and GABAergic signaling. In summary, our results reveal how inflammatory responses can be employed in inducing tangible phenotype improvements even in advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fella
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Demos Kynigopoulos
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Myrto Stylianou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gerasimou Petroula
- Molecular Haematology-Oncology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chryso Pierides
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kyriakou
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Laura Koumas
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cellular Pathology-Immunology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paul Costeas
- Molecular Haematology-Oncology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus Cancer Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Elena Panayiotou,
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8
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Banda NK, Deane KD, Bemis EA, Strickland C, Seifert J, Jordan K, Goldman K, Morgan BP, Moreland LW, Lewis MJ, Pitzalis C, Holers VM. Analysis of Complement Gene Expression, Clinical Associations, and Biodistribution of Complement Proteins in the Synovium of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Reveals Unique Pathophysiologic Features. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2482-2496. [PMID: 35500934 PMCID: PMC9133225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia and inflammation. The finding of autoantibodies in seropositive RA suggests that complement system activation might play a pathophysiologic role due to the local presence of immune complexes in the joints. Our first objective was to explore the Pathobiology of Early Arthritis Cohort (PEAC) mRNA sequencing data for correlations between clinical disease severity as measured by DAS28-ESR (disease activity score in 28 joints for erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and complement system gene expression, both in the synovium and in blood. Our second objective was to determine the biodistribution using multiplex immunohistochemical staining of specific complement activation proteins and inhibitors from subjects in the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP) RA/SLE study. In the PEAC study, there were significant positive correlations between specific complement gene mRNA expression levels in the synovium and DAS28-ESR for the following complement genes: C2, FCN1, FCN3, CFB, CFP, C3AR1, C5AR1, and CR1 Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between DAS28-ESR and Colec12, C5, C6, MASP-1, CFH, and MCP In the synovium there were also significant positive correlations between DAS28-ESR and FcγR1A, FcγR1B, FcγR2A, and FcγR3A Notably, CFHR4 synovial expression was positively correlated following treatment with the DAS28-ESR at 6 mo, suggesting a role in worse therapeutic responses. The inverse correlation of C5 RNA expression in the synovium may underlie the failure of significant benefit from C5/C5aR inhibitors in clinical trials performed in patients with RA. Multiplex immunohistochemical analyses of early RA synovium reveal significant evidence of regional alterations of activation and inhibitory factors that likely promote local complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth A Bemis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Colin Strickland
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Human Immune Monitoring Shared Resource, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Katriona Goldman
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K.; and
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, and UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Larry W Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K.; and
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K.; and
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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9
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Sobiepanek A, Kuryk Ł, Garofalo M, Kumar S, Baran J, Musolf P, Siebenhaar F, Fluhr JW, Kobiela T, Plasenzotti R, Kuchler K, Staniszewska M. The Multifaceted Roles of Mast Cells in Immune Homeostasis, Infections and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2249. [PMID: 35216365 PMCID: PMC8875910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play important roles in normal immune responses and pathological states. The location of MCs on the boundaries between tissues and the external environment, including gut mucosal surfaces, lungs, skin, and around blood vessels, suggests a multitude of immunological functions. Thus, MCs are pivotal for host defense against different antigens, including allergens and microbial pathogens. MCs can produce and respond to physiological mediators and chemokines to modulate inflammation. As long-lived, tissue-resident cells, MCs indeed mediate acute inflammatory responses such as those evident in allergic reactions. Furthermore, MCs participate in innate and adaptive immune responses to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The control of MC activation or stabilization is a powerful tool in regulating tissue homeostasis and pathogen clearance. Moreover, MCs contribute to maintaining the homeostatic equilibrium between host and resident microbiota, and they engage in crosstalk between the resident and recruited hematopoietic cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of MCs in health and disease. Further, we discuss how mouse models of MC deficiency have become useful tools for establishing MCs as a potential cellular target for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobiepanek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kuryk
- National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Institute of Research, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland;
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 14, 02600 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 14, 02600 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Joanna Baran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Paulina Musolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (J.W.F.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Wilhelm Fluhr
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (J.W.F.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kobiela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Department of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Kraus RF, Gruber MA. Neutrophils-From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767175. [PMID: 35003081 PMCID: PMC8732951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Felix Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of C5aR in human solid tumors: a Meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1136. [PMID: 34688269 PMCID: PMC8540875 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C5aR has been extensively studied in recent years as an essential component of the complement system. However, the role of C5aR in tumors has not been sufficiently investigated and summarized. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the prognostic value of C5aR in solid tumors as well as the correlation between C5aR and clinicopathological features. METHODS Relevant study collection was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, Cochrane Library until July 10, 2021. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of this study, while publication bias was tested by Begg's and Egger's tests. RESULTS A total of 11 studies involving 1577 patients were included in the study. Our results suggest that the high-level C5aR expression in tumor tissue predicted unsatisfactory overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.92, 95% CI:1.47-2.50, P < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 2.19, 95% CI:1.47-3.27, P < 0.001). Besides, a higher level of C5aR expression was associated with larger tumor size (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18-2.10, P = 0.002) and the occurrence of metastases in lymph nodes (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.46-2.72, P<0.001), whereas it was independent of tumor stage, vascular invasion and tumor differentiation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, C5aR may be a potential biomarker for evaluating tumor prognosis and treatment.
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12
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Role of C5aR1 and C5L2 Receptors in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050974. [PMID: 33801177 PMCID: PMC7957510 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of C5a receptors (C5aR1 and C5L2) in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is uncertain. We generated an in vitro model of hypoxia/reoxygenation with human proximal tubule epithelial cells to mimic some IRI events. C5aR1, membrane attack complex (MAC) and factor H (FH) deposits were evaluated with immunofluorescence. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction evaluated the expression of C5aR1, C5L2 genes as well as genes related to tubular injury, inflammation, and profibrotic pathways. Additionally, C5aR1 and C5L2 deposits were evaluated in kidney graft biopsies (KB) from transplant patients with delayed graft function (DGF, n = 12) and compared with a control group (n = 8). We observed higher immunofluorescence expression of C5aR1, MAC and FH as higher expression of genes related to tubular injury, inflammatory and profibrotic pathways and of C5aR1 in the hypoxic cells; whereas, C5L2 gene expression was unaffected by the hypoxic stimulus. Regarding KB, C5aR1 was detected in the apical and basal membrane of tubular epithelial cells, whereas C5L2 deposits were observed in endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries (PTC). DGF-KB showed more frequently diffuse C5aR1 staining and C5L2 compared to controls. In conclusion, C5aR1 expression is increased by hypoxia and IRI, both in vitro and in human biopsies with an acute injury. C5L2 expression in PTC could be related to endothelial cell damage during IRI.
