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Retzinger AC, Retzinger GS. The Acari Hypothesis, IV: revisiting the role of hygiene in allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1415124. [PMID: 39055609 PMCID: PMC11270752 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1415124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergy and its manifestations were first appreciated in the 1870 s. Today, the mechanism by which specific substances elicit allergic reactions remains poorly understood. This is problematic from a healthcare perspective because the prevalence of allergic disease and its societal costs are substantial. Regarding mechanistic understanding of allergy, a new proposal, The Acari Hypothesis, has been forwarded. The Hypothesis, borne from consideration of alpha-gal syndrome, postulates that acarians, i.e., mites and ticks, are operative agents of allergy. By way of their pathogenic payloads and salivary pattern recognition receptor(s), acarians potentiate in human hosts the generation of IgE against acarian dietary elements. Those elements account for most, if not all, known human allergens. Inasmuch as acarian-human interactions occur on human epithelial surfaces, it is to be expected factors that influence the presence and/or operation of acarians on those surfaces influence the expression of allergic diseases. In this report, it is proposed that two adaptations of catarrhine primates, i.e., Old World monkeys, apes and humans, evolved to deter acarian species: firstly, the expansion of eccrine glands across the entirety of body surface area, and, secondly, the secretion of sweat by those glands. Contemporary hygienic practices that reduce and/or disrupt the operation of eccrine glands are likely responsible for the increase in allergic disease seen today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Retzinger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Camden Clark Medical Center, West Virginia University, Parkersburg, WV, United States
| | - Gregory S. Retzinger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Dong S, Li D, Shi D. Skin barrier-inflammatory pathway is a driver of the psoriasis-atopic dermatitis transition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1335551. [PMID: 38606161 PMCID: PMC11007107 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1335551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As chronic inflammatory conditions driven by immune dysregulation are influenced by genetics and environment factors, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have traditionally been considered to be distinct diseases characterized by different T cell responses. Psoriasis, associated with type 17 helper T (Th17)-mediated inflammation, presents as well-defined scaly plaques with minimal pruritus. AD, primarily linked to Th2-mediated inflammation, presents with poorly defined erythema, dry skin, and intense itching. However, psoriasis and AD may overlap or transition into one another spontaneously, independent of biological agent usage. Emerging evidence suggests that defects in skin barrier-related molecules interact with the polarization of T cells, which forms a skin barrier-inflammatory loop with them. This loop contributes to the chronicity of the primary disease or the transition between psoriasis and AD. This review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying skin barrier defects in driving the overlap between psoriasis and AD. In this review, the importance of repairing the skin barrier was underscored, and the significance of tailoring biologic treatments based on individual immune status instead of solely adhering to the treatment guidelines for AD or psoriasis was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitan Dong
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Dermatology/Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
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3
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Smythe P, Wilkinson HN. The Skin Microbiome: Current Landscape and Future Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043950. [PMID: 36835363 PMCID: PMC9963692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our skin is the largest organ of the body, serving as an important barrier against the harsh extrinsic environment. Alongside preventing desiccation, chemical damage and hypothermia, this barrier protects the body from invading pathogens through a sophisticated innate immune response and co-adapted consortium of commensal microorganisms, collectively termed the microbiota. These microorganisms inhabit distinct biogeographical regions dictated by skin physiology. Thus, it follows that perturbations to normal skin homeostasis, as occurs with ageing, diabetes and skin disease, can cause microbial dysbiosis and increase infection risk. In this review, we discuss emerging concepts in skin microbiome research, highlighting pertinent links between skin ageing, the microbiome and cutaneous repair. Moreover, we address gaps in current knowledge and highlight key areas requiring further exploration. Future advances in this field could revolutionise the way we treat microbial dysbiosis associated with skin ageing and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paisleigh Smythe
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Skin Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Holly N. Wilkinson
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Skin Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence:
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4
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Swaney MH, Nelsen A, Sandstrom S, Kalan LR. Sweat and Sebum Preferences of the Human Skin Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0418022. [PMID: 36602383 PMCID: PMC9927561 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04180-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms inhabiting human skin must overcome numerous challenges that typically impede microbial growth, including low pH, osmotic pressure, and low nutrient availability. Yet the skin microbiota thrive on the skin and have adapted to these stressful conditions. The limited nutrients available for microbial use in this unique niche include those from host-derived sweat, sebum, and corneocytes. Here, we have developed physiologically relevant, synthetic skin-like growth media composed of compounds present in sweat and sebum. We find that skin-associated bacterial species exhibit unique growth profiles at different concentrations of artificial sweat and sebum. Most strains evaluated demonstrate a preference for high sweat concentrations, while the sebum preference is highly variable, suggesting that the capacity for sebum utilization may be a driver of the skin microbial community structure. In particular, the prominent skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibits the strongest preference for sweat while growing equally well across sebum concentrations. Conversely, the growth of Corynebacterium kefirresidentii, another dominant skin microbiome member, is dependent on increasing concentrations of both sweat and sebum but only when sebum is available, suggesting a lipid requirement of this species. Furthermore, we observe that strains with similar growth profiles in the artificial media cluster by phylum, suggesting that phylogeny is a key factor in sweat and sebum use. Importantly, these findings provide an experimental rationale for why different skin microenvironments harbor distinct microbiome communities. In all, our study further emphasizes the importance of studying microorganisms in an ecologically relevant context, which is critical for our understanding of their physiology, ecology, and function on the skin. IMPORTANCE The human skin microbiome is adapted to survive and thrive in the harsh environment of the skin, which is low in nutrient availability. To study skin microorganisms in a system that mimics the natural skin environment, we developed and tested a physiologically relevant, synthetic skin-like growth medium that is composed of compounds found in the human skin secretions sweat and sebum. We find that most skin-associated bacterial species tested prefer high concentrations of artificial sweat but that artificial sebum concentration preference varies from species to species, suggesting that sebum utilization may be an important contributor to skin microbiome composition. This study demonstrates the utility of a skin-like growth medium, which can be applied to diverse microbiological systems, and underscores the importance of studying microorganisms in an ecologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hannah Swaney
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Nelsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shelby Sandstrom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lindsay R. Kalan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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de Szalay S, Wertz PW. Protective Barriers Provided by the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043145. [PMID: 36834554 PMCID: PMC9961209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of an epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The skin surface area is often stated to be about 1.8 to 2 m2 and represents our interface with the environment; however, when one considers that microorganisms live in the hair follicles and can enter sweat ducts, the area that interacts with this aspect of the environment becomes about 25-30 m2. Although all layers of the skin, including the adipose tissue, participate in antimicrobial defense, this review will focus mainly on the role of the antimicrobial factors in the epidermis and at the skin surface. The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is physically tough and chemically inert which protects against numerous environmental stresses. It provides a permeability barrier which is attributable to lipids in the intercellular spaces between the corneocytes. In addition to the permeability barrier, there is an innate antimicrobial barrier at the skin surface which involves antimicrobial lipids, peptides and proteins. The skin surface has a low surface pH and is poor in certain nutrients, which limits the range of microorganisms that can survive there. Melanin and trans-urocanic acid provide protection from UV radiation, and Langerhans cells in the epidermis are poised to monitor the local environment and to trigger an immune response as needed. Each of these protective barriers will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Szalay
