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Hu Z, Luo Y, Wu Y, Qin D, Yang F, Luo F, Lin Q. Extraction, structures, biological effects and potential mechanisms of Momordica charantia polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131498. [PMID: 38614167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. is a kind of vegetable with medicinal value. As the main component of the vegetable, Momordica charantia polysaccharides (MCPs) mainly consist of galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, rhamnose, mannose and the molecular weight range is 4.33 × 103-1.16 × 106 Da. MCPs have been found to have various biological activities in recent years, such as anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-brain injury, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammation. In this review, we systematically summarized the extraction methods, structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of MCPs. Especially MCPs modulate gut microbiota and cause the alterations of metabolic products, which can regulate different signaling pathways and target gene expressions to exert various functions. Meanwhile, the potential structure-activity relationships of MCPs were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for better development or modification of MCPs. Future researches on MCPs should focus on industrial extraction and molecular mechanisms. In East Asia, Momordica charantia L. is used as both food and medicine. It is not clear whether MCP has its unique biological effects. Further study on the difference between MCPs and other food-derived polysaccharides will be helpful to the development and potential application of Momordica charantia L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuomin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yidan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Feiyan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Qinlu Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
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Balkaya M, Dohare P, Chen S, Schober AL, Fidaleo AM, Nalwalk JW, Sah R, Mongin AA. Conditional deletion of LRRC8A in the brain reduces stroke damage independently of swelling-activated glutamate release. iScience 2023; 26:106669. [PMID: 37182109 PMCID: PMC10173736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) facilitate cell volume control and contribute to many other physiological processes. Treatment with non-specific VRAC blockers or brain-specific deletion of the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A is highly protective in rodent models of stroke. Here, we tested the widely accepted idea that the harmful effects of VRACs are mediated by release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. We produced conditional LRRC8A knockout either exclusively in astrocytes or in the majority of brain cells. Genetically modified mice were subjected to an experimental stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion). The astrocytic LRRC8A knockout yielded no protection. Conversely, the brain-wide LRRC8A deletion strongly reduced cerebral infarction in both heterozygous (Het) and full KO mice. Yet, despite identical protection, Het mice had full swelling-activated glutamate release, whereas KO animals showed its virtual absence. These findings suggest that LRRC8A contributes to ischemic brain injury via a mechanism other than VRAC-mediated glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Schober
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Antonio M. Fidaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W. Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander A. Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Corresponding author
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Ding R, Pan Y, Chen K, Zou T, Zhang A, Guo D, Ji P, Fan C, Ye B, Xiang M. Spatio-temporal pattern of c-Jun N-terminal kinase isoforms in the cochleae of C57BL/6J mice with presbycusis. Hear Res 2023; 434:108784. [PMID: 37172415 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is a vital component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, which regulates cell death and survival. The present study aimed to explore the Spatio-temporal changes in all JNK isoforms in the cochleae of C57/BL6J mice with age-related hearing loss. Changes in the three isoforms of JNKs in the cochleae of an animal model with presbycusis and the senescent HEI-OC1 cell line were tested by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Our results demonstrated that all three JNK isoforms are distributed in the cochleae, and the expression patterns of JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 differed in hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stria vascularis, with great significance in the cochleae of adult C57BL/6J mice. The levels of JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 showed various spatio-temporal changes in the aging mice. In a senescent hair cell model, changes in JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 expression levels were similar to those observed in the cochleae. Our study is the first to show that JNK3 is highly expressed in the hair cells of C57BL/6J mice and further increases in conjunction with age-related hearing loss, suggesting that it may play a more critical role than previously believed in hair cell loss and spiral ganglion degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyuan Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Andi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongye Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilin Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Tetorou K, Sisa C, Iqbal A, Dhillon K, Hristova M. Current Therapies for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic and Infection-Sensitised Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Damage. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:709301. [PMID: 34504417 PMCID: PMC8421799 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.709301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. The majority of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic cases arise as a result of impaired cerebral perfusion to the foetus attributed to uterine, placental, or umbilical cord compromise prior to or during delivery. Bacterial infection is a factor contributing to the damage and is recorded in more than half of preterm births. Exposure to infection exacerbates neuronal hypoxic-ischaemic damage thus leading to a phenomenon called infection-sensitised hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Models of neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) have been developed in different animals. Both human and animal studies show that the developmental stage and the severity of the HI insult affect the selective regional vulnerability of the brain to damage, as well as the subsequent clinical manifestations. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only clinically approved treatment for neonatal HI. However, the number of HI infants needed to treat with TH for one to be saved from death or disability at age of 18-22 months, is approximately 6-7, which highlights the need for additional or alternative treatments to replace TH or increase its efficiency. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of HI injury to the immature brain and the new experimental treatments studied for neonatal HI and infection-sensitised neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
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Chen K, Li N, Fan F, Geng Z, Zhao K, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tang C, Wang X, Meng X. Tibetan Medicine Duoxuekang Capsule Ameliorates High-Altitude Polycythemia Accompanied by Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680636. [PMID: 34045970 PMCID: PMC8144525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Duoxuekang (DXK) capsule is an empirical prescription for Tibetan medicine in the treatment of hypobaric hypoxia (HH)-induced brain injury in the plateau. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of DXK on HH-induced brain injury. Methods: UPLC–Q-TOF/MS was performed for chemical composition analysis of DXK. The anti-hypoxia and anti-fatigue effects of DXK were evaluated by the normobaric hypoxia test, sodium nitrite toxicosis test, and weight-loaded swimming test in mice. Simultaneously, SD rats were used for the chronic hypobaric hypoxia (CHH) test. RBC, HGB, HCT, and the whole blood viscosity were evaluated. The activities of SOD and MDA in the brain, and EPO and LDH levels in the kidney were detected using ELISA. H&E staining was employed to observe the pathological morphology in the hippocampus and cortex of rats. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and Western blot were carried out to detect the protein expressions of Mapk10, RASGRF1, RASA3, Ras, and IGF-IR in the brain of rats. Besides, BALB/c mice were used for acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH) test, and Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK, and p-p38/p38 in the cerebral cortex of mice. Results: 23 different chemical compositions of DXK were identified by UPLC–Q-TOF/MS. The anti-hypoxia test verified that DXK can prolong the survival time of mice. The anti-fatigue test confirmed that DXK can prolong the swimming time of mice, decrease the level of LDH, and increase the hepatic glycogen level. Synchronously, DXK can decrease the levels of RBC, HGB, HCT, and the whole blood viscosity under the CHH condition. Besides, DXK can ameliorate CHH-induced brain injury, decrease the levels of EPO and LDH in the kidney, reduce MDA, and increase SOD in the hippocampus. Furthermore, DXK can converse HH-induced marked increase of Mapk10, RASGRF1, and RASA3, and decrease of Ras and IGF-IR. In addition, DXK can suppress the ratio of p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK, and p-p38/p38 under the HH condition. Conclusion: Together, the cerebral protection elicited by DXK was due to the decrease of hematological index, suppressing EPO, by affecting the MAPK signaling pathway in oxidative damage, and regulating the RAS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Fan
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - ZangJia Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kehui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Management, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ce Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Musi CA, Agrò G, Santarella F, Iervasi E, Borsello T. JNK3 as Therapeutic Target and Biomarker in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Brain Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102190. [PMID: 32998477 PMCID: PMC7600688 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is the JNK isoform mainly expressed in the brain. It is the most responsive to many stress stimuli in the central nervous system from ischemia to Aβ oligomers toxicity. JNK3 activity is spatial and temporal organized by its scaffold protein, in particular JIP-1 and β-arrestin-2, which play a crucial role in regulating different cellular functions in different cellular districts. Extensive evidence has highlighted the possibility of exploiting these adaptors to interfere with JNK3 signaling in order to block its action. JNK plays a key role in the first neurodegenerative event, the perturbation of physiological synapse structure and function, known as synaptic dysfunction. Importantly, this is a common mechanism in many different brain pathologies. Synaptic dysfunction and spine loss have been reported to be pharmacologically reversible, opening new therapeutic directions in brain diseases. Being JNK3-detectable at the peripheral level, it could be used as a disease biomarker with the ultimate aim of allowing an early diagnosis of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopment diseases in a still prodromal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alice Musi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Graziella Agrò
