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Zhang J, Li H, Xu Z, Lu J, Cao C, Shen H, Li X, You W, Chen G. Oestrogen ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage via the SHH pathway in male rats. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2023; 8:217-228. [PMID: 36526331 PMCID: PMC10359806 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences affect the occurrence, progression and regression of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Oestrogen plays a protective role in alleviating the vasospasm and neuronal apoptosis induced by SAH. However, whether oestrogen affects blood‒brain barrier (BBB) integrity has not been fully studied. Oestrogen has been found to regulate the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway through the oestrogen receptor in gastric cancer and adrenal glands, and the SHH signalling pathway has an important role in maintaining the BBB by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. In this study, we investigated the relationship between oestrogen and the SHH signalling pathway using clinical data and established an experimental SAH model to explore whether oestrogen could ameliorate BBB damage after SAH through the SHH pathway. METHODS Correlations between oestrogen and the SHH pathway were analysed by patients' cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and the Genotype-Tissue Expression database (GTEx). Then, an experimental rat SAH model was established using the endovascular perforation method and treated with oestrogen, oestrogen inhibitors and SHH signalling pathway inhibitors. Then, the effects of oestrogen on BBB damage were analysed by western blot, immunofluorescence and neurobehavioural experiments. RESULTS ESLIA detection and correlation analysis showed that oestrogen levels in patients' CSF were positively correlated with the SHH pathway, which was further verified by GTEx gene-correlation analysis. SHH was found to be mainly expressed in neurons and astrocytes in rats under physiological conditions and was upregulated by oestrogen pretreatment. In the SAH model, oestrogen pretreatment was found to reverse SAH-induced decreases in the SHH pathway, which were counteracted by oestrogen receptor inhibitors. Furthermore, oestrogen pretreatment reduced SAH-induced BBB damage, brain oedema and neurological dysfunction, which were eliminated by SHH pathway inhibitors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrate here that oestrogen pretreatment ameliorates brain injury after SAH, at least in part through SHH pathway-mediated BBB protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongmou Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Li H, Tian J, Yin Y, Diao S, Zhang X, Zuo T, Miao Z, Yang Y. Interleukin-18 mediated inflammatory brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1359-1369. [PMID: 35316547 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is thought to be associated with inflammation in many neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke and poststroke depression, but the role of IL-18 in inflammatory injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. In this study, we established the ICH model in male mice and found that IL-18 expression including protein and mRNA levels was significantly increased in brain tissues after ICH. Meanwhile, exogenous IL-18 exacerbated cerebral hematoma and neurological deficits following ICH. In the IL-18 knockout group, the size of hematoma and neurological functions after ICH was decreased compared with the wild-type group, suggesting the critical role of IL-18 on the modulation of brain injury after ICH. Importantly, exogenous IL-18 increased microglial activation in brain tissues after ICH. Furthermore, IL-18 knockout resulted in the reduction of activated microglia after ICH. These results indicated that IL-18 may regulate the inflammatory response after ICH through the activation of microglia. Thus, IL-18 is expected to be a promising therapeutic target for secondary brain injury after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingluan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin Yin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Diao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Aronowski J, Sansing LH, Xi G, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Zhu Y, Huang Y, Yang J, Tu R, Zhang X, He WW, Hou CY, Wang XM, Yu JM, Jiang GH. Intranasal insulin ameliorates neurological impairment after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:210-216. [PMID: 34100458 PMCID: PMC8451559 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke, intranasal insulin can act as a neuroprotective agent. However, whether intranasal insulin has a neuroprotective effect in intracerebral hemorrhage and its potential mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, a mouse model of autologous blood-induced intracerebral hemorrhage was treated with 0.5, 1, or 2 IU insulin via intranasal delivery, twice per day, until 24 or 72 hours after surgery. Compared with saline treatment, 1 IU intranasal insulin treatment significantly reduced hematoma volume and brain edema after cerebral hemorrhage, decreased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal degeneration damage, reduced neurobehavioral deficits, and improved the survival rate of mice. Expression levels of p-AKT and p-GSK3β were significantly increased in the perihematoma tissues after intranasal insulin therapy. Our findings suggest that intranasal insulin therapy can protect the neurological function of mice after intracerebral hemorrhage through the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the North Sichuan Medical College of China (approval No. NSMC(A)2019(01)) on January 7, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Tu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chang-Yue Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ju-Ming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guo-Hui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
