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Zhou C, Li J, Sun X, Zhao L, Zhan H, Liang H, Fang P, Zhang T, He Q, Du J, Zeng H. Targeting HMGCS1 restores chemotherapy sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia. BLOOD SCIENCE 2024; 6:e00192. [PMID: 38994525 PMCID: PMC11239175 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common hematological malignancy with overall poor prognosis. Exploring novel targets is urgent and necessary to improve the clinical outcome of relapsed and refractory (RR) AML patients. Through clinical specimens, animal models and cell-level studies, we explored the specific mechanism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase 1 (HMGCS1) in AML and the mechanism of targeting HMGCS1 to attenuate cell proliferation, increase chemotherapy sensitivity and improve the occurrence and development of AML. Here, we reveal that HMGCS1 is overexpressed in RR patients and negatively related to overall survival (OS). Knocking out HMGCS1 in AML cells attenuated cell proliferation and increased chemotherapy sensitivity, while stable overexpression of HMGCS1 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, we identified that knockout of HMGCS1 suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activity, while overexpression of HMGCS1 could remarkably enhance the pathway. U0126, a MEK1 inhibitor, offset the effects of HMGCS1 overexpression, indicating that HMGCS1 promotes RR AML through the MAPK pathway. Further, we verified that hymeglusin, a specific inhibitor of HMGCS1, decreases cell growth both in AML cell lines and primary bone marrow cells of AML patients. Furthermore, combination of hymeglusin and the common chemotherapeutic drug cytarabine and adriamycin (ADR) had synergistic toxic effects on AML cells. Our study demonstrates the important role of HMGCS1 in AML, and targeting this protein is promising for the treatment of RR AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaofan Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huien Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomic Core, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Qiongzhi He
- Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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Erkner E, Hentrich T, Schairer R, Fitzel R, Secker-Grob KA, Jeong J, Keppeler H, Korkmaz F, Schulze-Hentrich JM, Lengerke C, Schneidawind D, Schneidawind C. The RORɣ/SREBP2 pathway is a master regulator of cholesterol metabolism and serves as potential therapeutic target in t(4;11) leukemia. Oncogene 2024; 43:281-293. [PMID: 38030791 PMCID: PMC10798886 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis promotes tumorigenesis and progression. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming constitutes a new hallmark of cancer. However, until today, only few therapeutic approaches exist to target this pathway due to the often-observed negative feedback induced by agents like statins leading to controversially increased cholesterol synthesis upon inhibition. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription factors regulating the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. Since SREBP2 is difficult to target, we performed pharmacological inhibition of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ), which acts upstream of SREBP2 and serves as master regulator of the cholesterol metabolism. This resulted in an inactivated cholesterol-related gene program with significant downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Strikingly, these effects were more pronounced than the effects of fatostatin, a direct SREBP2 inhibitor. Upon RORγ inhibition, RNA sequencing showed strongly increased cholesterol efflux genes leading to leukemic cell death and cell cycle changes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Combinatorial treatment of t(4;11) cells with the RORγ inhibitor showed additive effects with cytarabine and even strong anti-leukemia synergism with atorvastatin by circumventing the statin-induced feedback. Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumor-specific cholesterol metabolism for the treatment of t(4;11) leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Erkner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Faculty NT, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schairer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rahel Fitzel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathy-Ann Secker-Grob
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johan Jeong
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Hildegard Keppeler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fulya Korkmaz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hu Y, Shen Y, Xia E, Hirachan S, Bhandari A, Jin Z. Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Together With the Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio in Predicting the Malignancy of the Thyroid Nodule in Patients Complicated With Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231199920. [PMID: 37744427 PMCID: PMC10515547 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231199920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodules, although mostly benign and symptomless, have a small chance of being cancerous, necessitating accurate diagnosis. This study aims to develop and validate a nomogram for differentiating malignant and non-malignant thyroid nodules in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study included 484 patients with both thyroid nodules and type 2 diabetes who underwent thyroid gland lobectomy at Wenzhou Medical University Hospital. Optimal cutoff values for continuous variables were determined using ROC curve analysis. Significant factors identified in univariable analysis were used to construct the nomogram. The monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) was visualized through a histogram and scatter diagram. Discriminatory power was assessed using ROC analysis, and calibration curves ensured consistency. Decision curve analysis (DCA) evaluated clinical benefits. Results The cohort was divided into a training group (70%) and an internal validation group (30%). The scatter diagram revealed a correlation between MHR levels and the proportion of goiter cases, with higher MHR levels associated with increased goiter incidence. The histogram showed higher average MHR levels in goiter patients compared to those with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in both groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified age, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FSG), fibrinogen, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and MHR as independent predictive factors for malignancy in thyroid nodules with type 2 diabetes. The nomogram achieved high discrimination, with C-index values of 0.901 (training data set) and 0.760 (internal validation data set). Calibration curves displayed good agreement, and DCA demonstrated significant net clinical benefits. Conclusions MHR is associated with sex, serum cholesterol levels, and peripheral blood cell counts, making it a potential novel biomarker for differentiating between PTC and goiter in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erjie Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzita Hirachan
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Primera Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Zao Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Leukemia is a common hematological malignancy with overall poor prognosis. Novel therapies are needed to improve the outcome of leukemia patients. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is a featured alteration in leukemia. Many metabolic-related genes and metabolites are essential to the progress and drug resistance of leukemia. Exploring potential therapeutical targets related to cholesterol homeostasis is a promising area. This review summarized the functions of cholesterol and its derived intermediate metabolites, and also discussed potential agents targeting this metabolic vulnerability in leukemia.