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Francesco Santarella
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Erika Iervasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.S.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-023-901-4469; Fax: +39-023-900-1916
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Dou X, Huang H, Jiang L, Zhu G, Jin H, Jiao N, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhang L. Rational modification, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potent and selective c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112445. [PMID: 32603981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) plays key roles in a wide range of diseases, including neurodegeneration diseases, inflammation diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Previously, we have identified a lead compound, (Z)-3-(2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2-oxoethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (J46), which contains a 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one core structure as a key fragment to inhibit JNK3. However, compound J46 displayed high DDR1 and EGFR (T790M, L858R) inhibition and poor physicochemical properties, especially clogD and water-solubility, in its biological studies. Herein, we optimized compound J46 by structure-based drug design and exploiting the selectivity and physicochemical properties of various warhead groups to obtain compound J46-37, which not only exhibited a potent inhibition against JNK3 but also showed more than 50-fold potency better than DDR1 and EGFR (T790M, L858R). Furthermore, the selectivity and structure-activity relationship of novel synthesized 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives were analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, compound J46-37, as a highly selective inhibitor of JNK3 with well physicochemical properties, is worth developing as therapies for the treatment of diseases related to JNK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huixia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guiwang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Hollville E, Romero SE, Deshmukh M. Apoptotic cell death regulation in neurons. FEBS J 2019; 286:3276-3298. [PMID: 31230407 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in shaping the developing nervous system during embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post-mitotic neurons. However, once neurons are incorporated into functional circuits and become mature, they greatly restrict their capacity to die via apoptosis, thus allowing the mature nervous system to persist in a healthy and functional state throughout life. This robust restriction of the apoptotic pathway during neuronal differentiation and maturation is defined by multiple unique mechanisms that function to more precisely control and restrict the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, while these mechanisms are necessary for neuronal survival, mature neurons are still capable of activating the apoptotic pathway in certain pathological contexts. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms governing the survival of post-mitotic neurons, while also detailing the physiological and pathological contexts in which neurons are capable of overcoming this high apoptotic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selena E Romero
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, USA
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Vahidinia Z, Azami Tameh A, Nejati M, Beyer C, Talaei SA, Etehadi Moghadam S, Atlasi MA. The protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of ischemic stroke via reducing the C-Jun N-terminal kinase expression. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152519. [PMID: 31272760 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the main cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Apoptosis and inflammation have an important role in ischemic brain injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have protective effects on stroke treatment due to anti-inflammatory properties. The inhibition of the C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway may be one of the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of MSCs in ischemic brain injury. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups. Except the sham group, others subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Bone marrow MSCs or saline were injected 3 h after tMCAO. Sensorimotor behavioral tests were performed 24 and 72 h after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The rats were sacrificed 72 h after I/R and infarct volume was measured by TTC staining. The number of apoptotic neurons and astrocytes in the peri-infarct area was assessed by TUNEL assay. The morphology of cells was checked by Nissl staining, and the expression of p-JNK was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Behavioral scores were improved and infarct volume was reduced by MSCs 24 h and 72 h after tMCAO. TUNEL assay showed that neuronal apoptosis and astroglial activity in the penumbra region were reduced by MSCs. Also, Nissl staining showed lower neuronal apoptosis in BMSCs-treated rats compared to controls. JNK phosphorylation which was profoundly induced by ischemia was significantly decreased after MSCs treatment. We concluded that anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs therapy after brain ischemia may be associated with the down-regulation of p-JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vahidinia
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Nejati
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Sisa C, Kholia S, Naylor J, Herrera Sanchez MB, Bruno S, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Inal JM, Lange S, Hristova M. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Hypoxia-Ischaemia Induced Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30941062 PMCID: PMC6433879 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult is a leading cause of disability and death in newborns, with therapeutic hypothermia being the only currently available clinical intervention. Thus there is a great need for adjunct and novel treatments for enhanced or alternative post-HI neuroprotection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have recently been shown to exhibit regenerative effects in various injury models. Here we present findings showing neuroprotective effects of MSC-derived EVs in the Rice–Vannucci model of severe HI-induced neonatal brain insult. Methods Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived EVs were applied intranasally immediately post HI-insult and behavioral outcomes were observed 48 h following MSC-EV treatment, as assessed by negative geotaxis. Brains were thereafter excised and assessed for changes in glial responses, cell death, and neuronal loss as markers of damage at 48 h post HI-insult. Results Brains of the MSC-EV treated group showed a significant decrease in microglial activation, cell death, and percentage tissue volume loss in multiple brain regions, compared to the control-treated groups. Furthermore, negative geotaxis test showed improved behavioral outcomes at 48 h following MSC-EV treatment. Conclusion Our findings highlight the clinical potential of using MSC-derived EVs following neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sisa
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jordan Naylor
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T, Incubator and Technology Transfer, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Extracellular Vesicle Research Unit and Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zheng J, Qi J, Zou Q, Zhang Z. Construction of PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticles and their protective role in hippocampal neuron apoptosis induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20108-20116. [PMID: 35541669 PMCID: PMC9080791 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00679b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) activation plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. However, to date, no specific interventions with good efficacy have been reported. Therefore, in this study, we constructed a PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticle and examined its effects on neuronal apoptosis in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen and glucose deprivation model, OGD model). Herein, three JNK3-specific siRNAs were designed and synthesized, and their effects on JNK mRNA transcription were investigated; the most efficacious JNK3-specific siRNA was selected for recombination of the GV107/JNK3-shRNA plasmid. The PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticle was constructed, and its surface characterizations were confirmed. The roles of PLGA/JNK3-shRNA in neuronal JNK3 mRNA transcription, protein expression and activation as well as cell apoptosis were examined in a rat hippocampal neuron OGD model and compared with those of Lipofectamine 2000-mediated JNK3-siRNA transfection. The recombinant plasmid GV107/JNK3-shRNA was successfully constructed using siRNA1928. The PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticles were prepared as a sphere with a complete shape and smooth surface. The particle was about 225.4 nm in diameter with an average drug loading of 36.9%. OGD can cause marked cell apoptosis, whereas PLGA/JNK3-shRNA exposure can partly inhibit apoptosis. Further analysis demonstrated that the levels of JNK3 mRNA and protein as well as their activation were suppressed by PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticles. Compared with JNK3-siRNA delivered by Lipofectamine-2000, PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticles induced more JNK3 mRNA and protein reduction and more anti-apoptotic effects. To conclude, the PLGA/JNK3-shRNA nanoparticles could achieve good effects on inhibiting JNK3 signaling and neuronal apoptosis, and their preparation was feasible. C-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) activation plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310012 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jianguo Qi
- Department of Neurology, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University 830000 Urumqi Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Quan Zou
