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Huffman JE, Nicolas J, Hahn J, Heath AS, Raffield LM, Yanek LR, Brody JA, Thibord F, Almasy L, Bartz TM, Bielak LF, Bowler RP, Carrasquilla GD, Chasman DI, Chen MH, Emmert DB, Ghanbari M, Haessle J, Hottenga JJ, Kleber ME, Le NQ, Lee J, Lewis JP, Li-Gao R, Luan J, Malmberg A, Mangino M, Marioni RE, Martinez-Perez A, Pankratz N, Polasek O, Richmond A, Rodriguez BA, Rotter JI, Steri M, Suchon P, Trompet S, Weiss S, Zare M, Auer P, Cho MH, Christofidou P, Davies G, de Geus E, Deleuze JF, Delgado GE, Ekunwe L, Faraday N, Gögele M, Greinacher A, He G, Howard T, Joshi PK, Kilpeläinen TO, Lahti J, Linneberg A, Naitza S, Noordam R, Paüls-Vergés F, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, Rudan I, Ryan KA, Souto JC, van Rooij FJ, Wang H, Zhao W, Becker LC, Beswick A, Brown MR, Cade BE, Campbell H, Cho K, Crapo JD, Curran JE, de Maat MP, Doyle M, Elliott P, Floyd JS, Fuchsberger C, Grarup N, Guo X, Harris SE, Hou L, Kolcic I, Kooperberg C, Menni C, Nauck M, O'Connell JR, Orrù V, Psaty BM, Räikkönen K, Smith JA, Soria JM, Stott DJ, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Watkins H, Willemsen G, Wilson P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Blangero J, Boomsma D, Cox SR, Dehghan A, Eriksson JG, Fiorillo E, Fornage M, Hansen T, Hayward C, Ikram MA, Jukema JW, Kardia SL, Lange LA, März W, Mathias RA, Mitchell BD, Mook-Kanamori DO, Morange PE, Pedersen O, Pramstaller PP, Redline S, Reiner A, Ridker PM, Silverman EK, Spector TD, Völker U, Wareham N, Wilson JF, Yao J, Trégouët DA, Johnson AD, Wolberg AS, de Vries PS, Sabater-Lleal M, Morrison AC, Smith NL. Whole genome analysis of plasma fibrinogen reveals population-differentiated genetic regulators with putative liver roles. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.07.23291095. [PMID: 37398003 PMCID: PMC10312878 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.23291095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous regions associated with plasma fibrinogen levels in Europeans, yet missing heritability and limited inclusion of non-Europeans necessitates further studies with improved power and sensitivity. Compared with array-based genotyping, whole genome sequencing (WGS) data provides better coverage of the genome and better representation of non-European variants. To better understand the genetic landscape regulating plasma fibrinogen levels, we meta-analyzed WGS data from the NHLBI's Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program (n=32,572), with array-based genotype data from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium (n=131,340) imputed to the TOPMed or Haplotype Reference Consortium panel. We identified 18 loci that have not been identified in prior genetic studies of fibrinogen. Of these, four are driven by common variants of small effect with reported MAF at least 10% higher in African populations. Three ( SERPINA1, ZFP36L2 , and TLR10) signals contain predicted deleterious missense variants. Two loci, SOCS3 and HPN , each harbor two conditionally distinct, non-coding variants. The gene region encoding the protein chain subunits ( FGG;FGB;FGA ), contains 7 distinct signals, including one novel signal driven by rs28577061, a variant common (MAF=0.180) in African reference panels but extremely rare (MAF=0.008) in Europeans. Through phenome-wide association studies in the VA Million Veteran Program, we found associations between fibrinogen polygenic risk scores and thrombotic and inflammatory disease phenotypes, including an association with gout. Our findings demonstrate the utility of WGS to augment genetic discovery in diverse populations and offer new insights for putative mechanisms of fibrinogen regulation. Key Points Largest and most diverse genetic study of plasma fibrinogen identifies 54 regions (18 novel), housing 69 conditionally distinct variants (20 novel).Sufficient power achieved to identify signal driven by African population variant.Links to (1) liver enzyme, blood cell and lipid genetic signals, (2) liver regulatory elements, and (3) thrombotic and inflammatory disease.