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Oguro H. The Roles of Cholesterol and Its Metabolites in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 31001203 PMCID: PMC6454151 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is sustained throughout life by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). There is accumulating evidence that cholesterol homeostasis is an important factor in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Increased cholesterol levels are known to promote proliferation and mobilization of HSCs, while hypercholesterolemia is associated with expansion of myeloid cells in the peripheral blood and links hematopoiesis with cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is a precursor to steroid hormones, oxysterols, and bile acids. Among steroid hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) induces HSC division and E2-estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling causes sexual dimorphism of HSC division rate. Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol and key substrates for bile acid synthesis and are considered to be bioactive lipids, and recent studies have begun to reveal their important roles in the hematopoietic and immune systems. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) acts as an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator and induces ERα-dependent HSC mobilization and extramedullary hematopoiesis. 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25HC) acts as a ligand for Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) and directs migration of B cells in the spleen during the adaptive immune response. Bile acids serve as chemical chaperones and alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress in HSCs. Cholesterol metabolism is dysregulated in hematologic malignancies, and statins, which inhibit de novo cholesterol synthesis, have cytotoxic effects in malignant hematopoietic cells. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the roles of cholesterol and its metabolites as signaling molecules in the regulation of hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies are summarized.
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Ellis M, Krashin E, Hamburger-Avnery O, Gan S, Elis A, Ashur-Fabian O. The anti-leukemic and lipid lowering effects of imatinib are not hindered by statins in CML: a retrospective clinical study and in vitro assessment of lipid-genes transcription. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1172-1177. [PMID: 27650030 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1228928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, which has revolutionized chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment, was suggested to improve lipid profile. Statins, a dyslipidemia drug, were reported to potentiate imatinib's antileukemic effect. However, analysis of imatinib combined with statins is lacking. We have retrospectively analyzed the normalization period of bcr-abl, blood counts, and lipids in 40 CML patients, 19 of which co-treated with statins, during short (<12 months) and prolonged (>12 months) imatinib treatment. Prior statins treatment did not hinder nor sensitized imatinib's anti-leukemic and lipid-lowering effects. CML cells (K562) treated with 1μM imatinib (24-96 h) were further assessed for the expression of central lipid-related genes by real-time PCR. HMGCoAR, LDL-R, and apobec1 expressions were significantly increased while CETP declined after 48-96 h. To conclude, imatinib produces an independent favorable lipid profile, which is not hindered by statins and is partly mediated via transcription regulation of genes involved in the clearance of plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ellis
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Eilon Krashin
- c Department of Internal Medicine A , Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel
| | - Orly Hamburger-Avnery
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel
| | - Sarah Gan
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Avishai Elis
- b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,d Department of Internal Medicine C , Beilinson Campus, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tikva , Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,e The Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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7
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Leukemia cells display lower levels of intracellular cholesterol irrespective of the exogenous cholesterol availability. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 457:12-7. [PMID: 27012514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different types of cancer cells are previously shown to accumulate intracellular cholesterol. However, the data on intracellular cholesterol levels in leukemia cells provide contradictory evidence. Various previous works indicate either increase, decrease or no difference in total cholesterol levels between leukemia cells and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS We studied the intracellular cholesterol levels in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells and compared with that in PBMCs from the healthy subjects. RESULTS We observed that the PBMCs from AML (n=7) and ALL (n=7) patients displayed significantly lower intracellular levels of total cholesterol in comparison to PBMCs from the healthy subjects (n=26). Consistent with the patient data the ALL (CCRF-CEM and MOLT-3) and AML (KG-1 and THP-1) cell lines also displayed significantly lower intracellular levels of total cholesterol. We confirmed this observation using multiple methodological approaches. Both ALL and AML cell lines also displayed significantly lower levels of free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester contents in comparison to normal hematopoietic cells. We observed that >90% of the total cholesterol in leukemia cells as well as in normal PBMCs was present in the form of cholesteryl esters. It was also observed that the lower levels of cholesterol in leukemia cells are not affected by exogenous cholesterol availability. CONCLUSIONS Present study provides convincing evidence to prove that the cellular free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester content is significantly reduced in leukemia cells in comparison to normal hematopoietic cells in circulation. Moreover, it was shown that the lower levels of cholesterol in leukemia cells are not affected by exogenous cholesterol availability.