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuxi 214000 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310012 Zhejiang Province China
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12
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Fahrenthold BK, Fernandes KA, Libby RT. Assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathway in excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4641. [PMID: 29545615 PMCID: PMC5854579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity leads to the activation of a cytotoxic cascade that causes neuronal death. In the retina, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die after an excitotoxic insult. Multiple pathways have been proposed to contribute to RGC death after an excitotoxic insult, including TNF signaling, JNK activation, and ER stress. To test the importance of these pathways in RGC death after excitotoxic injury, the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was intravitreally injected into mice deficient in components of these pathways. Absence of Tnf or its canonical downstream mediator, Bid, did not confer short- or long-term protection to RGCs. Despite known activation in RGCs and a prominent role in mediating RGC death after other insults, attenuating JNK signaling did not prevent RGC death after excitotoxic insult. Additionally, deficiency of the ER stress protein DDIT3 (CHOP), which has been shown to be involved in RGC death, did not lessen NMDA induced RGC death. Furthermore, absence of both Jun (JNK’s canonical target) and Ddit3, which together provide robust, long-term protection to RGC somas after axonal insult, did not lessen RGC death. Collectively, these results indicate that the drivers of excitotoxic injury remain to be identified and/or multiple cell death pathways are activated in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley K Fahrenthold
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Kimberly A Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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13
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Ciobanu O, Elena Sandu R, Tudor Balseanu A, Zavaleanu A, Gresita A, Petcu EB, Uzoni A, Popa‐Wagner A. Caloric restriction stabilizes body weight and accelerates behavioral recovery in aged rats after focal ischemia. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1394-1403. [PMID: 28961383 PMCID: PMC5676058 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hyperinsulinemia are risk factors for stroke. We tested the hypothesis that caloric restriction, which reduces the incidence of age‐related obesity and metabolic syndrome, may represent an efficient and cost‐effective strategy for preventing stroke and its devastating consequences. To this end, we placed aged, obese Sprague‐Dawley aged rats on a calorie‐restricted diet for 8 weeks prior to the experimental infarction. Stroke in this animal model caused a progressive decrease in weight that reached a minimum at day 6 for the young rats, and at day 10 for the aged, ad libitum‐fed rats. However, in aged animals that were calorie‐restricted prior to stroke, body weight did not decrease after stroke, but we noted accelerated body weight gain shortly thereafter starting at day 5 poststroke. Moreover, calorie‐restricted aged animals showed improved behavioral recovery in tasks requiring complex sensorimotor skills, or in tasks requiring cutaneous sensitivity and sensorimotor integration or spatial memory. Likewise, calorie‐restricted aged rats showed significant poststroke increases in serum glucose, insulin, and IGF1 levels, as well as CR‐specific changes in the expression of gene transcripts involved in glycogen metabolism, IGF signaling, apoptosis, arteriogenesis, and hypoxia. In conclusion, our study shows that recovery from stroke is enhanced in aged rats by a dietary regimen that reduces body weight prior to infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Neurobiology of Aging Group Craiova Romania
| | - Adrian Tudor Balseanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Neurobiology of Aging Group Craiova Romania
| | - Alexandra Zavaleanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Neurobiology of Aging Group Craiova Romania
| | - Andrei Gresita
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Neurobiology of Aging Group Craiova Romania
| | - Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- University Psychiatric Center Basel Switzerland
- Griffith University School of Medicine Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - Adriana Uzoni
- Department of Psychiatry Aging & Psychiatric Disorders Group University of Medicine Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Aurel Popa‐Wagner
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Neurobiology of Aging Group Craiova Romania
- Griffith University School of Medicine Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
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14
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Zhang T, Yang X, Liu T, Shao J, Fu N, Yan A, Geng K, Xia W. Adjudin-preconditioned neural stem cells enhance neuroprotection after ischemia reperfusion in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:248. [PMID: 29115993 PMCID: PMC5678778 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury. However, existing evidence has also challenged this therapy on its limitations, such as the difficulty for stem cells to survive after transplantation due to the unfavorable microenvironment in the ischemic brain. Herein, we have investigated whether preconditioning of NSCs with adjudin, a small molecule compound, could enhance their survivability and further improve the therapeutic effect for NSC-based stroke therapy. METHOD We aimed to examine the effect of adjudin pretreatment on NSCs by measuring a panel of parameters after their transplantation into the infarct area of ipsilateral striatum 24 hours after I/R in mice. RESULTS We found that pretreatment of NSCs with adjudin could enhance the viability of NSCs after their transplantation into the stroke-induced infarct area. Compared with the untreated NSC group, the adjudin-preconditioned group showed decreased infarct volume and neurobehavioral deficiency through ameliorating blood-brain barrier disruption and promoting the expression and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We also employed H2O2-induced cell death model in vitro and found that adjudin preconditioning could promote NSC survival through inhibition of oxidative stress and activation of Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study showed that adjudin could be used to precondition NSCs to enhance their survivability and improve recovery in the stroke model, unveiling the value of adjudin for stem cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxiang Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningzhen Fu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 211, Med-X Research Institute, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Keyi Geng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 211, Med-X Research Institute, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China
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15
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Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1067-1076. [PMID: 28939695 PMCID: PMC5652227 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia in term neonates affects 1–2/1000 live births and results in the development of hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy with devastating life-long consequences. The majority of neuronal cell death occurs with a delay, providing the potential of a treatment window within which to act. Currently, treatment options are limited to therapeutic hypothermia which is not universally successful. To identify new interventions, we need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the injury. Here, we provide an overview of the contribution of both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of neonatal brain injury and identify current preclinical therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Thornton C, Leaw B, Mallard C, Nair S, Jinnai M, Hagberg H. Cell Death in the Developing Brain after Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:248. [PMID: 28878624 PMCID: PMC5572386 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal insults such as hypoxia–ischemia induces secondary brain injury. In order to develop the next generation of neuroprotective therapies, we urgently need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to cell death. The cell death mechanisms have been shown to be quite different in the developing brain compared to that in the adult. The aim of this review is update on what cell death mechanisms that are operating particularly in the setting of the developing CNS. In response to mild stress stimuli a number of compensatory mechanisms will be activated, most often leading to cell survival. Moderate-to-severe insults trigger regulated cell death. Depending on several factors such as the metabolic situation, cell type, nature of the stress stimulus, and which intracellular organelle(s) are affected, the cell undergoes apoptosis (caspase activation) triggered by BAX dependent mitochondrial permeabilzation, necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like activation), necrosis (via opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore), autophagic cell death (autophagy/Na+, K+-ATPase), or parthanatos (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, apoptosis-inducing factor). Severe insults cause accidental cell death that cannot be modulated genetically or by pharmacologic means. However, accidental cell death leads to the release of factors (damage-associated molecular patterns) that initiate systemic effects, as well as inflammation and (regulated) secondary brain injury in neighboring tissue. Furthermore, if one mode of cell death is inhibited, another route may step in at least in a scenario when upstream damaging factors predominate over protective responses. The provision of alternative routes through which the cell undergoes death has to be taken into account in the hunt for novel brain protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masako Jinnai