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Xiao H, Liu J, He J, Lan Z, Deng M, Hu Z. 17β-Estradiol Attenuates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Injury and Oxidative Stress Through SRC3-Mediated PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211038443. [PMID: 34491125 PMCID: PMC8580490 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211038443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is neuroprotective in brain injury models, and steroid receptor cofactor 3 (SRC3) mediates estrogen signaling. We aimed to investigate whether and how SRC3 is involved in the neuroprotective effects of 17ß-estradiol (E2) in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Ovariectomized female mice were treated with E2 after autologous blood injection-induced ICH. Brain damage was assessed by neurological deficit score, brain water content, and oxidative stress levels. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity was evaluated by Evan's blue extravasation and claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin levels. SRC3 expression and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were examined in ICH mice treated with E2. The effect of SRC3 on E2-mediated neuroprotection was determined by examining neurological outcomes in SRC3-deficient mice undergone ICH and E2 treatment. We found that E2 alleviated ICH-induced brain edema and neurological deficits, protected BBB integrity, and suppressed oxidative stress. E2 enhanced SRC3 expression and PI3K-/Akt signaling pathway. SRC3 deficiency abolished the protective effects of E2 on ICH-induced neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB integrity. Our results suggest that E2 suppresses ICH-induced brain injury and SRC3 plays a critical role in E2-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Peng K, Koduri S, Xia F, Gao F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Impact of sex differences on thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury: the role of neutrophils. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34399800 PMCID: PMC8365969 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin has been implicated in playing a role in hydrocephalus development following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). However, the mechanisms underlying the sex differences to the detrimental effects of thrombin post-IVH remain elusive. METHOD Three-month old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 3U or 5U thrombin, or saline, to examine differences in thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury. Mortality, and lateral ventricle volume and white matter injury were measured on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at 24 h post-injection. In addition, male rats were pretreated with 17-β estradiol (E2, 5 mg/kg) or vehicle at 24 and 2 h prior to ICV injection of 3U thrombin. All rats were euthanized at 24 h post-injection for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ICV injection of 5U thrombin caused 100 and 0% mortality in female and male rats, respectively. 3U of thrombin resulted in significant ventricular dilation and white matter damage at 24 h in both male and female rats, but both were worse in females (p < 0.05). Furthermore, neutrophil infiltration into choroid plexus and periventricular white matter was enhanced in female rats and may play a critical role in the sex difference in brain injury. Pre-treating male rats with E2, increased thrombin (3U)-induced hydrocephalus, periventricular white matter injury and neutrophil infiltration into the choroid plexus and white matter. CONCLUSIONS ICV thrombin injection induced more severe ventricular dilation and white matter damage in female rats compared to males. Estrogen appears to contribute to this difference which may involve greater neutrophil infiltration in females. Understanding sex differences in thrombin-induced brain injury may shed light on future interventions for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Liddle LJ, Ralhan S, Ward DL, Colbourne F. Translational Intracerebral Hemorrhage Research: Has Current Neuroprotection Research ARRIVEd at a Standard for Experimental Design and Reporting? Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1203-1213. [PMID: 32504197 PMCID: PMC7575495 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One major aim of preclinical intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) research is to develop and test potential neuroprotectants. Published guidelines for experimental design and reporting stress the importance of clearly and completely reporting results and methodological details to ensure reproducibility and maximize information availability. The current review has two objectives: first, to characterize current ICH neuroprotection research and, second, to analyze aspects of translational design in preclinical ICH studies. Translational design is the adoption and reporting of experimental design characteristics that are thought to be clinically relevant and critical to reproducibility in animal studies (e.g., conducting and reporting experiments according to the STAIR and ARRIVE guidelines, respectively). Given that ICH has no current neuroprotective treatments and an ongoing reproducibility crisis in preclinical research, translational design should be considered by investigators. We conducted a systematic review of ICH research from 2015 to 2019 using the PubMed database. Our search returned 281 published manuscripts studying putative neuroprotectants in animal models. Contemporary ICH research predominantly uses young, healthy male rodents. The collagenase model is the most commonly used. Reporting of group sizes, blinding, and randomization are almost unanimous, but group size calculations, mortality and exclusion criteria, and animal model characteristics are infrequently reported. Overall, current ICH neuroprotection research somewhat aligns with experimental design and reporting guidelines. However, there are areas for improvement. Because failure to consider translational design is associated with inflation of effect sizes (and possibly hindered reproducibility), we suggest that researchers, editors, and publishers collaboratively consider enhanced adherence to published guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane J Liddle
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shivani Ralhan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel L Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Targeting GPER1 to suppress autophagy as a male-specific therapeutic strategy for iron-induced striatal injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6661. [PMID: 31040364 PMCID: PMC6491488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young male patients are poor than in premenopausal women. After ICH, ferrous iron accumulation causes a higher level of oxidative injury associated with autophagic cell death in striatum of male mice than in females. In rodent model of ferrous citrate (FC)-infusion that simulates iron accumulation after ICH, female endogenous estradiol (E2) suppresses autophagy via estrogen receptor α (ERα) and contributes to less injury severity. Moreover, E2 implantation diminished the FC-induced autophagic cell death and injury in males, whose ERα in the striatum is less than females. Since, no sex difference of ERβ was observed in striatum, we delineated whether ERα and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) mediate the suppressions of FC-induced autophagy and oxidative injury by E2 in a sex-dimorphic manner. The results showed that the ratio of constitutive GPER1 to ERα in striatum is higher in males than in females. The GPER1 and ERα predominantly mediated suppressive effects of E2 on FC-induced autophagy in males and antioxidant effect of E2 in females, respectively. This finding opens the prospect of a male-specific therapeutic strategy targeting GPER1 for autophagy suppression in patients suffering from iron overload after hemorrhage.