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8
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Stäubert C, Krakowsky R, Bhuiyan H, Witek B, Lindahl A, Broom O, Nordström A. Increased lanosterol turnover: a metabolic burden for daunorubicin-resistant leukemia cells. Med Oncol 2015; 33:6. [PMID: 26698156 PMCID: PMC4689760 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol metabolism is essential for cancer cell proliferation. We found the expression of genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway up-regulated in the daunorubicin-resistant leukemia cell line CEM/R2, which is a daughter cell line to the leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM (CEM). Cellular (2)H2O labelling, mass spectrometry, and isotopomer analysis revealed an increase in lanosterol synthesis which was not accompanied by an increase in cholesterol flux or pool size in CEM/R2 cells. Exogenous addition of lanosterol had a negative effect on CEM/R2 and a positive effect on sensitive CEM cell viability. Treatment of CEM and CEM/R2 cells with cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors acting on the enzymes squalene epoxidase and lanosterol synthase, both also involved in the 24,25-epoxycholesterol shunt pathway, revealed a connection of this pathway to lanosterol turnover. Our data highlight that an increased lanosterol flux poses a metabolic weakness of resistant cells that potentially could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stäubert
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hasanuzzaman Bhuiyan
- Doping Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Witek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindahl
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Broom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Nordström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Yokoo M, Kubota Y, Motoyama K, Higashi T, Taniyoshi M, Tokumaru H, Nishiyama R, Tabe Y, Mochinaga S, Sato A, Sueoka-Aragane N, Sueoka E, Arima H, Irie T, Kimura S. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Acts as a Novel Anticancer Agent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141946. [PMID: 26535909 PMCID: PMC4633159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide that is widely used as an enabling excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, but also as a cholesterol modifier. HP-β-CyD has recently been approved for the treatment of Niemann-Pick Type C disease, a lysosomal lipid storage disorder, and is used in clinical practice. Since cholesterol accumulation and/or dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has been described in various malignancies, including leukemia, we hypothesized that HP-β-CyD itself might have anticancer effects. This study provides evidence that HP-β-CyD inhibits leukemic cell proliferation at physiologically available doses. First, we identified the potency of HP-β-CyD in vitro against various leukemic cell lines derived from acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). HP-β-CyD treatment reduced intracellular cholesterol resulting in significant leukemic cell growth inhibition through G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of HP-β-CyD significantly improved survival in leukemia mouse models. Importantly, HP-β-CyD also showed anticancer effects against CML cells expressing a T315I BCR-ABL mutation (that confers resistance to most ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors), and hypoxia-adapted CML cells that have characteristics of leukemic stem cells. In addition, colony forming ability of human primary AML and CML cells was inhibited by HP-β-CyD. Systemic administration of HP-β-CyD to mice had no significant adverse effects. These data suggest that HP-β-CyD is a promising anticancer agent regardless of disease or cellular characteristics.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cholesterol/analysis
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Colorimetry
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Lung/pathology
- M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- beta-Cyclodextrins/therapeutic use
- beta-Cyclodextrins/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yokoo
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kubota
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Taniyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokumaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rena Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akemi Sato
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Naoko Sueoka-Aragane
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Eisaburo Sueoka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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10
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Liu J, Xian G, Li M, Zhang Y, Yang M, Yu Y, Lv H, Xuan S, Lin Y, Gao L. Cholesterol oxidase from Bordetella species promotes irreversible cell apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by cholesterol oxidation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1372. [PMID: 25118932 PMCID: PMC4454300 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase (COD), an enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of cholesterol, has been applied to track the distribution of membrane cholesterol. Little investigations about the effect of COD on tumor cells have been performed. In the present study, we provided evidence that COD from Bordetella species (COD-B), induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. COD-B treatment inhibited Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in dose- and time-dependent manner, which was not reversed and was even aggravated by cholesterol addition. Further investigation indicated that COD-B treatment promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that cholesterol addition further elevated ROS levels. Moreover, COD-B treatment resulted in JNK and p38 phosphorylation, downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, activated caspase-3 and cytochrome C release, which likely responded to freshly produced hydrogen peroxide that accompanied cholesterol oxidation. Catalase pretreatment could only partially prevent COD-B-induced events, suggesting that catalase inhibited H2O2-induced signal transduction but had little effect on signal pathways involved in cholesterol depletion. Our results demonstrated that COD-B led to irreversible cell apoptosis by decreasing cholesterol content and increasing ROS level. In addition, COD-B may be a promising candidate for a novel anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - G Xian
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - M Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - H Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - S Xuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - L Gao
- 1] Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, China [2] Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
