1
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Lee GA, Chang YW, Lai JH, Chang TH, Huang SW, Yang CH, Shen TA, Lin WL, Wu YC, Tseng LW, Tseng SH, Chen YC, Chiang YH, Chen CY. CCN1 Is a Therapeutic Target for Reperfused Ischemic Brain Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01279-0. [PMID: 39028413 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can lead to systemic inflammation, which can activate peripheral immune cells, causing neuroinflammation and brain injury. Meningeal lymphatics play a crucial role in transporting solutes and immune cells out of the brain and draining them into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). However, the role of meningeal lymphatics in regulating systemic inflammation during the reperfusion stage after ischemia is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrated that brain infarct size, neuronal loss, and the effector function of inflammatory macrophage subsets were reduced after ischemia-reperfusion and disruption of meningeal lymphatics. Spatial memory function was improved in the late stage of ischemic stroke following meningeal lymphatic disruption. Brain-infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and T and natural killer cells, were reduced after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and meningeal lymphatic disruption. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that meningeal lymphatic disruption reprogrammed the transcriptome profile related to chemotaxis and leukocyte migration in CLN lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), and it also decreased chemotactic CCN1 expression in floor LECs. Replenishment of CCN1 through intraventricular injection increased brain infarct size and neuronal loss, while restoring numbers of macrophages/microglia in the brains of meningeal lymphatic-disrupted mice after ischemic stroke. Blocking CCN1 in cerebrospinal fluid reduced brain infarcts and improves spatial memory function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In summary, this study indicates that CCN1-mediated detrimental inflammation was alleviated after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and meningeal lymphatic disruption. CCN1 represents a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting systemic inflammation in the brain-CLN axis after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Child Development Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Shen
- Bioinformatics Center, Office of Data Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hui Tseng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Core Laboratory of Neuroscience, Office of R&D, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Translational Imaging Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Migdady I, Johnson-Black PH, Leslie-Mazwi T, Malhotra R. Current and Emerging Endovascular and Neurocritical Care Management Strategies in Large-Core Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6641. [PMID: 37892779 PMCID: PMC10607145 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume of infarcted tissue in patients with ischemic stroke is consistently associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Initial studies of endovascular thrombectomy for large-vessel occlusion excluded patients with established large-core infarcts, even when large volumes of salvageable brain tissue were present, due to the high risk of hemorrhagic transformation and reperfusion injury. However, recent retrospective and prospective studies have shown improved outcomes with endovascular thrombectomy, and several clinical trials were recently published to evaluate the efficacy of endovascular management of patients presenting with large-core infarcts. With or without thrombectomy, patients with large-core infarcts remain at high risk of in-hospital complications such as hemorrhagic transformation, malignant cerebral edema, seizures, and others. Expert neurocritical care management is necessary to optimize blood pressure control, mitigate secondary brain injury, manage cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure, and implement various neuroprotective measures. Herein, we present an overview of the current and emerging evidence pertaining to endovascular treatment for large-core infarcts, recent advances in neurocritical care strategies, and their impact on optimizing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Migdady
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Phoebe H. Johnson-Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical Care, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Ronald Reagan Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | | | - Rishi Malhotra
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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3
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Ramírez-Guerrero G, Lucero C, Villagrán-Cortés F, Hauway E, Torres-Cifuentes V, Baghetti-Hernández R, Vera-Calzaretta A, Ronco C, Garay O. Acute kidney injury in neurocritical patients: a retrospective cohort study. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03502-7. [PMID: 36800139 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND /OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant complication in critical care units (CCU). Non-neurological complications such as AKI are an independent predictor of poor clinical outcomes, with an increase in morbidity and mortality, financial costs, and worse functional recovery. This work aims to estimate the incidence of AKI and evaluate the risk factors and complications of AKI in neurocritical patients hospitalized in the CCU. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients admitted to the neurocritical care unit between 2016 and 2018 with a stay longer than 48 h were retrospectively analyzed in regard to the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI. RESULTS The study population comprised 213 neurocritical patients. The incidence of AKI was 23.5%, with 58% KDIGO 1 and 2% requiring renal replacement therapy. AKI was an independent predictor of prolonged use of mechanical ventilation, cerebral edema, and mortality. Cerebral edema [OR 4.40 (95% CI 1.98-9.75) p < 0.001] and a change in chloride levels greater than 4 mmol/L at 48 h (OR 2.44 (95% CI 1.10-5.37) p = 0.027) were risk factors for developing AKI in the first 14 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSION There is a high incidence of AKI in neurocritical patients; it is associated with worse clinical outcomes regardless of the CCU admission etiology or AKI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ramírez-Guerrero
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile. .,Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile. .,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Cristian Lucero
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Francisco Villagrán-Cortés
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Ernesto Hauway
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Vicente Torres-Cifuentes
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Las Higueras Hospital, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Romyna Baghetti-Hernández
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Vera-Calzaretta
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Garay
- Critical Patients Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, San Ignacio #725, Valparaiso, Chile.,Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaiso, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
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4
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Chugh AJS, Sunshine K, Srivatsa S, Maynard M, Shammassian BH, Hoffer SA. Effectiveness of Continuous Hypertonic Saline in Acute Ischemic Infarcts: A Radiographic and Clinical Evaluation. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:e503-e509. [PMID: 34461281 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of continuous hypertonic saline (HS) infusion in the management of malignant cerebral edema is controversial. We evaluated patients presenting with large anterior circulation territory infarcts and compared radiographic and clinical outcomes to evaluate the effects of continuous HS. METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients with malignant ischemic strokes who were initially managed with continuous HS versus routine medical management. Radiographic parameters of cerebral edema and clinical parameters were collected at different time intervals after admission. Rates and timing of surgery, mortality, and complications were also collected. RESULTS The study included 43 patients: 26 in group 1 (HS) and 17 in group 2 (no HS). Both cohorts had comparable baseline clinical and radiographic parameters. There was no difference between rates and timing of surgery, complications, and mortality. Mean midline shift was significantly greater in the HS group at interval 1 (12-36 hours, P = 0.003) and interval 2 (36-60 hours, P = 0.030), and mean change in midline shift from initial interval to interval 1 was significantly greater in the HS group (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Despite the widespread use of continuous HS in acute ischemic infarcts, only a limited number of studies have evaluated its efficacy, and virtually no studies have studied its effect on radiographic progression and rates of decompressive surgery. Results of this study indicate that there is no benefit of continuous HS. In fact, there may be worsening of cerebral edema with administration of continuous HS. In addition, there are no differences in prevention or delay of decompressive surgery or in overall mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunit J S Chugh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Kerrin Sunshine
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaarada Srivatsa
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marquis Maynard
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Berje H Shammassian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - S Alan Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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5
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Chugh AJS, Maynard M, Sunshine K, Shammassian BH, Sauer A, Odetoyinbo K, Hoffer SA. Role of continuous hypertonic saline in acute ischemic infarcts: a systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF NEUROCRITICAL CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.18700/jnc.210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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6
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The Pharmacology of Xenobiotics after Intracerebro Spinal Fluid Administration: Implications for the Treatment of Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031281. [PMID: 33525427 PMCID: PMC7865853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain metastasis has been increasing for 10 years, with poor prognosis, unlike the improvement in survival for extracranial tumor localizations. Since recent advances in molecular biology and the development of specific molecular targets, knowledge of the brain distribution of drugs has become a pharmaceutical challenge. Most anticancer drugs fail to cross the blood–brain barrier. In order to get around this problem and penetrate the brain parenchyma, the use of intrathecal administration has been developed, but the mechanisms governing drug distribution from the cerebrospinal fluid to the brain parenchyma are poorly understood. Thus, in this review we discuss the pharmacokinetics of drugs after intrathecal administration, their penetration of the brain parenchyma and the different systems causing their efflux from the brain to the blood.