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Physiology and Neuroscience, Perinatal Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Baburamani AA, Sobotka KS, Vontell R, Mallard C, Supramaniam VG, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Effect of Trp53 gene deficiency on brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12081-12092. [PMID: 28076846 PMCID: PMC5355327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can result in permanent life-long injuries such as motor and cognitive deficits. In response to cellular stressors such as hypoxia, tumor suppressor protein p53 is activated, potently initiating apoptosis and promoting Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Trp53 genetic inhibition on injury development in the immature brain following HI. HI (50 min or 60 min) was induced at postnatal day 9 (PND9) in Trp53 heterozygote (het) and wild type (WT) mice. Utilizing Cre-LoxP technology, CaMK2α-Cre mice were bred with Trp53-Lox mice, resulting in knockdown of Trp53 in CaMK2α neurons. HI was induced at PND12 (50 min) and PND28 (40 min). Extent of brain injury was assessed 7 days following HI. Following 50 min HI at PND9, Trp53 het mice showed protection in the posterior hippocampus and thalamus. No difference was seen between WT or Trp53 het mice following a severe, 60 min HI. Cre-Lox mice that were subjected to HI at PND12 showed no difference in injury, however we determined that neuronal specific CaMK2α-Cre recombinase activity was strongly expressed by PND28. Concomitantly, Trp53 was reduced at 6 weeks of age in KO-Lox Trp53 mice. Cre-Lox mice subjected to HI at PND28 showed no significant difference in brain injury. These data suggest that p53 has a limited contribution to the development of injury in the immature/juvenile brain following HI. Further studies are required to determine the effect of p53 on downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina S Sobotka
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Vontell
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veena G Supramaniam
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Yamasaki T, Deki-Arima N, Kaneko A, Miyamura N, Iwatsuki M, Matsuoka M, Fujimori-Tonou N, Okamoto-Uchida Y, Hirayama J, Marth JD, Yamanashi Y, Kawasaki H, Yamanaka K, Penninger JM, Shibata S, Nishina H. Age-dependent motor dysfunction due to neuron-specific disruption of stress-activated protein kinase MKK7. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7348. [PMID: 28779160 PMCID: PMC5544763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and controls various physiological processes including apoptosis. A specific upstream activator of JNKs is the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7). It has been reported that MKK7-JNK signaling plays an important regulatory role in neural development, however, post-developmental functions in the nervous system have not been elucidated. In this study, we generated neuron-specific Mkk7 knockout mice (MKK7 cKO), which impaired constitutive activation of JNK in the nervous system. MKK7 cKO mice displayed impaired circadian behavioral rhythms and decreased locomotor activity. MKK7 cKO mice at 8 months showed motor dysfunctions such as weakness of hind-limb and gait abnormality in an age-dependent manner. Axonal degeneration in the spinal cord and muscle atrophy were also observed, along with accumulation of the axonal transport proteins JNK-interacting protein 1 and amyloid beta precursor protein in the brains and spinal cords of MKK7 cKO mice. Thus, the MKK7-JNK signaling pathway plays important roles in regulating circadian rhythms and neuronal maintenance in the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiwa Yamasaki
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Norie Deki-Arima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Asahito Kaneko
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Miyamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mamiko Iwatsuki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuoka
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimori-Tonou
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jamey D Marth
- Center for Nanomedicine, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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19
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Leaw B, Nair S, Lim R, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondria, Bioenergetics and Excitotoxicity: New Therapeutic Targets in Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:199. [PMID: 28747873 PMCID: PMC5506196 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the fragile immature brain is implicated in the manifestation of long-term neurological disorders, including childhood disability such as cerebral palsy, learning disability and behavioral disorders. Advancements in perinatal practice and improved care mean the majority of infants suffering from perinatal brain injury will survive, with many subtle clinical symptoms going undiagnosed until later in life. Hypoxic-ischemia is the dominant cause of perinatal brain injury, and constitutes a significant socioeconomic burden to both developed and developing countries. Therapeutic hypothermia is the sole validated clinical intervention to perinatal asphyxia; however it is not always neuroprotective and its utility is limited to developed countries. There is an urgent need to better understand the molecular pathways underlying hypoxic-ischemic injury to identify new therapeutic targets in such a small but critical therapeutic window. Mitochondria are highly implicated following ischemic injury due to their roles as the powerhouse and main energy generators of the cell, as well as cell death processes. While the link between impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and secondary energy failure following loss of high-energy phosphates is well established after hypoxia-ischemia (HI), there is emerging evidence that the roles of mitochondria in disease extend far beyond this. Indeed, mitochondrial turnover, including processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, fission and mitophagy, affect recovery of neurons after injury and mitochondria are involved in the regulation of the innate immune response to inflammation. This review article will explore these mitochondrial pathways, and finally will summarize past and current efforts in targeting these pathways after hypoxic-ischemic injury, as a means of identifying new avenues for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University ClaytonClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Guha I, Slamova I, Chun S, Clegg A, Golos M, Thrasivoulou C, Simons JP, Al-Shawi R. The effects of short-term JNK inhibition on the survival and growth of aged sympathetic neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:138-48. [PMID: 27490965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the course of normal aging, certain populations of nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive neurons become selectively vulnerable to cell death. Studies using dissociated neurons isolated from neonates have shown that c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are important in regulating the survival and neurite outgrowth of NGF-responsive sympathetic neurons. Unlike neonatal neurons, adult sympathetic neurons are not dependent on NGF for their survival. Moreover, the NGF precursor, proNGF, is neurotoxic for aging but not young adult NGF-responsive neurons. Because of these age-related differences, the effects of JNK inhibition on the survival and growth of sympathetic neurons isolated from aged mice were studied. Aged neurons, as well as glia, were found to be dependent on JNK for their growth but not their survival. Conversely, proNGF neurotoxicity was JNK-dependent and mediated by the p75-interacting protein NRAGE, whereas neurite outgrowth was independent of NRAGE. These results have implications for the potential use of JNK inhibitors as therapies for ameliorating age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Guha
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Ivana Slamova
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Soyon Chun
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Arthur Clegg
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Michal Golos
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Chris Thrasivoulou
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Paul Simons
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
| | - Raya Al-Shawi
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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21
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Wang CP, Shi YW, Tang M, Zhang XC, Gu Y, Liang XM, Wang ZW, Ding F. Isoquercetin Ameliorates Cerebral Impairment in Focal Ischemia Through Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Primary Culture of Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Hippocampal CA1 Region of Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2126-2142. [PMID: 26924319 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major disability and cause of death worldwide due to its narrow therapeutic time window. Neuroprotective agent is a promising strategy to salvage acutely ischemic brain tissue and extend the therapeutic time window for stroke treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin in (1) primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons exposure on oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and (2) rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. The results showed that isoquercetin post-treatment reduced the infarct size, number of apoptotic cells, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response after ischemia and reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanism study indicated that the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin were elicited via suppressing the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-1; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. In addition, isoquercetin also effectively alleviated hippocampus neuron apoptosis by regulation of cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Our report provided new considerations into the therapeutic action and the underlying mechanisms of isoquercetin to improve brain injury in individuals who have suffered from ischemic stroke. As a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compound with neuroprotective capacities, the beneficial effects of isoquercetin when used to treat ischemic stroke and related diseases in humans warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Mohammadi M, Guan J, Khodagholi F, Yans A, Khalaj S, Gholami M, Taghizadeh GH, Aliaghaei A, Abdollahi M, Ghahremani MH, Sharifzadeh M. Reduction of autophagy markers mediated protective effects of JNK inhibitor and bucladesine on memory deficit induced by Aβ in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:501-10. [PMID: 26899864 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of self-degradation of cellular components, has an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of SP600125 as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor and bucladesine as a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) analog on spatial memory and expression of autophagic factors in Aβ-injected rats. Male Wistar rats were used. Rats were randomly allocated into five groups as following: amyloid beta (Aβ)-only group, Aβ + SP600125 (30 μg/1 μ/side, n = 7) and/or bucladesine (100 μM/1 μl/side, n = 7), and the normal control (vehicle only) group. The treatments were administered bilaterally to the CA1 sub-region of the hippocampus stereotaxically. Spatial reference memory was performed using Morris Water Maze 21 days later. The expression of authophagy markers (beclin1, Atg7, Atg12, and LC3 II/LC3 I) in the hippocampus was evaluated using western blotting. Compared to the vehicle group, Aβ administration reduced spatial reference learning (P < 0.001) and memory (P < 0.01) and upregulated the expression of beclin1, Atg7, Atg12, and LC3 II/I (P < 0.0001). Compare to Aβ-only group, the administration of SP600125 and/or bucladesine improved spatial reference learning (P < 0.001) and memory (P < 0.01). Compared to the Aβ-only group, the treatment with SP600125 and/or bucladesine also reduced beclin1, Atg7, Atg12, and LC3 II/I (P < 0.0001) which was similar to amount of normal rats. In summary, it seems that the improvement of spatial memory by SP600125 and/or bucladesine in Aβ-injected rats is in relation with normalizing of autophagy to the physiologic level, possibly through neuroprotection and/or neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Guan