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Rubio V, Calviño E, García-Pérez A, Herráez A, Diez JC. Human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells are sensitive to esculetin through induction of an apoptotic mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:129-39. [PMID: 24995577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of cancer, in which immature cells called promyelocytes proliferate abnormally. Human NB4 cell line appears to be a suitable in vitro model to express the characteristics of APL. In this work, we have investigated the effects of esculetin, a coumarin derivative with antioxidant properties, on the viability, the induction of apoptosis and the expression of apoptotic factors in NB4 cells. Cells treated with esculetin at several concentrations (20-500 μM) and for different times (5-24 h) showed a concentration- and time-dependent viability decrease with increased subdiploid DNA production. Esculetin inhibited cell cycle progression and induced DNA fragmentation. Moreover, annexin-V-FITC cytometry assays suggested that increased toxicity is due to both early and late apoptosis. This apoptosis process is be mediated by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Treatments with progressively increasing concentrations (from 100 μM to 500 μM) of esculetin produced a reduction of Bcl2/Bax ratio in NB4 cells at 19 h, without affecting p53 levels. Proapoptotic action of esculetin involves the ERK MAP kinase cascade since increased levels of phosphorylated ERK were observed after those treatments. Increments in the levels of phosphorylated-Akt were also observed. Additionally, esculetin induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential with a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol which starts at 6 h of treatment with esculetin and increases up to 24 h. Esculetin induced an increase in superoxide anion at long times of treatment and a reduction of peroxides at short times (1 h) with an observed increase at 2-4 h of treatment. No significant changes in NO production was observed. Esculetin reduced the GSH levels in a time-dependent manner. In summary, the present work shows the cytotoxic action of esculetin as an efficient tool to study apoptosis mechanism induction on NB4 cell line used as a relevant model of APL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rubio
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Calviño
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ana García-Pérez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Angel Herráez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - José C Diez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Apoptosis induced by paclitaxel via Bcl-2, Bax and caspases 3 and 9 activation in NB4 human leukaemia cells is not modulated by ERK inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1101-8. [PMID: 23735541 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of pivotal bio-molecules involved in signalling of cytotoxic effects induced by paclitaxel (Ptx) on acute promyelocytic human leukaemia NB4 cells. A time-dependent increase in cell death and DNA cleavage was observed after 30μM Ptx treatment. Cell death induction by Ptx proceeds mainly as programmed cell death as shown by annexin V-FITC, reaching up to 30% of apoptotic cells after 24h. Significant reductions of p53, changes in Bax and Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3 and 9 were observed as the treatment was applied for long times. Ptx treatments produced NFkB depletion with expression levels abolished at 19h what could be involved in reduction of survival signals. Phosphorylation of intracellular kinases showed that pERK1/2 decreased significantly at 19h of Ptx treatment. When these cells were preincubated for 90min with 20μM PD98059, 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone, an inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, a slight reduction of cell viability was observed in comparison to that produced by Ptx alone. Pretreatment with PD98059 neither activated caspases nor significantly increased the apoptotic effect of Ptx. Taken together, our data reveal that the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation does not seem to be an essential pathway for bursting an increased induction of apoptosis by Ptx. Decrease of p53 and Bcl-2, fragmentation of DNA, increase of Bax and, finally, activation of caspases 3 and 9 in NB4 leukaemia cells make the apoptotic process induced by Ptx irreversible. Application of Ptx in leukaemia cells shows therefore a promising potential with particular effects on different leukaemia cell types.
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Martirosyan A, Clendening JW, Goard CA, Penn LZ. Lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with doxorubicin: potential therapeutic relevance. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:103. [PMID: 20298590 PMCID: PMC2847546 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian carcinoma is a rarely curable disease, for which new treatment options are required. As agents that block HMG-CoA reductase and the mevalonate pathway, the statin family of drugs are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and have been shown to trigger apoptosis in a tumor-specific manner. Recent clinical trials show that the addition of statins to traditional chemotherapeutic strategies can increase efficacy of targeting statin-sensitive tumors. Our goal was to assess statin-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics, and then determine these mechanisms of action. Methods The effect of lovastatin on ovarian cancer cell lines was evaluated alone and in combination with cisplatin and doxorubicin using several assays (MTT, TUNEL, fixed PI, PARP cleavage) and synergy determined by evaluating the combination index. The mechanisms of action were evaluated using functional, molecular, and pharmacologic approaches. Results We demonstrate that lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells in a p53-independent manner and synergizes with doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat recurrent cases of ovarian cancer. Lovastatin drives ovarian tumor cell death by two mechanisms: first, by blocking HMG-CoA reductase activity, and second, by sensitizing multi-drug resistant cells to doxorubicin by a novel mevalonate-independent mechanism. This inhibition of drug transport, likely through inhibition of P-glycoprotein, potentiates both DNA damage and tumor cell apoptosis. Conclusions The results of this research provide pre-clinical data to warrant further evaluation of statins as potential anti-cancer agents to treat ovarian carcinoma. Many statins are inexpensive, off-patent generic drugs that are immediately available for use as anti-cancer agents. We provide evidence that lovastatin triggers apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells as a single agent by a mevalonate-dependent mechanism. Moreover, we also show lovastatin synergizes with doxorubicin, an agent administered for recurrent disease. This synergy occurs by a novel mevalonate-independent mechanism that antagonizes drug resistance, likely by inhibiting P-glycoprotein. These data raise important issues that may impact how statins can best be included in chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martirosyan
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