- Sarah de Szalay Consulting, LLC, Wesy Milford, NJ 07480, USA
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chopra D, Arens RA, Amornpairoj W, Lowes MA, Tomic-Canic M, Strbo N, Lev-Tov H, Pastar I. Innate immunity and microbial dysbiosis in hidradenitis suppurativa – vicious cycle of chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960488. [PMID: 35967376 PMCID: PMC9368759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory skin disease with incompletely understood mechanisms of disease pathology. HS is characterized by aberrant activation of the innate immune system, resulting in activation of pathways that aim to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, and also contribute to failure to resolve inflammation. Imbalance in innate immunity is evident in deregulation of host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the complement system associated with the microbiome dysbiosis. The pathology is further complicated by ability of pathogens associated with HS to overcome host immune response. Potential roles of major AMPs, cathelicidin, defensins, dermcidin, S100 proteins, RNAse 7 and complement proteins are discussed. Dysregulated expression pattern of innate immunity components in conjunction with bacterial component of the disease warrants consideration of novel treatment approaches targeting both host immunity and pathogenic microbiome in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chopra
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rachel A. Arens
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Watcharee Amornpairoj
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A. Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hadar Lev-Tov
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Irena Pastar, ; Hadar Lev-Tov,
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Irena Pastar, ; Hadar Lev-Tov,
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7
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Jazdarehee A, Lee J, Lewis R, Mukovozov I. Potential Mechanisms of the Sparing of Atopic Dermatitis in the Diaper Region: A Scoping Review. J Cutan Med Surg 2022; 26:398-403. [PMID: 35317630 PMCID: PMC9361425 DOI: 10.1177/12034754221088533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition commonly
affecting infants with notable sparing of the diaper region. Though
sources anecdotally attribute this sparing to the physical barrier
formed by the diaper and the subsequent retention of moisture, urine,
sweat and feces, no studies have formally investigated the factors
contributing to this sparing phenomenon. We performed a scoping
literature review to investigate the factors involved in sparing of AD
in the diaper region, namely humidity, scratching, urine, sweat,
feces, and microbiome composition. A total of 130 papers met the
inclusion criteria, and extracted data were analyzed in an iterative
manner. Increased local humidity facilitates protective changes at the
cellular level and offsets transepidermal water loss. Exposure to urea
from both sweat and urine may contribute to improved moisturization of
the skin through its natural humectant properties and ability to
modulate gene expression. Introduction of flora in feces contributes
to the generation of protective immune responses and outcompetes
growth of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus.
Finally, diapers physically prevent scratching, which directly
interrupts the itch-scratch cycle classically implicated in AD. Our
study reviews factors that may contribute to the sparing of AD in the
diaper region in infants. A limitation to our findings is that the
studies reviewed here explore the impacts of these factors on AD
broadly, and not explicitly in the diaper region. Additional studies
investigating this may further our understanding of AD pathogenesis
and contribute to the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jazdarehee
- 8166 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason Lee
- 8166 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Lewis
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Kamloops Dermatology, Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | - Ilya Mukovozov
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Losasso V, Agarwal K, Waskar M, Majumdar A, Crain J, Winn M, Hoptroff M. Small molecules enhance the potency of natural antimicrobial peptides. Biophys J 2022; 121:491-501. [PMID: 34954157 PMCID: PMC8822605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin-associated microbiome plays an important role in general well-being and in a variety of treatable skin conditions. In this regard, endogenous antimicrobial peptides have both a direct and indirect role in determining the composition of the microbiota. We demonstrate here that certain small molecular species can amplify the antimicrobial potency of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we have used niacinamide, a form of vitamin B3 naturally found in foods and widely used in cosmetic skincare products, and two of its structural analogs, to investigate their cooperativity with the human antimicrobial peptide LL37 on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. We observed a clear synergistic effect of niacinamide and, to some extent, N-methylnicotinamide, whereas isonicotinamide showed no significant cooperativity with LL37. Adaptively biased molecular dynamics simulations using simplified model membrane substrates and single peptides revealed that these molecules partition into the headgroup region of an anionic bilayer used to mimic the bacterial membrane. The simulated effects on the physical properties of the simulated model membrane are well correlated with experimental activity observed in real biological assays despite the simplicity of the model. In contrast, these molecules have little effect on zwitterionic bilayers that mimic a mammalian membrane. We conclude that niacinamide and N-methylnicotinamide can therefore potentiate the activity of host peptides by modulating the physical properties of the bacterial membrane, and to a lesser extent through direct interactions with the peptide. The level of cooperativity is strongly dependent on the detailed chemistry of the additive, suggesting an opportunity to fine-tune the behavior of host peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Losasso
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre, Daresbury, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martyn Winn
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury, UK
| | - Michael Hoptroff
- Unilever Research and Development, Port Sunlight, UK,Corresponding author
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9
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Qiang X, Li J, Zhu S, He M, Chen W, Al-Abed Y, Brenner M, Tracey KJ, Wang P, Wang H. Human Dermcidin Protects Mice Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Local and Remote Inflammatory Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 12:821154. [PMID: 35095926 PMCID: PMC8795592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.821154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is commonly associated with surgical liver resection or transplantation, and represents a major cause of liver damage and graft failure. Currently, there are no effective therapies to prevent hepatic I/R injury other than ischemic preconditioning and some preventative strategies. Previously, we have revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of a sweat gland-derived peptide, dermcidin (DCD), in macrophage/monocyte cultures. Here, we sought to explore its therapeutic potential and protective mechanisms in a murine model of hepatic I/R. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to hepatic ischemia by clamping the hepatic artery and portal vein for 60 min, which was then removed to initiate reperfusion. At the beginning of reperfusion, 0.2 ml saline control or solution of DCD (0.5 mg/kg BW) or DCD-C34S analog (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg BW) containing a Cys (C)→Ser (S) substitution at residue 34 was injected via the internal jugular vein. For survival experiments, mice were subjected to additional resection to remove non-ischemic liver lobes, and animal survival was monitored for 10 days. For mechanistic studies, blood and tissue samples were collected at 24 h after the onset of reperfusion, and subjected to measurements of various markers of inflammation and tissue injury by real-time RT-PCR, immunoassays, and histological analysis. Results Recombinant DCD or DCD-C34S analog conferred a significant protection against lethal hepatic I/R when given intravenously at the beginning of reperfusion. This protection was associated with a significant reduction in hepatic injury, neutrophilic CXC chemokine (Mip-2) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and associated inflammation. Furthermore, the administration of DCD also resulted in a significant attenuation of remote lung inflammatory injury. Mechanistically, DCD interacted with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a key regulator of liver inflammation, and significantly inhibited hepatic I/R-induced phosphorylation of EGFR as well as a downstream signaling molecule, protein kinase B (AKT). The suppression of EGFR expression by transducing Egfr-specific shRNA plasmid into macrophages abrogated the DCD-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, CIRP. Conclusions The present study suggests that human DCD and its analog may be developed as novel therapeutics to attenuate hepatic I/R-induced inflammatory injury possibly by impairing EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Mingzhu He