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.,Gravida National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Centre, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Yans
- Neuroscience Research Centre, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Centre, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Khalaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Gholami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - G H Taghizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Aliaghaei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - M H Ghahremani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Lange S. Peptidylarginine Deiminases as Drug Targets in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 26941709 PMCID: PMC4761975 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation and infection are major causes of perinatal brain injury leading to cerebral palsy and other neurological disabilities. The identification of novel key factors mediating white and gray matter damage are crucial to allow better understanding of the specific contribution of different cell types to the injury processes and pathways for clinical intervention. Recent studies in the Rice-Vannucci mouse model of neonatal hypoxic ischemia (HI) have highlighted novel roles for calcium-regulated peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and demonstrated neuroprotective effects of pharmacological PAD inhibition following HI and synergistic infection mimicked by lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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24
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Hoque A, Hossain MI, Ameen SS, Ang CS, Williamson N, Ng DCH, Chueh AC, Roulston C, Cheng HC. A beacon of hope in stroke therapy-Blockade of pathologically activated cellular events in excitotoxic neuronal death as potential neuroprotective strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:159-79. [PMID: 26899498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, a pathological process caused by over-stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, is a major cause of neuronal loss in acute and chronic neurological conditions such as ischaemic stroke, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Effective neuroprotective drugs to reduce excitotoxic neuronal loss in patients suffering from these neurological conditions are urgently needed. One avenue to achieve this goal is to clearly define the intracellular events mediating the neurotoxic signals originating from the over-stimulated glutamate receptors in neurons. In this review, we first focus on the key cellular events directing neuronal death but not involved in normal physiological processes in the neurotoxic signalling pathways. These events, referred to as pathologically activated events, are potential targets for the development of neuroprotectant therapeutics. Inhibitors blocking some of the known pathologically activated cellular events have been proven to be effective in reducing stroke-induced brain damage in animal models. Notable examples are inhibitors suppressing the ion channel activity of neurotoxic glutamate receptors and those disrupting interactions of specific cellular proteins occurring only in neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell death. Among them, Tat-NR2B9c and memantine are clinically effective in reducing brain damage caused by some acute and chronic neurological conditions. Our second focus is evaluation of the suitability of the other inhibitors for use as neuroprotective therapeutics. We also discuss the experimental approaches suitable for bridging our knowledge gap in our current understanding of the excitotoxic signalling mechanism in neurons and discovery of new pathologically activated cellular events as potential targets for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaqul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Sadia Ameen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Dominic C H Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Anderly C Chueh
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Carli Roulston
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
Obesity is a new global pandemic, with growing incidence and prevalence. This disease is associated with increased risk of several pathologies, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The mechanisms underlying obesity-associated metabolic changes are the focus of efforts to identify new therapies. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), including cJun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38, are required for cellular responses to metabolic stress and therefore might contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. Tissue-specific knockout models support a cell-type-specific role for JNK isoforms, in particular JNK1, highlighting its importance in cell homeostasis and organ crosstalk. However, more efforts are needed to elucidate the specific roles of other JNK isoforms and p38 family members in metabolism and obesity. This review provides an overview of the role of SAPKs in the regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Manieri
- Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Perinatal brain damage: The term infant. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:102-12. [PMID: 26409031 PMCID: PMC4915441 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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27
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Pirianov G, MacIntyre DA, Lee Y, Waddington SN, Terzidou V, Mehmet H, Bennett PR. Specific inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase delays preterm labour and reduces mortality. Reproduction 2015; 150:269-77. [PMID: 26183892 PMCID: PMC4982111 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preterm labour (PTL) is commonly associated with infection and/or inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from different bacteria can be used to independently or mutually activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/AP1- or NF-κB-driven inflammatory pathways that lead to PTL. Previous studies using Salmonella abortus LPS, which activates both JNK/AP-1 and NF-κB, showed that selective inhibition of NF-κB delays labour and improves pup outcome. Where labour is induced using Escherichia coli LPS (O111), which upregulates JNK/AP-1 but not NF-κB, inhibition of JNK/AP-1 activation also delays labour. In this study, to determine the potential role of JNK as a therapeutic target in PTL, we investigated the specific contribution of JNK signalling to S. Abortus LPS-induced PTL in mice. Intrauterine administration of S. Abortus LPS to pregnant mice resulted in the activation of JNK in the maternal uterus and fetal brain, upregulation of pro-inflammatory proteins COX-2, CXCL1, and CCL2, phosphorylation of cPLA2 in myometrium, and induction of PTL. Specific inhibition of JNK by co-administration of specific D-JNK inhibitory peptide (D-JNKI) delayed LPS-induced preterm delivery and reduced fetal mortality. This is associated with inhibition of myometrial cPLA2 phosphorylation and proinflammatory proteins synthesis. In addition, we report that D-JNKI inhibits the activation of JNK/JNK3 and caspase-3, which are important mediators of neural cell death in the neonatal brain. Our data demonstrate that specific inhibition of TLR4-activated JNK signalling pathways has potential as a therapeutic approach in the management of infection/inflammation-associated PTL and prevention of the associated detrimental effects to the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisha Pirianov
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Yun Lee
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Vasso Terzidou
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Huseyin Mehmet
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Imperial College Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UKGene Transfer Technology GroupInstitute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UKProteostasis Therapeutics 200 Technology SquareSuite 402, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USADepartment of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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28
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Jiang M, Li J, Peng Q, Liu Y, Liu W, Luo C, Peng J, Li J, Yung KKL, Mo Z. Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:167. [PMID: 25256700 PMCID: PMC4189683 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are implicated in inflammatory and apoptotic processes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hence, MAPK pathways represent a promising therapeutic target. Exploring the full potential of inhibitors of MAPK pathways is a useful therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Bilobalide, a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties, which are closely related to both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We investigated the neuroprotective roles of bilobalide in the models of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, we attempted to confirm the hypothesis that its protection effect is via modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and MAPK pathways. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Bilobalide was administered intraperitoneally 60 min before induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, and brain edema were assessed. Ischemic penumbrae of the cerebral cortex were harvested to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK concentration. Similarly, the influence of bilobalide on the expression of nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK was also observed in an OGD/R in vitro model of I/R injury. RESULTS Pretreatment with bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, brain edema, and concentrations of MDA, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly down-regulated both p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK expression, whereas they had no effect on p-ERK1/2 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Supporting these observations in vivo, pretreatment with bilobalide (50, 100 μM) significantly down-regulated nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK expression, but did not change p-ERK1/2 expression in rat cortical neurons after OGD/R injury. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral I/R injury are associated with its inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.
