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Zhang T, Zhu M, Ma J, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Chen M, Zhao Y, Li H, Wang S, Wei X, Zhang W, Yang X, Little PJ, Kamato D, Hu H, Duan Y, Zhang B, Xiao J, Xu S, Chen Y. Moscatilin inhibits vascular calcification by activating IL13RA2-dependent inhibition of STAT3 and attenuating the WNT3/β-catenin signalling pathway. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38432393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification, a devastating vascular complication accompanying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, increases the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and compromises the efficacy of vascular interventions. However, effective therapeutic drugs and treatments to delay or prevent vascular calcification are lacking. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Moscatilin (also known as dendrophenol) from Dendrobium huoshanense (an eminent traditional Chinese medicine) in suppressing vascular calcification in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice (25-week-old) were subjected to nicotine and vitamin D3 (VD3) treatment to induce vascular calcification. In vitro, we established the cellular model of osteogenesis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) under phosphate conditions. RESULTS By utilizing an in-house drug screening strategy, we identified Moscatilin as a new naturally-occurring chemical entity to reduce HASMC calcium accumulation. The protective effects of Moscatilin against vascular calcification were verified in cultured HASMCs. Unbiased transcriptional profiling analysis and cellular thermal shift assay suggested that Moscatilin suppresses vascular calcification via binding to interleukin 13 receptor subunit A2 (IL13RA2) and augmenting its expression. Furthermore, IL13RA2 was reduced during HASMC osteogenesis, thus promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors via STAT3. We further validated the participation of Moscatilin-inhibited vascular calcification by the classical WNT/β-catenin pathway, among which WNT3 played a key role in this process. Moscatilin mitigated the crosstalk between WNT3/β-catenin and IL13RA2/STAT3 to reduce osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs. CONCLUSION This study supports the potential of Moscatilin as a new naturally-occurring candidate drug for treating vascular calcification via regulating the IL13RA2/STAT3 and WNT3/β-catenin signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jialing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenghong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Meijie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huaxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoning Wei
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, Anhui Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Interventions, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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Kang JH, Kawano T, Murata M, Toita R. Vascular calcification and cellular signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2024; 336:122309. [PMID: 38042282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types according to its location: intimal, medial, and valvular. Various cellular signaling pathways are associated with VC, including the Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras homologous GTPase, apoptosis, Notch, and cytokine signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the key cellular signaling pathways associated with VC and their role as potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitors to these pathways represent good candidates for use as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Imbalance in Bone Morphogenic Proteins 2 and 7 Is Associated with Renal and Cardiovascular Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010040. [PMID: 36613483 PMCID: PMC9820638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is a major vascular complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The development of renal damage, hypertension, and increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) in CKD might be associated with an imbalance in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and BMP-7. Plasma BMP-2 and BMP-7 were determined by ELISA in CKD patients (stages I-III; n = 95) and Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rats. Age-matched Wistar rats were used as a control. The expression of BMP-2, BMP-7, and profibrotic and calcification factors was determined in kidney and perivascular adipose tissues (PVAT). BMP-2 was higher in stage III CKD patients compared to control subjects. BMP-7 was lower at any CKD stage compared to controls, with a significant further reduction in stage III patients. A similar imbalance was observed in MWF rats together with the increase in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), or pulse wave velocity (PWV). MWF exhibited elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and renal expression of BMP-2 or kidney damage markers, Kim-1 and Ngal, whereas renal BMP-7 was significantly lower than in Wistar rats. SBP, DBP, PWV, UAE, and plasma creatinine positively correlated with the plasma BMP-2/BMP-7 ratio. Periaortic and mesenteric PVAT from MWF rats showed an increased expression of BMP-2 and profibrotic and calcification markers compared to Wistar rats, together with a reduced BMP-7 expression. BMP-2 and BMP-7 imbalance in plasma, kidney, and PVATs is associated with vascular damage, suggesting a profibrotic/pro-calcifying propensity associated with progressive CKD. Thus, their combined analysis stratified by CKD stages might be of clinical interest to provide information about the degree of renal and vascular damage in CKD.
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Chen C, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Liu J, Li C, Liu C. Impact of serum albumin level and variability on short-term cardiovascular-related and all-cause mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27666. [PMID: 34713862 PMCID: PMC8556057 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that low serum albumin (Salb) levels are associated with a high risk of mortality among patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD); however, the impact of Salb variability on short-term cardiovascular mortality remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the association between Salb levels and Salb variability on short-term all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality in patients on MHD.Eligible patients on MHD at Chongqing General Hospital between June 2017 and June 2020 were recruited in this study. Patients were grouped by Salb levels (normal Salb, ≥3.8 g/dL; low Salb, 3.4-3.8 g/dL; and lower Salb, 2-3.4 g/dL) and Salb variability (decreased, >5% loss; increased, >5% gain; and steady, 5% loss to 5% gain). Associations between Salb levels, Salb variability, and all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality were analyzed using Cox regression models. A survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.We enrolled a total of 181 patients on MHD with an average age of 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 53-75 years). The mean Salb level was 3.8 ± 0.6 g/dL (IQR 2.9-4.4 g/dL), and the median Salb variability was 2.6% per year (IQR, -4.1 to 6.5). Fifty-two (29%) patients died, including 31 (17%) patients who died due to cardiovascular-related causes. Compared with the other groups, the lower Salb group had higher all-cause mortality (P < .01). Cox regression analyses revealed that lower Salb levels and decreased Salb variability were independently associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.103-3.452; HR = 2.245, 95% CI 1.084-4.650), whereas increased Salb variability was independently associated with cardiovascular-related mortality (HR = 2.919, 95% CI 1.178-7.234; P < .05).Lower Salb levels were an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients on MHD. Increased Salb variability was strongly associated with cardiovascular-related mortality in the same population, especially in the short-term and in patients with normal Salb levels. Significantly elevated Salb variability should be evaluated to reduce cardiovascular-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zemei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiguo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Mason DL, Godugu K, Nnani D, Mousa SA. Effects of sevelamer carbonate versus calcium acetate on vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:353-360. [PMID: 34599865 PMCID: PMC8841464 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia is present in most patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and has been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Phosphate binders (calcium‐based and calcium free) are the mainstay pharmacologic treatment to lower phosphorus levels in patients with ESRD. We evaluated biochemical markers of vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated with sevelamer carbonate (SC) versus calcium acetate (CA). Fifty patients with CKD (stages 3 and 4) were enrolled and assigned to treatment with SC and CA for 12 weeks. At the end of the study the biomarkers of vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction were analyzed. A significant increase in HDL‐cholesterol was observed with SC but not with CA in patients with CKD. Treatment with SC reduced serum phosphate, calcium phosphate, and FGF‐23 levels and there was no change with CA treatment. The inflammatory markers IL‐8, IFN‐γ, and TNFα decreased with response to both treatments. The levels of IL‐6 significantly increased with CA treatment and no change was observed in the SC treatment group. SC showed favorable effects on anti‐inflammatory and vascular calcification biomarkers compared to CA treatment in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 with normal phosphorous values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius L Mason
- Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Daryl Nnani
- Department of Pharmacy, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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6
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Moser B, Poetsch F, Estepa M, Luong TTD, Pieske B, Lang F, Alesutan I, Voelkl J. Increased β-adrenergic stimulation augments vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via PKA/CREB signalling. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1899-1910. [PMID: 34564739 PMCID: PMC8599266 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia promotes medial vascular calcification, a process augmented by osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). VSMC function is regulated by sympathetic innervation, and these cells express α- and β-adrenergic receptors. The present study explored the effects of β2-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol on VSMC calcification. Experiments were performed in primary human aortic VSMCs treated with isoproterenol during control or high phosphate conditions. As a result, isoproterenol dose dependently up-regulated the expression of osteogenic markers core-binding factor α-1 (CBFA1) and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) in VSMCs. Furthermore, prolonged isoproterenol exposure augmented phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. Isoproterenol increased the activation of PKA and CREB, while knockdown of the PKA catalytic subunit α (PRKACA) or of CREB1 genes was able to suppress the pro-calcific effects of isoproterenol in VSMCs. β2-adrenergic receptor silencing or inhibition with the selective antagonist ICI 118,551 blocked isoproterenol-induced osteogenic signalling in VSMCs. The present observations imply a pro-calcific effect of β2-adrenergic overstimulation in VSMCs, which is mediated, at least partly, by PKA/CREB signalling. These observations may support a link between sympathetic overactivity in CKD and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moser
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Florian Poetsch
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Misael Estepa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Trang T D Luong