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Outer Membrane Structural Defects in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Affect Neutrophil Chemokinesis but Not Chemotaxis. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e01012-20. [PMID: 33627508 PMCID: PMC8544890 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01012-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the first line of defense against pathogens, are critical in the host response to acute and chronic infections. In Gram-negative pathogens, the bacterial outer membrane (OM) is a key mediator of pathogen detection; nonetheless, the effects of variations in its molecular structure on the neutrophil migratory response to bacteria remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a quantitative microfluidic assay that precludes physical contact between bacteria and neutrophils while maintaining chemical communication, thus allowing investigation of both transient and steady-state responses of neutrophils to a library of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium OM-related mutants at single-cell resolution. Using single-cell quantitative metrics, we found that transient neutrophil chemokinesis is highly gradated based upon OM structure, while transient and steady-state chemotaxis responses differ little between mutants. Based on our finding of a lack of correlation between chemokinesis and chemotaxis, we define "stimulation score" as a metric that comprehensively describes the neutrophil response to pathogens. Complemented with a killing assay, our results provide insight into how OM modifications affect neutrophil recruitment and pathogen survival. Altogether, our platform enables the discovery of transient and steady-state migratory responses and provides a new path for quantitative interrogation of cell decision-making processes in a variety of host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Our findings provide insights into the previously unexplored effects of Salmonella envelope defects on fundamental innate immune cell behavior, which advance the knowledge in pathogen-host cell biology and potentially inspire the rational design of attenuated strains for vaccines or immunotherapeutic strains for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the microfluidic assay platform and analytical tools reported herein enable high-throughput, sensitive, and quantitative screening of microbial strains' immunogenicity in vitro This approach could be particularly beneficial for rapid in vitro screening of engineered microbial strains (e.g., vaccine candidates) as the quantitative ranking of the overall strength of the neutrophil response, reported by "stimulation score," agrees with in vivo cytokine response trends reported in the literature.
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14
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The roles and potential therapeutic implications of C5a in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:75-81. [PMID: 33558131 PMCID: PMC7733683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has documented that multisystem organ failure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is strongly associated with various coagulopathies. Treatments for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy are still a clinical challenge. An advancement in the knowledge of mechanisms of the excessive or inappropriate activation of the complement cascade involved in the genesis of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy might be a fundamental approach for developing novel classes of anticoagulant drugs. In this context, there is emerging evidence indicating that C5a, a component of the complement system, and its receptors (C5aRs) play a critical role in the genesis of the COVID-19-associated hypercoagulable state. Thus, this review describes the mechanisms by which C5a/C5aR signaling participates in the cascade of events involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Furthermore, it highlights the current possibilities for the development of a novel therapeutic approach for COVID-19 patients that targets C5a/C5aRs signaling.
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15
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Ort M, Dingemanse J, van den Anker J, Kaufmann P. Treatment of Rare Inflammatory Kidney Diseases: Drugs Targeting the Terminal Complement Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599417. [PMID: 33362783 PMCID: PMC7758461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system comprises the frontline of the innate immune system. Triggered by pathogenic surface patterns in different pathways, the cascade concludes with the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC; complement components C5b to C9) and C5a, a potent anaphylatoxin that elicits various inflammatory signals through binding to C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1). Despite its important role in pathogen elimination, priming and recruitment of myeloid cells from the immune system, as well as crosstalk with other physiological systems, inadvertent activation of the complement system can result in self-attack and overreaction in autoinflammatory diseases. Consequently, it constitutes an interesting target for specialized therapies. The paradigm of safe and efficacious terminal complement pathway inhibition has been demonstrated by the approval of eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hematuria. In addition, complement contribution in rare kidney diseases, such as lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 glomerulopathy, or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis has been demonstrated. This review summarizes the involvement of the terminal effector agents of the complement system in these diseases and provides an overview of inhibitors for complement components C5, C5a, C5aR1, and MAC that are currently in clinical development. Furthermore, a link between increased complement activity and lung damage in severe COVID-19 patients is discussed and the potential for use of complement inhibitors in COVID-19 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ort
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - John van den Anker
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Priska Kaufmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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16
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Hardisty GR, Law SM, Carter S, Grogan B, Singh PK, McKone EF, Gray RD. Ivacaftor modifies cystic fibrosis neutrophil phenotype in subjects with R117H residual function CFTR mutations. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.02161-2020. [PMID: 32855222 PMCID: PMC7817919 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02161-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CFTR modulation leads to changes in neutrophil phenotype even in patients with residual function CFTR mutationshttps://bit.ly/2EUk7xH
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R Hardisty
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheonagh M Law
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Suzanne Carter
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda Grogan
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Dept of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward F McKone
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D Gray