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Robison LS, Gannon OJ, Salinero AE, Zuloaga KL. Contributions of sex to cerebrovascular function and pathology. Brain Res 2018; 1710:43-60. [PMID: 30580011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences exist in how cerebral blood vessels function under both physiological and pathological conditions, contributing to observed sex differences in risk and outcomes of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), such as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and stroke. Throughout most of the lifespan, women are protected from CBVDs; however, risk increases following menopause, suggesting sex hormones may play a significant role in this protection. The cerebrovasculature is a target for sex hormones, including estrogens, progestins, and androgens, where they can influence numerous vascular functions and pathologies. While there is a plethora of information on estrogen, the effects of progestins and androgens on the cerebrovasculature are less well-defined. Estrogen decreases cerebral tone and increases cerebral blood flow, while androgens increase tone. Both estrogens and androgens enhance angiogenesis/cerebrovascular remodeling. While both estrogens and androgens attenuate cerebrovascular inflammation, pro-inflammatory effects of androgens under physiological conditions have also been demonstrated. Sex hormones exert additional neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and maintaining integrity and function of the blood brain barrier. Most animal studies utilize young, healthy, gonadectomized animals, which do not mimic the clinical conditions of aging individuals likely to get CBVDs. This is also concerning, as sex hormones appear to mediate cerebrovascular function differently based on age and disease state (e.g. metabolic syndrome). Through this review, we hope to inspire others to consider sex as a key biological variable in cerebrovascular research, as greater understanding of sex differences in cerebrovascular function will assist in developing personalized approaches to prevent and treat CBVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Gannon OJ, Robison LS, Custozzo AJ, Zuloaga KL. Sex differences in risk factors for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment & dementia. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:38-55. [PMID: 30471324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the second most common cause of dementia. While males overall appear to be at a slightly higher risk for VCID throughout most of the lifespan (up to age 85), some risk factors for VCID more adversely affect women. These include female-specific risk factors associated with pregnancy related disorders (e.g. preeclampsia), menopause, and poorly timed hormone replacement. Further, presence of certain co-morbid risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension, also may more adversely affect women than men. In contrast, some risk factors more greatly affect men, such as hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and heart disease. Further, stroke, one of the leading risk factors for VCID, has a higher incidence in men than in women throughout much of the lifespan, though this trend is reversed at advanced ages. This review will highlight the need to take biological sex and common co-morbidities for VCID into account in both preclinical and clinical research. Given that there are currently no treatments available for VCID, it is critical that we understand how to mitigate risk factors for this devastating disease in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - L S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - A J Custozzo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - K L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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Xie Y, Li YJ, Lei B, Kernagis D, Liu WW, Bennett ER, Venkatraman T, Lascola CD, Laskowitz DT, Warner DS, James ML. Sex Differences in Gene and Protein Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:231-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Sherchan P, Huang L, Akyol O, McBride DW, Zhang JH. Multiple mechanisms underlying neuroprotection by secretory phospholipase A2 preconditioning in a surgically induced brain injury rat model. Exp Neurol 2018; 300:30-40. [PMID: 29074417 PMCID: PMC5745263 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-operative bleeding, post-operative brain edema and neuroinflammation are major complications in patients with surgical brain injury (SBI). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the upstream enzyme which initiates the PLA2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) inflammatory pathway. We hypothesized PLA2preconditioning (PPC) prior to SBI can activate endogenous anti-inflammatory responses to protect against SBI. This study evaluated if PPC can ameliorate neurosurgical complications and elucidated PPC-mediated possible protective mechanisms in a rat SBI model. METHODS Total 105 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used for this study. SBI was induced by partial resection of the right frontal lobe. PLA2 or 0.9% NaCl was injected via rats' tail vein for 3 consecutive days prior to SBI. For mechanism study, a selective PLA2 inhibitor, Manoalide and 5-LOX inhibitor, Zileuton were injected intravenously with PPC to elucidate the role of PLA2 and 5-LOX in PPC-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Brain water content (BWC) and lung water content, neurological tests, ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, white blood cells (WBC) count, and spectrophotometric assay for intra-operative hemorrhage volume were evaluated. RESULTS First, PPC reduced brain water content, intra-operative bleeding, and improved neurological function after SBI. Second, PPC decreased 5-LOX expression and brain leukocyte infiltration, while increasing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the peri-resection brain tissue after SBI. Third, PPC induced peripheral inflammation represented by mild pulmonary inflammation and increased peripheral blood WBC count and LTB4 level. Lastly, PPC increased blood glucose concentration and glucocorticoid levels after SBI. In addition, PPC mediated above-mentioned changes were partially reversed by administration of PLA2 inhibitor, Manoalide and 5-LOX inhibitor, Zileuton. CONCLUSIONS PPC conferred neuroprotection against SBI via multi-target involvement induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Devin W. McBride
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
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James ML, Christianson T, Woo D, Kon NKK. Gonadal hormone regulation as therapeutic strategy after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105817725081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Woo
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, USA
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James ML, Cox M, Xian Y, Smith EE, Bhatt DL, Schulte PJ, Hernandez A, Fonarow GC, Schwamm LH. Sex and Age Interactions and Differences in Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 26:380-388. [PMID: 27754758 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to ischemic stroke, sex differences in response to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are largely unexplored, and their potential interactions with patient age have not been examined. This study hypothesized that risk for poor outcome is greater in women with increasing age. METHODS AND RESULTS The Get With The Guidelines®-Stroke database was used to assess differences between men and women with ICH. Data from 192,826 ICH patients admitted from January 1, 2009 through March 31, 2014 to 1,728 fully participating sites were analyzed using logistic regression to test interactions between age/sex and outcome. RESULTS In the total study population, 48.9% were women (median age 75; male median age 67). On admission, women over 65 years were less likely to have atrial fibrillation or dyslipidemia, or use antiplatelet therapy or cholesterol reducers, but more likely to suffer worse neurological deficit than men over 65. As age increased, odds of in-hospital mortality increased in both men and women, although the relationship was stronger in men. Odds of combined mortality and discharge to hospice were similar in men and women with increasing age, but odds for discharge to home and independent ambulation at discharge decreased more in women with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for covariates, modest sex differences in early outcomes after ICH were linked to age. While statistically significant, detected interactions should be considered in context. Future study may examine whether sex-based interactions represent biologic or treatment differences, unmeasured covariates, or some combination thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L James
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Ying Xian
- 2 Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric E Smith
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- 4 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Gregg C Fonarow
- 5 Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lee H Schwamm
- 6 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Mechanisms of Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Sang LYH, Liang YX, Li Y, Wong WM, Tay DKC, So KF, Ellis-Behnke RG, Wu W, Cheung RTF. A self-assembling nanomaterial reduces acute brain injury and enhances functional recovery in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:611-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Gokhale S, Caplan LR, James ML. Sex Differences in Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Outcome of Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2015; 46:886-92. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Gokhale
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.); Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.R.C.); and Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.L.J.)
| | - Louis R. Caplan
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.); Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.R.C.); and Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.L.J.)
| | - Michael L. James
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.); Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (L.R.C.); and Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.L.J.)
