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Buonfiglio F, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Glaucoma and the ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Update on molecular signalling and treatment perspectives. Cell Signal 2024:111343. [PMID: 39127136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, encompasses a group of pathological conditions affecting the optic nerve and is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell loss, cupping of the optic nerve head, and distinct visual field defects. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for glaucoma, many patients do not have elevated IOP. Consequently, other risk factors, such as ocular blood flow abnormalities and immunological factors, have been implicated in its pathophysiology. Traditional therapeutic strategies primarily aim to reduce IOP, but there is growing interest in developing novel treatment approaches to improve disease management and reduce the high rates of severe visual impairment. In this context, targeting the ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been found as a potential curative strategy. The RAAS contributes to glaucoma development through key effectors such as prorenin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Recent evidence has highlighted the potential of using RAAS modulators to combat glaucoma, yielding encouraging results. Our study aims to explore the molecular pathways linking the ocular RAAS and glaucoma, summarizing recent advances that elucidate the role of the RAAS in triggering oxidative stress, inflammation, and remodelling in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Additionally, we will present emerging therapeutic approaches that utilize RAAS modulators and antioxidants to slow the progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonfiglio
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Langenbeckstr.1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Langenbeckstr.1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Langenbeckstr.1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Picod A, Garcia B, Van Lier D, Pickkers P, Herpain A, Mebazaa A, Azibani F. Impaired angiotensin II signaling in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:89. [PMID: 38877367 PMCID: PMC11178728 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in critically ill patients. Emerging data suggest that this vital homeostatic system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic and renal hemodynamics during stressful conditions, is altered in septic shock, ultimately leading to impaired angiotensin II-angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. Indeed, available evidence from both experimental models and human studies indicates that alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during septic shock can occur at three distinct levels: 1. Impaired generation of angiotensin II, possibly attributable to defects in angiotensin-converting enzyme activity; 2. Enhanced degradation of angiotensin II by peptidases; and/or 3. Unavailability of angiotensin II type 1 receptor due to internalization or reduced synthesis. These alterations can occur either independently or in combination, ultimately leading to an uncoupling between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system input and downstream angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. It remains unclear whether exogenous angiotensin II infusion can adequately address all these mechanisms, and additional interventions may be required. These observations open a new avenue of research and offer the potential for novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient prognosis. In the near future, a deeper understanding of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations in septic shock should help to decipher patients' phenotypes and to implement targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Picod
- INSERM, UMR-S 942 MASCOT-Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Garcia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Lier
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Herpain
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St. Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- INSERM, UMR-S 942 MASCOT-Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesiology, Burns and Critical Care, Hopitaux Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Feriel Azibani
- INSERM, UMR-S 942 MASCOT-Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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3
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Li X, Fu YH, Tong XW, Zhang YT, Shan YY, Xu YX, Pu SD, Gao XY. RAAS in diabetic retinopathy: mechanisms and therapies. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2024; 68:e230292. [PMID: 38652701 PMCID: PMC11081058 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes with a complex pathophysiology and multiple factors involved. Recently, it has been found that the upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to overexpression of angiotensin II (Ang II), which induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the retina. Therefore, RAAS may be a promising therapeutic target in DR. Notably, RAAS inhibitors are often used in the treatment of hypertension. Still, the potential role and mechanism of DR must be further studied. In this review, we discuss and summarize the pathology and potential therapeutic goals of RAAS in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Hong Fu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Wei Tong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Yan Shan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Xin Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Sheng-Dan Pu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Harbin, China,
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Sinha SK, Nicholas SB. Pathomechanisms of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7349. [PMID: 38068400 PMCID: PMC10707303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is swiftly rising, primarily attributed to the growing population of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. This surge has been transformed into a substantial global concern, placing additional strain on healthcare systems already grappling with significant demands. The pathogenesis of DKD is intricate, originating with hyperglycemia, which triggers various mechanisms and pathways: metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory, and fibrotic which ultimately lead to renal damage. Within each pathway, several mediators contribute to the development of renal structural and functional changes. Some of these mediators, such as inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor β are shared among the different pathways, leading to significant overlap and interaction between them. While current treatment options for DKD have shown advancement over previous strategies, their effectiveness remains somewhat constrained as patients still experience residual risk of disease progression. Therefore, a comprehensive grasp of the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD is imperative for the continued creation of novel and groundbreaking therapies for this condition. In this review, we discuss the current achievements in fundamental research, with a particular emphasis on individual factors and recent developments in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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Hassani B, Attar Z, Firouzabadi N. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) signaling pathways and cancer: foes versus allies. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:254. [PMID: 37891636 PMCID: PMC10604988 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), is an old system with new fundamental roles in cancer biology which influences cell growth, migration, death, and metastasis. RAAS signaling enhances cell proliferation in malignancy directly and indirectly by affecting tumor cells and modulating angiogenesis. Cancer development may be influenced by the balance between the ACE/Ang II/AT1R and the ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor pathways. The interactions between Ang II/AT1R and Ang I/AT2R as well as Ang1-7/Mas and alamandine/MrgD receptors in the RAAS pathway can significantly impact the development of cancer. Ang I/AT2R, Ang1-7/Mas, and alamandine/MrgD interactions can have anticancer effects while Ang II/AT1R interactions can be involved in the development of cancer. Evidence suggests that inhibitors of the RAAS, which are conventionally used to treat cardiovascular diseases, may be beneficial in cancer therapies.Herein, we aim to provide a thorough description of the elements of RAAS and their molecular play in cancer. Alongside this, the role of RAAS components in sex-dependent cancers as well as GI cancers will be discussed with the hope of enlightening new venues for adjuvant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hassani
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Attar
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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Shan Y, Bai Y, Zhang J, Lu Y, Yu S, Song C, Liu J, Jian M, Xu J, Ding C, Xiong Z, Huang X. Estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion and risk of end-stage kidney disease. iScience 2023; 26:106728. [PMID: 37216108 PMCID: PMC10192648 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between sodium intake and long-term kidney disease endpoints is debated and yet to be proven. We aimed to investigate the associations of estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, reflecting daily sodium intake, with the incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). In this prospective cohort study including 444,375 UK Biobank participant, 865 (0.2%) ESKD events occurred after median follow-up of 12.7 years. For every 1 g increment in estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for incident ESKD was 1.09 (95% confidence interval 0.94-1.26). Nonlinear associations were not detected with restricted cubic splines. The null findings were confirmed by a series of sensitivity analyses, which attenuated potential bias from measurement errors of the exposure, regression dilution, reverse causality, and competing risks. In conclusion, there is insufficient evidence that estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion is associated with the incidence of ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shan
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Yong Bai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Yueqi Lu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Sike Yu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Congying Song
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | | | - Min Jian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zuying Xiong
- Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
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8