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Wood AJ, Vassallo AM, Ruchaud-Sparagano MH, Scott J, Zinnato C, Gonzalez-Tejedo C, Kishore K, D'Santos CS, Simpson AJ, Menon DK, Summers C, Chilvers ER, Okkenhaug K, Morris AC. C5a impairs phagosomal maturation in the neutrophil through phosphoproteomic remodeling. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137029. [PMID: 32634128 PMCID: PMC7455072 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical illness is accompanied by the release of large amounts of the anaphylotoxin, C5a. C5a suppresses antimicrobial functions of neutrophils which is associated with adverse outcomes. The signaling pathways that mediate C5a-induced neutrophil dysfunction are incompletely understood. Healthy donor neutrophils exposed to purified C5a demonstrated a prolonged defect (7 hours) in phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Phosphoproteomic profiling of 2712 phosphoproteins identified persistent C5a signaling and selective impairment of phagosomal protein phosphorylation on exposure to S. aureus. Notable proteins included early endosomal marker ZFYVE16 and V-ATPase proton channel component ATPV1G1. An assay of phagosomal acidification demonstrated C5a-induced impairment of phagosomal acidification, which was recapitulated in neutrophils from critically ill patients. Examination of the C5a-impaired protein phosphorylation indicated a role for the PI3K VPS34 in phagosomal maturation. Inhibition of VPS34 impaired neutrophil phagosomal acidification and killing of S. aureus. This study provides a phosphoproteomic assessment of human neutrophil signaling in response to S. aureus and its disruption by C5a, identifying a defect in phagosomal maturation and mechanisms of immune failure in critical illness. C5a disrupts the neutrophil phosphoproteomic response to bacteria, impairing phagosomal maturation and bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jt Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arlette M Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Scott
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carmelo Zinnato
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Gonzalez-Tejedo
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Kishore
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clive S D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A John Simpson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Bentata Y. Obesity in Living-Donor Kidney Transplant: What Risks for the Donor and the Recipient? EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 19:287-296. [PMID: 32635886 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For a kidney transplant candidate, a living-donor kidney transplant is the best option: it offers the longest survival to the recipient. Currently, more than 27000 living-donor kidney transplants are done each year in the world. More than 25% of all living kidney donors are now considered obese at the time of donation compared with fewer than 8% in the 1970s, and the proportion of obese recipients is doubling every 15 years as a result of the global epidemic of obesity. Obesity exposes both the donor and recipient to multiple complications: first, of an immediate surgical nature in the intra- and postoperative periods, then of a medical nature in the short and long term. Although surgical complications are well known and better mastered thanks to great technical progress, long-term medical complications can be severe and compromise patient survival and that of the transplanted kidney. For the recipient, the benefits of kidney transplant compared with end-stage renal disease are significant despite all the risks and complications caused by obesity. For the donor, however, no risk of severe complications is acceptable, and the main objective of pretransplant explorations is to ensure that the donation of a kidney occurs in complete safety for the donor. In the presence of obesity, if the donor is highly motivated and barring other exclusion criteria, it is mandatory to clearly inform the donor of all potential obesity-related risks, to strongly encourage him/her to lose weight before the donation, and to maintain this weight afterward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassamine Bentata
- From the Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University Hospital Mohammed VI, and the Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Public Health, Medical School, University Mohammed First, Oujda, Morocco
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19
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Li XX, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM. C5aR2 Activation Broadly Modulates the Signaling and Function of Primary Human Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1102-1112. [PMID: 32611725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement activation fragment C5a is a potent proinflammatory mediator that is increasingly recognized as an immune modulator. C5a acts through two C5a receptors, C5aR1 (C5aR, CD88) and C5aR2 (C5L2, GPR77), to powerfully modify multiple aspects of immune cell function. Although C5aR1 is generally acknowledged to be proinflammatory and immune-activating, the potential roles played by C5aR2 remain poorly defined. Despite studies demonstrating C5aR2 can modulate C5aR1 in human cells, it is not yet known whether C5aR2 functionality is limited to, or requires, C5aR1 activation or influences immune cells more broadly. The present study, therefore, aimed to characterize the roles of C5aR2 on the signaling and function of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, using a C5aR2 agonist (Ac-RHYPYWR-OH; P32) to selectively activate the receptor. We found that although C5aR2 activation with P32 by itself was devoid of any detectable MAPK signaling activities, C5aR2 agonism significantly dampened C5aR1-, C3aR-, and chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1)-mediated ERK signaling and altered intracellular calcium mobilization mediated by these receptors. Functionally, selective C5aR2 activation also downregulated cytokine production triggered by various TLRs (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7), C-type lectin receptors (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Mincle), and the cytosolic DNA sensor stimulator of IFN genes (STING). Surprisingly, activity at the C-type lectin receptors was particularly powerful, with C5aR2 activation reducing Mincle-mediated IL-6 and TNF-α generation by 80-90%. In sum, this study demonstrates that C5aR2 possesses pleiotropic functions in primary human macrophages, highlighting the role of C5aR2 as a powerful regulator of innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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20
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Complement Activation in Association with Markers of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5080743. [PMID: 32308555 PMCID: PMC7136779 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have both been suggested to drive atherosclerotic plaque progression. Although experimental studies suggest interplay between these two innate immunity components, the relevance in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess associations between complement activation and NETs in patients with stable CAD and examine the role of complement activation on clinical outcome. Blood samples from a cohort of patients with angiographically verified stable CAD (n = 1001) were analyzed by ELISA for the terminal complement complex (TCC) and by relative quantification for gene expression of the C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) as markers of complement activation. As markers of NETs, dsDNA was analyzed by fluorescent nucleic acid stain and myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA) by ELISA. Clinical outcome was defined as unstable angina, nonhemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (MI), or death (n = 106, whereof 36 MI). Levels of TCC and C5aR1 were not significantly correlated to dsDNA (TCC: r = −0.045, p = 0.153; C5aR1: r = −0.060, p = 0.434) or MPO-DNA (TCC: r = 0.026, p = 0.414; C5aR1: r = 0.123, p = 0.107). When dividing TCC and C5aR1 levels into quartiles (Q), levels of MPO-DNA differed significantly across quartiles (TCC: p = 0.008, C5aR1: 0.049), while dsDNA did not (TCC: p = 0.181, C5aR1: p = 0.771). Patients with TCC levels in Q4 had significantly higher levels of MPO-DNA than Q1-3 (p = 0.019), and C5aR1 levels in Q3-4 had significantly higher levels of MPO-DNA than Q1-2 (p = 0.046). TCC levels did not differ between patients experiencing a clinical endpoint or not, but high levels were associated with increased risk of acute MI (OR. 1.97, 95% CI: 0.99-3.90, p = 0.053) during two-year follow up, also when adjusted for relevant covariates. In conclusion, TCC and C5aR1 were moderately associated with the NET marker MPO-DNA, and TCC levels were related to the risk of future MI in this cohort of patients with stable CAD.