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Max Brenner
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Suwanchote S, Waitayangkoon P, Chancheewa B, Inthanachai T, Niwetbowornchai N, Edwards SW, Virakul S, Thammahong A, Kiatsurayanon C, Rerknimitr P, Chiewchengchol D. Role of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:532-540. [PMID: 34432296 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic amphipathic peptides of divergent sequences, which are part of the innate immune system and produced by various types of cells and tissues. The predominant role of HDPs is to respond to and protect humans against infection and inflammation. Common human HDPs include defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, dermcidin, and ribonucleases, but these peptides may be dysregulated in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Current evidence suggests that the antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects of HDPs are involved in AD pathogenesis, making HDPs research a promising area for predicting disease severity and developing novel treatments for AD. In this review, we describe a potential role for human HDPs in the development, exacerbation, and progression of AD and propose their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Suwanchote
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Palapun Waitayangkoon
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bussabong Chancheewa
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thananya Inthanachai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattarika Niwetbowornchai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sita Virakul
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arsa Thammahong
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Kiatsurayanon
- Department of Medical Services, Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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van Dam A, Falkena K, den Daas SA, Veldhuizen I, Aalders MCG. Improving the visualization of fingermarks using multi-target immunolabeling. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110804. [PMID: 34000619 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of fingermarks is an important step in visualizing ridge patterns for individualization purposes. Immunolabeling can be applied to fingermarks to selectively and sensitively detect antigens in fingermarks, and can be used as a developing method to visualize fingermarks. In this study we investigated single (the detection of one antigen) and multiple targeting approaches (the detection of multiple antigens simultaneously) to improve fingermark development. The detection of dermcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, was used as the gold standard to compare single and multi-target detection of keratins, albumin and/or dermcidin. Single detection of dermcidin and albumin mostly resulted in clear ridge details and/or pore detection, whereas the single keratin detection resulted in a poor visualization of the fingermarks. The multi-target approach in which both dermcidin and albumin were targeted, resulted in improved fingermark development compared to single dermcidin detection. Therefore, we recommend the use of multi-target detection consisting of anti-dermcidin and anti-albumin when using immunolabeling as fingermark development technique. Additionally, the optimized multi-target approach was tested as a pre- and post-development technique in combination with powder dusting and cyanoacrylate fuming. Immunolabeling has not been implemented yet in forensic case work, however we expect that immunolabeling can be used to redevelop poorly developed and/or smudged fingermarks in the nearby future. Currently, an ongoing pilot-study is being conducted in collaboration with the Dutch police.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke van Dam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim Falkena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn A den Daas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Veldhuizen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C G Aalders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Mathé PJ, Joost I, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Schneider C, Kern W, Rieg S. Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis, or: Think Twice Before Placing a Venous Catheter into Lesional Atopic Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1870-1872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Fazel Z, Majidpour A, Behrangi E, Fathizadeh S, Nokandeh M, Atefi N, Ghassemi MR. Using the Hair Removal Laser in the Axillary Region and its Effect on Normal Microbial Flora. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:255-261. [PMID: 32802284 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The axillary hair removal laser is one of the most often used procedures to treat unwanted hairs in that region. Employing this technology can be helpful in decreasing the bromhidrosis. Methods: In the present research, a clinical trial study over the effect of the hair removal laser on normal microbial flora at the axillary region is presented. The intervention group consisted of 30 women referred to the dermatologic clinic for the purpose of removing axillary hair by the alexandrite 755 nm laser and the control group consisted of 30 women referred to the same clinic for any other reasons. Both groups were evaluated for the type of bacterial strains on the first visit and after three and six months. Results: The results showed that the sense of sweat smell improved by about 63% after the last laser session. The frequency of all bacterial strains decreased in the intervention group except Staphylococcus epidermidis which was significant. In the control group, there was no significant decrement in any bacterial strains and even the prevalence of more strains including Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis increased. Counting the mean bacterial colon showed a slight decrement of the bacterial count following the laser. Conclusion: The use of laser radiation, even with the aim of hair removal, can alter the microbial flora, and it can be accompanied by the improvement of the smell of sweat. The effect of the laser on different bacterial strains is quite different, which can depend on the amount of energy, the wavelength, the characteristics of the area under the laser, and also the structural properties of the membrane of the microorganism itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Fazel
- Department of Dermatology, Rasol-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Majidpour
- Antimicrobial Research Center, Institute of Immunology Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behrangi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasol-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fathizadeh
- Antimicrobial Research Center, Institute of Immunology Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nokandeh
- Department of Dermatology, Rasol-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmolsadat Atefi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasol-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghassemi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasol-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Donovan M, Salamito M, Thomas-Collignon A, Simonetti L, Desbouis S, Rain JC, Formstecher E, Bernard D. Filaggrin and filaggrin 2 processing are linked together through skin aspartic acid protease activation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232679. [PMID: 32437351 PMCID: PMC7241785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aspartic acid protease (SASPase) is believed to be a key enzyme involved in filaggrin processing during epidermal terminal differentiation. Since little is known about the regulation of SASPase function, the aim of this study was to identify involved protein partners in the process. Yeast two hybrid analyses using SASPase as bait against a human reconstructed skin library identified that the N-terminal domain of filaggrin 2 binds to the N-terminal fragment of SASPase. This interaction was confirmed in reciprocal yeast two hybrid screens and by Surface Plasmon Resonance analyses. Immunohistochemical studies in human skin, using specific antibodies to SASPase and the N-terminal domain of filaggrin 2, showed that the two proteins partially co-localized to the stratum granulosum. In vitro enzymatic assays showed that the N-terminal domain of filaggrin 2 enhanced the autoactivation of SASPase to its 14 kDa active form. Taken together, the data suggest that the N-terminal domain of filaggrin 2 regulates the activation of SASPase that may be a key event upstream of filaggrin processing to natural moisturizing factors in the human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Donovan