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Mishima S, Mitsui T, Tani K, Ooba H, Mitoma T, Ohira A, Maki J, Kirino S, Eto E, Hayata K, Masuyama H. Endothelin-1 production via placental (pro)renin receptor in a mouse model of preeclampsia. Placenta 2023; 138:44-50. [PMID: 37167782 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis is explained by the two-stage disorder theory. However, mechanisms underlying hypertension and proteinuria in PE remain unclear. The role of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in PE pathology has received special attention. We examined endothelin-1 (ET-1) production via placental PRR in a PE mouse model. METHODS At 14.5 day-post-coitum (DPC), we performed a reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) operation, ligating the uterine arteriovenous vessels in female mice. We also infused these mice with a PRR inhibitor, decoy peptide in the handle region of prorenin (HRP) for mice (NH2-RIPLKKMPSV-COOH). At 18.5 DPC, blood, urine, and placenta were collected; fetus and placenta were weighed. We evaluated placental hypoxia using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) as index. We also evaluated PRR, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and ET-1 expression in the placenta using quantitative PCR and western blotting. ET-1 concentration in blood plasma was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Blood pressure and proteinuria significantly increased, and fetal and placental weights decreased in RUPP mice. HIF-1α, PRR, TGF-β1, and ET-1 expressions considerably increased in RUPP mice placentas. ET-1 concentration in RUPP mice blood plasma was markedly increased. PRR inhibitor suppressed these changes. DISCUSSION In PE model mice that underwent RUPP treatment, placental hypoxia increased PRR and ET-1 expression suggesting a causative relationship between ET-1 and intracellular PRR signaling. RUPP treatment, when combined with HRP, reversed the effect of elevated ET-1 levels in the model. This study may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of PE considering PRR and ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Mishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ooba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mitoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jota Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoe Kirino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eriko Eto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kei Hayata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Aobulikasimu N, Lv H, Guan P, Cao L, Huang X, Han L. Levistolide A ameliorates fibrosis in chronic kidney disease via modulating multitarget actions in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2023; 320:121565. [PMID: 36921687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The increasing incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) urgently calls for effective nephroprotective agents. Traditional Chinese Medicine Angelica sinensis and its formula are well known for CKD therapy, but the underlying mechanisms and effective substances of reno-protective effects remain unclear. To this end, we isolated eleven ligustilide dimers (1-11) from A. sinensis and examined the molecular mechanism of their nephroprotective effects. MAIN METHODS Because of internal RAS playing an important role in CKD, we used renin expression as a target and screened preliminarily for antifibrotic effects of ligustilide dimers (1-11) by constructing a dual luciferase reporter gene in vitro. Furthermore, the reno-protective effects of the ligustilides and their underlying mechanism were investigated in TGF-β1-stimulated HK-2 cells and 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) mice. KEY FINDINGS The ligustilide dimers exhibited anti-fibrotic effects by inhibiting human renin (hREN) promoter activity to decrease renin expression and down-regulate the expression of fibrosis-related factors, including α-SMA, collagen I, and fibronectin in vitro. Levistolide A (LA) and angeolide keto ester (AK) were screened out to identify their ability and underlying mechanism for treating CKD. Experimental validation further indicated that LA or AK treatment inhibited the expression of key molecules in RAS, TGF-β1/Smad, and MAPK pathways to downregulate ECM deposition. Furthermore, LA obviously meliorated renal injury in 5/6 Nx mice through ameliorating oxidant stress, inflammation, apoptosis and renal fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE The experimental results demonstrated that ligustilide dimers were potential nephroprotective agents. LA might be an attractive drug candidate for renin-targeted CKD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuerbiye Aobulikasimu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Lv
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Cao
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Wang B, Jie H, Wang S, Dong B, Zou Y. The role of (pro)renin receptor and its soluble form in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1086603. [PMID: 36824459 PMCID: PMC9941963 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1086603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major classic therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the circulating RAS, local tissue RAS has been identified in various tissues and plays roles in tissue inflammation and tissue fibrosis. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) was identified as a new member of RAS in 2002. Studies have demonstrated the effects of PRR and its soluble form in local tissue RAS. Moreover, as an important part of vacuolar H+-ATPase, it also contributes to normal lysosome function and cell survival. Evidently, PRR participates in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and may be a potential therapeutic target of cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the effects of PRR and its soluble form on the physiological state, hypertension, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, heart failure, metabolic cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the possibilities and challenges of PRR and its soluble form as a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haipeng Jie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Shuangxi Wang,
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Bo Dong,
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Yunzeng Zou,
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11
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Funke-Kaiser H, Unger T. The (Pro)renin Receptor - A Regulatory Nodal Point in Disease Networks. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1093-1098. [PMID: 37885110 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501250617231016052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Experimental inhibition of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a promising therapeutic strategy in different disease models ranging from cardiorenal to oncological entities. Here, we briefly review the direct protein-protein interaction partners of the (P)RR and the plethora of distinct diseases in which the (P)RR is involved. The first structural work on the (P)RR using AlphaFold, which was recently published by Ebihara et al., is the center of this mini-review since it can mechanistically link the protein-protein interaction level with the pathophysiological level. More detailed insights into the 3D structure of the (P)RR and its interaction domains might guide drug discovery on this novel target. Finally, antibody- and small molecule-based approaches to inhibit the (P)RR are shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Hsieh YC, Wu PS, Lin YT, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lee KC, Lin HC. (Pro)renin receptor inhibition attenuated liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with steatohepatitis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22526. [PMID: 36063123 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is reportedly involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and hepatocyte PRR knockdown protects mice against hepatosteatosis. However, the impact of PRR inhibition on liver inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. Herein, C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal chow diet or fast food diet (FFD) for 24 weeks. Lentivirus-mediated PRR short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or handle region peptide (HRP), a PRR blocker, was administered for PRR inhibition. Mouse primary hepatocytes were cultured with palmitic acid, prorenin, siRNA-targeted PRR, and HRP. In FFD-fed mice, PRR inhibition via lentivirus-mediated PRR knockdown or HRP significantly attenuated liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, PRR knockdown or HRP decreased hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) abundance and upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα). HRP treatment also decreased hepatic PRR expression. In addition, intrahepatic oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory cell recruitment were ameliorated by PRR knockdown or HRP treatment, along with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression. PRR inhibition downregulated the hepatic expression of profibrotic factors, as well as TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway. In primary mouse hepatocytes, PRR knockdown with siRNA or HRP downregulated cellular ACC and increased PPARα expression. In conclusion, our findings revealed that PRR inhibition attenuated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with NASH. Accordingly, targeting PRR signaling may serve as a potential treatment for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Martin JH, Mohammed R, Delforce SJ, Skerrett-Byrne DA, de Meaultsart CC, Almazi JG, Stephens AN, Verrills NM, Dimitriadis E, Wang Y, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Role of the prorenin receptor in endometrial cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2022; 13:587-599. [PMID: 35401936 PMCID: PMC8986267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta H. Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Riazuddin Mohammed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A. Skerrett-Byrne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Corbisier de Meaultsart