While the beneficial effects of hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on cardiovascular disease are well established, much uncertainty remains about their effects on cancer. The statins inhibit the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway, leading to reduced levels of cholesterol and other molecules of importance for critical cellular processes. A growing body of preclinical data indicates that statins may have antineoplastic properties, but some studies raise the possibility that statins may possess a carcinogenic potential. Clinical and observational studies of the association between statin use and cancer have been inconclusive with regard to any chemopreventive or therapeutic effect, but they do provide reassuring evidence that statins do not appear to be carcinogenic. The reasons for the varying results are unclear but they may relate to methodological issues. Additional studies, including Phase II randomized trials and epidemiological studies with accurate measures of statin use and comprehensive control for confounding factors, are needed to determine the potentially beneficially effects of statins on cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Friis
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Burke LP, Kukoly CA. Statins induce lethal effects in acute myeloblastic leukemia [corrected] cells within 72 hours. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49:322-30. [PMID: 18231920 PMCID: PMC2430172 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701760011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (statins) induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in vitro; however, the concentrations associated with cell death in AML cells are higher than those clinically tolerated during prolonged therapy. We therefore wished to determine whether short exposures to lovastatin might induce cell death in AML cells at clinically attainable concentrations. The time and concentration dependence of HL60 and U937 cells was determined and showed that cell death was delayed. IC50 values and IC90 values determined on day 6 suggested that the sensitivity of AML cells to statins may occur at lower concentrations than previously reported. After 72 h, mevalonate did not rescue AML cells from cytotoxic concentrations of statins, suggesting that, although cell death was delayed, lovastatin induced lethal effects within 72 h. In conjunction with previously reported Phase I studies, the data presented here suggest that the high-dose, short course statins may be useful for the treatment of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian P Burke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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16
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Connelly-Smith L, Pattinson J, Grundy M, Shang S, Seedhouse C, Russell N, Pallis M. P-glycoprotein is downregulated in KG1a-primitive leukemia cells by LDL cholesterol deprivation and by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1793-800. [PMID: 17923246 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P-glycoprotein (pgp) is a membrane transporter encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR1, ABCB1) gene. Pgp is a poor prognostic factor in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition to its role in drug efflux, pgp has been implicated in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. We investigated the effects of exogenous cholesterol removal on pgp expression and function. METHODS KG1a drug-naïve, primitive leukemia cells were cultured in serum-free medium with or without the addition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. After 72 hours, pgp expression and function was assessed by flow cytometry and total cholesterol content of the KG1a cells was determined by the Amplex Red cholesterol assay. The addition of clinically available cholesterol-lowering agents, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors to KG1a cells was also assessed. RESULTS There was a 39% (SEM = 8.3%; p = 0.03) decrease in pgp protein expression after 3 days of serum-free culture. The decrease was also observed at the message and functional levels. In the presence of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pgp expression was restored to 86% of the basal value. Addition of a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to KG1a cells resulted in an additional 26% (lovastatin, p = 0.03) and 16% (pravastatin, p = 0.05) reduction in pgp, respectively. Furthermore, toxicity of the pgp substrate drug daunorubicin was enhanced following lovastatin preculture (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION LDL cholesterol contributes to pgp expression and chemoresistance in primitive leukemia cells. Use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may be of clinical value in lowering pgp expression in AML.
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Siddiqui RA, Harvey KA, Zaloga GP, Stillwell W. Modulation of lipid rafts by Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and cancer: implications for use of lipids during nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22:74-88. [PMID: 17242459 DOI: 10.1177/011542650702200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of biologic membrane structure and function is largely based on the concept of lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are composed primarily of tightly packed, liquid-ordered sphingolipids/cholesterol/saturated phospholipids that float in a sea of more unsaturated and loosely packed, liquid-disordered lipids. Lipid rafts have important clinical implications because many important membrane-signaling proteins are located within the raft regions of the membrane, and alterations in raft structure can alter activity of these signaling proteins. Because rafts are lipid-based, their composition, structure, and function are susceptible to manipulation by dietary components such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and by cholesterol depletion. We review how alteration of raft lipids affects the raft/nonraft localization and hence the function of several proteins involved in cell signaling. We focus our discussion of raft-signaling proteins on inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat A Siddiqui
- Methodist Research Institute, Cellular Biochemistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of Rho/ROCK pathway in lovastatin-induced apoptosis as replenishment with exogenous isoprenoid, geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), resulted in inhibition of apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. Treatment of C6 glioma cells with Toxin B and exoenzyme C3 resulted in cell death suggesting the role of geranylgeranylated protein(s) in the survival of glioma cells. Relative apoptotic death observed in cells transfected with dominant negative constructs of RhoA, Rac, and cdc42 imply Rho A as playing the major role in cell survival. Furthermore, the inhibition of Rho A kinase (ROCK), a direct downstream effector of Rho A, by Y-27632 or dominant negative of ROCK, induced apoptosis in glioma cells. These findings indicate that RhoA/ROCK pathway is involved negatively in the regulation of glioma cell death pathway. Moreover, in vivo studies of lovastatin treatment in animals implanted with C6 glioma cell tumors also resulted in smaller tumor size and induced apoptosis in the tumor tissue. The implantation of stably transfected C6 glioma cells with expression vector of C3 exoenzyme, dominant negative of RhoA and ROCK, resulted in significant smaller tumor mass, further establishing the importance of geranylgeranylated proteins, specifically RhoA and its downstream effecter ROCK, in cell survival and tumor genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rattan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Li YC, Park MJ, Ye SK, Kim CW, Kim YN. Elevated levels of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in cancer cells are correlated with apoptosis sensitivity induced by cholesterol-depleting agents. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1107-18; quiz 1404-5. [PMID: 16565487 PMCID: PMC1606567 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts/caveolae are membrane platforms for signaling molecules that regulate various cellular functions, including cell survival. To better understand the role of rafts in tumor progression and therapeutics, we investigated the effect of raft disruption on cell viability and compared raft levels in human cancer cell lines versus their normal counterparts. Here, we report that cholesterol depletion using methyl-beta cyclodextrin caused anoikis-like apoptosis, which in A431 cells involved decreased raft levels, Bcl-xL down-regulation, caspase-3 activation, and Akt inactivation regardless of epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Cholesterol repletion replenished rafts on the cell surface and restored Akt activation and cell viability. Moreover, the breast cancer and the prostate cancer cell lines contained more lipid rafts and were more sensitive to cholesterol depletion-induced cell death than their normal counterparts. These results indicate that cancer cells contain increased levels of rafts and suggest a potential use of raft-modulating agents as anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chun Li
- Division of Specific Organs Cancer, Pediatric Oncology Division, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu 1-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 411-769, Korea
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Holstein SA, Knapp HR, Clamon GH, Murry DJ, Hohl RJ. Pharmacodynamic effects of high dose lovastatin in subjects with advanced malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 57:155-64. [PMID: 16133537 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, has shown interesting antiproliferative activities in cell culture and in animal models of cancer. The goal of the current study is to determine whether lovastatin bioactivity levels, in a range equivalent to those used in in vitro and preclinical studies, can be safely achieved in human subjects. Here we present the findings from a dose-escalating trial of lovastatin in subjects with advanced malignancies. Lovastatin was administered every 6 h for 96 h in 4-week cycles in doses ranging from 10 mg/m2 to 415 mg/m2. Peak plasma lovastatin bioactivity levels of 0.06-12.3 microM were achieved in a dose-independent manner. Cholesterol levels decreased during treatment and normalized during the rest period. A dose-limiting toxicity was not reached and there were no clinically significant increases in creatine phosphokinase or serum hepatic aminotransferases levels. No antitumor responses were observed. These results demonstrate that high doses of lovastatin, given every 4 h for 96 h, are well-tolerated and in select cases, bioactivity levels in the range necessary for antiproliferative activity were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Lewis KA, Holstein SA, Hohl RJ. Lovastatin alters the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in acute myelogenous leukemia cells in vivo. Leuk Res 2005; 29:527-33. [PMID: 15755505 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), is used therapeutically to lower plasma cholesterol levels and has garnered attention for its cytotoxic effects in leukemia cells. In this study, escalating doses of lovastatin were administered to nine patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Peripheral blood leukemia cells were drawn pre- and post-lovastatin dosing. Plasma lovastatin bioactivity ranged up to 234 nM lovastatin equivalents. Our results show that in vivo lovastatin, at up to 200 mg/dose, induces an increased activity of leukemia cell HMGR and alters leukemia cell proliferation without discernibly altering Ras processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriste A Lewis
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, C32-I GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA
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22
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Pallis M, Russell N. Strategies for overcoming p-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2004; 18:1927-30. [PMID: 15483678 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pallis
- Division of Haematology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham and Nottingham City Hospital, UK
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Graaf MR, Beiderbeck AB, Egberts ACG, Richel DJ, Guchelaar HJ. The risk of cancer in users of statins. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2388-94. [PMID: 15197200 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several preclinical studies suggested a role for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) in the treatment of cancer. The objective of this study was to compare the risk of incident cancer between users of statins and users of other cardiovascular medication. METHODS Data were used from the PHARMO database, containing drug dispensing records from community pharmacies and linked hospital discharge records for residents of eight Dutch cities. The study base included all patients with one or more prescriptions for cardiovascular drugs in the period between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1998. Cases were identified as patients in the study base with a diagnosis of incident cancer and matched with four to six controls on sex, year of birth, geographic region, duration of follow-up, and index date. The analysis was adjusted for diabetes mellitus; prior hospitalizations; comorbidity; and use of diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sex hormones, and other lipid-lowering drug therapies. RESULTS In the study base, 3129 patients were identified and matched to 16976 controls. Statin use was associated with a risk reduction of cancer of 20% (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.96). Our data suggest that statins are protective when used longer than 4 years (adjusted OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.93) or when more than 1350 defined daily doses are taken (adjusted OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.91). CONCLUSION This observational study suggests that statins may have a protective effect against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs R Graaf