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Song C, de Groot BL, Sansom MSP. Lipid Bilayer Composition Influences the Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Dermcidin Channel. Biophys J 2019; 116:1658-1666. [PMID: 31010668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) carry great potential as new antibiotics against "superbugs." Dermcidin (DCD), a broad-spectrum AMP in human sweat, has been recently crystallized in its oligomeric state and showed channel-like properties. In this work, we performed multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to study how the membrane composition influences the behavior of a transmembrane pore formed by the DCD oligomer in the hope of revealing the origin of the membrane selectivity of this AMP toward bacteria. Our results indicate that bilayers composed of various lipids (DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC) with different thicknesses result in different orientations of the DCD oligomer when embedded in lipid bilayers. The thicker the bilayer, the less tilted the channel. Cholesterol makes the bilayers more rigid and thicker, which also affects the orientation of the channel. Furthermore, we observed that the predicted conductance of the channel from computational electrophysiology simulations is related to its orientation in the lipid bilayer: the larger the tilt, the larger the conductance. Our results indicate that the membrane composition has a significant influence on the activity of the DCD channel, with thicker, cholesterol-rich membranes showing lower conductance than that of thinner membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Bert L de Groot
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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The primate-specific peptide Y-P30 regulates morphological maturation of neocortical dendritic spines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211151. [PMID: 30759095 PMCID: PMC6373909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30-amino acid peptide Y-P30 corresponds to the N-terminus of the primate-specific, sweat gland-derived dermcidin prepropeptide. Previous work has revealed that Y-P30 enhances the interaction of pleiotrophin and syndecans-2/3, and thus represents a natural ligand to study this signaling pathway. In immature neurons, Y-P30 activates the c-Src and p42/44 ERK kinase pathway, increases the amount of F-actin in axonal growth cones, and promotes neuronal survival, cell migration and axonal elongation. The action of Y-P30 on axonal growth requires syndecan-3 and heparan sulfate side chains. Whether Y-P30 has the potential to influence dendrites and dendritic protrusions has not been explored. The latter is suggested by the observations that syndecan-2 expression increases during postnatal development, that syndecan-2 becomes enriched in dendritic spines, and that overexpression of syndecan-2 in immature neurons results in a premature morphological maturation of dendritic spines. Here, analysing rat cortical pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons in organotypic cultures, we show that Y-P30 does not alter the development of the dendritic arborization patterns. However, Y-P30 treatment decreases the density of apical, but not basal dendritic protrusions at the expense of the filopodia. Analysis of spine morphology revealed an unchanged mushroom/stubby-to-thin spine ratio and a shortening of the longest decile of dendritic protrusions. Whole-cell recordings from cortical principal neurons in dissociated cultures grown in the presence of Y-P30 demonstrated a decrease in the frequency of glutamatergic mEPSCs. Despite these differences in protrusion morphology and synaptic transmission, the latter likely attributable to presynaptic effects, calcium event rate and amplitude recorded in pyramidal neurons in organotypic cultures were not altered by Y-P30 treatment. Together, our data suggest that Y-P30 has the capacity to decelerate spinogenesis and to promote morphological, but not synaptic, maturation of dendritic protrusions.
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17
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Cole LM, Clench MR, Francese S. Sample Treatment for Tissue Proteomics in Cancer, Toxicology, and Forensics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1073:77-123. [PMID: 31236840 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12298-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of proteomics science in the 1990, the number of applications and of sample preparation methods has grown exponentially, making a huge contribution to the knowledge in life science disciplines. Continuous improvements in the sample treatment strategies unlock and reveal the fine details of disease mechanisms, drug potency, and toxicity as well as enable new disciplines to be investigated such as forensic science.This chapter will cover the most recent developments in sample preparation strategies for tissue proteomics in three areas, namely, cancer, toxicology, and forensics, thus also demonstrating breath of application within the domain of health and well-being, pharmaceuticals, and secure societies.In particular, in the area of cancer (human tumor biomarkers), the most efficient and multi-informative proteomic strategies will be covered in relation to the subsequent application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA), due to their ability to provide molecular localization of tumor biomarkers albeit with different spatial resolution.With respect to toxicology, methodologies applied in toxicoproteomics will be illustrated with examples from its use in two important areas: the study of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and studies of effects of chemical and environmental insults on skin, i.e., the effects of irritants, sensitizers, and ionizing radiation. Within this chapter, mainly tissue proteomics sample preparation methods for LC-MS/MS analysis will be discussed as (i) the use of LC-MS/MS is majorly represented in the research efforts of the bioanalytical community in this area and (ii) LC-MS/MS still is the gold standard for quantification studies.Finally, the use of proteomics will also be discussed in forensic science with respect to the information that can be recovered from blood and fingerprint evidence which are commonly encountered at the scene of the crime. The application of proteomic strategies for the analysis of blood and fingerprints is novel and proteomic preparation methods will be reported in relation to the subsequent use of mass spectrometry without any hyphenation. While generally yielding more information, hyphenated methods are often more laborious and time-consuming; since forensic investigations need quick turnaround, without compromising validity of the information, the prospect to develop methods for the application of quick forensic mass spectrometry techniques such as MALDI-MS (in imaging or profiling mode) is of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Cole
- Biomolecular Science Research Centre, Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M R Clench
- Biomolecular Science Research Centre, Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Francese
- Biomolecular Science Research Centre, Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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18
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Vollmer DL, West VA, Lephart ED. Enhancing Skin Health: By Oral Administration of Natural Compounds and Minerals with Implications to the Dermal Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3059. [PMID: 30301271 PMCID: PMC6213755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of cosmetics goes back to early Egyptian times for hygiene and health benefits while the history of topical applications that provide a medicinal treatment to combat dermal aging is relatively new. For example, the term cosmeceutical was first coined by Albert Kligman in 1984 to describe topical products that afford both cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. However, beauty comes from the inside. Therefore, for some time scientists have considered how nutrition reflects healthy skin and the aging process. The more recent link between nutrition and skin aging began in earnest around the year 2000 with the demonstrated increase in peer-reviewed scientific journal reports on this topic that included biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action. Thus, the application of: (a) topical administration from outside into the skin and (b) inside by oral consumption of nutritionals to the outer skin layers is now common place and many journal reports exhibit significant improvement for both on a variety of dermal parameters. Therefore, this review covers, where applicable, the history, chemical structure, and sources such as biological and biomedical properties in the skin along with animal and clinical data on the oral applications of: (a) collagen, (b) ceramide, (c) β-carotene, (d) astaxanthin, (e) coenzyme Q10, (f) colostrum, (g) zinc, and (h) selenium in their mode of action or function in improving dermal health by various quantified endpoints. Lastly, the importance of the human skin microbiome is briefly discussed in reference to the genomics, measurement, and factors influencing its expression and how it may alter the immune system, various dermal disorders, and potentially be involved in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vollmer
- 4Life Research, Scientific Research Division, Sandy, UT 84070, USA.
| | - Virginia A West
- 4Life Research, Scientific Research Division, Sandy, UT 84070, USA.
| | - Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology, Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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19
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Shimoda-Komatsu Y, Sato Y, Yamazaki Y, Takahashi R, Shiohara T. A novel method to assess the potential role of sweating abnormalities in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2017; 27:386-392. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Shimoda-Komatsu
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka city Tokyo Japan
| | - Yohei Sato
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka city Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka city Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility; Kyorin University Graduate School of Medicine; Mitaka city Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka city Tokyo Japan
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20
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Nguyen VS, Tan KW, Ramesh K, Chew FT, Mok YK. Structural basis for the bacterial membrane insertion of dermcidin peptide, DCD-1L. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13923. [PMID: 29066724 PMCID: PMC5654962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dermcidin (DCD) is an antimicrobial peptide secreted constitutively by sweat glands. The anionic derivative, DCD-1L, comprises of the N-terminal 47 residues of DCD and one additional leucine residue. A previous NMR structure of DCD-1L in 50% TFE showed a partial helical conformation, and its crystal structure in the presence of Zn2+ outlined a hexameric linear α-helical bundle. Three different models to describe membrane insertion were proposed but no conclusion was drawn. In the current study, the NMR structure of DCD-1L in SDS micelles showed an "L-shaped" molecule with three fully formed α-helices connected by flexible turns. Formation of these helices in DCD-1L in the presence of POPG vesicles suggests that the acidic C-terminal region of DCD-1L can suppress the binding of DCD-1L to POPG vesicles at basic but not acidic pH. Mutation of charged residues on the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of DCD-1L cause differences in POPG binding, suggesting distinct functional roles for these two regions. Charged residues from these two regions are also found to differentially affect Zn2+ coordination and aggregation of DCD-1L in the absence or presence of SDS, as monitored by 1D NMR. Our data agrees with one of the three models proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Sang Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Vietnam National University in Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai St., Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kang Wei Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Yu Y, Prassas I, Muytjens CM, Diamandis EP. Proteomic and peptidomic analysis of human sweat with emphasis on proteolysis. J Proteomics 2017; 155:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Bastos P, Trindade F, da Costa J, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:101-146. [PMID: 28094448 PMCID: PMC7168463 DOI: 10.1002/med.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Malik E, Dennison SR, Harris F, Phoenix DA. pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040067. [PMID: 27809281 PMCID: PMC5198042 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent antibiotics of the innate immune system that have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to the global problem of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. A group of AMPs that are increasingly being reported are those that utilise pH dependent antimicrobial mechanisms, and here we review research into this area. This review shows that these antimicrobial molecules are produced by a diverse spectrum of creatures, including vertebrates and invertebrates, and are primarily cationic, although a number of anionic examples are known. Some of these molecules exhibit high pH optima for their antimicrobial activity but in most cases, these AMPs show activity against microbes that present low pH optima, which reflects the acidic pH generally found at their sites of action, particularly the skin. The modes of action used by these molecules are based on a number of major structure/function relationships, which include metal ion binding, changes to net charge and conformational plasticity, and primarily involve the protonation of histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues at low pH. The pH dependent activity of pore forming antimicrobial proteins involves mechanisms that generally differ fundamentally to those used by pH dependent AMPs, which can be described by the carpet, toroidal pore and barrel-stave pore models of membrane interaction. A number of pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have been developed for medical purposes and have successfully completed clinical trials, including kappacins, LL-37, histatins and lactoferrin, along with a number of their derivatives. Major examples of the therapeutic application of these antimicrobial molecules include wound healing as well as the treatment of multiple cancers and infections due to viruses, bacteria and fungi. In general, these applications involve topical administration, such as the use of mouth washes, cream formulations and hydrogel delivery systems. Nonetheless, many pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have yet to be fully characterized and these molecules, as a whole, represent an untapped source of novel biologically active agents that could aid fulfillment of the urgent need for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, helping to avert a return to the pre-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Malik
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Frederick Harris
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - David A Phoenix
- Office of the Vice Chancellor, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
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24
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Cottrill EE, Chen B, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Expression of dermcidin in human sinonasal secretions. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 7:154-159. [PMID: 27650261 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by the epithelium are important for innate immune defense. In 2001, a novel AMP dermcidin (DCD) was described with no homology to other AMPs and an expression pattern restricted to eccrine sweat glands. In contrast to other AMPs, DCD expression has not been shown to be induced under inflammatory conditions in the skin. After identifying DCD by mass spectrometry in a protein sample isolated from human nasal secretions, we sought to determine the role of DCD in innate defense of the sinonasal airway. METHODS After institutional review board approval, sinonasal mucosal tissue specimens were acquired from residual clinical material obtained during sinonasal surgery and used to grow cultures in an air-liquid interface environment. After stimulation of the cultures with various bitter compounds and phosphate-buffered saline, airway surface liquid was collected, and a DCD-specific enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to quantify DCD in each sample. To localize DCD expression, ALI cultures were fixed and immunofluorescence performed against DCD, β-tubulin IV, and Muc-5A. RESULTS Enzyme-linked immunoassay showed DCD in air-surface liquid and in clinical nasal secretion samples at concentrations comparable to eccrine sweat. There was no evidence of inducible expression with any of the tested stimulants. Confocal microscopy revealed DCD expression in sinonasal mucosal goblet cells. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the presence of DCD in nasal mucosa and demonstration of DCD in clinical samples of human nasal secretions at clinically relevant concentrations, which may represent a novel arm of sinonasal airway innate defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Cottrill
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center Surgical Services, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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25
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The in Vitro Immune-Modulating Properties of a Sweat Gland-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide Dermcidin. Shock 2016; 45:28-32. [PMID: 26529659 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal barriers of the skin serve as the first layer of defense by limiting the access of many pathogens to the blood circulation. In addition, human skin also contains sweat glands that can secrete a wide array of antimicrobial peptides to restrain the growth of various microbes. In the case of microbial infection, macrophages and monocytes constitute the first line of defense by producing a wide array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This process is triggered either by pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (such as bacterial endotoxin) or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (such as HMGB1). In light of our findings that a sweat gland-derived antimicrobial peptide, dermcidin, affected both pathogen-associated molecular pattern and damage-associated molecular pattern-induced cytokines/chemokines by macrophages/monocytes, we propose that dermcidin may play an important role in the regulation of the innate immune responses to infection and injury. Future investigations are warranted to further test this understudied hypothesis in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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26