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29
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Cheng YL, Choi Y, Seow WL, Manzanero S, Sobey CG, Jo DG, Arumugam TV. Evidence that neuronal Notch-1 promotes JNK/c-Jun activation and cell death following ischemic stress. Brain Res 2014; 1586:193-202. [PMID: 25168760 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a highly conserved pathway that regulates cell fate decisions during embryonic development. We have recently identified that in ischemic stroke, activity of γ-secretase and the resulting Notch activation may endanger neurons by modulating NF-κB and HIF-1α pathways. Notch signaling can also modulate MAPK-related pathways. However, the role of γ-secretase-mediated Notch signaling in activating MAPK following ischemic stroke has not been investigated. We used control and NICD1-overexpressing HEK and SH-SY5Y cell lines, and inhibitors of γ-secretase and JNK, to explore novel roles of Notch in modulating cell death following ischemic stress in vitro. Our findings indicate that expression of NICD1, JNK/cJun, p38-MAPK and the pro-apoptotic marker, cleaved caspase-3, increased during ischemic conditions. γ-Secretase inhibitors reduced ischemia-induced increase in NICD1 and JNK/p-cJun. Furthermore, NICD overexpression augmented JNK/cJun levels and cell death under these conditions. These results suggest that Notch signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, in part by promoting JNK/cJun signaling. These results provide further support for the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Lun Seow
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Silvia Manzanero
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Lange S, Rocha-Ferreira E, Thei L, Mawjee P, Bennett K, Thompson PR, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Peebles D, Hristova M, Raivich G. Peptidylarginine deiminases: novel drug targets for prevention of neuronal damage following hypoxic ischemic insult (HI) in neonates. J Neurochem 2014; 130:555-62. [PMID: 24762056 PMCID: PMC4185393 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic ischaemic (HI) injury frequently causes neural impairment in surviving infants. Our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still limited. Protein deimination is a post-translational modification caused by Ca+2-regulated peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of five isozymes that display tissue-specific expression and different preference for target proteins. Protein deimination results in altered protein conformation and function of target proteins, and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, gene regulation and autoimmunity. In this study, we used the neonatal HI and HI/infection [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation] murine models to investigate changes in protein deimination. Brains showed increases in deiminated proteins, cell death, activated microglia and neuronal loss in affected brain areas at 48 h after hypoxic ischaemic insult. Upon treatment with the pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine, a significant reduction was seen in microglial activation, cell death and infarct size compared with control saline or LPS-treated animals. Deimination of histone 3, a target protein of the PAD4 isozyme, was increased in hippocampus and cortex specifically upon LPS stimulation and markedly reduced following Cl-amidine treatment. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for PAD enzymes in neural impairment in neonatal HI Encephalopathy, highlighting their role as promising new candidates for drug-directed intervention in neurotrauma. Hypoxic Ischaemic Insult (HI) results in activation of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) because of calcium dysregulation. Target proteins undergo irreversible changes of protein bound arginine to citrulline, resulting in protein misfolding. Infection in synergy with HI causes up-regulation of TNFα, nuclear translocation of PAD4 and change in gene regulation as a result of histone deimination. Pharmacological PAD inhibition significantly reduced HI brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Hagberg H, Mallard C, Rousset CI, Thornton C. Mitochondria: hub of injury responses in the developing brain. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:217-32. [PMID: 24457191 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the field of mitochondrial biology in the past few years has shown that mitochondrial activities go beyond bioenergetics. These new aspects of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology have important implications for the immature brain. A picture emerges in which mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, migration, and morphogenesis are crucial for brain development and synaptic pruning, and play a part in recovery after acute insults. Mitochondria also affect brain susceptibility to injury, and mitochondria-directed interventions can make the immature brain highly resistant to acute injury. Finally, the mitochondrion is a platform for innate immunity, contributes to inflammation in response to infection and acute damage, and participates in antiviral and antibacterial defence. Understanding of these new aspects of mitochondrial function will provide insights into brain development and neurological disease, and enable discovery and development of new strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine I Rousset
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Jia G, Kong R, Ma ZB, Han B, Wang YW, Pan SH, Li YH, Sun B. The activation of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase is required for dihydroartemisinin-induced autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:8. [PMID: 24438216 PMCID: PMC3901759 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) are strongly activated by a stressful cellular environment, such as chemotherapy and oxidative stress. Autophagy is a protein-degradation system in which double-membrane vacuoles called autophagosomes are formed. The autophagy-related gene Beclin 1 plays a key role in this process. We previously found that autophagy was induced by dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in pancreatic cancer cells. However, little is known about the complex relationship between ROS, JNK activation, autophagy induction, and Beclin 1 expression. Methods Cell viability and CCK-8 assays were carried out to determine the cell proliferation; small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to knockdown c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK1/2) genes; western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of LC3, JNK, Beclin 1, caspase 3 and β-actin; production of intracellular ROS was analyzed using FACS flow cytometry; autophagy induction was confirmed by electron microscopy. Results In the present study, we explored the role of DHA and Beclin 1 expression in autophagy. DHA-treated cells showed autophagy characteristics, and DHA also activated the JNK pathway and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1. Conversely, blocking JNK signaling inhibited Beclin 1 up-regulation. JNK activation was found to primarily depend on reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from the DHA treatment. Moreover, JNK pathway inhibition and Beclin 1 silencing prevented the induction of DHA-induced autophagy. Conclusions These results suggest that the induction of autophagy by DHA is required for JNK-mediated Beclin 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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The Impact of JNK on Neuronal Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:37-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Liu G, Song J, Guo Y, Wang T, Zhou Z. Astragalus injection protects cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and the expression of JNK3 after cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2013; 9:36. [PMID: 24083559 PMCID: PMC3850702 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalus is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and has been proven beneficial for many aspects of human health. It is important to explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of astragalus injection in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. METHODS The focal cerebral ischemic model with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion was established by Longa's method in healthy adult male Wistar rats, and treated by injecting intraperitoneally astragalus injection (3 ml/kg). The neurobehavioral function of rats was evaluated by Longa's test. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and the cerebral infarct volume was calculated by tetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain. The shape and structure of neurons in parahippocampal area was observed by HE stain and the neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry. The expressions of c-jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assay and Western blotting respectively. RESULTS After treatment with astragalus injection, the expressions of JNK3 mRNA and protein reduced significantly, the number of neuronal apoptosis minus, the cerebral infarct volume shrink, the neuronal shape-structure and animal neurobehavioral function improved significantly than those in model rats. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that astragalus injection could inhibit neuronal apoptosis, reduce infarct volume and improve neurobehavioral function by down-regulating the expression of JNK3 gene after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jinming Song
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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Knockout of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 or 3 isoforms induces behavioural changes. Behav Brain Res 2013; 245:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ma Y, Lu C, Li C, Li R, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang X, Ding Z, Liu L. Overexpression of HSPA12B protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang H, Duan X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Huang M, Liu P, Wang R, Gao G, Zhou L, Feng Z, Zheng W. FoxO3a Negatively Regulates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation Through Inhibiting the Expression of Neurochondrin in PC12 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:24-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Haynes NE, Scott NR, Chen LC, Janson CA, Li JK, Lukacs CM, Railkar A, Tozzo E, Whittard T, Brown NF, Cheung AWH. Identification of an Adamantyl Azaquinolone JNK Selective Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:764-8. [PMID: 24900545 PMCID: PMC4025727 DOI: 10.1021/ml300175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-[4-((1S,2S,3R,5S,7S)-5-Hydroxyadamantan-2-ylcarbamoyl)benzyl]-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]naphthyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (4) was identified as a novel, druglike and selective quinolone pan JNK inhibitor. In this communication, some of the structure-activity relationship of the azaquinolone analogues leading to 4 is discussed. The focus is on how changes at the amide functionality affected the biochemical potency, cellular potency, metabolic properties, and solubility of this class of JNK inhibitors. Optimization of these properties led to the identification of the adamantyl analogue, 4. 4 achieved proof of mechanism in both rat and mouse TNF-α challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy-Ellen Haynes