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Li HY, Appelbaum FR, Willman CL, Zager RA, Banker DE. Cholesterol-modulating agents kill acute myeloid leukemia cells and sensitize them to therapeutics by blocking adaptive cholesterol responses. Blood 2003; 101:3628-34. [PMID: 12506040 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway produces many critical substances in cells, including sterols essential for membrane structure and isoprenoids vital to the function of many membrane proteins. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Because cholesterol is a product of this pathway, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Statins are also toxic to several malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although this toxicity has been attributed to the inhibition of Ras/Rho isoprenylation, we have previously shown that statin toxicity in primary AML cells (AMLs) does not correlate with Ras isoprenylation or with activating Ras mutations. In other studies, we have shown that hypoxic and oxidant injuries induce cholesterol increments in renal tubule cells and that statins sensitize these cells to injury by blocking protective cholesterol responses. We now demonstrate that exposing particular AMLs to radiochemotherapy induces much greater cellular cholesterol increments than those seen in similarly treated normal bone marrow. Treatment of these AMLs with mevastatin or zaragozic acid (which inhibits cholesterol synthesis but not isoprenoid synthesis) attenuates the cholesterol increments and sensitizes cells to radiochemotherapy. The extent of toxicity is affected by the availability of extracellular lipoproteins, further suggesting that cellular cholesterol is critical to cell survival in particular AMLs. Because zaragozic acid does not inhibit isoprenoid synthesis, these data suggest that cholesterol modulation is an important mechanism whereby statins exert toxic effects on some AMLs and that cholesterol modulators may improve therapeutic ratios in AML by impacting cholesterol-dependent cytoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Y Li
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Rombouts K, Kisanga E, Hellemans K, Wielant A, Schuppan D, Geerts A. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on proliferation and protein synthesis by rat hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2003; 38:564-72. [PMID: 12713866 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors called statins, have besides their cholesterol-lowering function, therapeutic value in conditions such as neo-angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. We investigated the effect of two statins on the proliferation rate and protein steady state levels of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). METHODS Cellular DNA synthesis under the influence of statins and/or platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and mevalonate was evaluated by measuring BrdU incorporation. Synthesis of collagens type I, III, IV and fibronectin was quantified by ELISA. Additionally, we examined the influence of simvastatin on isoprenylation of Ras and RhoA proteins. RESULTS Lovastatin and simvastatin induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the proliferation rate of HSC. Subsequent addition of PDGF and/or mevalonate, after long-term exposure of simvastatin to HSC, did not reverse simvastatins' antiproliferative effect. Lovastatin and simvastatin reduced the protein steady state level of collagens type I (-40%), III (-45%) and IV (-27%). Membrane bound Ras steady state levels decreased under the influence of simvastatin. Membrane bound RhoA remained unaltered, whereas, cytosolic RhoA protein level was strongly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that lovastatin and simvastatin inhibited HSC proliferation and collagen steady state levels by mechanisms independent of their lipid reducing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Rombouts
- Laboratory for Molecular Liver Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels-Jette, Belgium.
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Feleszko W, Młynarczuk I, Olszewska D, Jalili A, Grzela T, Lasek W, Hoser G, Korczak-Kowalska G, Jakóbisiak M. Lovastatin potentiates antitumor activity of doxorubicin in murine melanoma via an apoptosis-dependent mechanism. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:111-8. [PMID: 12115596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, a drug successfully used in the clinic to prevent and to treat coronary heart disease, has recently been reported to decrease the incidence of melanoma in lovastatin-treated patients. Lovastatin has also been proved to potentiate antitumor effects of both cisplatin and TNF-alpha in murine melanoma models. Recently, an augmented therapeutic effect of lovastatin and doxorubicin has been reported in 3 tumor models in mice. In our preliminary study lovastatin caused retardation of melanoma growth in mice treated with doxorubicin (Feleszko et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:247-8). In the present report, we supplement our preliminary observations and demonstrate in 2 murine and 2 human melanoma cell lines that lovastatin effectively potentiates the cytostatic/cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin in vitro via an augmentation of apoptosis (estimated with PARP-cleavage assay, annexin V assay and TUNEL). The combined antiproliferative activity of lovastatin and doxorubicin was evaluated using the combination index (CI) method of Chou and Talalay, revealing synergistic interactions in melanoma cells exposed to lovastatin and doxorubicin. In B16F10 murine melanoma model in vivo, we have demonstrated significantly increased sensitivity to the combined treatment with both lovastatin (5 mg/kg for 14 days) and doxorubicin (4 x 1 mg/kg) as compared with either agent acting alone. Lovastatin treatment resulted also in significant reduction of the number of experimental metastasis in doxorubicin-treated mice. The results of our studies suggest that lovastatin may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Immunology Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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van de Donk NWCJ, Kamphuis MMJ, Lokhorst HM, Bloem AC. The cholesterol lowering drug lovastatin induces cell death in myeloma plasma cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:1362-71. [PMID: 12094262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2001] [Accepted: 01/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is an irreversible inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase and blocks the production of mevalonate, a critical compound in the production of cholesterol and isoprenoids. Isoprenylation of target proteins, like the GTP-binding protein Ras, is essential for their membrane localization and subsequent participation in intracellular signaling cascades. Lovastatin effectively decreased the viability of plasma cells from cell lines (n = 10) and myeloma patients' samples (n = 8) in a dose- and time-dependent way. Importantly, co-incubation of lovastatin with dexamethasone had a synergistic effect in inducing plasma cell cytotoxity. This effect was not the consequence of a change in the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 or Bax induced by lovastatin. The decrease in plasma cell viability was the result of induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Mevalonate effectively reversed the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of lovastatin in plasma cells. The cytotoxic activity of lovastatin was higher in Pgp expressing cell lines, but did not correlate with the multidrug resistance (MDR)-related proteins LRP, Bcl-2 and Bax. Lovastatin treatment resulted in a shift of Ras localization from the membrane to the cytosol that was reversed by mevalonate. The data presented in this paper warrant study of lovastatin alone or in combination with therapeutic drugs, in the treatment of myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W C J van de Donk