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juhura G. Almazi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, The Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Dau AMP, da Rosa PR, dos Santos J, Ferst J, de Macedo M, Rovani M, Comim F, Antoniazzi AQ, Gasperin B, Ferreira R, Gonçalves PB. The influence of prorenin/(pro)renin receptor on progesterone secretion by the bovine corpus luteum. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 241:106985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Ebefors K, Bergwall L, Nyström J. The Glomerulus According to the Mesangium. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:740527. [PMID: 35155460 PMCID: PMC8825785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.740527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerulus is the functional unit for filtration of blood and formation of primary urine. This intricate structure is composed of the endothelium with its glycocalyx facing the blood, the glomerular basement membrane and the podocytes facing the urinary space of Bowman's capsule. The mesangial cells are the central hub connecting and supporting all these structures. The components as a unit ensure a high permselectivity hindering large plasma proteins from passing into the urine while readily filtering water and small solutes. There has been a long-standing interest and discussion regarding the functional contribution of the different cellular components but the mesangial cells have been somewhat overlooked in this context. The mesangium is situated in close proximity to all other cellular components of the glomerulus and should be considered important in pathophysiological events leading to glomerular disease. This review will highlight the role of the mesangium in both glomerular function and intra-glomerular crosstalk. It also aims to explain the role of the mesangium as a central component involved in disease onset and progression as well as signaling to maintain the functions of other glomerular cells to uphold permselectivity and glomerular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Bergwall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Racial differences in dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with prurigo nodularis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 105:130-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Mondragón-Huerta CG, Bautista-Pérez R, Baiza-Gutman LA, Escobar-Sánchez ML, Valle-Mondragón LD, Salas-Garrido CG, Castro-Moreno P, Ibarra-Barajas M. Morphology and cyclooxygenase-2 and renin expression in the kidney of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:371-384. [PMID: 34841988 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211052663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys play an important role in blood pressure regulation under normal and pathological conditions. We examined the histological changes and expression patterns of cyclooxygenase-2, renin, and (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in the renal cortex of prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs). Moreover, blood pressure and plasma urea, creatinine, angiotensin II, and angiotensin (1-7) levels were measured. The results showed that both strains had similar blood pressure and plasma urea and creatinine levels. The glomerular area, basement membrane thickness, collagen fiber content, and arterial wall thickness were greater in SHRs than in WKYs. By immunohistochemistry, cyclooxygenase-2 was localized in the macula densa and renal tubules of both strains. In SHRs, cyclooxygenase-2 was detected in a larger number of tubules, and the cortical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was also increased. In both strains, PRR and renin were localized in the tubular epithelium and juxtaglomerular cells, respectively. In SHRs, PRR immunolocalization was increased in the glomerulus. The cortical expression of immature renin was markedly increased in SHRs compared to that in WKYs, while renin was significantly decreased. These changes were associated with higher plasma angiotensin II levels and lower plasma angiotensin (1-7) levels in SHRs. The results indicate that the kidneys of SHRs showed morphological changes and variations in cortical expression patterns of PRR, cyclooxygenase-2, and renin before the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, "Dr. Ignacio Chávez," Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis A Baiza-Gutman
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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18
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Hsieh YC, Lee KC, Lei HJ, Lan KH, Huo TI, Lin YT, Chan CC, Schnabl B, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lin HC. (Pro)renin Receptor Knockdown Attenuates Liver Fibrosis Through Inactivation of ERK/TGF-β1/SMAD3 Pathway. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:813-838. [PMID: 34087453 PMCID: PMC8340309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) up-regulates the expression of profibrotic genes in the kidney and heart. We aimed to investigate the role of PRR in hepatic fibrogenesis. METHODS Human hepatic PRR levels were measured in patients with or without liver fibrosis. PRR expression was analyzed in primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Experimental fibrosis was studied in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated or methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Lentivirus-mediated PRR short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown hepatic PRR expression. Lentiviral vectors expressing PRR short hairpin RNA or complementary DNA from the α-smooth muscle actin promoter were used for myofibroblast-specific gene knockdown or overexpression. RESULTS PRR is up-regulated in human and mouse fibrotic livers, and in activated HSCs. Hepatic PRR knockdown reduced liver fibrosis by suppressing the activation of HSCs and expression of profibrotic genes in TAA or MCD diet-injured mice without significant changes in hepatic inflammation. Renin and prorenin increased the expression of PRR and production of TGF-β1 in human activated HSC Lieming Xu-2 cells, and knockdown of PRR inactivated Lieming Xu-2 cells with decreased production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) phosphorylation. Myofibroblast-specific PRR knockdown also attenuated liver fibrosis in TAA or MCD diet-injured mice. Mice with both myofibroblast-specific and whole-liver PRR knockdown showed down-regulation of the hepatic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Myofibroblast-specific PRR overexpression worsened TAA-induced liver fibrosis by up-regulating the ERK/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS PRR contributes to liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and its down-regulation attenuates liver fibrosis through inactivation of the ERK/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Therefore, PRR is a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kuei-Chuan Lee, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan. fax: (886) 2-2873-9318.
| | - Hao-Jan Lei
- Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hsin Lan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chang Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Fujimoto K, Kawamura S, Bando S, Kamata Y, Kodera Y, Shichiri M. Circulating prorenin: its molecular forms and plasma concentrations. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:674-684. [PMID: 33564180 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and in the pathophysiology of major human diseases. However, the molecular forms of plasma renin/prorenin have not been fully elucidated, and measurements of plasma prorenin levels are still unavailable for clinical practice. We attempted to evaluate the molecular forms of human plasma prorenin and to directly measure its concentration without converting it to renin to determine its activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent immunoblotting using antibodies that specifically recognise prosegment sequences were used to analyse its molecular forms in plasma. We also created a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suitable for directly quantifying the plasma concentration. The plasma level in healthy people was 3.0-13.4 μg/mL, which is from 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the levels reported thus far. Plasma immunoreactive prorenin consists of three major distinct components: a posttranslationally modified full-length protein, an albumin-bound form and a smaller protein truncated at the common C-terminal renin/prorenin portion. In contrast to plasma renin activity, plasma prorenin concentrations were not affected by the postural changes of the donor. Hence, plasma prorenin molecules may be posttranslationally modified/processed or bound to albumin and are present in far higher concentrations than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.,Department of Physics and Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Sayuki Kawamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Satoru Bando
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics and Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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20
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Xue K, Wang H, Zhou J, Gao F, Li C, Yang T, Fang H. (Pro)renin receptor antagonist PRO20 attenuates nephrectomy-induced nephropathy in rats via inhibition of intrarenal RAS and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14881. [PMID: 34057312 PMCID: PMC8165733 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction (Pro)renin receptor has emerged as a new member of the renin‐angiotensin system implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein we report characterization of the therapeutic potential of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) antagonist PRO20 in 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) rats. Methods Male Wistar rats underwent 5/6Nx followed by treatment with vehicle or received daily injections of a PRR inhibitor PRO20 (700 μg/kg) via the 3 s.c. Sham group served as a control. Results As compared with the sham control, the 5/6Nx rats exhibited significant increases in proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, tubular injury, and interstitial inflammation in the remnant kidneys. Treatment with PRO20 significantly attenuated these abnormalities, as evidenced by reduced expression of fibronectin, α‐SMA, collagen 1, TGF‐β1, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β, MCP‐1 and increased expression of E‐cadherin. Increased urinary/renal levels of renin activity, angiotensinogen (AGT), and Angiotensin II (Ang II) by 5/6Nx, which were all ameliorated by PRO20. Renal PRR, the secreted proteolytic fragment of PRR (sPRR) in renal and urinary, were all elevated in 5/6Nx rats. Moreover, our results revealed that renal Wnt3A and β‐catenin expression were upregulated during 5/6Nx, which were all attenuated by PRO20. Conclusions Overall we conclude that in vivo antagonism of PRR with PRO20 will improve 5/6Nx‐induced CKD mainly through inhibition of intrarenal RAS and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huaijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chengde Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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21
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The Immunomodulatory Effect of the Gut Microbiota in Kidney Disease. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5516035. [PMID: 34095319 PMCID: PMC8140847 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5516035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex cluster composed of 100 trillion microorganisms, which holds a symbiotic relationship with the host under normal circumstances. Intestinal flora can facilitate the treatment of human metabolic dysfunctions and interact with the intestinal tract, which could influence intestinal tolerance, immunity, and sensitivity to inflammation. In recent years, significant interests have evolved on the association of intestinal microbiota and kidney diseases within the academic circle. Abnormal changes in intestinal microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can affect the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in the bacterial translocation, production, and accumulation of dysbiotic gut-derived metabolites, such as urea, indoxyl sulfate (IS), and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS). These processes lead to the abnormal activation of immune cells; overproduction of antibodies, immune complexes, and inflammatory factors; and inflammatory cell infiltration that can directly or indirectly cause damage to the renal parenchyma. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of intestinal flora in the development and progression of several renal diseases, such as lupus nephritis, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Further research on these mechanisms should provide insights into the therapeutic potential of regulating intestinal flora and intervening related molecular targets for the abovementioned nephropathy.