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21
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Li XX, Lee JD, Kemper C, Woodruff TM. The Complement Receptor C5aR2: A Powerful Modulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:3339-3348. [PMID: 31160390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation generates the core effector protein C5a, a potent immune molecule that is linked to multiple inflammatory diseases. Two C5a receptors, C5aR1 (C5aR, CD88) and C5aR2 (C5L2, GPR77), mediate the biological activities of C5a. Although C5aR1 has broadly acknowledged proinflammatory roles, C5aR2 remains at the center of controversy, with existing findings supporting both immune-activating and immune-dampening functions. Recent progress has been made toward resolving these issues. Instead of being a pure recycler and sequester of C5a, C5aR2 is capable of mediating its own set of signaling events and through these events exerting significant immunomodulatory effects not only toward C5aR1 but also other pattern recognition receptors and innate immune systems, such as NLRP3 inflammasomes. This review highlights the existing knowns and unknowns concerning C5aR2 and provides a timely update on recent breakthroughs which are expected to have a substantial impact on future fundamental and translational C5aR2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
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22
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Akk A, Springer LE, Yang L, Hamilton-Burdess S, Lambris JD, Yan H, Hu Y, Wu X, Hourcade DE, Miller MJ, Pham CTN. Complement activation on neutrophils initiates endothelial adhesion and extravasation. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:629-642. [PMID: 31542608 PMCID: PMC6815348 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. In the autoantibody-mediated K/BxN model of inflammatory arthritis, the alternative pathway (AP) of complement and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are required for disease development while the classical pathway is dispensable. The reason for this differential requirement is unknown. We show that within minutes of K/BxN serum injection complement activation (CA) is detected on circulating neutrophils, as evidenced by cell surface C3 fragment deposition. CA requires the AP factor B and FcγRs but not C4, implying that engagement of FcγRs by autoantibody or immune complexes directly triggers AP C3 convertase assembly. The absence of C5 does not prevent CA on neutrophils but diminishes the upregulation of adhesion molecules. In vivo two-photon microscopy reveals that CA on neutrophils is critical for neutrophil extravasation and generation of C5a at the site of inflammation. C5a stimulates the release of neutrophil proteases, which contribute to the degradation of VE-cadherin, an adherens junction protein that regulates endothelial barrier integrity. C5a receptor antagonism blocks the extracellular release of neutrophil proteases, suppressing VE-cadherin degradation and neutrophil transendothelial migration in vivo. These results elucidate the AP-dependent intravascular neutrophil-endothelial interactions that initiate the inflammatory cascade in this disease model but may be generalizable to neutrophil extravasation in other inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Akk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luke E Springer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Hamilton-Burdess
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huimin Yan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dennis E Hourcade
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; John Cochran VA Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Wang X, Iyer A, Lyons AB, Körner H, Wei W. Emerging Roles for G-protein Coupled Receptors in Development and Activation of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2031. [PMID: 31507616 PMCID: PMC6718513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have emerged as a key component of the innate immune system that emigrates to peripheral tissues during gestation and in the adult organism. Their complex pathway to maturity, their unique plasticity and their various roles as effector and regulatory cells during an immune response have been the focus of intense research. A class of surface molecules, the G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in many immune processes. They have drawn attention in regard to these functions and the potential for therapeutic targets that can modulate the response of immune cells in pathologies such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Of the more than 800 GPCRs identified, ~100 are currently targeted with drugs which have had their activity investigated in vivo. Macrophages express a number of GPCRs which have central roles during cell differentiation and in the regulation of their functions. While some macrophage GPCRs such as chemokine receptors have been studied in great detail, the roles of other receptors of this large family are still not well understood. This review summarizes new insights into macrophage biology, differences of human, and mouse macrophages and gives details of some of the GPCRs expressed by this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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24
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Nasser A, Moradi M, Jazireian P, Safari H, Alizadeh-Sani M, Pourmand MR, Azimi T. Staphylococcus aureus versus neutrophil: Scrutiny of ancient combat. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:259-269. [PMID: 31002964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes many infections and diseases. This pathogen can cause many types of infections such as impetigo, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST1), pneumonia, endocarditis, and autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus and can infect other healthy individuals. In the pathogenic process, colonization is a main risk factor for invasive diseases. Various factors including the cell wall-associated factors and receptors of the epithelial cells facilitate adhesion and colonization of this pathogen. S. aureus has many enzymes, toxins, and strategies to evade from the immune system either by an enzyme that lyses cellular component or by hiding from the immune system via surface antigens like protein A and second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi). The strategies of this bacterium can be divided into five groups: A: Inhibit neutrophil recruitment B: Inhibit phagocytosis C: Inhibit killing by ROS, D: Neutrophil killing, and E: Resistance to antimicrobial peptide. On the other hand, innate immune system via neutrophils, the most important polymorphonuclear leukocytes, fights against bacterial cells by neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). In this review, we try to explain the role of each factor in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Microbiology Research center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parham Jazireian
- Department of Biology, University Campus 2,University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Ilinskaya AN, Shah A, Enciso AE, Chan KC, Kaczmarczyk JA, Blonder J, Simanek EE, Dobrovolskaia MA. Nanoparticle physicochemical properties determine the activation of intracellular complement. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:266-275. [PMID: 30794962 PMCID: PMC6520145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an essential role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The traditional understanding of this system comes from studies investigating complement proteins produced by the liver and present in plasma to "complement" the immune cell-mediated response to invading pathogens. Recently, it has been reported that immune cells including, but not limited to, T-cells and monocytes, express complement proteins. This complement is referred to as intracellular (IC) and implicated in the regulation of T-cell activation. The mechanisms and the structure-activity relationship between nanomaterials and IC, however, are currently unknown. Herein, we describe a structure-activity relationship study demonstrating that under in vitro conditions, only polymeric materials with cationic surfaces activate IC in T-cells. The effect also depends on particle size and occurs through a mechanism involving membrane damage, thereby IC on the cell surface serves as a self-opsonization marker in response to the nanoparticle-triggered danger affecting the cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Ankit Shah
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX
| | - King C Chan
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Jan A Kaczmarczyk
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Josip Blonder
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD.