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Nathan R. Scott
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Li C. Chen
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Cheryl A. Janson
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Jia Kui Li
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Christine M. Lukacs
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Aruna Railkar
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Effie Tozzo
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Toni Whittard
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Brown
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Adrian Wai-Hing Cheung
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.,
pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Metabolism, 340
Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
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Lee JY, Choi SY, Oh TH, Yune TY. 17β-Estradiol inhibits apoptotic cell death of oligodendrocytes by inhibiting RhoA-JNK3 activation after spinal cord injury. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3815-27. [PMID: 22700771 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A delayed oligodendrocyte cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to chronic demyelination of spared axons, leading to a permanent neurological deficit. Therefore, therapeutic approaches to prevent oligodendrocyte cell death after SCI should be considered. Estrogens are well known to have a broad neuroprotective effect, but the protective effect of estrogens on oligodendrocytes after injury is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that 17β-estradiol attenuates apoptosis of oligodendrocytes by inhibiting RhoA and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase activation after SCI. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β were expressed in oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord, and 17β-estradiol treatment significantly inhibited oligodendrocyte cell death at 7 d after injury as compared with vehicle (cyclodextrin) control. 17β-Estradiol also attenuated caspase-3 and -9 activation at 7 d and reduced the loss of axons from progressive degeneration. In addition, 17β-estradiol inhibited RhoA and JNK3 activation, which were activated and peaked at 3 and/or 5 d after injury. Furthermore, administration of Rho inhibitor, PEP-1-C3 exoenzyme, inhibited RhoA and JNK3 activation, and decreased phosphorylated c-Jun level at 5 d after injury. Additionally, the attenuation of RhoA and JNK3 activation as well as oligodendrocyte cell death by 17β-estradiol was reversed by ER antagonist, ICI182780. Our results thus indicate that 17β-estradiol treatment improves functional recovery after SCI in part by reducing oligodendrocyte cell death via inhibition of RhoA and JNK3 activation, which were ER dependent. Furthermore, improvement of hindlimb motor function by posttreatment of 17β-estradiol suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Y Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Medical Building 10th Floor, Dongdaemun-gu, Hoegi-dong 1, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Wang LW, Tu YF, Huang CC, Ho CJ. JNK signaling is the shared pathway linking neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and oligodendroglial apoptosis in the white matter injury of the immature brain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:175. [PMID: 22805152 PMCID: PMC3414763 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter injury is the major form of brain damage in very preterm infants. Selective white matter injury in the immature brain can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitized hypoxic-ischemia (HI) in the postpartum (P) day 2 rat pups whose brain maturation status is equivalent to that in preterm infants less than 30 weeks of gestation. Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and oligodendrocyte progenitor apoptosis may affect the susceptibility of LPS-sensitized HI in white matter injury. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are important stress-responsive kinases in various forms of insults. We hypothesized that LPS-sensitized HI causes white matter injury through JNK activation-mediated neuroinflammation, BBB leakage and oligodendroglial apoptosis in the white matter of P2 rat pups. METHODS P2 pups received LPS (0.05 mg/kg) or normal saline injection followed by 90-min HI. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to determine microglia activation, TNF-α, BBB damage, cleaved caspase-3, JNK and phospho-JNK (p-JNK), myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the cellular distribution of p-JNK. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to inhibit JNK activity. RESULTS P2 pups had selective white matter injury associated with upregulation of activated microglia, TNF-α, IgG extravasation and oligodendroglial progenitor apoptosis after LPS-sensitized HI. Immunohistochemical analyses showed early and sustained JNK activation in the white matter at 6 and 24 h post-insult. Immunofluorescence demonstrated upregulation of p-JNK in activated microglia, vascular endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and also showed perivascular aggregation of p-JNK-positive cells around the vessels 24 h post-insult. JNK inhibition by AS601245 or by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) significantly reduced microglial activation, TNF-α immunoreactivity, IgG extravasation, and cleaved caspase-3 in the endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and also attenuated perivascular aggregation of p-JNK-positive cells 24 h post-insult. The AS601245 or JNK antisense ODN group had significantly increased MBP and decreased GFAP expression in the white matter on P11 than the vehicle or scrambled ODN group. CONCLUSIONS LPS-sensitized HI causes white matter injury through JNK activation-mediated upregulation of neuroinflammation, BBB leakage and oligodendrocyte progenitor apoptosis in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Wan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 35 Hsiao-Tung Road, North District, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung-Hua Road, Yung-Kang Disctrict, 710, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tu
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 35 Hsiao-Tung Road, North District, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung, University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Ho
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung, University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
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Programmed Necrosis: A Prominent Mechanism of Cell Death following Neonatal Brain Injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:257563. [PMID: 22666585 PMCID: PMC3362209 DOI: 10.1155/2012/257563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia, neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury remains a common cause of developmental disability. Development of rational adjuvant therapies to hypothermia requires understanding of the pathways of cell death and survival modulated by HI. The conceptualization of the apoptosis-necrosis “continuum” in neonatal brain injury predicts mechanistic interactions between cell death and hydrid forms of cell death such as programmed or regulated necrosis. Many of the components of the signaling pathway regulating programmed necrosis have been studied previously in models of neonatal HI. In some of these investigations, they participate as part of the apoptotic pathways demonstrating clear overlap of programmed death pathways. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 is at the crossroads between types of cellular death and survival and RIP-1 kinase activity triggers formation of the necrosome (in complex with RIP-3) leading to programmed necrosis. Neuroprotection afforded by the blockade of RIP-1 kinase following neonatal HI suggests a role for programmed necrosis in the HI injury to the developing brain. Here, we briefly review the state of the knowledge about the mechanisms behind programmed necrosis in neonatal brain injury recognizing that a significant proportion of these data derive from experiments in cultured cell and some from in vivo adult animal models. There are still more questions than answers, yet the fascinating new perspectives provided by the understanding of programmed necrosis in the developing brain may lay the foundation for new therapies for neonatal HI.
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Ruff CA, Staak N, Patodia S, Kaswich M, Rocha-Ferreira E, Da Costa C, Brecht S, Makwana M, Fontana X, Hristova M, Rumajogee P, Galiano M, Bohatschek M, Herdegen T, Behrens A, Raivich G. Neuronal c-Jun is required for successful axonal regeneration, but the effects of phosphorylation of its N-terminus are moderate. J Neurochem 2012; 121:607-18. [PMID: 22372722 PMCID: PMC4491308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although neural c-Jun is essential for successful peripheral nerve regeneration, the cellular basis of this effect and the impact of c-Jun activation are incompletely understood. In the current study, we explored the effects of neuron-selective c-Jun deletion, substitution of serine 63 and 73 phosphoacceptor sites with non-phosphorylatable alanine, and deletion of Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 and 3 in mouse facial nerve regeneration. Removal of the floxed c-jun gene in facial motoneurons using cre recombinase under control of a neuron-specific synapsin promoter (junΔS) abolished basal and injury-induced neuronal c-Jun immunoreactivity, as well as most of the molecular responses following facial axotomy. Absence of neuronal Jun reduced the speed of axonal regeneration following crush, and prevented most cut axons from reconnecting to their target, significantly reducing functional recovery. Despite blocking cell death, this was associated with a large number of shrunken neurons. Finally, junΔS mutants also had diminished astrocyte and microglial activation and T-cell influx, suggesting that these non-neuronal responses depend on the release of Jun-dependent signals from neighboring injured motoneurons. The effects of substituting serine 63 and 73 phosphoacceptor sites (junAA), or of global deletion of individual kinases responsible for N-terminal c-Jun phosphorylation were mild. junAA mutants showed decrease in neuronal cell size, a moderate reduction in post-axotomy CD44 levels and slightly increased astrogliosis. Deletion of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 or JNK3 showed delayed functional recovery; deletion of JNK3 also interfered with T-cell influx, and reduced CD44 levels. Deletion of JNK2 had no effect. Thus, neuronal c-Jun is needed in regeneration, but JNK phosphorylation of the N-terminus mostly appears to not be required for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Ruff