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Williams PT. Quantile-specific heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentrations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262395. [PMID: 34995330 PMCID: PMC8741049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrinogen is a moderately heritable blood protein showing different genetic effects by sex, race, smoking status, pollution exposure, and disease status. These interactions may be explained in part by “quantile-dependent expressivity”, where the effect size of a genetic variant depends upon whether the phenotype (e.g. plasma fibrinogen concentration) is high or low relative to its distribution. Purpose Determine whether fibrinogen heritability (h2) is quantile-specific, and whether quantile-specific h2 could account for fibrinogen gene-environment interactions. Methods Plasma fibrinogen concentrations from 5689 offspring-parent pairs and 1932 sibships from the Framingham Heart Study were analyzed. Quantile-specific heritability from offspring-parent (βOP, h2 = 2βOP/(1+rspouse)) and full-sib regression slopes (βFS, h2 = {(1+8rspouseβFS)0.05–1}/(2rspouse)) were robustly estimated by quantile regression with nonparametric significance assigned from 1000 bootstrap samples. Results Quantile-specific h2 (±SE) increased with increasing percentiles of the offspring’s age- and sex-adjusted fibrinogen distribution when estimated from βOP (Ptrend = 5.5x10-6): 0.30±0.05 at the 10th, 0.37±0.04 at the 25th, 0.48±0.05 at the 50th, 0.61±0.06 at the 75th, and 0.65±0.08 at the 90th percentile, and when estimated from βFS (Ptrend = 0.008): 0.28±0.04 at the 10th, 0.31±0.04 at the 25th, 0.36±0.03 at the 50th, 0.41±0.05 at the 75th, and 0.50±0.06 at the 90th percentile. The larger genetic effect at higher average fibrinogen concentrations may contribute to fibrinogen’s greater heritability in women than men and in Blacks than Whites, and greater increase from smoking and air pollution for the FGB -455G>A A-allele. It may also explain greater fibrinogen differences between: 1) FGB -455G>A genotypes during acute phase reactions than usual conditions, 2) GTSM1 and IL-6 -572C>G genotypes in smokers than nonsmokers, 3) FGB -148C>T genotypes in untreated than treated diabetics, and LPL PvuII genotypes in macroalbuminuric than normoalbuminuric patients. Conclusion Fibrinogen heritability is quantile specific, which may explain or contribute to its gene-environment interactions. The analyses do not disprove the traditional gene-environment interpretations of these examples, rather quantile-dependent expressivity provides an alternative explanation that warrants consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Williams
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Genetic analysis of hsCRP in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223574. [PMID: 31622379 PMCID: PMC6797125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an important component of the innate immune response, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been identified which are associated with CRP levels, and Mendelian randomization studies have shown a positive association between SNPs increasing CRP expression and risk of colon cancer (but thus far not CVD). The effects of individual genetic variants often interact with the genetic background of a population and hence we sought to resolve the genetic determinants of serum CRP in a number of American Indian populations. Methods The Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) has serum CRP measurements from 2428 tribal members, recruited as large families from three regions of the United States. Microsatellite markers and MetaboChip defined SNP genotypes were incorporated into variance components, decomposition-based linkage and association analyses. Results CRP levels exhibited significant heritability (h2 = 0.33 ± 0.05, p<1.3 X 10−20). A locus on chromosome (chr) 6, near marker D6S281 (approximately at 169.6 Mb, GRCh38/hg38) showed suggestive linkage (LOD = 1.9) to CRP levels. No individual SNPs were found associated with CRP levels after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing (threshold <7.77 x 10−7), however, we found nominal associations, many of which replicate previous findings at the CRP, HNF1A and 7 other loci. In addition, we report association of 46 SNPs located at 7 novel loci on chromosomes 2, 5, 6(2 loci), 9, 10 and 17, with an average of 15.3 Kb between SNPs and all with p-values less than 7.2 X 10−4. Conclusion In agreement with evidence from other populations, these data show CRP serum levels are under considerable genetic influence; and include loci, such as near CRP and other genes, that replicate results from other ethnic groups. These findings also suggest possible novel loci on chr 6 and other chromosomes that warrant further investigation.