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27
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Identification of a Conserved, Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor Required for Efficient Pathogen Clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00034-19. [PMID: 30692178 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00034-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors contribute to host defense across the animal kingdom, transducing many signals involved in both vertebrate and invertebrate immune responses. While it has become well established that the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans triggers innate immune responses following infection with numerous bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens, the mechanisms by which C. elegans recognizes these pathogens have remained somewhat more elusive. C. elegans G protein-coupled receptors have been implicated in recognizing pathogen-associated damage and activating downstream host immune responses. Here we identify and characterize a novel G protein-coupled receptor required to regulate the C. elegans response to infection with Microbacterium nematophilum We show that this receptor, which we designate pathogen clearance-defective receptor 1 (PCDR-1), is required for efficient pathogen clearance following infection. PCDR-1 acts upstream of multiple G proteins, including the C. elegans Gαq ortholog, EGL-30, in rectal epithelial cells to promote pathogen clearance via a novel mechanism.
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28
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Chmilewsky F, Liang R, Kanazawa M, About I, Cooper LF, George A. C5L2 Regulates DMP1 Expression during Odontoblastic Differentiation. J Dent Res 2019; 98:597-604. [PMID: 30702959 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518820461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of stem cells within the dental-pulp tissue as well as their differentiation into a new generation of functional odontoblast-like cells constitutes an important step of the dentin-pulp regeneration. Recent investigations demonstrated that the complement system activation participates in 2 critical steps of dentin-pulp regeneration: pulp progenitor's recruitment and pulp nerve sprouting. Surprisingly, its implication in odontoblastic differentiation has not been addressed yet. Since the complement receptor C5a receptor-like 2 (C5L2) is expressed by different stem cells, the aim of this study is to investigate if the dental pulp stem cells express C5L2 and if this receptor participates in odontoblastic differentiation. Immunohistochemistry performed on human third molar pulp sections showed a perivascular co-localization of the mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO1 and C5L2. In vitro immunofluorescent staining confirmed that hDPSCs express C5L2. Furthermore, we determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction that the expression of C5L2 is highly modulated in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) undergoing odontoblastic differentiation. Moreover, we showed that this odontogenesis-regulated expression of C5L2 is specifically potentiated by the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. Using a C5L2-siRNA silencing strategy, we provide direct evidence that C5L2 constitutes a negative regulator of the dentinogenic marker DMP1 (dentin matrix protein 1) expression by hDPSCs. Our findings suggest a direct correlation between the odontoblastic differentiation and the level of C5L2 expression in hDPSCs and identify C5L2 as a negative regulator of DMP1 expression by hDPSCs during the odontoblastic differentiation and inflammation processes. This work is the first to demonstrate the involvement of C5L2 in the biological function of stem cells, provides an important knowledge in understanding odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells, and may be useful in future dentin-pulp engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chmilewsky
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Liang
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Kanazawa
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I About
- 2 Department of Oral Biology, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - L F Cooper
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A George
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Carroll JA, Race B, Williams K, Chesebro B. Toll-like receptor 2 confers partial neuroprotection during prion disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208559. [PMID: 30596651 PMCID: PMC6312208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are common during prion infection, but the mechanisms that underlie these pathological features are not well understood. Several components of innate immunity, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Complement C1q, have been shown to influence prion disease. To identify additional components of innate immunity that might impact prion disease within the central nervous system (CNS), we screened RNA from brains of pre-clinical and clinical 22L-infected mice for alterations in genes associated with innate immunity. Transcription of several genes encoding damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) proteins and receptors were increased in the brains of prion-infected mice. To investigate the role of some of these proteins in prion disease of the CNS, we infected mice deficient in DAMP receptor genes Tlr2, C3ar1, and C5ar1 with 22L scrapie. Elimination of TLR2 accelerated disease by a median of 10 days, while lack of C3aR1 or C5aR1 had no effect on disease tempo. Histopathologically, all knockout mouse strains tested were similar to infected control mice in gliosis, vacuolation, and PrPSc deposition. Analysis of proinflammatory markers in the brains of infected knockout mice indicated only a few alterations in gene expression suggesting that C5aR1 and TLR2 signaling did not act synergistically in the brains of prion-infected mice. These results indicate that signaling through TLR2 confers partial neuroprotection during prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
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30
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Wood AJT, Vassallo A, Summers C, Chilvers ER, Conway-Morris A. C5a anaphylatoxin and its role in critical illness-induced organ dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13028. [PMID: 30229880 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Critical illness is an aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous syndrome that is characterised by organ failure and immune dysfunction. Mortality in critically ill patients is driven by inflammation-associated organ damage and a profound vulnerability to nosocomial infection. Both factors are influenced by the activated complement protein C5a, released by unbridled activation of the complement system during critical illness. C5a exerts deleterious effects on organ systems directly and suppresses antimicrobial functions of key immune cells. Whilst several recent reports have added key knowledge of the cellular signalling pathways triggered by C5a, there remain a number of areas that are incompletely understood and therapeutic opportunities are still being evaluated. In this review, we summarise the cellular basis for C5a-induced vulnerability to nosocomial infection and organ dysfunction. We focus on cells of the innate immune system, highlighting the major areas in need of further research and potential avenues for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Conway-Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Signaling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF. Decoding the chemotactic signal. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:359-374. [PMID: 29873835 PMCID: PMC6099250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0218-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Thomas
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew B. Kleist
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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32
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Aptamers that bind to the human complement component receptor hC5aR1 interfere with hC5aR1 interaction to its hC5a ligand. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:851-864. [PMID: 29981048 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. In this system, a potent inflammatory ligand is C5a, which initiates its effects by activating its core receptor C5aR1. Thus, compounds that interfere with the C5a-C5aR1 interaction could alleviate some inflammatory conditions. Consequently, several ligands that bind to either C5a or C5aR1 have previously been isolated and evaluated. In the present study, two RNA aptamers, aptamer 1 and aptamer 9, that specifically bind to hC5aR1 with much higher affinity than antibodies were isolated. These two aptamers were tested for their ability to interfere with the cognate ligand of hC5aR1, C5a, using a chemotaxis assay. Both aptamer 1 and 9 interfered with the C5a interaction, suggesting that the aptamers recognized the extracellular domain of hC5aR1 responsible for hC5a ligand binding. Considering the higher affinity of aptamers to the hC5aR1 and their interference with hC5a ligand binding, further study is warranted to explore not only their applications in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases but also their usefulness in modulating hC5a and hC5aR1 interactions.