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22
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Hou G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Ren Y, Wang C, Li W. Mechanism of Radix Astragali and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Ameliorates Hypertensive Renal Damage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5598351. [PMID: 33969119 PMCID: PMC8084651 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5598351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive-induced renal damage (HRD) is an important public health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The herb pair Radix Astragali- (RA-) Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) is a common prescribed herbal formula for the treatment of HRD. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of our study is to explore the mechanism of combination of Radix Astragali (RA) and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) ameliorating HRD by regulation of the renal sympathetic nerve. Thirty 24-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) as the experimental group were randomly divided into the RA group, the RS group, the RA+RS group, the valsartan group, and the SHR group and six age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) as the control group. After 4 weeks of corresponding drug administration, venipuncture was done to collect blood and prepare serum for analysis. A color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument was used to observe renal hemodynamics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), angiotensin II (Ang II), and B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Simultaneously, the kidneys were removed immediately and observed under a transmission electron microscope to observe the ultrastructural changes. And the concentration of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), and nitric oxide (NO) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that renal ultrasonography of rats showed no significant difference in renal size among groups. The RA+RS group had obviously decreased vascular resistance index. The levels of NE, E, BNP, Ang II, AT1, and TGF-β1 were decreased (P < 0.05), and the density of NO was increased. Pathological damage of the kidney was alleviated. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested sympathetic overexpression in the pathogenesis of HRD. The combination of RA and RS may inhibit the hyperexcitability of sympathetic nerves and maintain the normal physiological structure and function of kidney tissue and has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Hou
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Yuehua Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Yuekun Zheng
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Yonghao Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Congan Wang
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
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Quadri SS, Cooper C, Ghaffar D, Vaishnav H, Nahar L. The Pathological Role of Pro(Renin) Receptor in Renal Inflammation. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:339-344. [PMID: 33776491 PMCID: PMC7989955 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s297682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is the recently discovered component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS). Many organs contain their own RAS, wherein PRR can exert organ-specific localized effects. The Binding of prorenin/renin to PRR activates angiotensin-dependent and independent pathways which leads to the development of physiological and pathological effects. Continued progress in PRR research suggests that the upregulation of PRR contributes to the development of hypertension, glomerular injury, and progression of kidney disease and inflammation. In the current review, we highlight the function of the PRR in renal inflammation in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Quadri
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Caleb Cooper
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Dawood Ghaffar
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Vaishnav
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ludmila Nahar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine/John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Kilmister EJ, Hansen L, Davis PF, Hall SRR, Tan ST. Cell Populations Expressing Stemness-Associated Markers in Vascular Anomalies. Front Surg 2021; 7:610758. [PMID: 33634164 PMCID: PMC7900499 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.610758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of vascular anomalies (VAs) is mostly empirical and, in many instances unsatisfactory, as the pathogeneses of these heterogeneous conditions remain largely unknown. There is emerging evidence of the presence of cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within many types of vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The presence of these populations in VAs is supported, in part, by the observed clinical effect of the mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus, that regulates differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The discovery of the central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating stem cells in infantile hemangioma (IH) provides a plausible explanation for its spontaneous and accelerated involution induced by β-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Recent work on targeting IH stem cells by inhibiting the transcription factor SOX18 using the stereoisomer R(+) propranolol, independent of β-adrenergic blockade, opens up exciting opportunities for novel treatment of IH without the β-adrenergic blockade-related side effects. Gene mutations have been identified in several VAs, involving mainly the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Existing cancer therapies that target these pathways engenders the exciting possibility of repurposing these agents for challenging VAs, with early results demonstrating clinical efficacy. However, there are several shortcomings with this approach, including the treatment cost, side effects, emergence of treatment resistance and unknown long-term effects in young patients. The presence of populations expressing stemness-associated markers, including transcription factors involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in different types of VAs, suggests the possible role of stem cell pathways in their pathogenesis. Components of the RAS are expressed by cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers in different types of VAs. The gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways interact with different components of the RAS, which may influence cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within VAs. The potential of targeting these populations by manipulating the RAS using repurposed, low-cost and commonly available oral medications, warrants further investigation. This review presents the accumulating evidence demonstrating the presence of stemness-associated markers in VAs, their expression of the RAS, and their interaction with gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways, in the pathogenesis of VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Hansen
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Gowd V, Kang Q, Wang Q, Wang Q, Chen F, Cheng KW. Resveratrol: Evidence for Its Nephroprotective Effect in Diabetic Nephropathy. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1555-1568. [PMID: 32577714 PMCID: PMC7666903 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Dietary habits play a major role in determining the onset and progression of DM-related disorders and a proper diet (rich in fruits and vegetables) can delay or prevent the process of DM pathogenesis. Thus, increasing attention has been paid to polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods since their increased intake has been associated with a reduced incidence of DM and its associated complications. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin that is mainly found in grapevines and berries. It is available in various pharmaceutical dosages and is widely recommended as a dietary supplement due to its beneficial effects. Remarkably, resveratrol's capability to effectively lower blood glucose levels without any side effects has been amply demonstrated in many in vitro and in vivo studies. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss the nephroprotective effect of resveratrol during DN and its associated mechanisms. Resveratrol exerts its nephroprotective effects via various mechanisms including reducing oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, stimulating autophagy, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, ameliorating lipotoxicity, activating the AMP kinase (AMPK) pathway, and modulating angiogenesis. Moreover, the use of resveratrol as an adjuvant to conventional antidiabetic therapies could be an effective approach to manage DN in humans. However, evidence is scarce to support whether resveratrol has beneficial effects in humans during DN. Therefore, clinical studies are warranted to elucidate resveratrol's role against DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemana Gowd
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingzheng Kang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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26
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The (pro)renin receptor: a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for various cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:39. [PMID: 32143717 PMCID: PMC7060546 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The (pro) renin receptor ((P)RR) plays important roles in various pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, that are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes incorporating the tumorigenesis. However, our knowledge about (P) RR was mostly limited to its roles in cardiovascular and renal physiological functions and diseases. In the past 5 years, however, compelling evidence has revealed that (P) RR is aberrantly expressed in and contributes to the development of various cancers by different means. For instance, (P) RR was recently demonstrated to induce the oncogenesis of pancreatic, colorectal and brain cancers via the Wnt signaling, while promote the endometrial cancer and glioblastoma through the RAS. METHODS Combining with the deep analysis of big data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, this review updates and summarizes the recent studies about the newly recognized roles of (P) RR in the pathophysiological processes of cancer development and its detailed functions through related pathways, as well as the novel research progress of (P) RR in related fields including the development and application of soluble (P) RR detection kit and monoclonal (P) RR antibody. RESULTS This review provides an overview of the essential roles of (P) RR in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers and offers a translational outlook for the future research and clinical practices. CONCLUSION (P) RR in the tumor tissues and/or body fluids of patients may be a novel and promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis prediction in various cancers. Video Abstract.