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Crago EA, Sherwood PR, Bender C, Balzer J, Ren D, Poloyac SM. Plasma Estrogen Levels Are Associated With Severity of Injury and Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 17:558-66. [PMID: 25548393 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414561632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical mediators alter cerebral perfusion and have been implicated in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Estrogens (estrone [E1] and estradiol [E2]) are mediators with neuroprotective properties that could play a role in DCI. This study explored associations between plasma estrogen levels and outcomes following aSAH. METHODS Plasma samples from 1-4, 4-6, and 7-10 days after hemorrhage from 99 adult aSAH patients were analyzed for estrogen levels using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. DCI was operationalized as radiographic/ultrasonic evidence of impaired cerebral blood flow accompanied by neurological deterioration. Outcomes were assessed using the Modified Rankin Scale at 3 and 12 months after hemorrhage. Statistical analysis included correlation, regression, and group-based trajectory. RESULTS Higher E1 and E2 levels were associated with higher Hunt and Hess grade (E1, p = .01; E2, p = .03), the presence of DCI (E1, p = .02; E2, p = .02), and poor 3-month outcomes (E1, p = .002; E2, p = .002). Trajectory analysis identified distinct populations over time for E1 (61% E1 high) and E2 (68% E2 high). Patients in higher trajectory groups had higher Fisher grades (E1, p = .008; E2, p = .01), more frequent DCI (E1, p = .04; E2, p = .08), and worse 3-month outcomes (E1, p = .01; E2, p = .004) than low groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first clinical evidence that plasma E1 and E2 concentrations are associated with severity of injury and outcomes after aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Bender
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Balzer
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dianxu Ren
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Zheng Y, Hu Q, Manaenko A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Xu L, Tang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. 17β-Estradiol attenuates hematoma expansion through estrogen receptor α/silent information regulator 1/nuclear factor-kappa b pathway in hyperglycemic intracerebral hemorrhage mice. Stroke 2014; 46:485-91. [PMID: 25523052 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 17β-estradiol (E2) has been reported to reduce bleeding and brain injury in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model. However, it is not clear if E2 can prevent early hematoma expansion (HE) induced by hyperglycemia in acute ICH. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of E2 on HE and its potential mechanisms in hyperglycemic ICH mice. METHODS Two hundred, 8-week-old male CD1 mice were used. ICH was performed by collagenase injection. 50% dextrose (8 mL/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 3 hours after ICH to induce acute HE (normal saline was used as control). The time course of HE was measured 6, 24, and 72 hours after ICH. Two dosages (100 and 300 μg/kg) of E2 were administrated 1 hour after ICH intraperitoneally. Neurobehavioral deficits, hemorrhage volume, blood glucose level, and blood-brain barrier disruption were measured. To study the mechanisms of E2, estrogen receptor α (ERα) inhibitor methyl-piperidino-pyrazole, silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) siRNA was administered, respectively. Protein expression of ERα, Sirt1, and acetylated nuclear factor-kappa B, and activity of matrix metalloproteinases-9 were detected. RESULTS Hyperglycemia enhanced HE and deteriorated neurological deficits after ICH from 6 hours after ICH. E2 treatment prevented blood-brain barrier disruption and improved neurological deficits 24 and 72 hours after ICH. E2 reduced HE by activating its receptor ERα, decreasing the expression of Sirt1, deacelylation of nuclear factor-kappa B, and inhibiting the activity of matrix metalloproteinases-9. ERα inhibitor methyl-piperidino-pyrazole and Sirt1 siRNA removed these effects of E2. CONCLUSIONS E2 treatment prevented hyperglycemia-enhanced HE and improved neurological deficits in ICH mice mediated by ERα/Sirt1/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. E2 may serve as an alternative treatment to decrease early HE after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Qin Hu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Yang Zhang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Yan Peng
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Liang Xu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Junjia Tang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng)
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Y. Zheng, Q.H., A.M., Y. Zhang, Y.P., L.X., Junjia Tang, Jiping Tang, J.H.Z.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA; and Department of Physiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (Y. Zheng).