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abbasian N. Vascular Calcification Mechanisms: Updates and Renewed Insight into Signaling Pathways Involved in High Phosphate-Mediated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification. Biomedicines 2021; 9:804. [PMID: 34356868 PMCID: PMC8301440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with aging, cardiovascular and renal diseases and results in poor morbidity and increased mortality. VC occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition that is associated with high serum phosphate (Pi) and severe cardiovascular consequences. High serum Pi level is related to some pathologies which affect the behaviour of vascular cells, including platelets, endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and plays a central role in promoting VC. VC is a complex, active and cell-mediated process involving the transdifferentiation of vascular SMCs to a bone-like phenotype, systemic inflammation, decreased anti-calcific events (loss of calcification inhibitors), loss in SMC lineage markers and enhanced pro-calcific microRNAs (miRs), an increased intracellular calcium level, apoptosis, aberrant DNA damage response (DDR) and senescence of vascular SMCs. This review gives a brief overview of the current knowledge of VC mechanisms with a particular focus on Pi-induced changes in the vascular wall important in promoting calcification. In addition to reviewing the main findings, this review also sheds light on directions for future research in this area and discusses emerging pathways such as Pi-regulated intracellular calcium signaling, epigenetics, oxidative DNA damage and senescence-mediated mechanisms that may play critical, yet to be explored, regulatory and druggable roles in limiting VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Abbasian
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
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Hu CT, Shao YD, Liu YZ, Xiao X, Cheng ZB, Qu SL, Huang L, Zhang C. Oxidative stress in vascular calcification. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:101-110. [PMID: 33887264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is closely associated with significant mortality in cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and/or diabetes mellitus, is characterized by abnormal deposits of hydroxyapatite minerals in the arterial wall. The impact of oxidative stress (OS) on the onset and progression of VC has not been well described. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonases (PONs) are relevant factors that influence the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, excess ROS-induced OS has emerged as a critical mediator promoting VC through several mechanisms, including phosphate balance, differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammation, DNA damage, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Because OS is a significant regulator of VC, antioxidants may be considered as novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ting Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Medical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Duo Shao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Lin X, Zhu T, Xu F, Zhong JY, Li F, Shan SK, Wu F, Guo B, Zheng MH, Wang Y, Xu QS, Liao XB, Lu HY, Xie XB, Yuan LQ. Plasma Exosomes Derived From Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients Have Different Effects on Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618228. [PMID: 33585452 PMCID: PMC7876285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients usually develop extensive and progressive vascular calcification, and lots of calcification inhibitors as well as procalcifying factors are involved in the process. However, the mechanisms of vascular calcification in ESRD patients are still ill-defined. In the present study, we found that the plasma exosomes derived from ESRD patients (ESRD-Ex) promoted calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly, while plasma exosomes from renal transplant recipients (RTR-Ex) could partially attenuate VSMCs calcification. Moreover, the protein concentration of ESRD-Ex was significantly higher than plasma exosomes from the normal health control group (Nor-Ex) and RTR-Ex, and the content of both matrix gla protein (MGP) and Fetuin-A, the calcification inhibitors, were prominently lower in ESRD-Ex than those in Nor-Ex. The content of Annexin-A2, one of the calcification promoters, was significantly higher in ESRD-Ex and RTR-Ex than that in Nor-Ex. However, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (Rankl) had no significant difference among the three groups. In addition, the content of Fetuin-A in RTR-Ex was higher than that in ESRD-Ex, although it was still lower than that in Nor-Ex. Furthermore, the levels of both Fetuin-A and MGP in plasma exosomes were negatively while the levels of Annexin-A2 in plasma exosomes was positively correlated to coronary artery calcification scores (CACS). These results indicated that ESRD-Ex significantly promoted VSMCs calcification, while renal transplantation could partially attenuate the procalcification effect of exosomes. Fetuin-A and MGP were decreased, but Annexin-A2 was increased in ESRD-Ex, and renal transplantation could increase the level of Fetuin-A rather than MGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Yiyang, Yiyang, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuxingzi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Yu Lu
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu-Biao Xie
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Chen Y, Zhao X, Wu H. Transcriptional Programming in Arteriosclerotic Disease: A Multifaceted Function of the Runx2 (Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:20-34. [PMID: 33115268 PMCID: PMC7770073 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis, the cardiovascular complications remain a major clinical and societal issue worldwide. Increased vascular calcification promotes arterial stiffness and accelerates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Upregulation of the Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), an essential osteogenic transcription factor for bone formation, in the cardiovascular system has emerged as an important regulator for adverse cellular events that drive cardiovascular pathology. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms that are critical for Runx2 expression and function and highlights the dynamic and complex cross talks of a wide variety of posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification, in regulating Runx2 stability, cellular localization, and osteogenic transcriptional activity. How the activation of an array of signaling cascades by circulating and local microenvironmental factors upregulates Runx2 in vascular cells and promotes Runx2-mediated osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines that accelerate macrophage infiltration and vascular osteoclast formation is summarized. Furthermore, the increasing appreciation of a new role of Runx2 upregulation in promoting vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch, and Runx2 modulated by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification and Runx2-dependent repression of smooth muscle cell-specific gene expression are discussed. Further exploring the regulation of this key osteogenic transcription factor and its new perspectives in the vasculature will provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switch, reprograming, and vascular inflammation that promote the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Research Department, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon 97239
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11
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Cazaña-Pérez V, Cidad P, Navarro-González JF, Rojo-Mencía J, Jaisser F, López-López JR, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Giraldez T, Pérez-García M. Kv1.3 Channel Inhibition Limits Uremia-Induced Calcification in Mouse and Human Vascular Smooth Muscle. FUNCTION 2020; 2:zqaa036. [PMID: 35330975 PMCID: PMC8788811 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly increases cardiovascular risk. In advanced CKD stages, accumulation of toxic circulating metabolites and mineral metabolism alterations triggers vascular calcification, characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transdifferentiation and loss of the contractile phenotype. Phenotypic modulation of VSMC occurs with significant changes in gene expression. Even though ion channels are an integral component of VSMC function, the effects of uremia on ion channel remodeling has not been explored. We used an in vitro model of uremia-induced calcification of human aorta smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) to study the expression of 92 ion channel subunit genes. Uremic serum-induced extensive remodeling of ion channel expression consistent with loss of excitability but different from the one previously associated with transition from contractile to proliferative phenotypes. Among the ion channels tested, we found increased abundance and activity of voltage-dependent K+ channel Kv1.3. Enhanced Kv1.3 expression was also detected in aorta from a mouse model of CKD. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of Kv1.3 decreased the amount of calcium phosphate deposition induced by uremia, supporting an important role for this channel on uremia-induced VSMC calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Cazaña-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pilar Cidad
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan F Navarro-González
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Rojo-Mencía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 1138, Team 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, La Laguna, Paris, France
| | - José R López-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Pérez-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Holmar J, de la Puente-Secades S, Floege J, Noels H, Jankowski J, Orth-Alampour S. Uremic Toxins Affecting Cardiovascular Calcification: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112428. [PMID: 33172085 PMCID: PMC7694747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is highly prevalent and associated with increased morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review examines the impact of uremic toxins, which accumulate in CKD due to a failing kidney function, on cardiovascular calcification. A systematic literature search identified 41 uremic toxins that have been studied in relation to cardiovascular calcification. For 29 substances, a potentially causal role in cardiovascular calcification was addressed in in vitro or animal studies. A calcification-inducing effect was revealed for 16 substances, whereas for three uremic toxins, namely the guanidino compounds asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine, as well as guanidinosuccinic acid, a calcification inhibitory effect was identified in vitro. At a mechanistic level, effects of uremic toxins on calcification could be linked to the induction of inflammation or oxidative stress, smooth muscle cell osteogenic transdifferentiation and/or apoptosis, or alkaline phosphatase activity. For all middle molecular weight and protein-bound uremic toxins that were found to affect cardiovascular calcification, an increasing effect on calcification was revealed, supporting the need to focus on an increased removal efficiency of these uremic toxin classes in dialysis. In conclusion, of all uremic toxins studied with respect to calcification regulatory effects to date, more uremic toxins promote rather than reduce cardiovascular calcification processes. Additionally, it highlights that only a relatively small part of uremic toxins has been screened for effects on calcification, supporting further investigation of uremic toxins, as well as of associated post-translational modifications, on cardiovascular calcification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Holmar
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.d.l.P.-S.); (H.N.)