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Cao F, Cao P, Liu Y, Wang S, He Y, Xu Y, Wang Y. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on renal function in obese patients. ANZ J Surg 2020; 90:514-520. [PMID: 32115876 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the clinical efficacy and mechanism of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in improving renal function in obese patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the anthropometric indices (waist circumference, hip circumference and body mass index (BMI)), renal function indices (serum creatinine, urea and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR)), serum inflammatory indices (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α) and an adipose factor (leptin) in 50 patients with obesity (BMI ≥32.5 kg/m2 ) who underwent LSG in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019. RESULTS Patients constituted 23 men and 27 women, with an average age of 32.5 ± 8.7 years and BMI of 43.99 ± 8.29 kg/m2 . Body weight and BMI 1 month post-operatively were significantly lower than preoperatively (P < 0.05), and the renal function indices serum creatinine, urea and UACR, improved significantly 3 months post-operatively (P < 0.05). C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α levels improved significantly 3 months post-operatively (P < 0.05), while leptin levels decreased significantly 1 month post-operatively (P < 0.05). Six months post-operatively, the remission rates for type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnoea syndrome and hypertension were 83.8%, 92.9% and 88.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LSG led to body weight loss and significantly improved serum creatinine, urea and UACR values in patients with obesity, which may be related to changes in adipocytokines and inflammatory factors, post-operatively. LSG is expected to become a new treatment to prevent or treat renal insufficiency caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pengwei Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Pascoal C, Francisco R, Ferro T, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Jaeken J, Videira PA. CDG and immune response: From bedside to bench and back. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:90-124. [PMID: 31095764 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential biological process that adds structural and functional diversity to cells and molecules, participating in physiological processes such as immunity. The immune response is driven and modulated by protein-attached glycans that mediate cell-cell interactions, pathogen recognition and cell activation. Therefore, abnormal glycosylation can be associated with deranged immune responses. Within human diseases presenting immunological defects are congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a family of around 130 rare and complex genetic diseases. In this review, we have identified 23 CDG with immunological involvement, characterized by an increased propensity to-often life-threatening-infection. Inflammatory and autoimmune complications were found in 7 CDG types. CDG natural history(ies) and the mechanisms behind the immunological anomalies are still poorly understood. However, in some cases, alterations in pathogen recognition and intracellular signaling (eg, TGF-β1, NFAT, and NF-κB) have been suggested. Targeted therapies to restore immune defects are only available for PGM3-CDG and SLC35C1-CDG. Fostering research on glycoimmunology may elucidate the involved pathophysiological mechanisms and open new therapeutic avenues, thus improving CDG patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ferro
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula A Videira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Sansoè G, Aragno M, Wong F. Pathways of hepatic and renal damage through non-classical activation of the renin-angiotensin system in chronic liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:18-31. [PMID: 31580514 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In liver cirrhosis, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation sustains renal sodium retention and hepatic fibrogenesis. New information has recently enlivened the traditional concept of RAS. For instance, renin and prorenin bind their ubiquitous receptors, resulting in the local production of angiotensin (Ang) II; increased serum calcium and calcimimetic agents, through stimulation of extracellular calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR), blunt renin production and lead to natriuretic effects in human and experimental cirrhosis. Alongside systemic production, there is Ang II tissue production within various organs through RAS enzymes different from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), that is chymase, tissue plasminogen activator and several cathepsins. In experimental cirrhosis, inhibition of chymase leads to natriuretic and hepatic antifibrotic effects, without changes in systemic haemodynamics. In the kidney, local RAS coordinates proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption. However, renalase, whose plasma and tissue levels are severely altered in experimental cirrhosis, degrades systemic and renal tubule catecholamines, antagonizing the effects of renal RAS. Angiotensinogen-derived natriuretic and vasodilating peptides (Ang1-9, Ang1-7, Ang3-8) and their receptors have been described. Receptor agonists or antagonists are available to affect portal hypertension and sodium retention in cirrhosis. ACE2-dependent generation of Ang1-7 may inhibit experimental liver fibrosis. inhibition of Ang1-7 clearance by means of neprilysin blockade has portal hypotensive and natriuretic effects. Ang1-12, whose production renin does not regulate, is converted to several different angiotensin peptides via chymase. Finally, Ang II behaves as either an antinatriuretic or a natriuretic agent, based on the tissue content of AT1 R and AT2 R receptors, their ratio being prone to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sansoè
- Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Florence Wong
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Eduardo M, Ivette BR, Gabriela DP, Veronica MA, Victor R. Evaluation of Renin and Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor in Patients with IPF. A Comparison with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Lung 2019; 197:715-720. [PMID: 31616976 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal disease with an unclear pathogenic mechanism. Components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have a role in the pathogenesis of IPF, specifically, the aspartyl protease renin acts as a profibrotic factor in the lung. However, the concentration of the RAS components renin and soluble (pro)renin receptor (sPRR) have not been previously evaluated neither in serum nor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of patients with IPF or chronic Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (cHP), a disease which may be confused with IPF. METHODS The serum levels of renin [IPF patients (n = 70), cHP patients (n = 83), and controls (n = 26)] and sPRR [IPF (n = 28), cHP (37), and controls (n = 20)] were measured by ELISA. Renin was also quantified in BALs of IPF patients and controls by Western blot. RESULTS We found that the levels of renin were higher in serum samples from IPF patients when compared with cHP patients and controls. Furthermore, BALs from IPF patients had more renin than BALs from controls. Unlike renin, the serum levels of sPRR were lower in IPF and cHP patients than in control individuals. CONCLUSIONS The high levels of renin in sera and BALs of IPF patients suggest that renin might play a major role in the pathogenesis of IPF. Results from BAL confirm that renin is produced locally in the lung. Serum levels of renin could be used to differentiate IPF from cHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montes Eduardo
- Clínica de Asma, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Buendía-Roldan Ivette
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Díaz-Piña Gabriela
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moreno-Avila Veronica
- Laboratorio de Morfología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruiz Victor
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Altarejo Marin T, Machado Bertassoli B, Alves de Siqueira de Carvalho A, Feder D. The use of aliskiren as an antifibrotic drug in experimental models: A systematic review. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:114-126. [PMID: 31605544 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aliskiren is an oral antihypertensive medication that acts by directly inhibiting renin. High levels of circulating renin and prorenin activate the pathological signaling pathway of fibrosis. This drug also reduces oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to analyze experimental studies that show the actions of aliskiren on fibrosis. PubMed and LILACS databases were consulted using the keywords aliskiren and fibrosis within the period between 2005 and 2017. Fifty-three articles were analyzed. In the heart, aliskiren attenuated remodeling, hypertrophy, inflammatory cytokines, collagen deposition, and oxidative stress. In the kidneys, there was a reduction in interstitial fibrosis, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, proteinuria, and in the recruitment of macrophages. In diabetic models, an improvement in the albumin/creatinine relationship and in the insulin pathway in skeletal muscles was observed; aliskiren was beneficial to pancreatic function and glucose tolerance. In the liver, aliskiren reduced fibrosis, steatosis, inflammatory cytokines, and collagen deposition. In the lung and peritoneal tissues, there was a reduction in fibrosis. Many studies have reported on the beneficial effects of aliskiren on endothelial function and arterial rigidity. A reduction in fibrosis in different organs is cited by many authors, which complies with the results found in this review. However, studies diverge on the use of the drug in diabetic patients. Aliskiren has antifibrotic potential in several experimental models, interfering with the levels of fibrogenic cytokines and oxidative stress. Therefore, its use in diseases in which fibrosis plays an important pathophysiological role is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Feder
- Department of Phamacology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Yoshida N, Endo J, Kinouchi K, Kitakata H, Moriyama H, Kataoka M, Yamamoto T, Shirakawa K, Morimoto S, Nishiyama A, Hashiguchi A, Higuchi I, Fukuda K, Ichihara A, Sano M. (Pro)renin receptor accelerates development of sarcopenia via activation of Wnt/YAP signaling axis. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12991. [PMID: 31282603 PMCID: PMC6718617 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To extend life expectancy and ensure healthy aging, it is crucial to prevent and minimize age‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy, also known as sarcopenia. However, the disease's molecular mechanism remains unclear. The age‐related Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway has been recently shown to be activated by the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR). We report here that (P)RR expression was increased in the atrophied skeletal muscles of aged mice and humans. Therefore, we developed a gain‐of‐function model of age‐related sarcopenia via transgenic expression of (P)RR under control of the CAG promoter. Consistent with our hypothesis, (P)RR‐Tg mice died early and exhibited muscle atrophy with histological features of sarcopenia. Moreover, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling was activated and the regenerative capacity of muscle progenitor cells after cardiotoxin injury was impaired due to cell fusion failure in (P)RR‐Tg mice. In vitro forced expression of (P)RR protein in C2C12 myoblast cells suppressed myotube formation by activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Administration of Dickkopf‐related protein 1, an inhibitor of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and anti‐(P)RR neutralizing antibody, which inhibits binding of (P)RR to the Wnt receptor, significantly improved sarcopenia in (P)RR‐Tg mice. Furthermore, the use of anti‐(P)RR neutralizing antibodies significantly improved the regenerative ability of skeletal muscle in aged mice. Finally, we show that Yes‐associated protein (YAP) signaling, which is coordinately regulated by Wnt/β‐catenin, contributed to the development of (P)RR‐induced sarcopenia. The present study demonstrates the use of (P)RR‐Tg mice as a novel sarcopenia model, and shows that (P)RR‐Wnt‐YAP signaling plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension Tokyo Women’s Medical University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitakata