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Interaction of antimicrobial peptide with mycolyl transferase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:83-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Csősz É, Emri G, Kalló G, Tsaprailis G, Tőzsér J. Highly abundant defense proteins in human sweat as revealed by targeted proteomics and label-free quantification mass spectrometry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29:2024-31. [PMID: 26307449 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthy human skin with its effective antimicrobial defense system forms an efficient barrier against invading pathogens. There is evidence suggesting that the composition of this chemical barrier varies between diseases, making the easily collected sweat an ideal candidate for biomarker discoveries. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to provide information about the normal composition of the sweat, and to study the chemical barrier found at the surface of skin. METHODS Sweat samples from healthy individuals were collected during sauna bathing, and the global protein panel was analysed by label-free mass spectrometry. SRM-based targeted proteomic methods were designed and stable isotope labelled reference peptides were used for method validation. RESULTS Ninety-five sweat proteins were identified, 20 of them were novel proteins. It was shown that dermcidin is the most abundant sweat protein, and along with apolipoprotein D, clusterin, prolactin-inducible protein and serum albumin, they make up 91% of secreted sweat proteins. The roles of these highly abundant proteins were reviewed; all of which have protective functions, highlighting the importance of sweat glands in composing the first line of innate immune defense system, and maintaining the epidermal barrier integrity. CONCLUSION Our findings with regard to the proteins forming the chemical barrier of the skin as determined by label-free quantification and targeted proteomics methods are in accordance with previous studies, and can be further used as a starting point for non-invasive sweat biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- É Csősz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - G Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - G Kalló
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - G Tsaprailis
- Center for Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Bancovik J, Moreira DF, Carrasco D, Yao J, Porter D, Moura R, Camargo A, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Malpartida MG, Carambula S, Vannier E, Strauss BE, Wakamatsu A, Alves VA, Logullo AF, Soares FA, Polyak K, Belizário JE. Dermcidin exerts its oncogenic effects in breast cancer via modulation of ERBB signaling. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:70. [PMID: 25879571 PMCID: PMC4353460 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified dermicidin (DCD), which encodes a growth and survival factor, as a gene amplified and overexpressed in a subset of breast tumors. Patients with DCD-positive breast cancer have worse prognostic features. We therefore searched for specific molecular signatures in DCD-positive breast carcinomas from patients and representative cell lines. Methods DCD expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical and immunoblot assays in normal and neoplastic tissues and cell lines. To investigate the role of DCD in breast tumorigenesis, we analyzed the consequences of its downregulation in human breast cancer cell lines using three specific shRNA lentiviral vectors. Genes up- and down-regulated by DCD were identified using Affymetrix microarray and analyzed by MetaCore Platform. Results We identified DCD splice variant (DCD-SV) that is co-expressed with DCD in primary invasive breast carcinomas and in other tissue types and cell lines. DCD expression in breast tumors from patients with clinical follow up data correlated with high histological grade, HER2 amplification and luminal subtype. We found that loss of DCD expression led to reduced cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and suppressed tumorigenesis in immunodeficient mice. Network analysis of gene expression data revealed perturbed ERBB signaling following DCD shRNA expression including changes in the expression of ERBB receptors and their ligands. Conclusions These findings imply that DCD promotes breast tumorigenesis via modulation of ERBB signaling pathways. As ERBB signaling is also important for neural survival, HER2+ breast tumors may highjack DCD’s neural survival-promoting functions to promote tumorigenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1022-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Bancovik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dayson F Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Carrasco
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Disease Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute - Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave. D740C, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Dale Porter
- Oncology Disease Area and Developmental and Molecular Pathways Group, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Ricardo Moura
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Peixoto Gomide, 316, 7th floor, 01409-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anamaria Camargo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Peixoto Gomide, 316, 7th floor, 01409-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cibely C Fontes-Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Miguel G Malpartida
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Carambula
- Division of Geographic Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, 25 Harvard Street - Tupper 729, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Edouard Vannier
- Division of Geographic Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, 25 Harvard Street - Tupper 729, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- The Cancer Institute of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, 01246-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alda Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155 - 10th floor, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Venancio Af Alves
- Department of Pathology - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155 - 10th floor, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Angela F Logullo
- Department of Pathology - Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Sena Madureira, 1500, 04021-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando A Soares
- Department of Pathology - AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, 01509-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute - Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave. D740C, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - José E Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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The innate defense antimicrobial peptides hBD3 and RNase7 are induced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by classical inflammatory cytokines but not Th17 cytokines. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:353-9. [PMID: 25637949 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are multifunctional effector molecules of innate immunity. In this study we investigated whether endothelial cells actively contribute to innate defense mechanisms by expression of antimicrobial peptides. We therefore stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with inflammatory cytokines, Th17 cytokines, heat-inactivated bacteria, bacterial conditioned medium (BCM) of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguinis, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Stimulation with single cytokines induced discrete expression of human β-defensin 3 (hBD3) by IFN-γ or IL-1β and of ribonuclease 7 (RNase7) by TNF-α without any effects on LL-37 gene expression. Stronger hBD3 and RNase7 induction was observed after combined stimulation with IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ and was confirmed by high hBD3 and RNase7 peptide levels in cell culture supernatants. In contrast, Th17 cytokines or stimulation with LTA did not result in AMP production. Moreover, only BCM of an invasive S. aureus bacteremia isolate induced hBD3 in HUVEC. We conclude that endothelial cells actively contribute to prevent dissemination of pathogens at the blood-tissue-barrier by production of AMPs that exhibit microbicidal and immunomodulatory functions. Further investigations should focus on tissue-specific AMP induction in different endothelial cell types, on pathogen-specific induction patterns and potentially involved pattern-recognition receptors of endothelial cells.
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Salamanca SA, Sorrentino EE, Nosanchuk JD, Martinez LR. Impact of methamphetamine on infection and immunity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:445. [PMID: 25628526 PMCID: PMC4290678 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of methamphetamine (METH) use is estimated at ~35 million people worldwide, with over 10 million users in the United States. METH use elicits a myriad of social consequences and the behavioral impact of the drug is well understood. However, new information has recently emerged detailing the devastating effects of METH on host immunity, increasing the acquisition of diverse pathogens and exacerbating the severity of disease. These outcomes manifest as modifications in protective physical and chemical defenses, pro-inflammatory responses, and the induction of oxidative stress pathways. Through these processes, significant neurotoxicities arise, and, as such, chronic abusers with these conditions are at a higher risk for heightened consequences. METH use also influences the adaptive immune response, permitting the unrestrained development of opportunistic diseases. In this review, we discuss recent literature addressing the impact of METH on infection and immunity, and identify areas ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Salamanca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Edra E Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA ; Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, NY, USA
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune defense of diverse species. The majority of known AMPs are cationic therefore facilitating the initial binding of the positively charged peptides to the negatively charged bacterial membrane. Dermcidin (DCD) is constitutively expressed in eccrine sweat glands, secreted into sweat and transported to the epidermal surface where it is proteolytically processed giving rise to several truncated DCD peptides. Its processed forms such as the anionic 48mer DCD-1L and the 47mer DCD-1 possess antimicrobial activity against numerous bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus. Here, the latest knowledge regarding the mode of action of the anionic DCD-1(L) and the functional consequences of their interaction with bacterial membranes is reviewed. There is evidence that the interaction of DCD-1(L) with negatively charged bacterial phospholipids leads to Zn(2+) dependent formation of oligomeric complexes in the bacterial membrane, which subsequently leads to ion channel formation resulting in membrane depolarization and bacterial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Burian