| | - Sofia de la Puente-Secades
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.d.l.P.-S.); (H.N.)
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.d.l.P.-S.); (H.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.d.l.P.-S.); (H.N.)
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (S.O.-A.); Tel.: +49-241-80-80580 (J.J. & S.O.-A.)
| | - Setareh Orth-Alampour
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.d.l.P.-S.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (S.O.-A.); Tel.: +49-241-80-80580 (J.J. & S.O.-A.)
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13
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The Preventive Effects of Xanthohumol on Vascular Calcification Induced by Vitamin D 3 Plus Nicotine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100956. [PMID: 33036258 PMCID: PMC7599490 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. In blood vessels, VC is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Xanthohumol (XN), a main prenylated chalcone found in hops, has antioxidant effects to inhibit VC. This study aimed to investigate whether XN attenuates VC through in vivo study. A rat VC model was established by four weeks oral administration of vitamin D3 plus nicotine in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In brief, 30 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, 25 mg/kg nicotine in 5 mL corn oil and 3 × 105 IU/kg vitamin D3 administration (VDN), and combination of VDN with 20 mg/L in 0.1% ethanol of XN (treatment group). Physiological variables such as body and heart weight and drinking consumption were weekly observed, and treatment with XN caused no differences among the groups. In comparison with the control group, calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were increased in calcified arteries, and XN treatment reduced these levels. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′,7′-dichloroflurescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining to identify Superoxide and reactive oxygen species generation from aorta tissue showed increased production in VDN group compared with the control and treatment groups. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) and Alizarin Red S staining were determined to show medial vascular thickness and calcification of vessel wall. Administration of VDN resulted in VC, and XN treatment showed improvement in vascular structure. Moreover, overexpression of osteogenic transcription factors bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were significantly suppressed by XN treatment in VC. Moreover, downregulation of vascular phenotypic markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) were increased by XN treatment in VC. Furthermore, XN treatment in VC upregulated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions. Otherwise, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was alleviated by XN treatment in VC. In conclusion, our findings suggested that XN enhances antioxidant capacity to improve VC by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway. Therefore, XN may have potential effects to decrease cardiovascular risk by reducing VC.
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14
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Attenuating Effects of Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Changes to Osteoblastic Cells and Vascular Calcification Induced by High Fat Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092777. [PMID: 32932908 PMCID: PMC7551448 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products/receptor for AGEs (AGEs/RAGEs) or Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype changes in osteoblast-like cells and vascular calcification. We analyzed the effect of Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) or pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB) on VSMC phenotype changes and vascular calcification prompted by a high-fat diet (HFD). HFD unregulated RAGE, TLR4, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), protein kinase C (PKC), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signals in the aorta of mice. ECE and PPB restored the increase of those signal pathways. AGE- or palmitate-treated VSMC indicated similar changes with the animal. HFD increased osteoblast-like VSMC, which was evaluated by measuring core-binding factor alpha-1 (CBFα-1) and osteocalcin expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the aorta. ECE and PPB reduced vascular calcification, which was analyzed by the calcium deposition ratio, and Alizarin red S stain was increased by HFD. PPB and ECE reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, which increased by HFD. PPB and ECE reduced the phenotype changes of VSMC to osteoblast-like cells and vascular calcification and therefore lowered the blood pressure.
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15
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Chen Y, Zhao X, Wu H. Arterial Stiffness: A Focus on Vascular Calcification and Its Link to Bone Mineralization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1078-1093. [PMID: 32237904 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the association between vascular calcification and arterial stiffness, highlighting the important genetic factors, systemic and local microenvironmental signals, and underlying signaling pathways and molecular regulators of vascular calcification. Elevated oxidative stress appears to be a common procalcification factor that induces osteogenic differentiation and calcification of vascular cells in a variety of disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Thus, the role of oxidative stress and oxidative stress-regulated signals in vascular smooth muscle cells and their contributions to vascular calcification are highlighted. In relation to diabetes mellitus, the regulation of both hyperglycemia and increased protein glycosylation, by AGEs (advanced glycation end products) and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification, and its role in enhancing intracellular pathophysiological signaling that promotes osteogenic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells are discussed. In the context of chronic kidney disease, this review details the role of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, parathyroid hormone, and specific calcification inhibitors in regulating vascular calcification. In addition, the impact of the systemic and microenvironmental factors on respective intrinsic signaling pathways that promote osteogenic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells and osteoblasts are compared and contrasted, aiming to dissect the commonalities and distinctions that underlie the paradoxical vascular-bone mineralization disorders in aging and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- From the Departments of Pathology (Y.C.), The University of Alabama at Birmingham.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Department, AL (Y.C.)