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33
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Giil LM, Aarsland D, Hellton K, Lund A, Heidecke H, Schulze-Forster K, Riemekasten G, Vik-Mo AO, Kristoffersen EK, Vedeler CA, Nordrehaug JE. Antibodies to Multiple Receptors are Associated with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Mortality in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:761-774. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse M. Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Diseases (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Audun Osland Vik-Mo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Age-Related Diseases (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Einar K. Kristoffersen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian A. Vedeler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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34
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Tenner AJ, Stevens B, Woodruff TM. New tricks for an ancient system: Physiological and pathological roles of complement in the CNS. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:3-13. [PMID: 29958698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanisms underlying the functions of the complement system in the central nervous system (CNS) and systemically, namely opsonization, chemotaxis, membrane lysis, and regulation of inflammation are the same, the plethora of functions that complement orchestrates in the central nervous system (CNS) is complex. Strictly controlled expression of complement effector molecules, regulators and receptors across the gamut of life stages (embryogenesis, development and maturation, aging and disease) dictate fascinating contributions for this ancient system. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that complement functions differ widely across distinct brain regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly identified roles for complement in the brain, including its roles in CNS development and function, during aging and in the processes of neurodegeneration. The diversity and selectively of beneficial and detrimental activities of complement, while challenging, should lead to precision targeting of specific components to provide disease modifying treatments for devastating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders that are still without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tenner
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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35
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Mödinger Y, Löffler B, Huber-Lang M, Ignatius A. Complement involvement in bone homeostasis and bone disorders. Semin Immunol 2018; 37:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Michailidou I, Jongejan A, Vreijling JP, Georgakopoulou T, de Wissel MB, Wolterman RA, Ruizendaal P, Klar-Mohamad N, Grootemaat AE, Picavet DI, Kumar V, van Kooten C, Woodruff TM, Morgan BP, van der Wel NN, Ramaglia V, Fluiter K, Baas F. Systemic inhibition of the membrane attack complex impedes neuroinflammation in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:36. [PMID: 29724241 PMCID: PMC5932802 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key driver of neuroinflammation. Activation of complement by all pathways, results in the formation of the anaphylatoxin C5a and the membrane attack complex (MAC). Both initiate pro-inflammatory responses which can contribute to neurological disease. In this study, we delineate the specific roles of C5a receptor signaling and MAC formation during the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mediated neuroinflammation. MAC inhibition was achieved by subcutaneous administration of an antisense oligonucleotide specifically targeting murine C6 mRNA (5 mg/kg). The C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) was inhibited with the C5a receptor antagonist PMX205 (1.5 mg/kg). Both treatments were administered systemically and started after disease onset, at the symptomatic phase when lymphocytes are activated. We found that antisense-mediated knockdown of C6 expression outside the central nervous system prevented relapse of disease by impeding the activation of parenchymal neuroinflammatory responses, including the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, C6 antisense-mediated MAC inhibition protected from relapse-induced axonal and synaptic damage. In contrast, inhibition of C5aR1-mediated inflammation diminished expression of major pro-inflammatory mediators, but unlike C6 inhibition, it did not stop progression of neurological disability completely. Our study suggests that MAC is a key driver of neuroinflammation in this model, thereby MAC inhibition might be a relevant treatment for chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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37
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Giil LM, Vedeler CA, Kristoffersen EK, Nordrehaug JE, Heidecke H, Dechend R, Schulze-Forster K, Muller DN, von Goetze VS, Cabral-Marques O, Riemekasten G, Vogelsang P, Nygaard S, Lund A, Aarsland D. Antibodies to Signaling Molecules and Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease are Associated with Psychomotor Slowing, Depression, and Poor Visuospatial Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:929-939. [PMID: 28697567 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with several antibodies as well as signaling molecules and receptors. These may be detrimental in the presence of a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the levels of antibodies toward 33 signaling molecules involved in neurotransmitter, vascular, and immune functions were associated with AD and, within the AD group; cognitive function and mood. METHODS Antibodies in sera from patients with mild AD [(n = 91) defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination ≥ 20 or a Clinical Dementia Rating Scale≤1] and healthy controls (n = 102) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Levels in AD and controls were compared by Mann-Whitney test. In the AD group, associations between antibodies and psychometric test scores were analyzed by robust regression. The false discovery threshold was set to 0.05. RESULTS Antibodies to serotonin receptors [5-HT2AR (effect size (r) = 0.21, p = 0.004), 5-HT2CR (r = 0.25, p = 0.0005) and 5-HT7R (r = 0.21, p = 0.003)], vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 [VEGFR1 (r = 0.29, p < 0.001)] and immune-receptors (Stabilin-1 (r = 0.23, p = 0.001) and C5aR1 (r = 0.21, p = 0.004) were higher in AD. Psychomotor speed was associated with D1R-abs (β 0.49, p < 0.001), depression with ETAR-abs (β 0.31, p < 0.001), and visuospatial function with 5-HT1AR-abs (β 0.27, p = 0.004) despite similar antibody levels compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Antibody levels to VEGFR1, serotonergic receptors, and receptors in the immune system were increased in AD. Antibodies at similar levels as in controls were associated cognitive dysfunction and depression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse M Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian A Vedeler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar K Kristoffersen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik N Muller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Petra Vogelsang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Staale Nygaard