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Arai S, Yoshino T, Fujimura T, Maruyama S, Nakano T, Mukuno A, Sato N, Katsuoka K. Mycostatic effect of recombinant dermcidin against Trichophyton rubrum and reduced dermcidin expression in the sweat of tinea pedis patients. J Dermatol 2014; 42:70-6. [PMID: 25384912 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichophytosis, a common dermatophytosis, affects nearly 20-25% of the world's population. However, little is known about mechanisms for preventing colonization of Trichophyton on the skin. Dermcidin, an antimicrobial peptide that provides innate immunity to the skin and is constitutively secreted even in the absence of inflammatory stimulation, was studied to elucidate its antimycotic activity against Trichophyton. Recombinant dermcidin was determined to have antimycotic activity against Trichophyton rubrum, as evaluated by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays. The killing rate of dermcidin was 40.5% and 93.4% at 50 μg/mL (the average dermcidin concentration in healthy subjects) and 270 μg/mL, respectively. An effect of dermcidin treatment was found to be a reduction of the metabolic activity of Trichophyton as determined by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide assay. Further, dermcidin concentrations in sweat of tinea pedis patients were found to be lower than those of healthy subjects. These findings suggest a mycostatic role for dermcidin, at normal sweat concentrations. Accordingly, we suspect that dermcidin, at normal sweat concentrations, inhibits growth of Trichophyton, where Trichophyton is subsequently eliminated in conjunction with epidermis turnover. Dermcidin, therefore, appears to play a role in the skin protection mechanism that prevents colonization of tinea pedis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Arai
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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McKown RL, Coleman Frazier EV, Zadrozny KK, Deleault AM, Raab RW, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Lee JK, Laurie GW. A cleavage-potentiated fragment of tear lacritin is bactericidal. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22172-82. [PMID: 24942736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important as the first line of innate defense, through their tendency to disrupt bacterial membranes or intracellular pathways and potentially as the next generation of antibiotics. How they protect wet epithelia is not entirely clear, with most individually inactive under physiological conditions and many preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria. Tears covering the surface of the eye are bactericidal for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Here we narrow much of the bactericidal activity to a latent C-terminal fragment in the prosecretory mitogen lacritin and report that the mechanism combines membrane permeabilization with rapid metabolic changes, including reduced levels of dephosphocoenzyme A, spermidine, putrescine, and phosphatidylethanolamines and elevated alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, glycine, lysine, serine, glutamate, cadaverine, and pyrophosphate. Thus, death by metabolic stress parallels cellular attempts to survive. Cleavage-dependent appearance of the C-terminal cationic amphipathic α-helix is inducible within hours by Staphylococcus epidermidis and slowly by another mechanism, in a chymotrypsin- or leupeptin protease-inhibitable manner. Although bactericidal at low micromolar levels, within a biphasic 1-10 nM dose optimum, the same domain is mitogenic and cytoprotective for epithelia via a syndecan-1 targeting mechanism dependent on heparanase. Thus, the C terminus of lacritin is multifunctional by dose and proteolytic processing and appears to play a key role in the innate protection of the eye, with wider potential benefit elsewhere as lacritin flows from exocrine secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L McKown
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Erin V Coleman Frazier
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Kaneil K Zadrozny
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Andrea M Deleault
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Ronald W Raab
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Denise S Ryan
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Rose K Sia
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Jae K Lee
- the Departments of Public Health Sciences, Systems and Information Engineering
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Cell Biology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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36
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Neumann JR, Dash-Wagh S, Jüngling K, Tsai T, Meschkat M, Räk A, Schönfelder S, Riedel C, Hamad MIK, Wiese S, Pape HC, Gottmann K, Kreutz MR, Wahle P. Y-P30 promotes axonal growth by stabilizing growth cones. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1935-50. [PMID: 24728870 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 30-amino acid peptide Y-P30, generated from the N-terminus of the human dermcidin precursor protein, has been found to promote neuronal survival, cell migration and neurite outgrowth by enhancing the interaction of pleiotrophin and syndecan-3. We now show that Y-P30 activates Src kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Y-P30 promotes axonal growth of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons, embryonic mouse spinal cord motoneurons, perinatal rat retinal neurons, and rat cortical neurons. Y-P30-mediated axon growth was dependent on heparan sulfate chains. Y-P30 decreased the proportion of collapsing/degenerating growth cones of cortical axons in an Src and ERK-dependent manner. Y-P30 increased for 90 min in axonal growth cones the level of Tyr418-phosphorylated Src kinase and the amount of F-actin, and transiently the level of Tyr-phosphorylated ERK. Levels of total Src kinase, actin, GAP-43, cortactin and the glutamate receptor subunit GluN2B were not altered. When exposed to semaphorin-3a, Y-P30 protected a significant fraction of growth cones of cortical neurons from collapse. These results suggest that Y-P30 promotes axonal growth via Src- and ERK-dependent mechanisms which stabilize growth cones and confer resistance to collapsing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine R Neumann
- AG Entwicklungsneurobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, ND 6/72, Ruhr-Universität, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Visscher M, Narendran V. The Ontogeny of Skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:291-303. [PMID: 24761361 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: During gestation, fetal skin progresses from a single layer derived from ectoderm to a complex, multi-layer tissue with the stratum corneum (SC) as the outermost layer. Innate immunity is a conferred complex process involving a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, structural proteins, and specific antigen-presenting cells. The SC is a part of the innate immune system as an impermeable physical barrier containing anti-microbial lipids and host defense proteins. Postnatally, the epidermis continually replenishes itself, provides a protective barrier, and repairs injuries. Recent Advances: Vernix caseosa protects the fetus during gestation and facilitates development of the SC in the aqueous uterine environment. The anti-infective, hydrating, acidification, and wound-healing properties post birth provide insights for the development of strategies that facilitate SC maturation and repair in the premature infant. Critical Issues: Reduction of infant mortality is a global health priority. Premature infants have an incompetent skin barrier putting them at risk for irritant exposure, skin compromise and life-threatening infections. Effective interventions to accelerate skin barrier maturation are compelling. Future Directions: Investigations to determine the ontogeny of barrier maturation, that is, SC structure, composition, cohesiveness, permeability, susceptibility to injury, and microflora, as a function of gestational age are essential. Clinicians need to know when the premature skin barrier becomes fully competent and comparable to healthy newborn skin. This will guide the development of innovative strategies for optimizing skin barrier development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty Visscher
- Skin Sciences Program, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vivek Narendran
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Peng Y, Cui X, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu J, Cheng B. Systematic review focusing on the excretion and protection roles of sweat in the skin. Dermatology 2014; 228:115-20. [PMID: 24577280 DOI: 10.1159/000357524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin excretes substances primarily through sweat glands. Several conditions have been demonstrated to be associated with diminished sweating. However, few studies have concentrated on the metabolism and excretion of sweat. This review focuses on the relationship between temperature and the thermoregulatory efficacy of sweat, and then discusses the excretion of sweat, which includes the metabolism of water, minerals, proteins, vitamins as well as toxic substances. The potential role of sweat secretion in hormone homeostasis and the effects on the defense system of the skin are also clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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Abstract
The skin, the human body's largest organ, is home to a diverse and complex variety of innate and adaptive immune functions. Despite this potent immune system present at the cutaneous barrier, the skin encourages colonization by microorganisms. Characterization these microbial communities has enhanced our knowledge of the ecology of organisms present in normal skin; furthermore, studies have begun to bring to light the intimate relationships shared between host and resident microbes. In particular, it is apparent that just as host immunological factors and behaviors shape the composition of these communities, microbes present on the skin greatly impact the functions of human immunity. Thus, today the skin immune system should be considered a collective mixture of elements from the host and microbes acting in a mutualistic relationship. In this article we will review recent findings of the interactions of skin microbial communities with host immunity, and discuss the role that dysbiosis of these communities plays in diseases of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Sanford