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Inst Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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Shi GX, Andres DA, Cai W. Ras family small GTPase-mediated neuroprotective signaling in stroke. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2012; 11:114-37. [PMID: 21521171 DOI: 10.2174/187152411796011349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal cell death is one of the major causes of neuronal damage following stroke, and cerebral cells naturally mobilize diverse survival signaling pathways to protect against ischemia. Importantly, therapeutic strategies designed to improve endogenous anti-apoptotic signaling appear to hold great promise in stroke treatment. While a variety of complex mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke, the overall mechanisms governing the balance between cell survival and death are not well-defined. Ras family small GTPases are activated following ischemic insults, and in turn, serve as intrinsic switches to regulate neuronal survival and regeneration. Their ability to integrate diverse intracellular signal transduction pathways makes them critical regulators and potential therapeutic targets for neuronal recovery after stroke. This article highlights the contribution of Ras family GTPases to neuroprotective signaling cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family protein kinase- and AKT/PKB-dependent signaling pathways as well as the regulation of cAMP response element binding (CREB), Forkhead box O (FoxO) and hypoxiainducible factor 1(HIF1) transcription factors, in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Xian Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Liu Z, Xu J, Shen X, Lv C, Xu T, Pei D. CaMKII antisense oligodeoxynucleotides protect against ischemia-induced neuronal death in the rat hippocampus. J Neurol Sci 2012; 314:104-10. [PMID: 22036300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the assembly of the CaMKII·GluR6·PSD-95 signaling module, GluR6 serine phosphorylation and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) activation. A further aim was to determine the neuroprotective mechanism of CaMKII antisense ODNs against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced neuronal death in the rat hippocampus. CaMKII antisense ODNs were intracerebroventricularly infused to inhibit CaMKII expression once daily for 3 days prior to the induction of ischemia. Transient cerebral ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion were induced by four-vessel occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats as an animal model for transient cerebral I/R. The expression of related proteins was examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Neuronal death in the rat hippocampus was detected by histology and histochemistry. The results indicate that CaMKII antisense ODNs inhibit several of the processes that are normally induced by cerebral I/R, including CaMKII expression, increased CaMKII·GluR6·PSD-95 signaling module assembly, GluR6 serine phosphorylation and JNK3 activation. Alternatively, CaMKII antisense ODNs also exhibit a significant neuroprotective role against cerebral I/R-induced cell death. These results provide the first evidence that CaMKII antisense ODNs can exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R-induced cell death. The possible molecular mechanisms underlying this effect include 1) an inhibition of CaMKII expression and subsequent suppression of the assembly of the CaMKII·GluR6·PSD-95 signaling module, 2) GluR6 serine phosphorylation, and 3) reduced JNK3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi'an Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
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Choo AM, Geddes-Klein DM, Hockenberry A, Scarsella D, Mesfin MN, Singh P, Patel TP, Meaney DF. NR2A and NR2B subunits differentially mediate MAP kinase signaling and mitochondrial morphology following excitotoxic insult. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:506-16. [PMID: 22366650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are essential for neurotransmission and key mediators of synaptic signaling, but they can also trigger deleterious degenerative processes that lead to cell death. Growing evidence suggests that selective blockade of the heterogeneous subunits that comprise the NMDA receptor may enable better control of pharmacotherapies for treating neurological diseases and injuries. We investigated the relationship between NMDAR activation, MAPK signaling, and mitochondrial shape following an excitotoxic insult. NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDARs differentially mediated acute changes in cytosolic calcium, alterations in mitochondrial morphology, and phosphorylation of the MAPKs ERK and JNK. Activation of NR2A-containing NMDARs was associated with JNK phosphorylation that was neuroprotective in neuronal cultures subjected to excitotoxicity. In contrast, activation of NR2B-containing NMDARs triggered calcium accumulation in mitochondria that was strongly associated with mitochondrial swelling and neuronal cell death. Indeed, while blockade of NR2B-containing receptors was neuroprotective, this protection was lost when NR2A-initiated JNK phosphorylation was inhibited. Given the modest selectivity of the NR2A inhibitor, NVP-AAM077, the results highlight the significance of the relative, rather than absolute, activation of these two NMDA subtypes in modulating cell death pathways. Therefore, the balance between concurrent activation of NR2B-containing and NR2A-containing NMDARs dictates neuronal fate following excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Choo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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JNK2 and JNK3 are major regulators of axonal injury-induced retinal ganglion cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:393-401. [PMID: 22353563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The primary insult to RGCs in glaucoma is thought to occur to their axons as they exit the eye in the optic nerve head. However, pathological signaling pathways that exert central roles in triggering RGC death following axonal injury remain unidentified. It is likely that the first changes to occur following axonal injury are signal relay events that transduce the injury signal from the axon to the cell body. Here we focus on the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1-3) family, a signaling pathway implicated in axonal injury signaling and neurodegenerative apoptosis, and likely to function as a central node in axonal injury-induced RGC death. We show that JNK signaling is activated immediately after axonal injury in RGC axons at the site of injury. Following its early activation, sustained JNK signaling is observed in axonally-injured RGCs in the form of JUN phosphorylation and upregulation. Using mice lacking specific Jnk isoforms, we show that Jnk2 and Jnk3 are the isoforms activated in injured axons. Combined deficiency of Jnk2 and Jnk3 provides robust long-term protection against axonal injury-induced RGC death and prevents downregulation of the RGC marker, BRN3B, and phosphorylation of JUN. Finally, using Jun deficient mice, we show that JUN-dependent pathways are important for axonal injury-induced RGC death. Together these data demonstrate that JNK signaling is the major early pathway triggering RGC death after axonal injury and may directly link axon injury to transcriptional activity that controls RGC death.
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Diverse Roles of JNK and MKK Pathways in the Brain. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:459265. [PMID: 22496975 PMCID: PMC3307000 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) plays important roles in a broad range of physiological processes. JNK is controlled by two upstream regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 4 and MKK7, which are activated by various MAPKKKs. Studies employing knockout mice have demonstrated that the JNK signaling pathway is involved in diverse phenomena in the brain, regulating brain development and maintenance as well as animal metabolism and behavior. Furthermore, examination of single or combined knockout mice of Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3 has revealed both functional differences and redundancy among JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3. Phenotypic differences between knockouts of MKK4 and MKK7 have also been observed, suggesting that the JNK signaling pathway in the brain has a complex nature and is intricately regulated. This paper summarizes the functional properties of the major JNK signaling components in the developing and adult brain.
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Molecular mechanisms of neonatal brain injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:506320. [PMID: 22363841 PMCID: PMC3272851 DOI: 10.1155/2012/506320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal/neonatal brain injury is an important cause of neurological disability. Hypoxia-ischemia and excitotoxicity are considered important insults, and, in spite of their acute nature, brain injury develops over a protracted time period during the primary, secondary, and tertiary phases. The concept that most of the injury develops with a delay after the insult makes it possible to provide effective neuroprotective treatment after the insult. Indeed, hypothermia applied within 6 hours after birth in neonatal encephalopathy reduces neurological disability in clinical trials. In order to develop the next generation of treatment, we need to know more about the pathophysiological mechanism during the secondary and tertiary phases of injury. We review some of the critical molecular events related to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis during the secondary phase and report some recent evidence that intervention may be feasible also days-weeks after the insult.
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Song YJ, Zong ZM, Liu HZ, Mukasa R, Pei DS, Mou J, Wen XR, Liu ZA, Wei XY. Heme oxygenase-1 regulates the JNK signaling pathway through the MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 signaling module in brain ischemia injury. Brain Res 2012; 1429:1-8. [PMID: 22088822 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although previous researches indicated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a conspicuous role in neuronal injury induced by reperfusion following the brain ischemia, reasonable mechanisms for the role of HO-1 are not clear. In this work, we investigated whether HO-1 was involved in the regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and neuronal cell injury induced by the brain ischemia followed by reperfusion. Cobaltic protoporphyrin (CoPP), an activator of HO-1, was administrated to induce the overexpression of HO-1 by intracerebroventricular infusion 20 min before ischemia. The results showed that the combination of HO-1-mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), MLK3-mitogen-activated kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) and MKK7-JNK3 increased to a peak at 6h of reperfusion following 15 min of ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion in rats, and these effects were downregulated by CoPP. In addition, CoPP could inhibit the activation of JNK3, c-Jun and caspase-3. Furthermore, pretreatment with CoPP significantly increased the survival of neurons after 5 days of reperfusion. In contrast, all of the above effects of CoPP were reversed by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a selective inhibitor of HO-1. Our results suggested that HO-1 could protect neurons against brain ischemic injury by downregulating the JNK signaling pathway through the MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jian Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, PR China
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