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7
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Wang QS, Ding HG, Chen SL, Liu XQ, Deng YY, Jiang WQ, Li Y, Huang LQ, Han YL, Wen MY, Wang MQ, Zeng HK. Hypertonic saline mediates the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling axis in microglia to alleviate ischemic blood-brain barrier permeability by downregulating astrocyte-derived VEGF in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1045-1057. [PMID: 32529750 PMCID: PMC7539845 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to explore whether the antibrain edema of hypertonic saline (HS) is associated with alleviating ischemic blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability by downregulating astrocyte‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is mediated by microglia‐derived NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Methods The infarct volume and BBB permeability were detected. The protein expression level of VEGF in astrocytes in a transient focal brain ischemia model of rats was evaluated after 10% HS treatment. Changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL‐1β protein expression, and the interleukin‐1 receptor (IL1R1)/pNF‐кBp65/VEGF signaling pathway were determined in astrocytes. Results HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulates IL‐1β expression by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulates VEGF expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes. Conclusions HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulated IL‐1β expression via inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulated VEGF expression through inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Guang Ding
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Long Chen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Liu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yu Deng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Qiang Huang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Li Han
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-Yun Wen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Qiu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Ke Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Huang K, Zhou L, Alanis K, Hou J, Baker LA. Imaging effects of hyperosmolality on individual tricellular junctions. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1307-1315. [PMID: 33209250 PMCID: PMC7643560 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A nanoscale electrochemical imaging method was used to reveal heterogeneity present in conductance at epithelial cell junctions under hyperosmotic stress.
The use of hyperosmolar agents (osmotherapy) has been a major treatment for intracranial hypertension, which occurs frequently in brain diseases or trauma. However, side-effects of osmotherapy on the brain, especially on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are still not fully understood. Hyperosmolar conditions, termed hyperosmolality here, are known to transiently disrupt the tight junctions (TJs) at the endothelium of the BBB resulting in loss of BBB function. Present techniques for evaluation of BBB transport typically reveal aggregated responses from the entirety of BBB transport components, with little or no opportunity to evaluate heterogeneity present in the system. In this study, we utilized potentiometric-scanning ion conductance microscopy (P-SICM) to acquire nanometer-scale conductance maps of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney strain II (MDCKII) cells under hyperosmolality, from which two types of TJs, bicellular tight junctions (bTJs) and tricellular tight junctions (tTJs), can be visualized and differentiated. We discovered that hyperosmolality leads to increased conductance at tTJs without significant alteration in conductance at bTJs. To quantify this effect, an automated computer vision algorithm was designed to extract and calculate conductance components at both tTJs and bTJs. Additionally, lowering Ca2+ concentration in the bath facilitates tTJ disruption under hyperosmolality. Strengthening tTJ structure by overexpressing immunoglobulin-like domain-containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) protein abrogates the effect of hyperosmolality. We posit that osmotic stress physically disrupts tTJ structure, as evidenced by super-resolution microscopy. Findings from this study not only provide a high-resolution view of TJ structure and function, but also can inform current osmotherapy and drug delivery strategies for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , USA .
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , USA .
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , USA .
| | - Jianghui Hou
- Renal Division , Washington University Medical School , 660 S. Euclid Avenue , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , USA .
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9
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Kuts R, Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Grinshpun J, Melamed I, Knyazer B, Tarabrin O, Zvenigorodsky V, Shelef I, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. A Novel Method for Assessing Cerebral Edema, Infarcted Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Post-stroke Rodent Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1105. [PMID: 31680838 PMCID: PMC6805703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) has historically been the most common animal model of simulating ischemic stroke. The extent of neurological injury after MCAO is typically measured by cerebral edema, infarct zone, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. A significant limitation of these methods is that separate sets of brains must be used for each measurement. Here we examine an alternative method of measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO in the same set of brain samples. Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of infarct zone and brain edema in rats post-MCAO (n = 17) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). Group 2 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of BBB breakdown in rats post-MCAO (n = 15) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). In Group 3 (n = 42), all three parameters were measured in the same set of brain slices in rats post-MCAO (n = 26) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 16). The effect of Evans blue on the accuracy of measuring infarct zone by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was determined by measuring infarct zone with and without an applied blue filter. The effects of various concentrations of TTC (0, 0.05, 0.35, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on the accuracy of measuring BBB permeability was also assessed. There was an increase in infarct volume (p < 0.01), brain edema (p < 0.01) and BBB breakdown (p < 0.01) in rats following MCAO compared to sham-operated controls, whether measured separately or together in the same set of brain samples. Evans blue had an effect on measuring infarct volume that was minimized by the application of a blue filter on scanned brain slices. There was no difference in the Evans blue extravasation index for the brain tissue samples without TTC compared to brain tissue samples incubated in TTC. Our results demonstrate that measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO can accurately be measured in the same set of brain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Kuts
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Boris Knyazer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Oleg Tarabrin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with Postgraduate Education, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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10
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Glibenclamide and Therapeutic Hypothermia Have Comparable Effect on Attenuating Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest. Neurocrit Care 2019; 29:119-127. [PMID: 29150777 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-017-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral edema is one of the major causes of mortality following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A subunit of the sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential M4 (Sur1-TRPM4) channel has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. In this study, we examined whether glibenclamide (GBC), a Sur1-TRPM4 channel inhibitor, attenuates cerebral edema following CA/CPR and further examined the efficacy of GBC combined with therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male wild-type C57Bl/6 mice subjected to 7-min CA/CPR were randomized into five groups: sham operation, control with normothermia, GBC with normothermia, control with hypothermia, and GBC with hypothermia. The primary outcome was to evaluate regional brain water content; the secondary outcome was to measure blood glucose level, Sur1-TRPM4 expression, and pro-inflammatory factor expression. RESULTS Compared with normothermia, GBC treatment or hypothermia significantly attenuated brain water content in mice subjected to CA/CPR. GBC combined with hypothermia had no additional effects on attenuating cerebral edema. Pro-inflammatory factor messenger RNA expression (TNF-α and IL-6), NFκβ activation, and SUR1-TRPM4 levels were upregulated after CA/CPR. Compared with normothermia, hypothermia, but not GBC, partly suppressed these factors' expression. CONCLUSIONS GBC attenuated cerebral edema following CA/CPR by blocking Sur1-TRPM4 channels upregulated by CA insult. The effect of GBC was comparable with that of therapeutic hypothermia alone. These results suggest that GBC is an alternative approach for treating CA-evoked cerebral edema.
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Decker D, Collier L, Lau T, Olivera R, Roma G, Leonardo C, Seifert H, Rowe D, Pennypacker KR. The Effects of Clinically Relevant Hypertonic Saline and Conivaptan Administration on Ischemic Stroke. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2017; 121:243-50. [PMID: 26463956 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral edema after stroke is associated with poor neurological outcomes. Current therapies are limited to osmotic agents, such as hypertonic saline (HS), which reduce intracranial pressure. Although studies have demonstrated edema reductions following HS, tissue survival has not been thoroughly examined. Additionally, the efficacy of promising pharmacological agents has not been evaluated for synergy with osmotic agents. Conivaptan is an FDA-approved vasopressin receptor antagonist that may exert both osmotic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion prior to treatment with 5 % HS bolus +5 % HS maintenance (HS), conivaptan alone (Con), conivaptan +5 % HS maintenance (Con + HS), or conivaptan +5 % HS bolus +5 % maintenance (Con + HSb). Treatments were initiated at six (Early) or 24 h (Late) following stroke and rats were euthanized at 48 h to evaluate infarct volume, brain edema, and microglia/macrophage activation. Infarct volume and brain edema in the Early HS, Early Con, and Late HS groups were significantly reduced compared with controls. Interestingly, only the Early Con group demonstrated reduced microglia/macrophage activation. These data suggest an anti-inflammatory mechanism for conivaptan and provide support for a multipronged approach combining osmotic agents with compounds that inhibit the neuroinflammatory response to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Decker
- Department of Neurology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lisa Collier
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Tsz Lau
- Department of Neurology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Raul Olivera
- Department of Neurology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Glenn Roma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Christopher Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Hilary Seifert
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Derrick Rowe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Osmotherapy With Hypertonic Saline Attenuates Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest via Perivascular Pool of Aquaporin-4. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e702-10. [PMID: 27035238 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that osmotherapy with hypertonic saline attenuates cerebral edema following experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation by exerting its effect via the perivascular pool of aquaporin-4. We used mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding α-syntrophin (α-Syn) that demonstrate diminished perivascular aquaporin-4 pool but retain the non-endfoot and ependymal pools. DESIGN Laboratory animal study. SETTING University animal research laboratory. INTERVENTIONS Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male wild-type C57B/6 or α-Syn mice were subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation and treated with either a continuous IV infusion of 0.9% saline or various concentrations of hypertonic saline. Serum osmolality, regional brain water content, blood-brain barrier disruption, and aquaporin-4 protein expression were determined at 24 hours after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hypertonic saline (7.5%) treatment significantly attenuated water content in the caudoputamen complex and cortex compared with 0.9% saline treatment in wild-type mice subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In contrast, in α-Syn mice subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 7.5% hypertonic saline treatment did not attenuate water content. Treatment with 7.5% hypertonic saline attenuated blood-brain barrier disruption at 24 hours following cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation in wild-type mice but not in α-Syn mice. Total aquaporin-4 protein expression was not different between 0.9% saline and hypertonic saline-treated wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Following experimental cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation: 1) continuous hypertonic saline therapy maintained to achieve serum osmolality of ≈ 350 mOsm/L is beneficial for the treatment of cerebral edema; 2) perivascular pool of aquaporin-4 plays a critical role in water egress from brain; and 3) hypertonic saline attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption via perivascular aquaporin-4 pool.