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Biochemistry (X.Z.), The University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Hui Wu
- Pediatric Dentistry (H.W.), The University of Alabama at Birmingham
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16
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Bouabdallah J, Zibara K, Issa H, Lenglet G, Kchour G, Caus T, Six I, Choukroun G, Kamel S, Bennis Y. Endothelial cells exposed to phosphate and indoxyl sulphate promote vascular calcification through interleukin-8 secretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:1125-1134. [PMID: 30481303 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is amplified during chronic kidney disease, partly due to uraemic toxins such as inorganic phosphate (Pi) and indoxyl sulphate (IS) that trigger osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). These toxins also alter endothelial cell (EC) functions but whether this contributes to VC is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that ECs exposed to Pi and IS promote VSMC calcification. METHODS Human umbilical vein ECs were treated with Pi, IS or both, and then the conditioned media [endothelial cell conditioned medium (EC-CM)] was collected. Human aortic SMCs (HASMCs) were exposed to the same toxins, with or without EC-CM, and then calcification and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. Procalcifying factors secreted from ECs in response to Pi and IS were screened. Rat aortic rings were isolated to assess Pi+IS-induced calcification at the tissue level. RESULTS Pi and Pi+IS induced HASMCs calcification, which was significantly exacerbated by EC-CM. Pi+IS induced the expression and secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ECs. While IL-8 treatment of HASMCs stimulated the Pi+IS-induced calcification in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-8 neutralizing antibody, IL-8 receptors antagonist or silencing IL-8 gene expression in ECs before collecting EC-CM significantly prevented the EC-CM procalcifying effect. IL-8 did not promote the Pi+IS-induced osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs but prevented the induction of osteopontin (OPN), a potent calcification inhibitor. In rat aortic rings, IS also promoted Pi-induced calcification and stimulated the expression of IL-8 homologues. Interestingly, in the Pi+IS condition, IL-8 receptor antagonist lifted the inhibition of OPN expression and partially prevented aortic calcification. CONCLUSION These results highlight a novel role of IL-8, whose contribution to VC in the uraemic state results at least from interaction between ECs and VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bouabdallah
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hawraa Issa
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gaëlle Lenglet
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Ghada Kchour
- ER045 Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thierry Caus
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Isabelle Six
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Biochemistry, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Youssef Bennis
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, FHU REMOD-VHF, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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17
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Kim JM, Lee WS, Kim J. Therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis based on bone-vascular axis hypothesis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Disthabanchong S, Srisuwarn P. Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:417-426. [PMID: 31831120 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in prevalence and severity of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease is a result of complex interactions between changes in the vascular bed, mineral metabolites, and other uremic factors. Vascular calcification can occur in the intima and the media of arterial wall. Under permissive conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can transform to osteoblast-like phenotype. The membrane-bound vesicles released from transformed VSMCs and the apoptotic bodies derived from dying VSMCs serve as nucleating structures for calcium crystal formation. Alterations in the quality and the quantity of endogenous calcification inhibitors also give rise to an environment that potentiates calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinee Disthabanchong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Praopilad Srisuwarn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Hawkins CL. Protein carbamylation: a key driver of vascular calcification during chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 94:12-14. [PMID: 29933841 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a frequent complication of advanced chronic kidney disease. Protein carbamylation is implicated in the acceleration of vascular disease in chronic kidney disease, but the mechanisms are not clear. Mori et al. report that protein carbamylation exacerbates vascular calcification by decreasing ectonucleotide pyrophosphate/phosphodiesterase 1 expression, owing to carbamylation of mitochondrial proteins and oxidative stress. This provides new insight into the pathways responsible for calcification in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Sanchis P, Ho CY, Liu Y, Beltran LE, Ahmad S, Jacob AP, Furmanik M, Laycock J, Long DA, Shroff R, Shanahan CM. Arterial "inflammaging" drives vascular calcification in children on dialysis. Kidney Int 2019; 95:958-972. [PMID: 30827513 PMCID: PMC6684370 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Children on dialysis have a cardiovascular mortality risk equivalent to older adults in the general population, and rapidly develop medial vascular calcification, an age-associated pathology. We hypothesized that premature vascular ageing contributes to calcification in children with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vessels from children with Stage 5 CKD with and without dialysis had evidence of increased oxidative DNA damage. The senescence markers p16 and p21 were also increased in vessels from children on dialysis. Treatment of vessel rings ex vivo with calcifying media increased oxidative DNA damage in vessels from children with Stage 5 CKD, but not in those from healthy controls. Vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from children on dialysis exhibited persistent DNA damage, impaired DNA damage repair, and accelerated senescence. Under calcifying conditions vascular smooth muscle cells from children on dialysis showed increased osteogenic differentiation and calcification. These changes correlated with activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), an inflammatory phenotype characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Blockade of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA damage signaling reduced both inflammation and calcification. Clinically, children on dialysis had elevated circulating levels of osteogenic SASP factors that correlated with increased vascular stiffness and coronary artery calcification. These data imply that dysregulated mineral metabolism drives vascular "inflammaging" by promoting oxidative DNA damage, premature senescence, and activation of a pro-inflammatory SASP. Drugs that target DNA damage signaling or eliminate senescent cells may have the potential to prevent vascular calcification in patients with advanced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sanchis
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chin Yee Ho
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yiwen Liu
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leilani E Beltran
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadia Ahmad
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne P Jacob
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Laycock
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rukshana Shroff
- Nephrology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK.
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21
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Ji R, Sun H, Peng J, Ma X, Bao L, Fu Y, Zhang X, Luo C, Gao C, Jin Y, Sun S. Rosmarinic acid exerts an antagonistic effect on vascular calcification by regulating the Nrf2 signalling pathway. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:187-197. [PMID: 30864863 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1558447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a process in which calcium phosphate crystals deposit within the intima and middle membrane of the vascular wall. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a common phenolic compound. It possesses antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects. Our experiment aims to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of RA in VC. Rats were fed high-fat feed and injected with vitamin D3 to establish a VC model. β-Glyerophosphate (β GP) was selected to stimulate rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in order to establish the cell calcification model. Kits were used to detect the antioxidant index and calcification index. RA significantly reduced the levels of ALP, MDA, Ca, and P but increased SOD levels. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect various antioxidant-related genes and calcified genes on an mRNA and protein level. The results showed that nuclear factor red cell-2 related factors (Nrf2), haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase (NQO1), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were up regulated by RA at both the mRNA and protein levels, but kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB), cadherin associated protein (β-catenin) and osteogenic transcription factor (Runx2) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited. Microscopic examination showed that RA significantly decreased the content of calcified nodules and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When Nrf2 is disturbed, the role of RA is significantly blocked. Our results showed that RA can improve VC by regulating the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Ji
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Huijun Sun
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Liuchi Bao
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Yufeng Fu
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Chunxu Luo
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Cong Gao
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Yue Jin
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Shuangyong Sun
- b Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co. Ltd , Tianjin , PR China
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22
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Dayanand P, Sandhyavenu H, Dayanand S, Martinez J, Rangaswami J. Role of Bisphosphonates in Vascular calcification and Bone Metabolism: A Clinical Summary. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:192-199. [PMID: 29921207 PMCID: PMC6131409 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180619103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular
calcification is known to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascularadverse events and mortality. Atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging,
abnormal bone mineral homeostasisand high uremic milieu such as chronic kidney disease are major
factors that contribute to theprogression of vascular calcification. Several mechanisms such
as the osteoblastic transition of vascularsmooth muscle cells in response to oxidative stress have shed
light on the active nature ofvascular calcification, which was once thought to be a passive
process. The fine interplay of regulatoryfactors such as PTH, vitamin D3, FGF 23 and klotho reflect the
delicate balance between vascularcalcification and bone mineralization. Any disturbance affecting
this equilibrium of the bonemineral-vascular axis results in accelerated vascular calcification. Bisphosphonates share similar mechanism of action as statins,
and hence several studies were undertakenin humans to verify if the benefits proven to be obtained in
animal models extended tohuman models too. This yielded conflicting outcomes which are
outlined in this review. This wasattributed mainly to inadequate sample size and flaws in the
study design. Therefore, this benefitcan only be ascertained if studies addressing this are
undertaken. Conclusion: This review seeks to
highlight the pathophysiologic phenomena implicated in vascular and valvular calcification and summarize the literature
available regarding the use of bisphosphonates in animal and human models. We also discuss novel treatment
approaches for vascular calcification,with emphasis on chronic kidney disease and calciphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Dayanand
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/JFK Medical Center, Atlantis, FL, United States
| | | | - Sandeep Dayanand
- Department of Cardiology, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jasmin Martinez
- Department of Cardiology, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janani Rangaswami
- Department of Nephrology, Einstein Medical Center, Sidney Kimmel College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Wang S, Hu S, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao R, Tong M, Cui H, Wu N, Chen X. Conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibits vascular calcification through blockade of the BMP2-Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:160. [PMID: 29895327 PMCID: PMC5998505 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial calcification is associated with cardiovascular disease as a complication of advanced atherosclerosis and is a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in arterial calcification and is characterized by cellular necrosis, inflammation, and lipoprotein and phospholipid complexes, especially in atherosclerotic calcification. The conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM) is well known as a rich source of autologous cytokines and is universally used for tissue regeneration in current clinical medicine. Here, we demonstrate that MSC-CM inhibits beta-glycerophosphate (β-GP)-induced vascular calcification through blockade of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2)–Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Methods VSMC calcification was induced by β-GP followed by treatment with MSC-CM. Mineral deposition was assessed by Alizarin Red S staining. Intracellular calcium content was determined colorimetrically by the o-cresolphthalein complexone method and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured by the para-nitrophenyl phosphate method. Expression of BMP2, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, msh homeobox 2 (Msx2), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteocalcin (OC), representative osteoblastic markers, was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis while the protein expression of BMP2, Runx2, and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 was detected by western blot analysis. Results Our data demonstrated that MSC-CM inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of VSMCs as evidenced by decreased calcium content, ALP activity, and decreased expression of BMP-2, Runx2, Msx2, and OC. MSC-CM suppressed the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 and the β-GP-induced translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Further study demonstrated that human recombinant BMP-2 overcame the suppression of VSMC calcification by MSC-CM. Conclusion MSC-CM may act as a novel therapy for VSMC calcification by mediating the BMP2–Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Siwang Hu
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Ruochi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Maoqing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Hanbin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China.