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Tantry US, Jeong YH, Navarese EP, Kubica J, Gurbel PA. Influence of genetic polymorphisms on platelet function, response to antiplatelet drugs and clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:447-62. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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C-reactive Protein among Community-Dwelling Hypertensives on Single-agent Antihypertensive Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:260-6. [PMID: 20161163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of antihypertensive therapy on C-reactive protein levels is largely unknown. METHOD We undertook a cross-sectional study of CRP levels among participants with primary hypertension on single-agent anti-hypertensive therapy in the community-based biracial Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy cohort. Linear regression models were used to assess the association of anti-hypertensive medication class with log-transformed C-reactive protein after adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, HMG-Co-A reductase inhibitor use, achieved blood pressure control (<140/90 mmHg), serum creatinine and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios. RESULTS There were 662 participants in the cohort taking single-agent therapy for hypertension. Median C-reactive protein levels differed across participants: 0.40 mg/dL for those on diuretics, 0.34 mg/dL on calcium channel blockers, 0.25 mg/dL on beta blockers and 0.27 mg/dL on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (p<0.001). With multivariable adjustment, the group on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors had a 20% lower mean CRP on average than the group on diuretics (p=0.044), differences between other medication classes were not apparent. Heart rate had a strong association with C-reactive protein (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Antihypertensive medication class may influence inflammation, particularly in patients on RAAS inhibitors.
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Between candidate genes and whole genomes: time for alternative approaches in blood pressure genetics. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:46-61. [PMID: 22161147 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure has a significant genetic component, but less than 3% of the observed variance has been attributed to genetic variants identified to date. Candidate gene studies of rare, monogenic hypertensive syndromes have conclusively implicated several genes altering renal sodium balance, and studies of essential hypertension have inconsistently implicated over 50 genes in pathways affecting renal sodium balance and other functions. Genome-wide linkage scans have replicated numerous quantitative trait loci throughout the genome, and over 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies. These studies provide considerable evidence that epistasis and other interactions play a role in the genetic architecture of blood pressure regulation, but candidate gene studies have limited scope to test for epistasis, and genome-wide studies have low power for both main effects and interactions. This review summarizes the genetic findings to date for blood pressure, and it proposes focused, pathway-based approaches involving epistasis, gene-environment interactions, and next-generation sequencing to further the genetic dissection of blood pressure and hypertension.
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Vohnout B, Gianfagna F, Lorenzet R, Cerletti C, de Gaetano G, Donati MB, Iacoviello L. Genetic regulation of inflammation-mediated activation of haemostasis: family-based approaches in population studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:857-861. [PMID: 20692137 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation and inflammation play a key role in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Candidate gene and genome wide association studies have identified potential specific genes that might have a causal role in these pathogenic processes. The analysis of quantitative traits is more powerful as they are closer to direct gene action than disease phenotypes. Thus linkage-based studies on extended families might be useful both to estimate the heritability and to map the genetic loci responsible for the regulation of the trait. Family-based studies may estimate high heritability for thrombosis and quantitative traits regarding both platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. Some specific loci relevant to thrombosis have been identified, with some of them showing a direct pleiotropic effect on the risk of thrombosis. Haemostasis factors can be activated by inflammatory stimuli. Fibrinogen level is genetically