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Conivaptan, a Selective Arginine Vasopressin V1a and V2 Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest via Perivascular Pool of Aquaporin-4. Neurocrit Care 2017; 24:273-82. [PMID: 26732270 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-015-0236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral edema is a major cause of mortality following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CA-evoked cerebral edema. In this study, we examined if conivaptan, a V1a and V2 antagonist, attenuates cerebral edema following CA/CPR in wild type (WT) mice as well as mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding α-syntrophin (α-syn(-/-)) that demonstrate diminished perivascular AQP4 pool. METHODS Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male WT C57Bl/6 and α-syn(-/-) mice were subjected to 8 min CA/CPR and treated with either bolus IV injection (0.15 or 0.3 mg/kg) followed by continuous infusion of conivaptan (0.15 mg/kg/day or 0.3 mg/kg/day), or vehicle infusion for 48 h. Serum osmolality, regional brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption were determined at the end of the experiment. Sham-operated mice in both strains served as controls. RESULTS Treatment with conivaptan elevated serum osmolality in a dose-dependent manner. In WT mice, conivaptan at 0.3 mg dose significantly attenuated regional water content in the caudoputamen (81.0 ± 0.5 vs. 82.5 ± 0.4% in controls; mean ± SEM) and cortex (78.8 ± 0.2 vs. 79.4 ± 0.2% in controls), while conivaptan at 0.15 mg was not effective. In α-syn(-/-) mice, conivaptan at 0.3 mg dose did not attenuate water content compared with controls. Conivaptan (0.3 mg/kg/day) attenuated post-CA BBB disruption at 48 h in WT mice but not in α-syn(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Continuous IV infusion of conivaptan attenuates cerebral edema and BBB disruption following CA. These effects of conivaptan that are dependent on the presence of perivascular pool of AQP4 appear be mediated via its dual effect on V1 and V2 receptors.
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Sebastiani A, Hirnet T, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Thal SC. Comparison of speed-vacuum method and heat-drying method to measure brain water content of small brain samples. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 276:73-78. [PMID: 27894783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reliable measurement of brain water content (wet-to-dry ratio) is an important prerequisite for conducting research on mechanisms of brain edema formation. The conventionally used oven-drying method suffers from several limitations, especially in small samples. A technically demanding and time-consuming alternative is freeze-drying. NEW METHOD Centrifugal vacuum concentrators (e.g. SpeedVac/speed-vacuum drying) are a combination of vacuum-drying and centrifugation, used to reduce the boiling temperature. These concentrators have the key advantages of improving the freeze-drying speed and maintaining the integrity of dried samples, thus, allowing e.g. DNA analyses. In the present study, we compared the heat-oven with speed-vacuum technique with regard to efficacy to remove moisture from water and brain samples and their effectiveness to distinguish treatment paradigms after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by controlled cortical impact (CCI). RESULTS Both techniques effectively removed water, the oven technique taking 24h and vacuum-drying taking 48h. Vacuum-drying showed lower variations in small samples (30-45mg) and was suitable for genomic analysis as exemplified by sex genotyping. The effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaBic8.4%) on brain edema formation after CCI was investigated in small samples (2×1mm). Only vacuum-drying showed low variation and significant improvement under NaBic8.4% treatment. COMPARISON WITH AN EXISTING METHOD The receiver operating curves (ROC) analysis demonstrated that vacuum-drying (area under the curve (AUC):0.867-0.967) was superior to the conventional heat-drying method (AUC:0.367-0.567). CONCLUSIONS The vacuum method is superior in terms of quantifying water content in small samples. In addition, vacuum-dried samples can also be used for subsequent analyses, e.g., PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Jahn-Eimermacher
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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van der Jagt M. Fluid management of the neurological patient: a concise review. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:126. [PMID: 27240859 PMCID: PMC4886412 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance fluids in critically ill brain-injured patients are part of routine critical care. Both the amounts of fluid volumes infused and the type and tonicity of maintenance fluids are relevant in understanding the impact of fluids on the pathophysiology of secondary brain injuries in these patients. In this narrative review, current evidence on routine fluid management of critically ill brain-injured patients and use of haemodynamic monitoring is summarized. Pertinent guidelines and consensus statements on fluid management for brain-injured patients are highlighted. In general, existing guidelines indicate that fluid management in these neurocritical care patients should be targeted at euvolemia using isotonic fluids. A critical appraisal is made of the available literature regarding the appropriate amount of fluids, haemodynamic monitoring and which types of fluids should be administered or avoided and a practical approach to fluid management is elaborated. Although hypovolemia is bound to contribute to secondary brain injury, some more recent data have emerged indicating the potential risks of fluid overload. However, it is acknowledged that many factors govern the relationship between fluid management and cerebral blood flow and oxygenation and more research seems warranted to optimise fluid management and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu van der Jagt
- Department of Intensive Care (Office H-611) and Erasmus MC Stroke Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pirzad Jahromi G, Shabanzadeh Pirsaraei A, Sadr SS, Kaka G, Jafari M, Seidi S, Charish J. Multipotent bone marrow stromal cell therapy promotes endogenous cell proliferation following ischemic stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26218989 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the years, there still exists some debate as to what constitutes the optimal therapeutic strategy to promote recovery following stroke. Due to the complexity of injured brain pathophysiology, treatment approaches should ideally address numerous factors, ultimately aiming to promote tissue protection, axonal regrowth and functional recovery. This study extends the understanding of the effects of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) treatment following experimentally induced ischemic stroke in rats. Focal ischemic brain injury was experimentally induced in rats by placing a preformed clot into the middle cerebral artery. Animals were injected intravenously with BMSCs at 24 h after stroke and were killed 7 days post injury. When administered BMSCs following stroke, the neurological outcome was significantly improved relative to controls. There was an increase in the number of BMSCs labelled with BrdU present in the injured hemisphere of the brain compared to the non-injured side. Furthermore, administration of BMSCs also led to increases in astrocytosis, vascularization and endogenous proliferation. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of action of BMSC treatment and further argue for the therapeutic potential of BMSCs as an effective treatment following cerebral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shabanzadeh Pirsaraei
- Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golamreza Kaka
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Seidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason Charish
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Targeting caspase-6 and caspase-8 to promote neuronal survival following ischemic stroke. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1967. [PMID: 26539914 PMCID: PMC4670918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that caspase-6 and caspase-8 are involved in neuronal apoptosis and regenerative failure after trauma of the adult central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we evaluated whether caspase-6 or -8 inhibitors can reduce cerebral or retinal injury after ischemia. Cerebral infarct volume, relative to appropriate controls, was significantly reduced in groups treated with caspase-6 or -8 inhibitors. Concomitantly, these treatments also reduced neurological deficits, reduced edema, increased cell proliferation, and increased neurofilament levels in the injured cerebrum. Caspase-6 and -8 inhibitors, or siRNAs, also increased retinal ganglion cell survival at 14 days after ischemic injury. Caspase-6 or -8 inhibition also decreased caspase-3, -6, and caspase-8 cleavage when assayed by western blot and reduced caspase-3 and -6 activities in colorimetric assays. We have shown that caspase-6 or caspase-8 inhibition decreases the neuropathological consequences of cerebral or retinal infarction, thereby emphasizing their importance in ischemic neuronal degeneration. As such, caspase-6 and -8 are potential targets for future therapies aimed at attenuating the devastating functional losses that result from retinal or cerebral stroke.