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24
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Voelkl J, Luong TT, Tuffaha R, Musculus K, Auer T, Lian X, Daniel C, Zickler D, Boehme B, Sacherer M, Metzler B, Kuhl D, Gollasch M, Amann K, Müller DN, Pieske B, Lang F, Alesutan I. SGK1 induces vascular smooth muscle cell calcification through NF-κB signaling. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3024-3040. [PMID: 29889103 DOI: 10.1172/jci96477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification, associated with enhanced mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), is fostered by osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Here, we describe that serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) was upregulated in VSMCs under calcifying conditions. In primary human aortic VSMCs, overexpression of constitutively active SGK1S422D, but not inactive SGK1K127N, upregulated osteo-/chondrogenic marker expression and activity, effects pointing to increased osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation. SGK1S422D induced nuclear translocation and increased transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Silencing or pharmacological inhibition of IKK abrogated the osteoinductive effects of SGK1S422D. Genetic deficiency, silencing, and pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 dissipated phosphate-induced calcification and osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs. Aortic calcification, stiffness, and osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation in mice following cholecalciferol overload were strongly reduced by genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition of Sgk1 by EMD638683. Similarly, Sgk1 deficiency blunted vascular calcification in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after subtotal nephrectomy. Treatment of human aortic smooth muscle cells with serum from uremic patients induced osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation, effects ameliorated by EMD638683. These observations identified SGK1 as a key regulator of vascular calcification. SGK1 promoted vascular calcification, at least partly, via NF-κB activation. Inhibition of SGK1 may, thus, reduce the burden of vascular calcification in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Trang Td Luong
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rashad Tuffaha
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Musculus
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Auer
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Lian
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Boehme
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sacherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Metzler
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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25
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O'Grady S, Morgan MP. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and prognosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:310-320. [PMID: 29684522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of mammographic screening programmes in many countries has been linked to a marked increase in early detection and improved prognosis for breast cancer patients. Breast tumours can be detected by assessing several features in mammographic images but one of the most common are the presence of small deposits of calcium known as microcalcifications, which in many cases may be the only detectable sign of a breast tumour. In addition to their efficacy in the detection of breast cancer, the presence of microcalcifications within a breast tumour may also convey useful prognostic information. Breast tumours with associated calcifications display an increased rate of HER2 overexpression as well as decreased survival, increased risk of recurrence, high tumour grade and increased likelihood of spread to the lymph nodes. Clearly, the presence of microcalcifications in a tumour is a clinically significant finding, suggesting that a detailed understanding of their formation may improve our knowledge of the early stages of breast tumourigenesis, yet there are no reports which attempt to bring together recent basic science research findings and current knowledge of the clinical significance of microcalcifications. This review will summarise the most current understanding of the formation of calcifications within breast tissue and explore their associated clinical features and prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Grady
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M P Morgan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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26
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Cazaña-Pérez V, Cidad P, Donate-Correa J, Martín-Núñez E, López-López JR, Pérez-García MT, Giraldez T, Navarro-González JF, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Phenotypic Modulation of Cultured Primary Human Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Uremic Serum. Front Physiol 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 29483881 PMCID: PMC5816230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a markedly increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The high concentration of circulating uremic toxins and alterations in mineral metabolism and hormone levels produce vascular wall remodeling and significant vascular damage. Medial calcification is an early vascular event in CKD patients and is associated to apoptosis or necrosis and trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to an osteogenic phenotype. VSMC obtained from bovine or rat aorta and cultured in the presence of increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) have been extensively used to study these processes. In this study we used human aortic VSMC primary cultures to compare the effects of increased Pi to treatment with serum obtained from uremic patients. Uremic serum induced calcification, trans-differentiation and phenotypic remodeling even with normal Pi levels. In spite of similar calcification kinetics, there were fundamental differences in osteochondrogenic marker expression and alkaline phosphatase induction between Pi and uremic serum-treated cells. Moreover, high Pi induced a dramatic decrease in cell viability, while uremic serum preserved it. In summary, our data suggests that primary cultures of human VSMC treated with serum from uremic patients provides a more informative model for the study of vascular calcification secondary to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Cazaña-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pilar Cidad
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Donate-Correa
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martín-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José R López-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Pérez-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan F Navarro-González
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Fisiología), Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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27
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Deng Y, Lin C, Zhou HJ, Min W. Smooth muscle cell differentiation: Mechanisms and models for vascular diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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29
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Fakhry M, Skafi N, Fayyad-Kazan M, Kobeissy F, Hamade E, Mebarek S, Habib A, Borghol N, Zeidan A, Magne D, Fayyad-Kazan H, Badran B. Characterization and assessment of potential microRNAs involved in phosphate-induced aortic calcification. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4056-4067. [PMID: 28776684 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medial artery calcification, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), is known as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Hyperphosphatemia associated with CKD is a strong stimulator of vascular calcification but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain not fully understood. We showed that calcification was induced after exposing Sprague-Dawley rat aortic explants to high inorganic phosphate level (Pi , 6 mM) as examined by Alizarin red and Von Kossa staining. This calcification was associated with high Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) activity, vascular smooth muscle cells de-differentiation, manifested by downregulation of smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) protein expression which was assessed by immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, and trans-differentiation into osteo-chondrocyte-like cells revealed by upregulation of Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), TNAP, osteocalcin, and osteopontin mRNA levels which were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. To unravel the possible mechanism(s) involved in this process, microRNA (miR) expression profile, which was assessed using TLDA technique and thereafter confirmed by individual qRT-PCR, revealed differential expression 10 miRs, five at day 3 and 5 at day 6 post Pi treatment versus control untreated aortas. At day 3, miR-200c, -155, 322 were upregulated and miR-708 and 331 were downregulated. After 6 days of treatment, miR-328, -546, -301a were upregulated while miR-409 and miR-542 were downregulated. Our results indicate that high Pi levels trigger aortic calcification and modulation of certain miRs. These observations suggest that mechanisms regulating aortic calcification might involve miRs, which warrant further investigations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fakhry