correlated with C-reactive protein levels with a link for both traits on chromosomes 12 and 21. Genes related to prostanoid biosynthesis, involved both in inflammation and thrombosis, show high heritability levels in both enzyme expression and prostanoid production. Considering that few large family-based linkage studies have as yet been performed on haemostasis and inflammation-related traits, additional studies are highly needed. We are performing a family-based linkage study on large pedigrees (750 subjects from 23 families with juvenile myocardial infarction and 31 control families), to identify genes responsible for quantitative traits involved in the pathway progressively going from inflammation to haemostasis, cell activation, thrombus formation and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vohnout
- Laboratory of Genetic and Environmental Epidemiology, Italy
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Five blood pressure loci identified by an updated genome-wide linkage scan: meta-analysis of the Family Blood Pressure Program. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:347-54. [PMID: 21151011 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preliminary genome-wide linkage analysis of blood pressure in the Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) was reported previously. We harnessed the power and ethnic diversity of the final pooled FBPP dataset to identify novel loci for blood pressure thereby enhancing localization of genes containing less common variants with large effects on blood pressure levels and hypertension. METHODS We performed one overall and 4 race-specific meta-analyses of genome-wide blood pressure linkage scans using data on 4,226 African-American, 2,154 Asian, 4,229 Caucasian, and 2,435 Mexican-American participants (total N = 13,044). Variance components models were fit to measured (raw) blood pressure levels and two types of antihypertensive medication adjusted blood pressure phenotypes within each of 10 subgroups defined by race and network. A modified Fisher's method was used to combine the P values for each linkage marker across the 10 subgroups. RESULTS Five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on chromosomes 6p22.3, 8q23.1, 20q13.12, 21q21.1, and 21q21.3 based on significant linkage evidence (defined by logarithm of odds (lod) score ≥3) in at least one meta-analysis and lod scores ≥1 in at least 2 subgroups defined by network and race. The chromosome 8q23.1 locus was supported by Asian-, Caucasian-, and Mexican-American-specific meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS The new QTLs reported justify new candidate gene studies. They may help support results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that fall in these QTL regions but fail to achieve the genome-wide significance.
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Shanker J, Kakkar VV. Implications of genetic polymorphisms in inflammation-induced atherosclerosis. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:30-7. [PMID: 21804639 PMCID: PMC2840586 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the mainstay of atherosclerosis and is an important governing factor at all stages of the disease process from lesion formation to plaque build-up and final end-stage rupture and thrombosis. An overview of the numerous clinico-epidemiological studies on the association between inflammatory gene polymorphisms and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its co-morbidities have shown that the risk associated with any single genotype is modest while the haplotypes, especially those defined on the basis of tag-SNP approach, have better coverage of the gene and show moderately higher impact on disease risk. Nevertheless, even these associations have been inconsistent with low cross-race repeatability. This has been attributed to many plausible causes such as clinical heterogeneity, sample selection criteria, variable genetic landscapes across different ethnic groups, confounding effect of co-morbidities etc. On the other hand, unbiased studies such as the family-based linkage and case-control based associations that have taken into account, thousands of genotypic markers spanning the whole genome, have had the ability to identify novel genetic loci for coronary artery disease. These studies have shown that many inflammatory genes are involved in the regulation of specific biomarkers of inflammation that collectively contribute to the disease-associated risk. In addition, there appears to be considerable cross talk between the different biochemical and metabolic processes. Therefore, consideration of all these factors can build towards an 'atherosclerotic bionetwork' that can refine our quest for developing a robust risk stratification tool for cardiovascular disease.