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Rieg S, Saborowski V, Kern WV, Jonas D, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Hofmann SC. Expression of the sweat-derived innate defence antimicrobial peptide dermcidin is not impaired inStaphylococcus aureuscolonization or recurrent skin infections. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 39:209-12. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rieg
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
- IFB Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - V. Saborowski
- IFB Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - W. V. Kern
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - D. Jonas
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - L. Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - S. C. Hofmann
- IFB Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
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Enthaler B, Trusch M, Fischer M, Rapp C, Pruns JK, Vietzke JP. MALDI imaging in human skin tissue sections: focus on various matrices and enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1159-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bailey MJ, Bright NJ, Croxton RS, Francese S, Ferguson LS, Hinder S, Jickells S, Jones BJ, Jones BN, Kazarian SG, Ojeda JJ, Webb RP, Wolstenholme R, Bleay S. Chemical Characterization of Latent Fingerprints by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Mega Electron Volt Secondary Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging: An Intercomparison. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8514-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302441y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie. J. Bailey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth S. Croxton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool LN6 7TS, United
Kingdom
| | - Simona Francese
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield
S11 9BW, United
Kingdom
| | - Leesa S. Ferguson
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield
S11 9BW, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen Hinder
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Jickells
- University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Jones
- Experimental Techniques Centre, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United
Kingdom
| | - Brian N. Jones
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London
SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus J. Ojeda
- Experimental Techniques Centre, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United
Kingdom
| | - Roger P. Webb
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Wolstenholme
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield
S11 9BW, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bleay
- Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Woodcock Hill, Sandridge,
Herts AL4 9HQ, United Kingdom
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Hofmann SC, Saborowski V, Lange S, Kern WV, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Rieg S. Expression of innate defense antimicrobial peptides in hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:966-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Brogden NK, Mehalick L, Fischer CL, Wertz PW, Brogden KA. The emerging role of peptides and lipids as antimicrobial epidermal barriers and modulators of local inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:167-81. [PMID: 22538862 DOI: 10.1159/000337927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin is complex and comprised of distinct layers, each layer with unique architecture and immunologic functions. Cells within these layers produce differing amounts of antimicrobial peptides and lipids (sphingoid bases and sebaceous fatty acids) that limit colonization of commensal and opportunistic microorganisms. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides and lipids have distinct, concentration-dependent ancillary innate and adaptive immune functions. At 0.1-2.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides induce cell migration and adaptive immune responses to coadministered antigens. At 2.0-6.0 μM, they induce cell proliferation and enhance wound healing. At 6.0-12.0 μM, they can regulate chemokine and cytokine production and at their highest concentrations of 15.0-30.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides can be cytotoxic. At 1-100 nM, lipids enhance cell migration induced by chemokines, suppress apoptosis, and optimize T cell cytotoxicity, and at 0.3-1.0 μM they inhibit cell migration and attenuate chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Recently, many antimicrobial peptides and lipids at 0.1-2.0 μM have been found to attenuate the production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines to microbial antigens. Together, both the antimicrobial and the anti-inflammatory activities of these peptides and lipids may serve to create a strong, overlapping immunologic barrier that not only controls the concentrations of cutaneous commensal flora but also the extent to which they induce a localized inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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45
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Schittek B. The multiple facets of dermcidin in cell survival and host defense. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:349-60. [PMID: 22455996 PMCID: PMC6741627 DOI: 10.1159/000336844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands, which are distributed over the whole bodies of primates and humans, have long been regarded mainly to have a function in thermoregulation. However, the discovery of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in eccrine sweat demonstrated that sweat actively participates in the constitutive innate immune defense of human skin against infection. In the meantime, a number of studies proved the importance of dermcidin in skin host defense. Several reports also state that peptides processed from the dermcidin precursor protein exhibit a range of other biological functions in neuronal and cancer cells. This review summarizes the evidence gathered until now concerning the expression of dermcidin and the functional relevance of dermcidin-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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46
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Effects of the phosphatidylglycerol head group on the binding of short dermcidin-derived peptides to the phospholipid membrane surface. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Paulmann M, Arnold T, Linke D, Özdirekcan S, Kopp A, Gutsmann T, Kalbacher H, Wanke I, Schuenemann VJ, Habeck M, Bürck J, Ulrich AS, Schittek B. Structure-activity analysis of the dermcidin-derived peptide DCD-1L, an anionic antimicrobial peptide present in human sweat. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8434-43. [PMID: 22262861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermcidin encodes the anionic amphiphilic peptide DCD-1L, which displays a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity under conditions resembling those in human sweat. Here, we have investigated its mode of antimicrobial activity. We found that DCD-1L interacts preferentially with negatively charged bacterial phospholipids with a helix axis that is aligned flat on a lipid bilayer surface. Upon interaction with lipid bilayers DCD-1L forms oligomeric complexes that are stabilized by Zn(2+). DCD-1L is able to form ion channels in the bacterial membrane, and we propose that Zn(2+)-induced self-assembly of DCD-1L upon interaction with bacterial lipid bilayers is a prerequisite for ion channel formation. These data allow us for the first time to propose a molecular model for the antimicrobial mechanism of a naturally processed human anionic peptide that is active under the harsh conditions present in human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Paulmann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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48
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Ferguson LS, Wulfert F, Wolstenholme R, Fonville JM, Clench MR, Carolan VA, Francese S. Direct detection of peptides and small proteins in fingermarks and determination of sex by MALDI mass spectrometry profiling. Analyst 2012; 137:4686-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Analyzing and mapping sweat metabolomics by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28824. [PMID: 22194922 PMCID: PMC3237544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of human sweat is studied by high-resolution NMR, and the majority of organic components most often found in sweat of conditionally healthy people are identified. Original and simple tools are designed for sweat sampling from different areas of human body. The minimal surface area needed for sampling is in the range of 50–100 cm2. On all the surface parts of the human body examined in this work, the main constituents forming a sweat metabolic profile are lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, and serine. The only exception is the sole of the foot (planta pedis), where trace amounts of glycerol are found. An attempt is made to explain the presence of specified metabolites and their possible origin.
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50
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Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins (AMPs) represent effector molecules of the innate defense system in all organisms. AMPs are either constitutively or inducibly produced mainly by various epithelial cells, including keratinocytes. This report reviews our current knowledge about the major yet known keratinocyte-derived AMPs, its role in healthy skin and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. −kiel.de
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