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.,Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Najwa Skafi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.,Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and the Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nada Borghol
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - David Magne
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hussein Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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30
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Yang WW, Guo B, Jia WY, Jia Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived outer membrane vesicles promote calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through ERK1/2-RUNX2. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:1310-1319. [PMID: 28255538 PMCID: PMC5324769 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane vesicle (OMV) derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis plays an essential role in causing inflammation which, in turn, plays an important part in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and thromboembolism. However, the contribution of oral bacteria to vascular calcification is yet to be determined. Here, we evaluated the effect of OMV on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification both in vitro and ex vivo. We established a reproducible P. gingivalis OMV-induced differentiation and calcification model of VSMCs in vitro. The results indicate that OMV promotes VSMC calcification in a concentration-dependent manner, modulating the expression of bone markers and SMC markers both on genes and proteins that are important for osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of VSMCs. We also showed that the key osteogenic transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which is affected by upstream extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, is a key regulator of OMV-induced VSMC differentiation and calcification. Taken together, our research demonstrates that Runx2 is a crucial component of OMV-induced calcification of VSMCs, and ERK signaling plays a vital role in mediating Runx2 up-regulation and VSMC calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei Yang
- Department of StomatologyAviation General Hospital of China Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of StomatologyAviation General Hospital of China Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of StomatologyThe General Hospital of Chinese People's LiberationBeijingChina
| | - Wen Yuan Jia
- Department of PeriodonticsWest China College of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of StomatologyAviation General Hospital of China Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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31
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Ni Z, Qian J, Fang W. Calcium Phosphate Crystals from Uremic Serum Promote Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:543-555. [PMID: 27473581 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent study demonstrated that calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals isolated from high phosphate medium were a key contributor to arterial calcification. The present study further investigated the effects of CaP crystals induced by uremic serum on calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells. This may provide a new insight for the development of uremic cardiovascular calcification. We tested the effects of uremic serum or normal serum on cell calcification. Calcification was visualized by staining and calcium deposition quantified. Expression of various bone-calcifying genes was detected by real-time PCR, and protein levels were quantified by western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pyrophosphate was used to investigate the effects of CaP crystals' inhibition. Finally, CaP crystals were separated from uremic serum to determine its specific pro-calcification effects. Uremic serum incubation resulted in progressively increased calcification staining and increased calcium deposition in HASMCs after 4, 8 and 12 days (P vs 0 day <0.001 for all). Compared to cells incubated in control serum, uremic serum significantly induced the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic factor-2, osteopontin and RUNX2, and increased their protein levels as well (P < 0.05 for all). Inhibition of CaP crystals with pyrophosphate incubation prevented calcium deposition and bone-calcifying gene over-expression increased by uremic serum. CaP crystals, rather than the rest of uremic serum, were responsible for these effects. Uremic serum accelerates arterial calcification by mediating osteogenic differentiation. This effect might be mainly attributed to the CaP crystal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaorong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Iron citrate reduces high phosphate-induced vascular calcification by inhibiting apoptosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 254:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Torremadé N, Bozic M, Panizo S, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martín JL, Encinas M, Goltzman D, Arcidiacono MV, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Vascular Calcification Induced by Chronic Kidney Disease Is Mediated by an Increase of 1α-Hydroxylase Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1865-1876. [PMID: 27074284 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a complication of chronic kidney disease that predicts morbidity and mortality. Uremic serum promotes VC, but the mechanism involved is unknown. A role for 1,25(OH)2 D3 in VC has been proposed, but the mechanism is unclear because both low and high levels have been shown to increase it. In this work we investigate the role of 1,25(OH)2 D3 produced in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in VC. Rats with subtotal nephrectomy and kidney recipient patients showed increased arterial expression of 1α-hydroxylase in vivo. VSMCs exposed in vitro to serum obtained from uremic rats also showed increased 1α-hydroxylase expression. Those increases were parallel to an increase in VC. After 6 days with high phosphate media, VSMCs overexpressing 1α-hydroxylase show significantly higher calcium content and RUNX2 expression than control cells. 1α-hydroxylase null mice (KO) with subtotal nephrectomy and treated with calcitriol (400 ng/kg) for 2 weeks showed significantly lower levels of vascular calcium content, Alizarin red staining, and RUNX2 expression than wild-type (WT) littermates. Serum calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), PTH, and 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels were similar in both calcitriol-treated groups. In vitro, WT VSMCs treated with uremic serum also showed a significant increase in 1α-hydroxylase expression and higher calcification that was not observed in KO cells. We conclude that local activation of 1α-hydroxylase in the artery mediates VC observed in uremia. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Torremadé
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Milica Bozic
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Panizo
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Barrio-Vazquez
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose L Fernandez-Martín
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Oncogenic Signaling and Development group. IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Spain
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria V Arcidiacono
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernandez
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - José M Valdivielso
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain.
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MicroRNA-34b/c inhibits aldosterone-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via a SATB2/Runx2 pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:733-746. [PMID: 27503378 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that aldosterone and specific microRNAs (miRs) contribute to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanistic links between miR-34b/c and aldosterone in VSMC calcification. VSMC calcification models were established both in vitro and in vivo. First, the levels of aldosterone, miR-34b/c and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) were measured. Then, miR-34b/c mimics or inhibitors were transfected into VSMCs to evaluate the function of miR-34b/c. Luciferase reporter assays were used to demonstrate whether SATB2 was a direct target of miR-34b/c. Aldosterone and SATB2 were found to be markedly upregulated during VSMC calcification, whereas miR-34b/c expression was downregulated. Treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist eplerenone inhibited VSMC calcification. In aldosterone-induced VSMC calcification, miR-34b/c levels were downregulated and SATB2 protein was upregulated. Furthermore, miR-34b/c overexpression alleviated aldosterone-induced VSMC calcification as well as inhibited the expression of SATB2 protein, whereas miR-34b/c inhibition markedly enhanced VSMC calcification and upregulated SATB2 protein. In addition, luciferase reporter assays showed that SATB2 is a direct target of miR-34b/c in VSMCs. Overexpression of SATB2 induced Runx2 overproduction and VSMC calcification. Therefore, miR-34b/c participates in aldosterone-induced VSMC calcification via a SATB2/Runx2 pathway. As miR-34b/c appears to be a negative regulator, it has potential as a therapeutic target of VSMC calcification.