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Xu T, Zhang WG, Sun J, Zhang Y, Lu JF, Han HB, Zhou CM, Yan JH. Protective effects of thrombomodulin on microvascular permeability after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mouse model. Neuroscience 2015; 299:18-27. [PMID: 25936678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced vascular permeability is a major early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, its mechanism is not clear yet. In this work, we explored its potential mechanism and investigated the roles of thrombomodulin (TM) in maintaining microvascular integrity after SAH. SAH models were established in adult male ICR mice (28-32 g) by endovascular perforation. TM was immediately administered by femoral vein injection following SAH. The brain water content, Evans Blue content and neurological functions were evaluated. Brain edema was also detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T2 map). The siRNA technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to explore the potential mechanism of TM treatment. The number of microthrombi in the hippocampus microvessels was also recorded. TM significantly decreased brain water content and Evans Blue content, alleviated brain edema and neurological deficits after SAH. The plasma concentration of activated protein C was increased after TM treatment. In addition, the levels of phospho-p38MAPK, phospho-p53, cleaved caspase-3, phospho-NF-κB (p65) were markedly decreased. Additionally, the loss of VE-cadherin and Occludin (markers of vascular integrity) and the number of microthrombi in the hippocampus were also reduced. Our results indicated that TM has protective effects on preserving microvascular integrity following SAH partly through preserving endothelial junction proteins and quenching apoptosis/inflammation in endothelial cells via blocking p38MAPK-p53/NF-κB (p65) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - W-G Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J-F Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - H-B Han
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - C-M Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J-H Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing 100191, China
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Ito A, Niizuma K, Shimizu H, Fujimura M, Hasumi K, Tominaga T. SMTP-7, a new thrombolytic agent, decreases hemorrhagic transformation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion under warfarin anticoagulation in mice. Brain Res 2014; 1578:38-48. [PMID: 25016287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7) is a new thrombolytic agent that exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. We previously demonstrated that the hemorrhagic transformation was fewer with SMTP-7 than with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) following ischemia-reperfusion in animal models. We hypothesized that SMTP-7 may decrease hemorrhagic transformation after ischemia-reperfusion under the warfarin-treated condition. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced for 3h using an intraluminal suture in warfarin-treated mice to produce hemorrhagic transformation. Warfarin was administered orally for a 24-h feeding period before MCAO through bottled drinking water (5mg in 375 ml tap water), resulting in a mean INR of 5.6±0.2. Mice were treated with vehicle, rt-PA, or SMTP-7 5h before reperfusion. Twenty percent of vehicle-treated and 50.0% of rt-PA-treated mice died 24h after reperfusion, while all SMTP-7-treated mice survived. Hemorrhagic severity in SMTP-7-treated mice was significantly lower than that in rt-PA-treated mice. Neurological deficit was significantly lower in SMTP-7-treated mice than vehicle- and rt-PA-treated mice. These results indicate that SMTP-7 decreases mortality, hemorrhagic transformation, and neurological deficits, and can be a safe thrombolytic agent following MCAO under the warfarin-treated condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Miki Fujimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; TMS Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Sun W, Liu J, Huan Y, Zhang C. Intracranial injection of recombinant stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) attenuates traumatic brain injury in rats. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:287-97. [PMID: 24352531 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the role of stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) in a secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats, and to further elucidate its underlying regulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent TBI for 30 min, and then received intracranial injections of recombinant SDF-1α, SDF-1α antibody, or saline as a vehicle control. At 24 h after TBI, brain tissues from the experimental animals were subjected to histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot analyses. RESULTS TBI-induced brain edema and blood-brain barrier disruption were ameliorated by post-injury injections of SDF-1α. TBI-induced neuronal degradation and apoptosis, accompanied by increased cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP and Bax, and decreased Bcl-2 were found to be attenuated by SDF-1α injection. Nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels decreased in SDF-1α treated animals after TBI. SDF-1α repressed inflammatory responses by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, neutralizing the effect of SDF-1α with its antibody abolished these therapeutic alterations in TBI animals. Importantly, SDF-1α attenuated the brain lesion by affecting the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways after mechanical head trauma in rats. CONCLUSIONS SDF-1α ameliorates mechanical trauma-induced pathological changes via its anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Papangelou A, Toung TJK, Gottschalk A, Mirski MA, Koehler RC. Infarct volume after hyperacute infusion of hypertonic saline in a rat model of acute embolic stroke. Neurocrit Care 2013; 18:106-14. [PMID: 22886394 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-012-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertonic saline (HS) can treat cerebral edema arising from a number of pathologic conditions. However, physicians are reluctant to use it during the first 24 h after stroke because of experimental evidence that it increases infarct volume when administered early after reperfusion. Here, we determined the effect of HS on infarct size in an embolic clot model without planned reperfusion. METHODS A clot was injected into the internal carotid artery of male Wistar rats to reduce perfusion in the middle cerebral artery territory to less than 40 % of baseline, as monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. After 25 min, rats were randomized to receive 10 mL/kg of 7.5 % HS (50:50 chloride:acetate) or normal saline (NS) followed by a 0.5 mL/h infusion of the same solution for 22 h. RESULTS Infarct volume was similar between NS and HS groups (in mm(3): cortex 102 ± 65 mm(3) vs. 93 ± 49 mm(3), p = 0.72; caudoputamenal complex 15 ± 9 mm(3) vs. 21 ± 14, p = 0.22; total hemisphere 119 ± 76 mm(3) vs. 114 ± 62, p = 0.88, respectively). Percent water content was unchanged in the infarcted hemisphere (NS 81.6 ± 1.5 %; HS 80.7 ± 1.3 %, p = 0.16), whereas the HS-treated contralateral hemisphere was significantly dehydrated (NS 79.4 ± 0.8 %; HS 77.5 ± 0.8 %, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS HS reduced contralateral hemispheric water content but did not affect ipsilateral brain water content when compared to NS. Infarct volume was unaffected by HS administration at all evaluated locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Papangelou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-7840, USA.
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Xie H, Wu Y, Jia J, Liu G, Zhang F, Zhang Q, Yu K, Hu Y, Bai Y, Hu R. Enriched environment preconditioning induced brain ischemic tolerance without reducing infarct volume and edema: the possible role of enrichment-related physical activity increase. Brain Res 2013; 1508:63-72. [PMID: 23501217 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
External stimuli, including environmental enrichment (EE) and physical activity, have been shown to significantly facilitate recovery from brain injury. However, whether EE can be used as a preconditioning method to induce cerebral ischemic tolerance has never been investigated. Furthermore, whether, and to what extent, such environmental stimuli regulate physical activity to promote neuroprotection is largely unclear. To examine the neuroprotective effects of pre-ischemic EE (PIEE) and to investigate the relationship between these effects and EE-induced physical activity, we tested neurobehavioral and morphological recovery of rats following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Our study showed that PIEE improved the recovery of motor function, spatial learning and memory without reduction in brain edema or infarct volume. We also found that PIEE robustly increased the level of physical activity of rats that positively correlated with the extent of neurobehavioral recovery. Our results suggest that PIEE may induce brain ischemic tolerance through, at least partially, increasing physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai 200040, China
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Abstract
The use of hyperosmolar agents for intracranial hypertension was introduced in the early 20th century and remains a mainstay of therapy for patients with cerebral edema. Both animal and human studies have demonstrated the efficacy of two hyperosmolar agents, mannitol and hypertonic saline, in reducing intracranial pressure via volume redistribution, plasma expansion, rheologic modifications, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, because of physician and institutional variation in therapeutic practices, lack of standardized protocols for initiation and administration of therapy, patient heterogeneity, and a paucity of randomized controlled trials have yielded little class I evidence on which clinical decisions can be based, most current evidence regarding the use of hyperosmolar therapy is derived from retrospective analyses (class III) and case series (class IV). In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the use of hyperosmolar therapy with mannitol or hypertonic saline for the medical management of intracranial hypertension and present a comprehensive discussion of the evidence associated with various theoretical and practical concerns related to initiation, dosage, and monitoring of therapy.