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Madinier A, Wieloch T, Olsson R, Ruscher K. Impact of estrogen receptor beta activation on functional recovery after experimental stroke. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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SANG YH, LIANG YX, LIU LG, ELLIS-BEHNKE RG, WU WT, SO KF, CHEUNG RTF. A Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Permitting Hematoma Aspiration plus Intralesional Injection. Exp Anim 2013; 62:63-9. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.62.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua SANG
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Xiang LIANG
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling-Guang LIU
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rutledge G. ELLIS-BEHNKE
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wu-Tian WU
- Research Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai SO
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Tak-Fai CHEUNG
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen CW, Chen TY, Tsai KL, Lin CL, Yokoyama KK, Lee WS, Chiueh CC, Hsu C. Inhibition of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy of iron-induced brain injury after hemorrhage. Autophagy 2012; 8:1510-20. [PMID: 22909970 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premenopausal women have better survival than men after intracerebral hemorrhage, which is associated with iron overproduction and autophagy induction. To examine the participation of neuronal autophagy and estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the E 2-mediated protection, PC12 neurons treated with Atg7 (autophagy-related protein 7) siRNA, rapamycin (an autophagy inducer), or Erα siRNA were applied. To study whether autophagy involves in β-estradiol 3-benzoate (E 2)-mediated neuroprotection against iron-induced striatal injury, castration and E 2 capsule implantation were performed at 2 weeks and 24 h, respectively, before ferrous citrate (FC) infusion into the caudate nucleus (CN) of Sprague Dawley male and female rats. Furthermore, the role of neuronal autophagy in the sex difference of FC-induced CN injury was confirmed by using conditional knockout Atg7 in dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2)-containing neurons in mice. The results showed that the suppression of FC-induced autophagy by E 2 was abolished by Erα siRNA preincubation. Atg7 silencing simulates and rapamycin diminishes E 2-mediated neuroprotection against FC-induced neurotoxicity. In vivo, FC induced a lower degree of autophagy, autophagic cell death, injury severity, histological lesion and behavioral deficit in female rats than in males. E 2 implantation decreased the levels of both FC-induced autophagy and injury in ovariectomized rats. Moreover, the sex difference of FC-induced CN injury was diminished in Atg7 knockout mice. Thus, suppression of autophagy by E 2 via ERα contributes to less severity of iron-induced brain injury in females than in male. This finding opens up the prospect for a therapeutic strategy targeting autophagic inhibition for patients suffering from intracerebral iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Wei Chen
- Master's Program, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The likelihood of translating therapeutic interventions for stroke rests on the quality of preclinical science. Given the limited success of putative treatments for ischemic stroke and the reasons put forth to explain it, we sought to determine whether such problems hamper progress for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Approximately 10% to 20% of strokes result from an ICH, which results in considerable disability and high mortality. Several animal models reproduce ICH and its underlying pathophysiology, and these models have been widely used to evaluate treatments. As yet, however, none has successfully translated. In this review, we focus on rodent models of ICH, highlighting differences among them (e.g., pathophysiology), issues with experimental design and analysis, and choice of end points. A Pub Med search for experimental ICH (years: 2007 to 31 July 2011) found 121 papers. Of these, 84% tested neuroprotectants, 11% tested stem cell therapies, and 5% tested rehabilitation therapies. We reviewed these to examine study quality (e.g., use of blinding procedures) and choice of end points (e.g., behavioral testing). Not surprisingly, the problems that have plagued the ischemia field are also prevalent in ICH literature. Based on these data, several recommendations are put forth to facilitate progress in identifying effective treatments for ICH.
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Sang YH, Su HX, Wu WT, So KF, Cheung RTF. Elevated blood pressure aggravates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:2523-34. [PMID: 21988112 PMCID: PMC3235342 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP) is commonly seen in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and is independently associated with poor functional outcomes. Little is known about how elevated BP influences ICH-related brain injury. In the present study, we investigated the physiological and brain histological changes, as well as functional recovery following ICH in renovascular hypertensive rats. Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) was achieved by applying a silver clip onto the left renal artery of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. ICH was induced by an intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase IV about 5-6 weeks after left renal artery clipping or the sham operation. Following induction of ICH, both the normotensive and RVHT rats demonstrated an ultra-acute elevation in BP. Elevated BP increased hematoma volume, brain swelling, and apoptosis in the perihematomal areas. Brain degeneration, including local atrophy and lateral ventricle enlargement, was greater in the RVHT rats. In addition, many proliferating cells were seen over the ipsilateral striatum in the RVHT rats after ICH. The modified limb placing tests were done weekly for 3 weeks. In line with the histological damage, elevated BP worsened neurological deficits. These results suggest that ICH in the hypertensive rats mimics the clinical scenario of hypertensive ICH and may provide a platform to study the mechanisms of ICH-induced brain injury and potential therapies for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Sang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan-Xing Su