- Research Group for Biomedical Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, UK.,Centre for Age-Related Diseases (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
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38
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An G, Li B, Liu X, Zhang M, Gao F, Zhao Y, An F, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Overexpression of complement component C5a accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56060-56070. [PMID: 27517153 PMCID: PMC5302896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the direct effect of C5a overexpression on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS A recombinant adenovirus expressing mouse C5a (Ad-C5a) was constructed and injected intravenously into ApoE-/- mice. After 12 weeks of a high-fat diet, Ad-C5a injection produced more extensive lesions than control adenovirus, and its proathrosclerotic role was significantly blocked by C5a receptor antagonist. Immunohistochemical analysis showed enhanced macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic regions with C5a overexpression. Trans-well assay revealed C5a receptor-dependent chemotaxis of C5a to macrophages. Furthermore, Ad-C5a overexpression promoted foam cell formation and lipid deposition but reduced collagen content. In addition, with Ad-C5a overexpression, the serum levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS C5a overexpression could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by promoting macrophage recruitment, foam cell formation and inflammatory activation. Furthermore, its proatherogetic role is mediated by the C5a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guipeng An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengshuang An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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39
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Hornum L, Hansen AJ, Tornehave D, Fjording MS, Colmenero P, Wätjen IF, Søe Nielsen NH, Bliddal H, Bartels EM. C5a and C5aR are elevated in joints of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis patients, and C5aR blockade attenuates leukocyte migration to synovial fluid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189017. [PMID: 29220376 PMCID: PMC5722346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation correlates to rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, and increased amounts of the complement split product C5a is observed in synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Blockade of C5a or its receptor (C5aR) is efficacious in several arthritis models. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of C5a and C5aR in human rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis–both with respect to expression and function. Synovial fluid, blood and synovial samples were obtained from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis patients as a less inflammatory arthritis type, and blood from healthy subjects. Cells infiltrating synovial tissue were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. SF and blood were analysed for biomarkers by flow cytometry or ELISA. The effect of a blocking anti-human C5aR mAb on leukocyte migration was determined using a Boyden chamber. Appropriate statistical tests were applied for comparisons. C5aR+ cells were detected in most rheumatoid arthritis, in all psoriatic arthritis, but not in non-inflammatory control synovia. C5aR+ cells were primarily neutrophils and macrophages. C5aR+ macrophages were mainly found in lymphoid aggregates in close contact with T cells. C5a levels were increased in both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis synovial fluid compared to osteoarthritis, and in blood from rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy subjects. Neutrophil and monocyte migration to rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid was significantly inhibited by anti-C5aR. The data support that the C5a-C5aR axis may be driving the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the synovial fluid and synovium in both rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, and suggest that C5a or C5aR may be a promising treatment target in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paula Colmenero
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inger Falbe Wätjen
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Bliddal
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Bartels
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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40
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A toxicogenomics approach to screen chlorinated flame retardants tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate for potential health effects. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:459-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Monocytes from patients with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia show enhanced inflammatory properties and produce higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14657. [PMID: 29116124 PMCID: PMC5676706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) suffer from recurrent upper and lower airway infections due to defects in the cilia present on the respiratory epithelium. Since chronic inflammatory conditions can cause changes in innate immune responses, we investigated whether monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of pediatric PCD patients respond differently to inflammatory stimuli, compared to monocytes from healthy children and adults. The receptor for C5a (C5aR) was upregulated in PCD, whereas expression levels of the leukocyte chemoattractant receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, BLT1 and FPR1 on PCD monocytes were similar to those on monocytes from healthy individuals. Also in vitro migration of PCD monocytes towards the ligands of those receptors (CCL2, fMLP, C5a and LTB4) was normal. Compared to healthy children, PCD patients had a higher percentage of the non-classic monocyte subset (CD14+CD16++) in circulation. Finally, PCD monocytes produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, CCL18 and CCL22) in response to LPS, peptidoglycan and/or dsRNA stimulation. These data suggest that monocytes might exacerbate inflammatory reactions in PCD patients and might maintain a positive feedback-loop feeding the inflammatory process.