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidenori Moriyama
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsunehisa Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension Tokyo Women’s Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University Kagoshima Japan
| | - Itsuro Higuchi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Kagoshima University Kagoshima Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension Tokyo Women’s Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
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Simeoni M, Nicotera R, Pelagi E, Libri E, Comi N, Fuiano G. Successful Use of Aliskiren in a Case of IgA- Mesangial Glomerulonephritis Unresponsive to Conventional Therapies. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2019; 14:72-76. [PMID: 30047335 DOI: 10.2174/1574887113666180726103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The early suspension of Altitude trial in recent years has induced most nephrologists and cardiologists to abandon Aliskiren use. Consequently, the potential usefulness of the direct renin inhibition in IgA glomerulonephritis remained an under-investigated therapeutic option. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 53 years old IgA GMN patient unresponsive to all conventional anti-angiotensin-2 agents, steroids and immunosuppressants, in which the administration of Aliskiren permitted to achieve and maintain a complete proteinuria remission in the absence of any adverse event. CONCLUSION Aliskiren might represent a valid and safe therapeutic option in IgA GMN, although further investigations would be needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariadelina Simeoni
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ramona Nicotera
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elena Pelagi
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emanuela Libri
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicolino Comi
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fuiano
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital 'Magna Graecia', Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
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Li Y, Su X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Shi M, Lv C, Gao Y, Xu D, Wang Z. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with CKD5 and correlated with clinical indices of the disease: a case-controlled study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:228. [PMID: 31315634 PMCID: PMC6637476 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a universal chronic disease in China. The balance of the gut microbiome is highly crucial for a healthy human body, especially for the immune system. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and CKD has not yet been clarified. METHODS A total of 122 patients were recruited for this study. Among them, 24 patients were diagnosed with CKD5 but did not receive hemodialysis therapy, 29 patients were diagnosed with CKD5 and received hemodialysis therapy and 69 were matched healthy controls. The gut microbiome composition was analyzed by a 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) gene-based sequencing protocol. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) technology was used to evaluate the levels of microbiome-related protein-binding uremic toxins level, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), in the patients. RESULTS We compared the gut microbiome results of 122 subjects and established a correlation between the gut microbiome and IS and PCS levels. The results indicated that alpha and beta diversity were different in patients with CKD5 than in the healthy controls (p < 0.01). In comparison to healthy controls, CKD5 patients exhibited a significantly higher relative abundance of Neisseria (p < 0.001), Lachnoclostridium (p < 0.001) and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.001). Faecalibacterium (p < 0.001) displayed a notably lower relative abundance for CKD5 patients both with and without hemodialysis than for controls. It was also found that the concentrations of IS and PCS were correlated with the gut microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CKD5 patients both with and without hemodialysis had dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and that this dysbiosis was associated with an accumulation of IS and PCS. These results may support further clinical diagnosis to a great extent and help in developing potential probiotics to facilitate the treatment of CKD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhuan Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng High-Tech Development Zone, Taian, 271600, Shandong, China
| | - Min Shi
- Jinan Center for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Chenxiao Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
- Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
- Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zunsong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Renin Activity in Heart Failure with Reduced Systolic Function-New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133182. [PMID: 31261774 PMCID: PMC6651297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the cause, symptomatic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (rEF) is characterized by pathological activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) with sodium retention and extracellular fluid expansion (edema). Here, we review the role of active renin, a crucial, upstream enzymatic regulator of the RAAS, as a prognostic and diagnostic plasma biomarker of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) progression; we also discuss its potential as a pharmacological bio-target in HF therapy. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that plasma renin activity is elevated with symptomatic HFrEF with edema in patients, as well as in companion animals and experimental models of HF. Plasma renin activity levels are also reported to be elevated in patients and animals with rEF before the development of symptomatic HF. Modulation of renin activity in experimental HF significantly reduces edema formation and the progression of systolic dysfunction and improves survival. Thus, specific assessment and targeting of elevated renin activity may enhance diagnostic and therapeutic precision to improve outcomes in appropriate patients with HFrEF.
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Beitia M, Solano-Iturri JD, Errarte P, Calvete-Candenas J, Loizate A, Etxezarraga MC, Sanz B, Larrinaga G. (Pro)renin Receptor Expression Increases throughout the Colorectal Adenoma-Adenocarcinoma Sequence and It Is Associated with Worse Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E881. [PMID: 31238566 PMCID: PMC6627867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a protein that takes part in several signaling pathways such as Renin Angiotensin System and Wnt signalling. Its biological role has recently been related to cancer progression and in this study, we investigated its relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC). To that end, we analysed the immunohistochemical expression of PRR in adenomatous polyps and CRCs from the same patients (n = 42), and in primary tumours and nodal and liver metastases from advanced CRC patients (n = 294). In addition, the soluble fraction of PRR was measured by ELISA in plasma samples from 161 CRC patients. The results showed that PRR expression was gradually augmented along the uninvolved mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Besides, the stronger expression of PRR in primary tumours was markedly associated with local tumour extent and the onset of metastases. Moreover, PRR expression in both primary and distant metastases was associated with worse 5- and 10-year survival of CRC patients. Plasmatic PRR levels did not change with respect to controls and were not associated with CRC aggressiveness. These results suggest a key role of PRR in the development and progression of CRC and a potential use of this protein as a new prognostic biomarker and/or therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Beitia
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Peio Errarte
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | | | - Alberto Loizate
- Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Mari Carmen Etxezarraga
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Begoña Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain.
- BioCruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain.
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Liu Y, Kanda A, Wu D, Ishizuka ET, Kase S, Noda K, Ichihara A, Ishida S. Suppression of Choroidal Neovascularization and Fibrosis by a Novel RNAi Therapeutic Agent against (Pro)renin Receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:113-125. [PMID: 31254924 PMCID: PMC6599885 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-associated prorenin system refers to the pathogenic mechanism whereby prorenin binding to (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] dually activates the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and RAS-independent signaling, and its activation contributes to the molecular pathogenesis of various ocular diseases. We recently developed a new single-stranded RNAi agent targeting both human and mouse (P)RR ((P)RR-proline-modified short hairpin RNA [(P)RR-PshRNA]), and confirmed its therapeutic effect on murine models of ocular inflammation. Here, we investigated the efficacy of (P)RR-PshRNA against laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Administration of (P)RR-PshRNA in mice significantly reduced CNV formation, together with the expression of inflammatory molecules, macrophage infiltration, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. In addition, (P)RR-PshRNA attenuated subretinal fibrosis, together with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers including phosphorylated SMAD2. The suppressive effect of (P)RR-PshRNA is comparable with aflibercept, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug widely used for AMD therapy. AMD patient specimens demonstrated (P)RR co-localization with phosphorylated ERK1/2 in neovascular endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These results indicate that (P)RR contributes to the ocular pathogenesis of both inflammation-related angiogenesis and EMT-driven fibrosis, and that (P)RR-PshRNA is a promising therapeutic agent for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Erdal Tan Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Periyasamy R, Das S, Pandey KN. Genetic disruption of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A upregulates renal (pro) renin receptor expression in Npr1 null mutant mice. Peptides 2019; 114:17-28. [PMID: 30965084 PMCID: PMC6821518 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine whether targeted-disruption of Npr1 gene (encoding for guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A; GC-A/NPRA) upregulates pro(renin) receptor (P)RR expression and leads to the activation of MAPKs in Npr1 gene-knockout mice. The Npr1 homozygous (Npr1-/-; 0-copy), heterozygous (Npr1+/-; 1-copy), wild-type (Npr1+/+; 2-copy), and gene-duplicated (Npr1++/++; 4-copy) mice were utilized. To identify the canonical pathway of (P)RR, we administered ACE-1 inhibitor (captopril), AT1R blocker (losartan), and MAPKs inhibitors (U0126 and SB203580) to all Npr1 mice genotypes. The renal expression of (P)RR mRNA was increased by 3-fold in 0-copy mice and 2-fold in 1-copy mice compared with 2-copy mice, which was also associated with significantly increased expression of ACE-1 and AT1R mRNA levels. Similarly, the phosphorylation of MAPKs (Erk1/2 and p-p38) was enhanced by 3.5-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, in 0-copy mice with significant increases in 1-copy mice compared with 2-copy mice. The kidney and plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in 0-copy and 1-copy mice. Treatment with captopril and losartan did not alter the expression of (P)RR in any of the Npr1 mice genotypes. Interestingly, losartan significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 in Npr1 mice. The present results suggest that the ablation of Npr1 upregulates (P)RR, MAPKs (Erk1/2 and p38), and proinflammatory cytokines in 0-copy and 1-copy mice. In contrast, the duplication of Npr1 exhibits the anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects by reducing the activation of MAPKs and inhibiting the expression levels of RAAS components and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Periyasamy
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Subhankar Das
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States.