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Cao C, Yu X, Liao Z, Zhu N, Huo H, Wang M, Ji G, She H, Luo Z, Yue S. Hypertonic saline reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse brain edema through inhibiting aquaporin 4 expression. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R186. [PMID: 23036239 PMCID: PMC3682288 DOI: 10.1186/cc11670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three percent sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment has been shown to reduce brain edema and inhibited brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in bacterial meningitis induced by Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main pathogenic component of E. coli. We aimed to explore the effect of 3% NaCl in mouse brain edema induced by LPS, as well as to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action. METHODS Three percent NaCl was used to treat cerebral edema induced by LPS in mice in vivo. Brain water content, IL-1β, TNFα, immunoglobulin G (IgG), AQP4 mRNA and protein were measured in brain tissues. IL-1β, 3% NaCl and calphostin C (a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C) were used to treat the primary astrocytes in vitro. AQP4 mRNA and protein were measured in astrocytes. Differences in various groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Three percent NaCl attenuated the increase of brain water content, IL-1β, TNFα, IgG, AQP4 mRNA and protein in brain tissues induced by LPS. Three percent NaCl inhibited the increase of AQP4 mRNA and protein in astrocytes induced by IL-1β in vitro. Calphostin C blocked the decrease of AQP4 mRNA and protein in astrocytes induced by 3% NaCl in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Osmotherapy with 3% NaCl ameliorated LPS-induced cerebral edema in vivo. In addition to its osmotic force, 3% NaCl exerted anti-edema effects possibly through down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and inhibiting the expression of AQP4 induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Three percent NaCl attenuated the expression of AQP4 through activation of protein kinase C in astrocytes.
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Hoffmann A, Bredno J, Wendland MF, Derugin N, Hom J, Schuster T, Zimmer C, Su H, Ohara PT, Young WL, Wintermark M. MRI blood-brain barrier permeability measurements to predict hemorrhagic transformation in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:508-16. [PMID: 24323835 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Permeability imaging might add valuable information in the risk assessment of hemorrhagic transformation. This study evaluates the predictive value of blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) measurements extracted from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. Spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats with 2 h filament occlusion of the right MCA underwent MRI during occlusion, at 4 and 24 h post reperfusion. BBBP was imaged by DCE imaging and quantified by Patlak analysis. Cresyl-violet staining was used to characterize hemorrhage in sacrificed rats at 24 h, immediately following the last imaging study. BBBP changes were evaluated at baseline, 4 and 24 h after reperfusion. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the most accurate BBBP threshold to predict hemorrhagic transformation. In animals showing macroscopic hemorrhage at 24 h, 95th BBBP percentile values ipsilateral were 0.323 [0.260, 0.387], 0.685 [0.385, 0.985], and 0.412 [0.210, 0.613] ml/min·100 g (marginal mean [95%CI]) during occlusion, at 4 and 24 h post reperfusion, respectively. The BBBP values on the infarcted and contralateral side were significantly different at 4 (p = 0.034) and 24 h post reperfusion (p = 0.031). The predictive value of BBBP in terms of macroscopic hemorrhage was highest 4 h after reperfusion (ROC area under the curve = 84 %) with a high negative predictive value (98.3 %) and limited positive predictive value (14.9 %) for a threshold of 0.35 ml/min·100g. Altered BBBP is a necessary but not sufficient condition to cause hemorrhagic transformation in rats with an infarct. Further research is needed to identify those additional risk factors that are required for hemorrhagic transformation to develop in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, University of Virginia, Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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Fink ME. Osmotherapy for intracranial hypertension: mannitol versus hypertonic saline. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2012; 18:640-54. [PMID: 22810253 DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000415432.84147.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperosmolar therapy is one of the core medical treatments for brain edema and intracranial hypertension, but controversy exists regarding the use of the most common agents, mannitol, and hypertonic saline. This article describes the relative merits and adverse effects of these agents using the best available clinical evidence. RECENT FINDINGS Mannitol is effective and has been used for decades in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, but it may precipitate acute renal failure if serum osmolarity exceeds 320 mOsm/L. Hypertonic saline appears to be safe, and serum sodium has been elevated to as high as 180 mEq/L in clinical settings without significant neurologic, cardiac, or renal injury. In small comparative trials both agents are effective and no clinically significant difference has been noted, but a properly powered trial has not yet been performed. SUMMARY Both mannitol and hypertonic saline are effective and have an acceptable risk profile for use in the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure secondary to brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Fink
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, 525 East 68th Street, F-610, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure with Hyperosmolar Therapy in Patients with Renal Failure. Neurocrit Care 2012; 17:388-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-012-9676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pirzad Jahromi G, Seidi S, Sadr SS, Shabanzadeh AP, Keshavarz M, Kaka GR, Hosseini SK, Sohanaki H, Charish J. Therapeutic Effects of a Combinatorial Treatment of Simvastatin and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells on Experimental Embolic Stroke. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 110:487-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pirzad Jahromi
- Department of Physiology & Electrophysiology research Centre; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - S. Seidi
- Department of Physiology & Electrophysiology research Centre; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - S. S. Sadr
- Department of Physiology & Electrophysiology research Centre; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | | | - M. Keshavarz
- Department of Physiology & Electrophysiology research Centre; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - G. R. Kaka
- Neuroscience Research Center of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
| | - S. K. Hosseini
- Tissue Bank & Preparation Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - H. Sohanaki
- Department of Physiology & Electrophysiology research Centre; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - J. Charish
- Department of Genetics and Development; University Health Network; Toronto Western Research Institute; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
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Li M, Zhang Z, Sun W, Koehler RC, Huang J. 17β-estradiol attenuates breakdown of blood-brain barrier and hemorrhagic transformation induced by tissue plasminogen activator in cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:277-83. [PMID: 21816222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only approved thrombolytic agent for the early treatment of ischemic stroke. However, treatment with tPA may lead to disruption of the blood-brain barrier and hemorrhagic transformation. 17β-estradiol (E2) has demonstrated efficacy in reduction of infarct volume in ischemic stroke models. The effects of acute administration of E2 on permeability of the blood-brain barrier and its ability to prevent hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic rats treated with tPA have not previously been studied. Here, we show that neurological deficits, brain water content, and Evan's blue extravasation were increased in ovariectomized female Wistar rats treated with tPA and attenuated in rats receiving E2+tPA. We also show that intracerebral hemoglobin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity were elevated with tPA treatment, and these increases were reduced by E2 treatment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that acute administration of E2 is capable of ameliorating some of the adverse effects of tPA administration, including the increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, blood-brain barrier permeability, and hemorrhagic transformation. These findings suggest a potential role for estrogen in thrombolytic treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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New uses for my old friend*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1592-3. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182148be3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bragin DE, Bush RC, Müller WS, Nemoto EM. High intracranial pressure effects on cerebral cortical microvascular flow in rats. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:775-85. [PMID: 21395499 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To manage patients with high intracranial pressure (ICP), clinicians need to know the critical cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) required to maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF). Historically, the critical CPP obtained by decreasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) to lower CPP was 60 mm Hg, which fell to 30 mm Hg when CPP was reduced by increasing ICP. We examined whether this decrease in critical CPP was due to a pathological shift from capillary (CAP) to high-velocity microvessel flow or thoroughfare channel (TFC) shunt flow. Cortical microvessel red blood cell velocity and NADH fluorescence were measured by in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy in rats at CPP of 70, 50, and 30 mm Hg by increasing ICP or decreasing MAP. Water content was measured by wet/dry weight, and cortical perfusion by laser Doppler flux. Reduction of CPP by raising ICP increased TFC shunt flow from 30.4±2.3% to 51.2±5.2% (mean±SEM, p<0.001), NADH increased by 20.3±6.8% and 58.1±8.2% (p<0.01), and brain water content from 72.9±0.47% to 77.8±2.42% (p<0.01). Decreasing CPP by MAP decreased TFC shunt flow with a smaller rise in NADH and no edema. Doppler flux decreased less with increasing ICP than decreasing MAP. The decrease seen in the critical CPP with increased ICP is likely due to a redistribution of microvascular flow from capillary to microvascular shunt flow or TFC shunt flow, resulting in a pathologically elevated CBF associated with tissue hypoxia and brain edema, characteristic of non-nutritive shunt flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Bragin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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Akaishizawa M, Tabata R, Suzuki K, Asano R. Comparison between Hypertonic Saline with Dextran and Mannitol on Vasodilatation of Encephalic Vessels Using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2011.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zeng HK, Wang QS, Deng YY, Jiang WQ, Fang M, Chen CB, Jiang X. A comparative study on the efficacy of 10% hypertonic saline and equal volume of 20% mannitol in the treatment of experimentally induced cerebral edema in adult rats. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:153. [PMID: 21143951 PMCID: PMC3004923 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertonic saline and mannitol are commonly used in the treatment of cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) at present. In this connection, 10% hypertonic saline (HS) alleviates cerebral edema more effectively than the equal volume of 20% mannitol. However, the exact underlying mechanism for this remains obscure. This study aimed to explore the possible mechanism whereby 10% hypertonic saline can ameliorate cerebral edema more effectively than mannitol. Results Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to permanent right-sided middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of 10% HS, 20% mannitol or D-[1-3H(N)]-mannitol. Brain water content (BWC) as analyzed by wet-to-dry ratios in the ischemic hemisphere of SD rats decreased more significantly after 10% HS treatment compared with 20% mannitol. Concentration of serum Na+ and plasma crystal osmotic pressure of the 10% HS group at 2, 6, 12 and 18 h following permanent MCAO increased significantly when compared with 20% mannitol treated group. Moreover, there was negative correlation between the BWC of the ipsilateral ischemic hemisphere and concentration of serum Na+, plasma crystal osmotic pressure and difference value of concentration of serum Na+ and concentration of brain Na+ in ipsilateral ischemic hemisphere in the 10% HS group at the various time points after MCAO. A remarkable finding was the progressive accumulation of mannitol in the ischemic brain tissue. Conclusions We conclude that 10% HS is more effective in alleviating cerebral edema than the equal volume of 20% mannitol. This is because 10% HS contributes to establish a higher osmotic gradient across BBB and, furthermore, the progressive accumulation of mannitol in the ischemic brain tissue counteracts its therapeutic efficacy on cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Zeng
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Migliati ER, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Froehner SC, Adams ME, Ottersen OP, Bhardwaj A. Na(+)-K (+)-2Cl (-) cotransport inhibitor attenuates cerebral edema following experimental stroke via the perivascular pool of aquaporin-4. Neurocrit Care 2010; 13:123-31. [PMID: 20458553 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-010-9376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter localized in the brain vascular endothelium has been shown to be important in the evolution of cerebral edema following experimental stroke. Previous in vivo studies have demonstrated that bumetanide, a selective Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransport inhibitor, attenuates ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. Recently, bumetanide has been shown to also inhibit water permeability via aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We tested the hypothesis that the perivascular pool of AQP4 plays a significant role in the anti-edema effect of bumetanide by utilizing wild-type (WT) mice as well as mice with targeted disruption of alpha-syntrophin (alpha-Syn(-/-)) that lack the perivascular pool of AQP4. METHODS Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male WT C57Bl6 and alpha-Syn(-/-) mice were subjected to 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 or 48 h of reperfusion. Adequacy of MCAO and reperfusion was monitored with laser-Doppler flowmetry over the ipsilateral parietal cortex. Infarct volume (tetrazolium staining), cerebral edema (wet-to-dry ratios), and AQP4 protein expression (immunoblotting) were determined in different treatment groups in separate sets of experiments. RESULTS Bumetanide significantly attenuated infarct volume and decreased ipsilateral hemispheric water content in WT mice compared to vehicle treatment. In alpha-Syn(-/-) mice, bumetanide treatment had no effect on infarct volume or ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. Bumetanide-treated WT mice had a significant attenuation of AQP4 protein expression at 48 h post-MCAO compared to vehicle-treated WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that bumetanide exerts its neuroprotective and anti-edema effects partly via blockade of the perivascular pool of AQP4 and may have therapeutic potential for ischemic stroke in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton R Migliati
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Liu X, Zhang W, Alkayed NJ, Froehner SC, Adams ME, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Ottersen OP, Hurn PD, Bhardwaj A. Lack of sex-linked differences in cerebral edema and aquaporin-4 expression after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1898-906. [PMID: 18648381 PMCID: PMC2667324 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been shown to be important in the evolution of stroke-associated cerebral edema. However, the role of AQP4 in stroke-associated cerebral edema as it pertains to sex has not been previously studied. The perivascular pool of AQP4 is important in the influx and efflux of water during focal cerebral ischemia. We used mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding alpha-syntrophin (alpha-Syn(-/-)) that lack the perivascular AQP4 pool but retain the endothelial pool of this protein. Infarct volume at 72 h after transient focal ischemia (90 mins) in isoflurane-anesthetized mice was attenuated in both sexes with alpha-Syn deletion as compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts. There were no sex differences in hemispheric water content in WT and alpha-Syn(-/-) mice or regional AQP4 expression in WT mice. In neither sex did alpha-Syn deletion lead to alterations in end-ischemic regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). These data suggest that after experimental stroke: (1) there is no difference in stroke-associated cerebral edema based on sex, (2) AQP4 does not involve in sex-based differences in stroke volume, and (3) perivascular pool of AQP4 has no significant role in end-ischemic rCBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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The perivascular pool of aquaporin-4 mediates the effect of osmotherapy in postischemic cerebral edema. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2634-40. [PMID: 18679106 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181847853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osmotherapy with hypertonic saline ameliorates cerebral edema associated with experimental ischemic stroke. We tested the hypothesis that hypertonic saline exerts its antiedema effect by promoting an efflux of water from brain via the perivascular aquaporin-4 pool. We used mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding alpha-syntrophin (alpha-Syn(-/-)) that lack the perivascular aquaporin-4 pool but retain the endothelial pool of this protein. DESIGN Prospective laboratory animal study. SETTING Research laboratory in a university teaching hospital. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Halothane-anesthetized adult male wildtype C57B/6 and alpha-Syn(-/-) mice were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with either a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline or 3% hypertonic saline (1.5 mL/kg/hr) for 48 hr. In the first series of experiments (n = 59), increased brain water content analyzed by wet-to-dry ratios in the ischemic hemisphere of wildtype mice was attenuated after hypertonic saline (79.9% +/- 0.5%; mean +/- SEM) but not after 0.9% saline (82.3% +/- 1.0%) treatment. In contrast in alpha-Syn(-/-) mice, hypertonic saline had no effect on the postischemic edema (hypertonic saline: 80.3% +/- 0.7%; 0.9% saline: 80.3% +/- 0.4%). In the second series of experiments (n = 32), treatment with hypertonic saline attenuated postischemic blood-brain barrier disruption at 48 hr in wildtype mice but not in alpha-Syn(-/-) mice; alpha-Syn(-/-) deletion alone had no effect on blood-brain barrier integrity. In the third series of experiments (n = 34), alpha-Syn(-/-) mice treated with either hypertonic saline or 0.9% saline had smaller infarct volume as compared with their wildtype counterparts. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that 1) osmotherapy with hypertonic saline exerts antiedema effects via the perivascular pool of aquaporin-4, 2) hypertonic saline attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption depending on the presence of perivascular aquaporin-4, and 3) deletion of the perivascular pool of aquaporin-4 alleviates tissue damage after stroke, in mice subjected to osmotherapy and in nontreated mice.