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wu-Tian Wu
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, China
- Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Tak-Fai Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Frantzias J, Sena ES, Macleod MR, Al-Shahi Salman R. Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models: meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2011; 69:389-99. [PMID: 21387381 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interventions that improve functional outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in animals might benefit humans. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the literature to find studies of nonsurgical treatments tested in animal models of ICH. METHODS In July 2009 we searched Ovid Medline (from 1950), Embase (from 1980), and ISI Web of Knowledge (from 1969) for controlled animal studies of nonsurgical interventions given after the induction of ICH that reported neurobehavioral outcome. We assessed study quality and performed meta-analysis using a weighted mean difference random effects model. RESULTS Of 13,343 publications, 88 controlled studies described the effects of 64 different medical interventions (given a median of 2 hours after ICH induction) on 38 different neurobehavioral scales in 2,616 treated or control animals (median 14 rodents per study). Twenty-seven (31%) studies randomized treatment allocation, and 7 (8%) reported allocation concealment; these studies had significantly smaller effect sizes than those without these attributes (p < 0.001). Of 64 interventions stem cells, calcium channel blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, iron chelators, and estrogens improved both structural outcomes and neurobehavioral scores in >1 study. Meta-regression revealed that together, structural outcome and the intervention used accounted for 65% of the observed heterogeneity in neurobehavioral score (p < 0.001, adjusted r(2) = 0.65). INTERPRETATION Further animal studies of the interventions that we found to improve both functional and structural outcomes in animals, using better experimental designs, could target efforts to translate effective treatments for ICH in animals into randomized controlled trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frantzias
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Neese SL, Clough RW, Banz WJ, Smith DC. Z-Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid (Z-BDDA): An estrogenic seco-steroid that enhances behavioral recovery following moderate fluid percussion brain injury in male rats. Brain Res 2010; 1362:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence exists for the potential protective effects of circulating ovarian hormones in stroke, and oestrogen reduces brain damage in animal ischaemia models. However, a recent clinical trial indicated that HRT (hormone-replacement therapy) increased the incidence of stroke in post-menopausal women, and detrimental effects of oestrogen on stroke outcome have been identified in a meta-analysis of HRT trials and in pre-clinical research studies. Therefore oestrogen is not an agent that can be promoted as a potential stroke therapy. Many published reviews have reported the neuroprotective effects of oestrogen in stroke, but have failed to include information on the detrimental effects. This issue is addressed in the present review, along with potential mechanisms of action, and the translational capacity of pre-clinical research.
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Nguyen AP, Arvanitidis AP, Colbourne F. Failure of estradiol to improve spontaneous or rehabilitation-facilitated recovery after hemorrhagic stroke in rats. Brain Res 2008; 1193:109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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De Butte-Smith M, Nguyen AP, Zukin RS, Etgen AM, Colbourne F. Failure of estradiol to ameliorate global ischemia-induced CA1 sector injury in middle-aged female gerbils. Brain Res 2007; 1153:214-20. [PMID: 17462607 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Global forebrain ischemia arising from brief occlusion of the carotid arteries in gerbils produces selective hippocampal CA1 neuronal loss. Pre-treatment with 17beta-estradiol ameliorates, in part, ischemia-induced damage in young animals. Because stroke and cardiac arrest are more likely to occur among elderly individuals, neuroprotective studies in older animals have compelling clinical relevance. We investigated whether estradiol would attenuate ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in middle-aged (12-14 months) male, intact female, ovariectomized (OVX) female and OVX females treated for 14 days with estradiol. Core temperature telemetry probes were also implanted at the time that estradiol was initiated. Ischemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (5 min), during which time skull temperature was maintained under normothermic conditions. Estradiol blocked the modest spontaneous hyperthermia that normally follows ischemia. However, all four groups exhibited substantial neuronal cell loss in the CA1, assessed at 7 after ischemia. These findings indicate that estradiol pre-treatment under conditions that produce neuroprotection in young animals does not protect against ischemia-induced CA1 cell loss in middle-aged female gerbils.