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Effects of the (Pro)renin Receptor on Cardiac Remodeling and Function in a Rat Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy Model via the PRR-ERK1/2-NOX4 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4546975. [PMID: 31049135 PMCID: PMC6462324 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4546975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) caused by alcohol consumption manifests mainly as by maladaptive myocardial function, which eventually leads to heart failure and causes serious public health problems. The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is an important member of the local tissue renin-angiotensin system and plays a vital role in many cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism responsible for the effects of PRR on ACM remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PRR in myocardial fibrosis and the deterioration of cardiac function in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Wistar rats were fed a liquid diet containing 9% v/v alcohol to establish an alcoholic cardiomyopathy model. Eight weeks later, rats were injected with 1 × 109v.g./100 μl of recombinant adenovirus containing EGFP (scramble-shRNA), PRR, and PRR-shRNA via the tail vein. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Cardiac histopathology was measured by Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemical staining, and dihydroethidium staining. In addition, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were cultured to evaluate the effects of alcohol stimulation on the production of the extracellular matrix and their underlying mechanisms. Our results indicated that overexpression of PRR in rats with alcoholic cardiomyopathy exacerbates myocardial oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis. Silencing of PRR expression with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology reversed the myocardial damage mediated by PRR. Additionally, PRR activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and increased NOX4-derived reactive oxygen species and collagen expression in CFs with alcohol stimulation. Administration of the ERK kinase inhibitor (PD98059) significantly reduced NOX4 protein expression and collagen production, which indicated that PRR increases collagen production primarily through the PRR-ERK1/2-NOX4 pathway in CFs. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PRR induces myocardial fibrosis and deteriorates cardiac function through ROS from the PRR-ERK1/2-NOX4 pathway during ACM development.
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Gong L, Zhang S, Li L, Gao X, Wang D, Wu D, Wang K, Liu Y. Elevated plasma soluble (pro)renin receptor levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling and renal function in chronic heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Peptides 2019; 111:152-157. [PMID: 29660382 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Soluble (pro)renin receptor [s(P)RR], which is generated from cleavage of (P)RR, can be detected in plasma and urine. s(P)RR levels can reflect the severity of some diseases, such as renal lesions, gestational diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. However, the relationship between s(P)RR levels and the severity of chronic heart failure remains undetermined. We studied s(P)RR levels in 118 patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), including 86 without renal dysfunction (HF) and 32 with renal dysfunction (HF + RF), and 28 healthy subjects (HS) to reveal the relationship between s(P)RR levels and other HFrEF parameters. Plasma s(P)RR levels were 22.2 ± 4.1 ng/mL (HS), 26.4 ± 5.3 ng/ mL (HF) and 30.0 ± 5.3 ng/mL (HF + RF). Plasma s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the HS group (P < 0.001) and even more increased in the HF + RF group (P < 0.001 vs. the HS group and P < 0.05 vs. the HF group). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were independently related to s(P)RR levels in HFrEF patients. In conclusion, high plasma s(P)RR levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling and, especially, with renal dysfunction. Therefore, s(P)RR is a promising evaluative indicator for the severity of HFrEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Internal Medicine, Hubei Province Hospitals of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road No. 222, Xigang District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Linrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dachang Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Prorenin independently causes hypertension and renal and cardiac fibrosis in cyp1a1-prorenin transgenic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1345-1363. [PMID: 29848510 PMCID: PMC6024026 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma prorenin is commonly elevated in diabetic patients and appears to predict the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, the pathological role of prorenin is unclear. In the present study, a transgenic, inducible, hepatic prorenin-overexpressing rat model was generated and the effect of prorenin in organ injury was examined. Four groups of rats (cyp1a1 prorenin transgenic male and female rats and non-transgenic littermates) were assigned to receive a diet containing 0.3% of the transgene inducer indole-3-carbinol (I3C) for 4 weeks. Plasma prorenin concentration was increased and mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased from 80 ± 18 to 138 ± 17 (mmHg), whereas renal prorenin/renin protein expression was unchanged, in transgenic rats fed with I3C diet. The intact prorenin, not renin, in plasma and urine samples was further observed by Western blot analysis. Importantly, transgenic rats with high levels of prorenin developed albuminuria, glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) 1 (TGFβ1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), collagen, and fibronectin (FN). These rats also exhibited cardiac hypertrophy determined by echocardiography, with elevated ratio of heart weight to body weight (HW/BW). Cardiac collagen in interstitial and perivascular regions was prominent, accompanied by the increase in mRNA contents of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), TGFβ1, PAI-1, and collagen in the heart tissue. Furthermore, renal protein levels of p-NF-κB-p65 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), NAPDH oxidases, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-isoprostane (8-IP), p-ERK, p-β-catenin, and p-Akt were dramatically increased in prorenin overexpressing rats. These results indicate that prorenin, without being converted into renin, causes hypertension, renal and cardiac fibrosis via the induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and the ERK, β-catenin, and Akt-mediated signals.
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Fang H, Deng M, Zhang L, Lu A, Su J, Xu C, Zhou L, Wang L, Ou JS, Wang W, Yang T. Role of (pro)renin receptor in albumin overload-induced nephropathy in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1759-F1768. [PMID: 29846109 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria is not only a common feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) but also an independent risk factor promoting CKD progression to end-stage renal failure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for protein overload-induced renal injury remain elusive. The present study examined the role of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in pathogenesis of albumin overload (AO)-induced nephropathy and activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in rats. Wistar rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy and were treated for 7 wk with vehicle, bovine serum albumin (5 g·kg-1·day-1 via a single ip injection), alone or in conjunction with the PRR decoy inhibitor PRO20 (500 μg·kg-1·day-1 via 3 sc injections). The AO rat model exhibited severe proteinuria, tubular necrosis, and interstitial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, accompanied by elevated urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity and urinary β2-microglobulin secretion, all of which were significantly attenuated by PRO20. Urinary and renal levels of renin, angiotensinogen, and ANG II were elevated by AO and suppressed by PRO20, contrasting to largely unaltered plasma levels of the RAS parameters. The AO model also showed increased renal expression of full-length PRR and soluble PRR (sPRR) and urinary excretion of sPRR. Taken together, we conclude that PRR antagonism with PRO20 alleviates AO-induced nephropathy via inhibition of intrarenal RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mokan Deng
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiahui Su
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China.,Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University zhongshan School of Medicine , Guangzhou , China.,Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Riquier-Brison ADM, Sipos A, Prókai Á, Vargas SL, Toma L, Meer EJ, Villanueva KG, Chen JCM, Gyarmati G, Yih C, Tang E, Nadim B, Pendekanti S, Garrelds IM, Nguyen G, Danser AHJ, Peti-Peterdi J. The macula densa prorenin receptor is essential in renin release and blood pressure control. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F521-F534. [PMID: 29667908 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00029.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prorenin receptor (PRR) was originally proposed to be a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS); however, recent work questioned their association. The present paper describes a functional link between the PRR and RAS in the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), a classic anatomical site of the RAS. PRR expression was found in the sensory cells of the JGA, the macula densa (MD), and immunohistochemistry-localized PRR to the MD basolateral cell membrane in mouse, rat, and human kidneys. MD cell PRR activation led to MAP kinase ERK1/2 signaling and stimulation of PGE2 release, the classic pathway of MD-mediated renin release. Exogenous renin or prorenin added to the in vitro microperfused JGA-induced acute renin release, which was inhibited by removing the MD or by the administration of a PRR decoy peptide. To test the function of MD PRR in vivo, we established a new mouse model with inducible conditional knockout (cKO) of the PRR in MD cells based on neural nitric oxide synthase-driven Cre-lox recombination. Deletion of the MD PRR significantly reduced blood pressure and plasma renin. Challenging the RAS by low-salt diet + captopril treatment caused further significant reductions in blood pressure, renal renin, cyclooxygenase-2, and microsomal PGE synthase expression in cKO vs. wild-type mice. These results suggest that the MD PRR is essential in a novel JGA short-loop feedback mechanism, which is integrated within the classic MD mechanism to control renin synthesis and release and to maintain blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D M Riquier-Brison
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Arnold Sipos
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ágnes Prókai
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah L Vargas
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lldikó Toma
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Elliott J Meer
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Karie G Villanueva
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer C M Chen
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher Yih
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Elaine Tang
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Bahram Nadim
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sujith Pendekanti
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris , France
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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Patney V, Chaudhary K, Whaley-Connell A. Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease With Hypertension Control and Renin Angiotensin System Inhibition. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018; 25:158-165. [PMID: 29580580 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence and prevalence of diabetes continues to expand due primarily to the influences of obesity and the contribution of obesity to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes has driven an increase in rates of CKD in the past 3 decades in the United States. In turn, so have the rates for complications related to type 2 diabetes including CKD, eg, diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although incident rates for DKD have stabilized in the recent years, diabetes continues to be the leading cause of ESRD in the United States. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study data and other population-level studies support that lowering blood pressure reduces kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, strategies targeting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system interruption have shown to improve DKD outcomes to a greater extent than other classes of antihypertensive regimens.