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Wu J, Pankow JS, Tracy RP, North KE, Myers RH, Feitosa ME, Province MA, Borecki IB. A QTL on 12q influencing an inflammation marker and obesity in white women: the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:525-31. [PMID: 19238141 PMCID: PMC4962615 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that obese individuals are intrinsically in a state of chronic inflammation, as indicated by positive correlations between serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and various anthropometric measures of obesity. To explore the hypothesis that a gene(s) may underlie this relationship, we conducted bivariate linkage analyses of BMI and CRP in white and African-American (AA) families of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study (FHS). Variance components linkage analysis as implemented in SOLAR was performed in 1,825 whites (840 men and 985 women) and 548 AAs (199 men and 351 women). CRP exhibited significant genetic correlations with BMI in women (0.54 +/- 0.10 for white and 0.53 +/- 0.14 for AA) and the combined samples (0.37 +/- 0.09 for white and 0.56 +/- 0.13 for AA), but not in men. We detected a maximum bivariate lod score of 3.86 on chromosome 12q24.2-24.3 at 139 cM and a suggestive linkage signal (lod = 2.19) on chromosome 19p13.1 (44 cM) in white women. Both bivariate peaks were substantially higher than their respective univariate lods at the same locus for each trait. No significant lod scores were detected in AAs. Our results indicate that chromosome 12q may harbor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) jointly regulating BMI and CRP in white women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Colchester, Vermont, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Colchester, Vermont, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, ChapelHill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Department of Neurology, Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary E. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Chasman DI, Paré G, Ridker PM. Population-Based Genomewide Genetic Analysis of Common Clinical Chemistry Analytes. Clin Chem 2009; 55:39-51. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Recent technologies enable genetic association studies of common clinical analytes on a genomewide basis in populations numbering thousands of individuals. The first publications using these technologies are already revealing novel biological functions for both genic and nongenic loci, and are promising to transform knowledge about the biological networks underlying disease pathophysiology. These early studies have also led to development of a set of principles for conducting a successful genomewide association study (GWAS).
Content: This review focuses on these principles with emphasis on the use of GWAS for plasma-based analytes to better understand human disease, with examples from cardiovascular biology.
Conclusions: The correlation of common genetic variation on a genomewide basis with clinical analytes, or any other outcome of interest, promises to reveal how parts of the genome work together in human physiology. Nonetheless, performing a genomewide association study demands an awareness of very specific epidemiologic and analytic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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Best LG, North KE, Li X, Palmieri V, Umans JG, MacCluer J, Laston S, Haack K, Goring H, Diego VP, Almasy L, Lee ET, Tracy RP, Cole S. Linkage study of fibrinogen levels: the Strong Heart Family Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:77. [PMID: 18700015 PMCID: PMC2518547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves both hemostatic and inflammatory mechanisms. Fibrinogen is associated with both risk of thrombosis and inflammation. A recent meta-analysis showed that risk of coronary heart disease may increase 1.8 fold for 1 g/L of increased fibrinogen, independent of traditional risk factors. It is known that fibrinogen levels may be influenced by demographic, environmental and genetic factors. Epidemiologic and candidate gene studies are available; but few genome-wide linkage studies have been conducted, particularly in minority populations. The Strong Heart Study has demonstrated an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in the American Indian population, and therefore represents an important source for genetic-epidemiological investigations. Methods The Strong Heart Family Study enrolled over 3,600 American Indian participants in large, multi-generational families, ascertained from an ongoing population-based study in the same communities. Fibrinogen was determined using standard technique in a central laboratory and extensive additional phenotypic measures were obtained. Participants were genotyped for 382 short tandem repeat markers distributed throughout the genome; and results were analyzed using a variance decomposition method, as implemented in the SOLAR 2.0 program. Results Data from 3535 participants were included and after step-wise, linear regression analysis, two models were selected for investigation. Basic demographic adjustments constituted model 1, while model 2 considered waist circumference, diabetes mellitus and postmenopausal status as additional covariates. Five LOD scores between 1.82 and 3.02 were identified, with the maximally adjusted model showing the highest score on chromosome 7 at 28 cM. Genes for two key components of the inflammatory response, i.e. interleukin-6 and "signal transducer and activator of transcription 3" (STAT3), were identified within 2 and 8 Mb of this 1 LOD drop interval respectively. A LOD score of 1.82 on chromosome 17 between 68 and 93 cM is supported by reports from two other populations with LOD scores of 1.4 and 1.95. Conclusion In a minority population with a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, strong evidence for a novel genetic determinant of fibrinogen levels is found on chromosome 7 at 28 cM. Four other loci, some of which have been suggested by previous studies, were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle G Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research Inc, Timber Lake, SD, USA.
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