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Kay AM, Simpson CL, Stewart JA. The Role of AGE/RAGE Signaling in Diabetes-Mediated Vascular Calcification. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6809703. [PMID: 27547766 PMCID: PMC4980539 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6809703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AGE/RAGE signaling has been a well-studied cascade in many different disease states, particularly diabetes. Due to the complex nature of the receptor and multiple intersecting pathways, the AGE/RAGE signaling mechanism is still not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight key areas of AGE/RAGE mediated vascular calcification as a complication of diabetes. AGE/RAGE signaling heavily influences both cellular and systemic responses to increase bone matrix proteins through PKC, p38 MAPK, fetuin-A, TGF-β, NFκB, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in both hyperglycemic and calcification conditions. AGE/RAGE signaling has been shown to increase oxidative stress to promote diabetes-mediated vascular calcification through activation of Nox-1 and decreased expression of SOD-1. AGE/RAGE signaling in diabetes-mediated vascular calcification was also attributed to increased oxidative stress resulting in the phenotypic switch of VSMCs to osteoblast-like cells in AGEs-induced calcification. Researchers found that pharmacological agents and certain antioxidants decreased the level of calcium deposition in AGEs-induced diabetes-mediated vascular calcification. By understanding the role the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade plays diabetes-mediated vascular calcification will allow for pharmacological intervention to decrease the severity of this diabetic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C. LaShan Simpson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Leem J, Lee IK. Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification: The Pivotal Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:52-61. [PMID: 26996423 PMCID: PMC4803561 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, abnormal mineralization of the vessel wall, is frequently associated with aging, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Vascular calcification is a key risk factor for many adverse clinical outcomes, including ischemic cardiac events and subsequent cardiovascular mortality. Vascular calcification was long considered to be a passive degenerative process, but it is now recognized as an active and highly regulated process similar to bone formation. However, despite numerous studies on the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, the mechanisms driving this process remain poorly understood. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) play an important role in the regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function. Recent studies show that PDK4 is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of various metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of vascular calcification and describe the role of PDK4 in the osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and development of vascular calcification. Further studies aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification will be critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
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Abstract
Vascular calcification can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The initiating factors and clinical consequences depend on the underlying disease state and location of the calcification. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is complex and involves a transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells to an osteo/chondrocytic cell that expresses RUNX2 and produces matrix vesicles. The imbalance of promoters (such as hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia) and inhibitors (e.g., fetuin-A) is critical in the development of vascular calcification. The altered mineral metabolism and deficiency in inhibitors are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is one reason why vascular calcification is so prevalent in that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Martín-Pardillos A, Sorribas V. Effects of donor age and proliferative aging on the phenotype stability of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12626. [PMID: 26603458 PMCID: PMC4673651 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related effects of the vascular wall have been associated with several hemodynamic dysfunctions, including medial vascular calcification. Vascular aging has been traditionally addressed using proliferative senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro, which induces osteoblastic transition and favors calcification in vitro. In this work, we have analyzed the relationship between organismal aging and proliferative senescence by comparing the proliferative aging of VSMC obtained from young, mature, and old rats (2-, 12-, and 24-month cell lines [CL], respectively). VSMC proliferated to more than 100 cumulative population doublings (CPD) without evidence of proliferative senescence, most likely as a consequence of telomerase induction. The apoptosis rate increased with CPD in all three CL, but the oxidation status of the cells was not modified. The magnitude of all gene expression changes caused by CPD was higher than the magnitude of the changes caused by donor age: the expressions of VSMC markers α-actin and SM22α decreased, while the expressions of transcription factors Msx2 and Runx2 and of bone morphogenetic protein-2 increased. Treatment of the cells with 2 mmol/L Pi revealed that the intensity of the effect of CPD on calcium deposition was greater than the effect of donor age. In conclusion, the proliferative lifespan of VSMC magnifies the effect of donor age on the osteoblastic transition of VSMC, therefore suggesting that in vivo vascular aging changes can be less dramatic than what is shown by in vitro aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Sorribas
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Hortells L, Sosa C, Millán Á, Sorribas V. Critical Parameters of the In Vitro Method of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141751. [PMID: 26554928 PMCID: PMC4640663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is primarily studied using cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the use of very different protocols and extreme conditions can provide findings unrelated to VC. In this work we aimed to determine the critical experimental parameters that affect calcification in vitro and to determine the relevance to calcification in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS Rat VSMC calcification in vitro was studied using different concentrations of fetal calf serum, calcium, and phosphate, in different types of culture media, and using various volumes and rates of change. The bicarbonate content of the media critically affected pH and resulted in supersaturation, depending on the concentration of Ca2+ and Pi. Such supersaturation is a consequence of the high dependence of bicarbonate buffers on CO2 vapor pressure and bicarbonate concentration at pHs above 7.40. Such buffer systems cause considerable pH variations as a result of minor experimental changes. The variations are more critical for DMEM and are negligible when the bicarbonate concentration is reduced to ¼. Particle nucleation and growth were observed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Using 2mM Pi, particles of ~200nm were observed at 24 hours in MEM and at 1 hour in DMEM. These nuclei grew over time, were deposited in the cells, and caused osteogene expression or cell death, depending on the precipitation rate. TEM observations showed that the initial precipitate was amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which converts into hydroxyapatite over time. In blood, the scenario is different, because supersaturation is avoided by a tightly controlled pH of 7.4, which prevents the formation of PO43--containing ACP. CONCLUSIONS The precipitation of ACP in vitro is unrelated to VC in vivo. The model needs to be refined through controlled pH and the use of additional procalcifying agents other than Pi in order to reproduce calcium phosphate deposition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hortells
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Sosa
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángel Millán
- Institute of Materials Science of Aragón, CSIC – Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Sorribas
- Department of Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain
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Byon CH, Chen Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Link between Bone and the Vasculature. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:206-15. [PMID: 25947259 PMCID: PMC4489999 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases mortality in those patients. Impaired calcium and phosphate homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, and loss of calcification inhibitors have been linked to vascular calcification in CKD. Additionally, impaired bone may perturb serum calcium/phosphate and their key regulator, parathyroid hormone, thus contributing to increased vascular calcification in CKD. Therapeutic approaches for CKD, such as phosphate binders and bisphosphonates, have been shown to ameliorate bone loss as well as vascular calcification. The precise mechanisms responsible for vascular calcification in CKD and the contribution of bone metabolism to vascular calcification have not been elucidated. This review discusses the role of systemic uremic factors and impaired bone metabolism in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in CKD. The regulation of the key osteogenic transcription factor Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and the emerging role of Runx2-dependent receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in vascular calcification of CKD are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 614 Shelby Biomedical Research Bldg., 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 614 Shelby Biomedical Research Bldg., 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Chai M, Ji Q, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Guo G, Liu W, Han W, Yang L, Zhang L, Liang J, Liu Y, Shi D, Zhao Y. The Protective Effect of Interleukin-37 on Vascular Calcification and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice with Diabetes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:530-9. [PMID: 25866993 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yangwei Zhou
- School of General Medicine and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Runx2/miR-3960/miR-2861 Positive Feedback Loop Is Responsible for Osteogenic Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26221600 PMCID: PMC4499372 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Runx2/miR-3960/miR-2861 regulatory feedback loop stimulates osteoblast differentiation. However, the effect of this feedback loop on the osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unclear. Our recent study showed that miR-2861 and miR-3960 expression increases significantly during β-glycerophosphate-induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs. Overexpression of miR-2861 or miR-3960 in VSMCs enhances β-glycerophosphate-induced osteoblastogenesis, whereas inhibition of miR-2861 or miR-3960 expression attenuates it. MiR-2861 or miR-3960 promotes osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs by targeting histone deacetylase 5 or Homeobox A2, respectively, resulting in increased runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) protein production. Furthermore, overexpression of Runx2 induces miR-2861 and miR-3960 transcription, and knockdown of Runx2 attenuates β-glycerophosphate-induced miR-2861 and miR-3960 transcription in VSMCs. Thus, our data show that Runx2/miR-3960/miR-2861 positive feedback loop plays an important role in osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and contributes to vascular calcification.