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42
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Magnetic bead based assays for complement component C5. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Jeong JH, Hong S, Kwon OC, Ghang B, Hwang I, Kim YG, Lee CK, Yoo B. CD14 + Cells with the Phenotype of Infiltrated Monocytes Consist of Distinct Populations Characterized by Anti-inflammatory as well as Pro-inflammatory Activity in Gouty Arthritis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1260. [PMID: 29056937 PMCID: PMC5635328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in monocytic cells is responsible for the acute inflammatory response in gouty arthritis. However, phenotypical and functional analyses of monocytes during gouty arthritis have yet to be conducted. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of monocytes/macrophages in the synovial fluid cells of patients with acute gout. The number and frequency of monocytes/macrophages in the synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) of patients was examined. The expression of markers for monocyte recruitment and tissue-resident macrophages, the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and phagocytosis were analyzed in the monocytes/macrophages of patients with acute gout attacks. The number and frequency of CD14+CD3−CD19−CD56− monocytes/macrophages was markedly increased in the SFMCs of patients with gout compared to those of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD14+ cells showed the phenotypes of infiltrated monocytes rather than tissue-resident macrophages, characterized by a high expression of CCR2, MRP8, and MRP14, but a low expression of MERTK and 25F9. These cells had the capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides. In addition, anti-inflammatory features, including CD163 expression and IL-10 production from CD14+ cells, were significantly higher in patients with gout than in those with RA. CD14+ cells with phenotype of M2 macrophages had high phagocytic activity for monosodium urate crystals. Thus, our results indicate that monocytes/macrophages from patients with gout have the phenotype of infiltrated monocytes, and these cells consist of different populations characterized by anti-inflammatory activities as well as pro-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Jeong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oh Chan Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeongzu Ghang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inseok Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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44
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Iyer A, Xu W, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Chemical Approaches to Modulating Complement-Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3253-3276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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45
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Schatz-Jakobsen JA, Pedersen DV, Andersen GR. Structural insight into proteolytic activation and regulation of the complement system. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:59-73. [PMID: 27782336 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a highly complex and carefully regulated proteolytic cascade activated through three different pathways depending on the activator recognized. The structural knowledge regarding the intricate proteolytic enzymes that activate and control complement has increased dramatically over the last decade. This development has been pivotal for understanding how mutations within complement proteins might contribute to pathogenesis and has spurred new strategies for development of complement therapeutics. Here we describe and discuss the complement system from a structural perspective and integrate the most recent findings obtained by crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy. In particular, we focus on the proteolytic enzymes governing activation and their products carrying the biological effector functions. Additionally, we present the structural basis for some of the best known complement inhibitors. The large number of accumulated molecular structures enables us to visualize the relative size, position, and overall orientation of many of the most interesting complement proteins and assembled complexes on activator surfaces and in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis V Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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46
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Verschoor A, Karsten CM, Broadley SP, Laumonnier Y, Köhl J. Old dogs-new tricks: immunoregulatory properties of C3 and C5 cleavage fragments. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:112-126. [PMID: 27782330 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the complement system by canonical and non-canonical mechanisms results in the generation of multiple C3 and C5 cleavage fragments including anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a as well as opsonizing C3b/iC3b. It is now well appreciated that anaphylatoxins not only act as pro-inflammatory mediators but as immunoregulatory molecules that control the activation status of cells and tissue at several levels. Likewise, C3b/iC3b is more than the opsonizing fragment that facilitates engulfment and destruction of targets by phagocytes. In the circulation, it also facilitates the transport and delivery of bacteria and immune complexes to phagocytes, through a process known as immune adherence, with consequences for adaptive immunity. Here, we will discuss non-classical immunoregulatory properties of C3 and C5 cleavage fragments. We highlight the influence of anaphylatoxins on Th2 and Th17 cell development during allergic asthma with a particular emphasis on their role in the modulation of CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, we discuss the control of anaphylatoxin-mediated activation of dendritic cells and allergic effector cells by adaptive immune mechanisms that involve allergen-specific IgG1 antibodies and plasma or regulatory T cell-derived IL-10 production. Finally, we take a fresh look at immune adherence with a particular focus on the development of antibacterial cytotoxic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steven P Broadley
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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47
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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48
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Intracellular complement - the complosome - in immune cell regulation. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:2-9. [PMID: 28601357 PMCID: PMC7112704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was defined over a century ago based on its ability to "complement" the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses against pathogens. Today our understanding of this ancient part of innate immunity has changed substantially and we know now that complement plays an undisputed pivotal role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. The complement system consists of over 50 blood-circulating, cell-surface expressed and intracellular proteins. It is key in the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens, also in the removal of self-derived danger such as apoptotic cells, and it supports innate immune responses and the initiation of the general inflammatory reactions. The long prevailing classic view of complement was that of a serum-operative danger sensor and first line of defence system, however, recent experimental and clinical evidences have demonstrated that "local" tissue and surprisingly intracellular complement (the complosome) activation impacts on normal cell physiology. This review will focus on novel aspects of intracellular complement activation and its unexpected roles in basic cell processes such as metabolism. We also discuss what the existence of the complosome potentially means for how the host handles intracellular pathogens such as viruses.
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49
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Fella E, Sokratous K, Papacharalambous R, Kyriacou K, Phillips J, Sanderson S, Panayiotou E, Kyriakides T. Pharmacological Stimulation of Phagocytosis Enhances Amyloid Plaque Clearance; Evidence from a Transgenic Mouse Model of ATTR Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:138. [PMID: 28539873 PMCID: PMC5423984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ATTR V30M amyloidosis is a lethal autosomal dominant sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy caused by deposition of aberrant transthyretin (TTR). Immunohistochemical examination of sural nerve biopsies in patients with amyloidotic neuropathy show co-aggregation of TTR with several proteins; including apolipoprotein E, serum amyloid P and components of the complement cascade. Complement activation and macrophages are increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in amyloidogenesis at the tissue bed level. In the current study we test the effect of two C5a receptor agonists and a C5a receptor antagonist (PMX53) on disease phenotype in ATTR V30M mice. Our results indicate that amyloid deposition was significantly reduced following treatment with the C5a receptor agonists, while treatment with the antagonist resulted in a significant increase of amyloid load. Administration of the C5a receptor agonists triggered increased recruitment of phagocytic cells resulting in clearance of amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fella
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus.,Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Joy Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sam Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
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50
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Panayiotou E, Fella E, Papacharalambous R, Malas S, Saraiva MJ, Kyriakides T. C1q ablation exacerbates amyloid deposition: A study in a transgenic mouse model of ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175767. [PMID: 28407005 PMCID: PMC5391113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy is a lethal autosomal dominant sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy, caused by deposition of amyloid fibrils composed of aberrant transthyretin (TTR). Ages of onset and penetrance exhibit great variability and genetic factors have been implicated. Complement activation co-localizes with amyloid deposits in amyloidotic neuropathy and is possibly involved in the kinetics of amyloidogenesis. A candidate gene approach has recently identified C1q polymorphisms to correlate with disease onset in a Cypriot cohort of patients with ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy. In the current study we use a double transgenic mouse model of ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy in which C1q is ablated to elucidate further a possible modifier role for C1q. Amyloid deposition is found to be increased by 60% in the absence of C1q. Significant up regulation is also recorded in apoptotic and cellular stress markers reflecting extracellular toxicity of pre-fibrillar and fibrillar TTR. Our data further indicate that in the absence of C1q there is marked reduction of macrophages in association with amyloid deposits and thus less effective phagocytosis of TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panayiotou
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Fella
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Revekka Papacharalambous
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Malas
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Joao Saraiva
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Neurobiologia Molecular-Instituto de Biologia Molecular (IBMC) - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
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