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(Pro)renin receptor is involved in mesangial fibrosis and matrix expansion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16. [PMID: 29311647 PMCID: PMC5758707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is expressed in the kidney and is involved in renal injury. Although (P)RR is activated by indoxyl sulfate (IS) and may be related to renal injury, the details remain unclear. We used mouse mesangial cell line SV40 MES13 to investigate the association of (P)RR with mesangial fibrosis or expansion. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between serum soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR] and various laboratory data including serum IS, a uremic toxin that induces renal fibrosis through (P)RR, and pathological indices in chronic kidney disease and particularly in IgA nephropathy patients. In vitro study using SV40 MES13 cells revealed that (P)RR expression significantly increased in the presence of IS. IS stimulated the fibrotic factors' expression, which was significantly suppressed by (P)RR knockdown. Moreover, it significantly increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 via the ERK1/2 pathway. In addition, the s(P)RR level significantly correlated with serum IS and mesangial injury markers in our patients. Our results suggest that (P)RR is associated with mesangial fibrosis and matrix expansion through the IS-(P)RR-ERK1/2 pathway. Clinically, s(P)RR may be a biomarker of mesangial fibrosis and matrix expansion.
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Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:317-325. [PMID: 28772209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a vital system of human body, as it maintains plasma sodium concentration, arterial blood pressure and extracellular volume. Kidney-secreted renin enzyme acts on its substrate to form angiotensin II, a versatile effector peptide hormone. Every organ is affected by RAAS activation and the resultant hypertension, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. The imbalance of renin and angiotensin II can result in an overwhelming number of chronic and acute diseases. RAAS is influenced by other enzymes, hormones, pumps and signaling pathways, hence, this review discusses important facets of this system, its crosstalk with other crucial factors like estrogen, thyroid, cortisol, kallikrein-kinin system, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and sodium-potassium pump. The nexus of RAAS with the above-discussed systems was scantily explored before. So, this review furnishes a new perspective in comprehension of inflammation diseases. It is followed by the formulation of hypotheses, which can contribute to better management of an array of pathologies plaguing mankind. Manipulation of RAAS, by bending it towards ACE2 expression can regulate endocrine functions, which can be critical for a number of pathological management. Dietary intervention can restore RAAS to normalcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, 92182, USA.
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
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Song SH, Park S, Chae SY, Moon DH, Park S, Kim KS. Predictors of Renal Functional Improvement After Pyeloplasty in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Clinical Value of Visually Assessed Renal Tissue Tracer Transit in 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine Renography. Urology 2017; 108:149-154. [PMID: 28595935 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical value of visually assessed renal tissue transit time (TTT) in 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3) renography for patients undergoing pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of 164 patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline and postoperative renal ultrasonography and 99mTc-MAG3 renography were performed. Two urologists blinded to clinical data evaluated the renography and classified TTT as timely or delayed based on visualization of the tracer in the kidney pelvis between 2 and 10 minutes. Renal functional change after pyeloplasty was compared between patients in the timely and delayed groups. RESULTS A total of 126 patients (median age, 9 months) were evaluated after excluding patients with bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, a single functioning kidney, duplicated ureter, or <3 months of follow-up. There were no differences between 89 patients with timely TTT and 37 patients with delayed TTT in mean preoperative hydronephrosis grade (3.7 vs 3.8) and pelvic diameter (3.1 cm vs 3.4 cm). Although the pre- and postoperative mean values of differential renal function (DRF) were significantly higher in the timely group than in the delayed group (47.2% vs 38.3% and 47.9% vs 44.6%), DRF change was greater in the delayed group (6.3% vs 0.6%). In multivariate analysis, delayed TTT was the only significant predictor of >5% improvement in renal function after pyeloplasty. CONCLUSION Delayed TTT in 99mTc-MAG3 renography was a significant predictor of renal functional improvement after pyeloplasty in ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Because substantial improvement of renal function is anticipated, we recommend immediate pyeloplasty in patients with delayed TTT and decreased DRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahyun Park
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Chae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyuk Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchan Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Suk Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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Takahashi K, Ohba K, Tajima K, Nishijima T, Sakurai S. Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Oxidative Stress in Brain? Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632190 PMCID: PMC5486134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional molecule that is related to both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), an ATP-dependent multi-subunit proton pump. Soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR), which consists of the extracellular domain of (P)RR, is present in blood and urine. Elevated plasma s(P)RR concentrations are reported in patients with chronic kidney disease and pregnant women with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. In addition, we have shown that plasma s(P)RR concentrations are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Interestingly, the levels are elevated in parallel with the severity of OSAS, but are not related to the presence of hypertension or the status of the circulating RAS in OSAS. It is known that v-ATPase activity protects cells from endogenous oxidative stress, and loss of v-ATPase activity results in chronic oxidative stress. We hypothesize that hypoxia and subsequent oxidative stress, perhaps in the brain, may be one of the factors that elevate plasma s(P)RR levels in OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tsuguo Nishijima
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-0850, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Sakurai
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-0850, Japan.
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Pitra S, Stern JE. A-type K + channels contribute to the prorenin increase of firing activity in hypothalamic vasopressin neurosecretory neurons. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00216.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have supported an important contribution of prorenin (PR) and its receptor (PRR) to the regulation of hypothalamic, sympathetic, and neurosecretory outflows to the cardiovascular system, including systemic release of vasopressin (VP), both under physiological and cardiovascular disease conditions. Still, the identification of precise cellular mechanisms and neuronal/molecular targets remain unknown. We have recently shown that PRR is expressed in VP neurons and that their activation increases neuronal activity. However, the underlying ionic channel mechanisms are undefined. Here, we performed patch-clamp electrophysiology from identified VP neurons in acute hypothalamic slices obtained from enhanced green fluorescent protein-VP transgenic rats. Voltage-clamp recordings showed that PR inhibited the magnitude of A-type K+ current (IA; ~50% at -25 mV), a subthreshold voltage-dependent current that restrains VP firing activity. PR also increased the inactivation rate of IA and shifted the steady-state voltage-dependent inactivation function toward more hyperpolarized membrane potential (~7 mV shift), thus resulting in less channel availability to be activated at any given membrane potential. PR also inhibited a sustained component of IA ("window" current). PR-mediated changes in action potential waveform and increased firing activity were occluded when IA was blocked by 4-aminopyridine. Finally, PR failed to increase superoxide production within the supraoptic nucleus/paraventricular nucleus, and PR excitatory effects persisted in slices treated with the SOD mimetic tempol. Taken together, these experiments indicated that PR excitatory effects on vasopressin neurons involve inhibition of IA, due, in part, to increases in its voltage-dependent inactivation properties. Moreover, our results indicate that PR effects did not involve an increase in oxidative stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we demonstrate that prorenin/the prorenin receptor is an important signaling unit for the regulation of vasopressin firing activity and, thus, systemic hormonal release. We identified A-type K+ channels as key molecular targets mediating prorenin stimulation of vasopressin neuronal activity, thus standing as a potential therapeutic target for neurohumoral activation in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Pitra
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Javier E Stern
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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