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Farrokhi E, GhatrehSamani K, Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M, Tabatabaiefar MA. Effect of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein on the Expression of Runx2 and SPARC Genes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 19:160-4. [PMID: 26025968 PMCID: PMC4571011 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Vascular calcification is an important stage in atherosclerosis. During this stage, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) synthesize many osteogenic factors such as osteonectin (encoded by SPARC). Oxidative stress plays a critical role in atherosclerosis progression, and its accumulation in the vascular wall stimulates the development of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. The osteonectin overexpression has been observed in the arterial wall during the course of atherosclerosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-mediated vascular calcification remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oxLDL on the osteonectin gene expression through the Runx2 transcription factor. Methods: In this experimental study, VSMC were cultured in F-12K media and then treated with oxLDL. The expression of Runx2 and osteonectin genes was determined by real-time PCR method. Protein levels were investigated by the western blotting technique. The Runx2 gene was knocked down using siRNA in order to determine whether Runx2 regulates the osteonectin expression in VSMC induced by oxLDL. Then transfected cells were treated with oxLDL, and the expression levels of Runx2 and osteonectin were determined again. Results: oxLDL was found to increase Runx2 and osteonectin gene expression (4.8 ± 0.47- and 9.2 ± 1.96-fold, respectively) after 48 h. Western blotting analysis confirmed the induced levels of Runx2 and osteonectin proteins. However, oxLDL-induced osteonectin expression was not observed to be blocked by Runx2 knockdown. Conclusion: The up-regulation of osteonectin by oxLDL is independent of Runx2, and it may be mediated by other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Farrokhi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Keihan GhatrehSamani
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Dept. of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Nahar-Gohad P, Gohad N, Tsai CC, Bordia R, Vyavahare N. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells cultured on hydroxyapatite differentiate into osteoblast-like cells via BMP-2-SMAD-5 pathway. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:359-69. [PMID: 25725805 PMCID: PMC4393885 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an important pathological condition associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Hydroxyapatite (HA) found in such deposits is the same polymorph of calcium (Ca) found in bone, indicating calcification may involve mechanisms akin to bone formation. Vascular smooth muscle cells (Vsmcs) have been shown to undergo phenotypic change to osteoblast-like cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenotypic change are unclear, and whether the stimulus to become osteogenic is a result of loss of mineralization inhibitors or early mineral deposits is not known. Our aim in this study is to identify mechanisms and signal transduction pathways that cause differentiation of Vsmcs into osteoblast-like cells in the presence of HA. We first characterized vascular origin of Vsmcs by studying the expression of smooth muscle cell markers: myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle actin along with SM22α at both mRNA and protein levels. Vsmcs grown on HA exhibited progressive change in cellular morphology at 3-, 7-, and 14-day time points. Culturing of Vsmcs on HA disc resulted in decrease in media Ca levels and increased expression of Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) on Vsmcs resulting in upregulation of intracellular CaSR signaling leading to increased BMP-2 secretion. BMP-2 pathway mediated differentiation of Vsmcs to osteoblast-like cells shown by expression of osteogenic markers like runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase at mRNA and protein levels. Blocking CaSR by NPS-2143 reduced BMP-2 secretion and blocking the BMP-2 pathway by LDN-193189, a BMP inhibitor, modulated expression of osteogenic markers confirming their role in osteogenesis of Vsmcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Nahar-Gohad
- Department of Bioengineering, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Neeraj Gohad
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Chen-Chih Tsai
- Department of Material Sciences, 161 Sirrine Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Rajendra Bordia
- Department of Material Sciences, 161 Sirrine Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Naren Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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46
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. The Molecular Biology and Pathophysiology of Vascular Calcification. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:54-64. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.03.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Impact of the uremic milieu on the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116468. [PMID: 25635832 PMCID: PMC4312090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), the precursors of osteoblasts during osteogenesis, play a role in the balance of bone formation and resorption, but their functioning in uremia has not been well defined. To study the effects of the uremic milieu on osteogenic properties, we applied an in vitro assay culturing hMSCs in osteogenic medium supplemented with serum from healthy donors and from uremic patients on hemodialysis. Compared to control, serum from uremic patients induces, in hMSC cultures, a modification of several key regulators of bone remodeling, in particular a reduction of the ratio Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa B Receptor (RANKL) over osteoprotegerin, indicating an adaptive response of the system to favor osteogenesis over osteoclastosis. However, the levels of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and collagen type I, are increased in cell medium, while BMP-2, and alizarin red staining were decreased, pointing to a reduction of bone formation favoring resorption. Selected uremic toxins, such as p-cresylsulfate, p-cresylglucuronide, parathyroid hormone, indoxyl sulfate, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, were able to mimic some of the effects of whole serum from uremic patients. Serum from cinacalcet-treated patients antagonizes these effects. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors as well as hemodialysis treatment are able to induce beneficial effects. In conclusion, bone modifications in uremia are influenced by the capability of the uremic milieu to alter hMSC osteogenic differentiation. Cinacalcet, H2S donors and a hemodialysis session can ameliorate the hampered calcium deposition.
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48
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Zhu D, Mackenzie NCW, Shanahan CM, Shroff RC, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. BMP-9 regulates the osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through an ALK1 mediated pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:165-74. [PMID: 25297851 PMCID: PMC4288360 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of physiological skeletal mineralization, and involves the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in arteries. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible have yet to be fully explained. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-9) has been shown to exert direct effects on both bone development and vascular function. In the present study, we have investigated the role of BMP-9 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. Vessel calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) begins pre-dialysis, with factors specific to the dialysis milieu triggering accelerated calcification. Intriguingly, BMP-9 was markedly elevated in serum from CKD children on dialysis. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that BMP-9 treatment causes a significant increase in VSMC calcium content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers. BMP-9-induced calcium deposition was significantly reduced following treatment with the ALP inhibitor 2,5-Dimethoxy-N-(quinolin-3-yl) benzenesulfonamide confirming the mediatory role of ALP in this process. The inhibition of ALK1 signalling using a soluble chimeric protein significantly reduced calcium deposition and ALP activity, confirming that BMP-9 is a physiological ALK1 ligand. Signal transduction studies revealed that BMP-9 induced Smad2, Smad3 and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. As these Smad proteins directly bind to Smad4 to activate target genes, siRNA studies were subsequently undertaken to examine the functional role of Smad4 in VSMC calcification. Smad4-siRNA transfection induced a significant reduction in ALP activity and calcium deposition. These novel data demonstrate that BMP-9 induces VSMC osteogenic differentiation and calcification via ALK1, Smad and ALP dependent mechanisms. This may identify new potential therapeutic strategies for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Zhu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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49
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Ha CM, Park S, Choi YK, Jeong JY, Oh CJ, Bae KH, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Park KG, Jun DY, Lee IK. Activation of Nrf2 by dimethyl fumarate improves vascular calcification. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Gross P, Six I, Kamel S, Massy ZA. Vascular toxicity of phosphate in chronic kidney disease: beyond vascular calcification . Circ J 2014; 78:2339-46. [PMID: 25077548 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by high cardiovascular morbidity/mortality, which is linked in part to vascular calcification (VC) and endothelial dysfunction (ED). Hyperphosphatemia, a feature of CKD, is a well-known inducer of VC in preclinical models and is associated with poor outcomes in epidemiological studies. However, it remains to be seen whether lowering phosphate levels in CKD patients reduces VC and the morbidity/mortality rate. Furthermore, it is now clear from preclinical and clinical studies that phosphate is involved in ED. The present article reviews the direct and indirect mechanisms (eg, via fibroblast growth factor 23 and/or parathyroid hormone) by which hyperphosphatemia influence the onset of VC and ED in CKD.
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