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Abstract
Although the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the incidence of the neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease is controversial, experimental studies indicate that estrogen replacement to young adult animals is neuroprotective and that perimenopausal estrogen replacement is associated with a decreased incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen affects a wide variety of cellular processes that can protect neuronal health. This article considers the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease and forwards the hypothesis that estrogen may preserve neural health by maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Sohrabji
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Plamondon H, Morin A, Charron C. Chronic 17beta-estradiol pretreatment and ischemia-induced hippocampal degeneration and memory impairments: a 6-month survival study. Horm Behav 2006; 50:361-9. [PMID: 16815389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous administration of estrogen has been shown to significantly reduce ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration. However, the long-term impact of such treatment on neuronal protection and functional recovery remain largely unknown. The present study assessed the effects of a 15-day pretreatment with 17beta-estradiol on memory deficits and neuronal damage up to 6 months following a 10-min global ischemia in rats. Four groups of ovariectomized female rats [sham-operated and ischemic rats receiving a 15-day pretreatment of either the vehicle or 17beta-estradiol (100 microg/kg)] were tested. The 8-arm radial maze and object recognition tests served to evaluate the impact of 17beta-estradiol treatment on ischemia-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments, respectively. Testing in the radial maze was initiated at two distinct time intervals following reperfusion (7 and 120 days) to evaluate changes in memory functions over time. Our findings revealed long-lasting neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol treatment on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in ovariectomized ischemic rats (43.5% greater neuronal survival than observed in vehicle-treated ischemic animals). Importantly, this neuronal protection translated into significant improvements of recognition and spatial memory functions in estradiol-treated ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Plamondon
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 11, Marie Curie, Room 204 Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Farr TD, Carswell HVO, Gallagher L, Condon B, Fagan AJ, Mullin J, Macrae IM. 17β-Estradiol treatment following permanent focal ischemia does not influence recovery of sensorimotor function. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:552-62. [PMID: 16759876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapy to aid poststroke recovery is essential. The female hormone 17beta-estradiol has been shown to promote synaptogenesis; the purpose of this study was to attempt to harness these mechanisms to promote repair and recovery in the peri-infarct zone. Rats were ovariectomized, tested for sensorimotor function, and the middle cerebral artery permanently occluded (MCAO). Infarct volumes were calculated using MRI, and damage was equivalent in all animals prior to implantation of either 17beta-estradiol or placebo pellets. Animals were tested for functional recovery for 28 days and tissue processed for synaptic marker syntaxin immunohistochemistry. The stroke induced a significant behavioral deficit, which persisted out to 28 days, and was not significantly different between 17beta-estradiol and placebo treatment groups. There was no difference in syntaxin immunostaining between groups in either the peri-infarct cortex or in the dendritic CA1 reference region. In conclusion, 17beta-estradiol treatment, delivered poststroke, did not influence recovery of function or synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy D Farr
- 7TMRI Facility and Wellcome Surgical Institute, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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Auriat AM, Grams JD, Yan RH, Colbourne F. Forced exercise does not improve recovery after hemorrhagic stroke in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1109:183-91. [PMID: 16854389 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can improve recovery following ischemia and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rodents. We tested whether forced exercise (EX; running wheel) prior to and/or following ICH in rats would reduce lesion volume and improve functional outcome (walking, skilled reaching, spontaneous paw usage) at 7 weeks post-ICH. A striatal hemorrhage was produced by infusing collagenase. First, we compared animals that received EX (2 weeks; 1 h/day) ending two days prior to ICH and/or starting two weeks following ICH. EX did not improve functional recovery or affect lesion size. Doubling the amount of EX given per day (two 1-h sessions) both prior to and following ICH did not alter lesion volume, but worsened recovery. We then determined if EX (1 h/day) prior to and following ICH would affect outcome after a somewhat milder insult. There were no differences between the groups in lesion volume or recovery. Finally, we used a hemoglobin assay at 12 h following ICH to determine if pre-stroke EX (2 weeks; 1 h/day) aggravated bleeding. It did not. These observations suggest that EX does not improve outcome when given prior to and/or when delayed following ICH. Effective rehabilitation for ICH will likely require more complex interventions than forced running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Auriat
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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MacLellan CL, Colbourne F. Mild to moderate hyperthermia does not worsen outcome after severe intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:1020-9. [PMID: 15744245 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia worsens outcome in clinical and experimental studies of ischemic stroke. Thus, we tested whether hyperthermia aggravates intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. A striatal hemorrhage was produced via an infusion of bacterial collagenase. In a preliminary experiment, we compared brain and core temperatures (via telemetry) during heating (infrared lamp). The brain temperature rise exceeded that produced by enforced core hyperthermia, which was used subsequently. In these experiments up to three hyperthermia conditions (versus normothermia) were tested including: hyperthermia (>38.5 degrees C) over the first (HYP-1) or second 24 h period (HYP-2) after ICH and 3 h of 40 degrees C hyperthermia starting 12 h after ICH (HYP-3). The HYP-1, HYP-2, and HYP-3 treatments did not affect functional deficits (e.g., spontaneous forelimb use, skilled reaching) or the volume of injury at 30 days. Furthermore, the HYP-1 treatment did not aggravate injury or deficits at 7 days. Bleeding and inflammation, which contribute to pathology, were not significantly altered by HYP-1 and HYP-3 treatments. Bleeding was assessed at 1 day, and macrophages and neutrophils were counted at 2 and 4 days. Accordingly, hyperthermia, under the present conditions, did not worsen outcome after striatal ICH.
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