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Shabanzadeh AP, Shuaib A, Wang CX. Reduction of ischemic brain injury in rats with normothermic and hyperthermic conditions. J Neurosurg 2008; 109:522-9. [DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/109/9/0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Statins have been used for induction of ischemic tolerance after cerebral ischemia. The authors have previously shown that simvastatin is protective after ischemic cerebral injury in normothermic conditions. In this study they further examined whether treatment with simvastatin can reduce ischemic brain injury in a hyperthermic condition.
Methods
Focal ischemic brain injury was induced by embolizing a preformed clot into the middle cerebral artery in rats. The authors initially examined whether treatment with simvastatin could reduce ischemic brain injury without or with hyperthermia. The infarct volume, edema, and neurological deficits were examined. They then studied whether simvastatin could reduce the perfusion deficits, damage to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and degeneration of neurons in the ischemic injured brain.
Results
Simvastatin significantly reduced the infarct volume in both normothermic and hyperthermic conditions, compared with appropriate controls. Concomitantly, this treatment also significantly reduced neurological deficits and brain edema. Administration of simvastatin significantly decreased perfusion deficits, BBB permeability, and degenerated neurons.
Conclusions
These studies suggest that simvastatin is an effective agent for ischemic brain injury not only in normothermic but also in hyperthermic conditions, which may be through the decrease of BBB permeability, degenerated neurons, and perfusion deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza P. Shabanzadeh
- 1Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- 1Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chen Xu Wang
- 1Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- 2Laboratory of Central Illinois Neuroscience Foundation, Bloomington; and
- 3Department of Biological Science, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
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Pavlichenko N, Sokolova I, Vijde S, Shvedova E, Alexandrov G, Krouglyakov P, Fedotova O, Gilerovich EG, Polyntsev DG, Otellin VA. Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation could be beneficial for treatment of experimental ischemic stroke in rats. Brain Res 2008; 1233:203-13. [PMID: 18675258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is prospective, modern attempt to ischemic stroke treatment. It has been being widely worked out recently. We suggest mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as a cell therapy agent in the therapy of this disease. Experiments were carried out in inbred male Wistar-Kyoto rats. Animals were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow, expanded in culture and labelled with vital fluorescent dye PKH-26. Then 5 x 10(6) cells were injected into the tail vein on the day of MCAO and three days later. Control group animals received PBS injection (negative control). Cognitive function restoration was estimated by Morris Water Maze testing during 6 weeks after MCAO. Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 5 days and 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after operation. Intravenous MSC transplantation decreased post-operation mortality and benefited behavioural and neurological recovery. Experimental groups animals revealed changes in aseptic inflammation processes which were completed faster comparing to control group. That effect correlated with accelerated glial scar formation. Reduction of the infarct volumes and such post-stroke after-effects as border zone gliosis and liquor cysts formation accompanied by increased angiogenesis and subventricular zone cells proliferation were shown after cell therapy. The obtained results referred to both cell therapy groups. Thus, MSC injection benefited post-stroke rehabilitation irrespective of transplantation time. However, further investigation should be carried out in order to find out the mechanism of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavlichenko
- Trans-Technologies, Ltd, St. Petersburg, Pesochny settl., Leningradskaya ul., 70/4, build. 6, Russia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an update on recent knowledge gained on hypertonic saline solutions for the treatment of intracranial hypertension. Explanatory approaches to the mechanisms underlying the edema-reducing effects of the solutions are outlined, practical aspects of use are presented, and trials that assessed their clinical utility are highlighted. RECENT FINDINGS With an established trauma system, hypertonic saline added to conventional fluid resuscitation did not improve long-term outcome in multiple injury with hypotension and brain trauma. In intensive care, hypertonic saline reduced intracranial hypertension after subarachnoid haemorrhage, brain trauma, and a variety of other brain diseases, including cerebral edema in acute liver failure. SUMMARY Hypertonic saline solutions have evolved as an alternative to mannitol or may be used in otherwise refractory intracranial hypertension to treat raised intracranial pressure. With high osmolar loads, the efficacy of the solution is enhanced, but no simple relationship between the saline concentration and the clinical effects of a solution is established. Caution is advised with high osmolar loads because they carry increased risks for potentially deleterious consequences of hypernatremia or may induce osmotic blood-brain barrier opening with possibly harmful extravasation of the hypertonic solution into the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Himmelseher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismanigerstrasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
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40
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The blood-brain barrier is continuously open for several weeks following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2008; 153:175-81. [PMID: 18367342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the principal regulator of blood-borne substance entry into the brain parenchyma. Therefore, BBB leakage, which leads to cerebral edema and influx of toxic substances, is common in pathological conditions such as cerebral ischemia, inflammation, trauma, and tumors. The leakage of BBB after ischemia-reperfusion injury has long been considered to be biphasic, although a considerable amount of discrepancies as for the timing of the second opening does exist among the studies. This led us to evaluate systematically and quantitatively the dynamics of BBB leakage in a rat model of 90-min ischemia-reperfusion, using gadolinium-enhanced (small molecule) magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescent dye Evans Blue (large molecule). BBB leakage was assessed at the following time points after reperfusion: 25 min, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. We observed BBB leakage for both gadolinium and Evans Blue as early as 25 min after reperfusion. Thereafter, BBB remained open for up to 3 weeks for Evans Blue and up to 5 weeks for gadolinium. Our results show that BBB leakage after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat is continuous and long-lasting, without any closure up to several weeks. This is the first systematic and extensive study fully demonstrating BBB leakage dynamics following transient brain ischemia and the findings are of major clinical and experimental interest.
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Cucullo L, Couraud PO, Weksler B, Romero IA, Hossain M, Rapp E, Janigro D. Immortalized human brain endothelial cells and flow-based vascular modeling: a marriage of convenience for rational neurovascular studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:312-28. [PMID: 17609686 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In evaluating drugs that enter or are excluded from the brain, novel pharmaceutical strategies are needed. For this reason, we have developed a humanized Dynamic In vitro Blood-Brain Barrier model (hDIV-BBB) based on a novel human brain vascular endothelial cell line (HCMEC/D3), which closely mimics the BBB in vivo. In this system, HCMEC/D3 was grown in the lumen of hollow microporous fibers and exposed to a physiological pulsatile flow. Comparison with well-established humanized DIV-BBB models (based on human brain and non-brain vascular endothelial cells co-cultured with abluminal astrocytes) demonstrated that HCMEC/D3 cells cultured under flow conditions maintain in vitro physiological permeability barrier properties of the BBB in situ even in the absence of abluminal astrocytes. Measurements of glucose metabolism demonstrated that HCMEC/D3 cells retain an aerobic metabolic pathway. Permeability to sucrose and two relevant central nervous system drugs showed that the HCMEC/D3 cells grown under dynamic conditions closely mimic the physiological permeability properties of the BBB in situ (slope=0.93). Osmotic disruption of the BBB was also successfully achieved. Peak BBB opening in the DIV-BBB lasted from 20 to 30 mins and was completely reversible. Furthermore, the sequence of flow cessation/reperfusion in the presence of leukocytes led to BBB failure as demonstrated by a biphasic decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance. Additionally, BBB failure was paralleled by the intraluminal release of proinflammatory factors (interleukin-6 and interleukin-1beta) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Pretreatment with ibuprofen (0.125 mmol/L) prevented BBB failure by decreasing the inflammatory response after flow cessation/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cucullo
- Division of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Lenz C, Rebel A, Waschke KF, Koehler RC, Frietsch T. Blood viscosity modulates tissue perfusion: sometimes and somewhere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:265-272. [PMID: 19122878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1778-428x.2007.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Each organ possesses specific properties for controlling microvascular perfusion. Such specificity provides an opportunity to design transfusion fluids that target thrombo-embolic or vasospasm-induced ischemia in a particular organ or that optimize overall perfusion from systemic shock. The role of viscosity in the design of these fluids might be underestimated, because viscosity is rarely monitored or considered in critical care decisions. Studies linking viscosity-dependent changes of microvascular perfusion to outcome-relevant data suggest that whole blood viscosity is negligible as a determinant of microvascular perfusion under physiological conditions when autoregulation is effective. Because autoregulation is driven to maintain oxygen supply constant, the organism will compensate for changes in blood viscosity to sustain oxygen delivery. In contrast, under pathological conditions in the brain and elsewhere, increases of overall viscosity should be avoided - including all the situations where vascular autoregulatory mechanisms are inoperative due to ischemia, structural damage or physiologic dysfunction. As latter conditions are not to identify with high certainty, the risks that accompany therapeutic correction of blood viscosity are outweighing the benefits. The ability to bedside monitor blood viscosity and to link changes in viscosity to outcome parameters in various clinical conditions would provide more solid foundation for evidence-based clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lenz
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Chen CH, Xue R, Zhang J, Li X, Mori S, Bhardwaj A. Effect of osmotherapy with hypertonic saline on regional cerebral edema following experimental stroke: a study utilizing magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocrit Care 2007; 7:92-100. [PMID: 17657661 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertonic saline (HS) solutions are increasingly being utilized as osmotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cerebral edema associated with brain injury from diverse etiologies. METHODS In a rat model of permanent focal ischemia, we (1) determined the effect of HS therapy on regional brain water content with T(1)- and T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (2) tested the hypothesis that HS therapy modulates the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the ischemic brain. RESULTS Halothane-anesthetized male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and at 6 hr post-MCAO were treated with either continuous intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline (NS) or 7.5% HS for 18 hr. While lesion size measured on T(2)-weighted imaging did not differ between NS (580 +/- 217 mm(3); mean +/- SD) and HS (460 +/- 86 mm(3)) treatments, there was a correlation between T(2) values and tissue water content as determined by wet-to-dry ratio in the caudoputamen (CP) complex of ischemic core (r = 0.612, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in T(1) values with treatment in the ischemic cortex (NS: 2.08 +/- 0.13; HS: 1.78 +/- 0.20) and CP complex (NS: 2.09 +/- 0.14; HS: 1.77 +/- 0.22), but there was no correlation between T(2) values and regional brain tissue water content in the peri-infarct regions and the non-ischemic hemisphere. There were significant differences in AQP4 protein expression in the ischemic hemisphere between NS and HS-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that (1) T(2)-weighted MRI imaging correlates with tissue water content in the ischemic core but not in the peri-infarct regions, and (2) attenuation of ischemia-evoked cerebral edema involves the modulation of AQP4 channels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
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Theilen H, Ragaller M, Koch T. [Hypertonic saline solution for reduction of intracranial pressure. Are there doubts?]. Anaesthesist 2007; 56:385-7. [PMID: 17370055 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-007-1160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osmotherapy, i.e. the intravenous administration of hyperosmolar solutions, is one of the mainstays of therapy for reduction of a pathologically increased intracranial pressure, in addition to analgosedation and raising the upper body of the patient. The administration of mannitol as a osmotherapeutic agent is, however, marred by considerable side-effects. A possible alternative is the use of hypertonic saline solution (NaCl). The advantages and disadvantages of this option are considered as well as points still in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Theilen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinik Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden.
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Toung TJK, Chen CH, Lin C, Bhardwaj A. Osmotherapy with hypertonic saline attenuates water content in brain and extracerebral organs. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:526-31. [PMID: 17205030 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000253309.44567.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because of their beneficial effects in patients with hemorrhagic shock and multiple-system trauma, hypertonic saline solutions are increasingly being used perioperatively for volume resuscitation. Although the anti-edema effects of hypertonic saline on brain are well documented in a variety of brain injury paradigms, its effects on the water content on other organs has not been studied rigorously. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a) hypertonic saline when given as an intravenous bolus and continuous infusion attenuates water content of small bowel, lung, and brain in rats without neuro-injury; and b) attenuation of stroke-associated increases in lung water is dependent on achieving a target serum osmolality. DESIGN Prospective laboratory animal study. SETTING Research laboratory in a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS Adult male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS In the first series of experiments, under controlled conditions of normoxia, normocarbia, and normothermia, spontaneously breathing, halothane-anesthetized (1.0-1.5%) adult male Wistar rats (280-320 g) were treated in a blinded randomized fashion with 7.5% hypertonic saline or 0.9% normal saline in a 8-mL/kg intravenous infusion for 3 hrs followed by a continuous intravenous infusion (1 mL/kg/hr) of 5% hypertonic saline or normal saline, respectively (n=10 each), for 48 hrs. A second group of rats were treated with continuous infusion only for 48 hrs of either 7.5% hypertonic saline or normal saline (1 mL/kg/hr) (n=10 each) without an intravenous bolus. Naïve rats served as controls (n=10). Tissue water content of small bowel, lung, and brain was determined by comparing the wet-to-dry ratios at the end of the experiment. In a second series of experiments, rats (n=94) were subjected to 2 hrs of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by the intraluminal occlusion technique. At 6 hrs following middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats were treated in a blinded randomized fashion with a continuous intravenous infusion of normal saline, 3% hypertonic saline, or 7.5% hypertonic saline for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. Surgical shams served as controls (n=7). Hypertonic saline was instituted as chloride/acetate mixture (50:50) in all experiments. Serum osmolality was determined at the end of the experiment in all animals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In rats without neuro-injury that received intravenous bolus followed by a continuous infusion, lung water content was significantly reduced with hypertonic saline (73.9+/-1.1%; 359+/-10 mOsm/L) (mean+/-sd) compared with normal saline treatment (76.1+/-0.53%; 298+/-4 mOsm/L) as was water content of small bowel (hypertonic saline, 69.1+/-5.8%; normal saline, 74.7+/-0.71%) and brain (hypertonic saline, 78.1+/-0.87%; normal saline, 79.2+/-0.38%) at 48 hrs. Stroke-associated increases in lung water content were attenuated with 7.5% hypertonic saline at all time points. There was a strong correlation between serum osmolality and attenuation of stroke-associated increases in lung water content (r=-.647) CONCLUSIONS Bowel, lung, and brain water content is attenuated with hypertonic saline when serum osmolality is >350 mOsm/L without adverse effect on mortality in animals with and without neuro-injury. Attenuation of water content of extracerebral organs with hypertonic saline treatment may have therapeutic implications in perioperative fluid management in patients with and without brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J K Toung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Frydenlund DS, Bhardwaj A, Otsuka T, Mylonakou MN, Yasumura T, Davidson KGV, Zeynalov E, Skare Ø, Laake P, Haug FM, Rash JE, Agre P, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Temporary loss of perivascular aquaporin-4 in neocortex after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13532-6. [PMID: 16938871 PMCID: PMC1557389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605796103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) pool in the perivascular astrocyte membranes has been shown to be critically involved in the formation and dissolution of brain edema. Cerebral edema is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in stroke. It is therefore essential to know whether the perivascular pool of AQP4 is up- or down-regulated after an ischemic insult, because such changes would determine the time course of edema formation. Here we demonstrate by quantitative immunogold cytochemistry that the ischemic striatum and neocortex show distinct patterns of AQP4 expression in the reperfusion phase after 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The striatal core displays a loss of perivascular AQP4 at 24 hr of reperfusion with no sign of subsequent recovery. The most affected part of the cortex also exhibits loss of perivascular AQP4. This loss is of magnitude similar to that of the striatal core, but it shows a partial recovery toward 72 hr of reperfusion. By freeze fracture we show that the loss of perivascular AQP4 is associated with the disappearance of the square lattices of particles that normally are distinct features of the perivascular astrocyte membrane. The cortical border zone differs from the central part of the ischemic lesion by showing no loss of perivascular AQP4 at 24 hr of reperfusion but rather a slight increase. These data indicate that the size of the AQP4 pool that controls the exchange of fluid between brain and blood during edema formation and dissolution is subject to large and region-specific changes in the reperfusion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didrik S. Frydenlund
- *Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders (WIRED), Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anish Bhardwaj
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Maria N. Mylonakou
- *Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders (WIRED), Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Øivind Skare
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Departments of
| | - Petter Laake
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Departments of
| | - Finn-Mogens Haug
- *Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders (WIRED), Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - John E. Rash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617; and
| | - Peter Agre
- **Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Ole P. Ottersen
- *Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders (WIRED), Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- *Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders (WIRED), Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
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