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Pallis M, Turzanski J, Higashi Y, Russell N. P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications of its association with both a multidrug-resistant and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:1221-8. [PMID: 12152989 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290026277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression is an independent prognostic factor for response to remission-induction chemotherapy in acute myeloblastic leukaemia, particularly in the elderly. There are several potential agents for modulating Pgp-mediated multi-drug resistance, such as cyclosporin A and PSC833, which are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. An alternative therapeutic strategy is to increase the use of drugs which are unaffected by Pgp. However, in this review, we explain why this may be more difficult than it appears. Evidence from in vitro studies of primary AML blasts supports the commonly held supposition that chemoresistance may be linked to apoptosis-resistance. We have found that Pgp has a drug-independent role in the inhibition of in vitro apoptosis in AML blasts. Modulation of cytokine efflux, signalling lipids and intracellular pH have all been suggested as ways by which Pgp may affect cellular resistance to apoptosis; these are discussed in this review. For a chemosensitising agent to be successful, it may be more important for it to enhance apoptosis than to increase drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pallis
- Academic Haematology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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29
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Wong WWL, Dimitroulakos J, Minden MD, Penn LZ. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the malignant cell: the statin family of drugs as triggers of tumor-specific apoptosis. Leukemia 2002; 16:508-19. [PMID: 11960327 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2001] [Accepted: 01/21/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin family of drugs target HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, and have been used successfully in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia for the past 15 years. Experimental evidence suggests this key biochemical pathway holds an important role in the carcinogenic process. Moreover, statin administration in vivo can provide an oncoprotective effect. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown the statins can trigger cells of certain tumor types, such as acute myelogenous leukemia, to undergo apoptosis in a sensitive and specific manner. Mechanistic studies show bcl-2 expression is down-regulated in transformed cells undergoing apoptosis in response to statin exposure. In addition, the apoptotic response is in part due to the depletion of the downstream product geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate or other products of the mevalonate pathway including cholesterol. Clinically, preliminary phase I clinical trials have shown the achievable plasma concentration corresponds to the dose range that can trigger apoptosis of tumor types in vitro. Moreover, little toxicity was evident in vivo even at high concentrations. Clearly, additional clinical trials are warranted to further assess the safety and efficacy of statins as novel and immediately available anti-cancer agents. In this article, the experimental evidence supporting a role for the statin family of drugs to this new application will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W L Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Roussel MJ, Lanotte M. Maturation sensitive and resistant t(15;17) NB4 cell lines as tools for APL physiopathology: nomenclature of cells and repertory of their known genetic alterations and phenotypes. Oncogene 2001; 20:7287-91. [PMID: 11704857 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations, leading to gene rearrangements that generate chimerical proteins, represent one of the initiating events of leukemia. Preleukemia cells eventually develop into overt leukemia by occurrence of secondary genetic alterations (tumor progression). The physiopathology of leukemia has made considerable progress during the last two decades, due to molecular biology investigations on the role played by the altered genes, during neoplasic hemopoiesis. In vitro studies have been facilitated by the establishment of stable leukemia cell lines bearing these gene rearrangements and secondary gene mutations. Investigations on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) have benefited from maturation sensitive and resistant cell lines (NB4 and UF-1) derived from APL patient's leukemia cells and bearing the t(15;17). The information concerning the NB4 cell line (responsiveness to retinoid/rexinoid, cAMP, arsenic, mutations causing resistance) is spread in an abundant literature. In this paper, we briefly recapitulate the cellular and molecular features of this cell line and its subclones with the aim of facilitating investigators in their choice of the most appropriate tool for their studies. As redundancy of several names given to NB4 sublines has sometimes created difficulties, we propose a nomenclature for the various NB4 sublines that most investigators certainly would be agreed with.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Roussel
- INSERM U-496, Centre G. Hayem, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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31
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Li W, Zhang WJ, Ohnishi K, Yamada I, Ohno R, Hashimoto K. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in multidrug resistant leukemia cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 60:79-86. [PMID: 11470562 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To verify if photodynamic therapy (PDT) could overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) when it it applied to eradicate minimal residual disease in patients with leukemia, we investigated the fluorescence kinetics of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and the effect of subsequent photodynamic therapy on MDR leukemia cells, which express P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as well as on their parent cells. Evaluation of PpIX accumulation by flow cytometry showed that PpIX accumulated at higher levels in mdr-1 gene-transduced MDR cells (NB4/MDR) and at lower levels in doxorubicin-induced MDR cells (NOMO-1/ADR) than in their parent cells. A P-gp inhibitor could not increase PpIX accumulation. Measurement of extracellular PpIX concentration by fluorescence spectrometry showed that P-gp did not mediate the fluorescence kinetics of ALA-induced PpIX production. Assessment of ferrochelatase activity using high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that PpIX accumulation in drug-induced MDR cells was probably regulated by this enzyme. Assessment of phototoxicity of PDT using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that PDT was effective in NB4, NB4/MDR, NOMO-1 and NOMO-1/ADR cells, which accumulated high levels of PpIX, but not effective in K562 and K562/ADR cell lines, which accumulated relatively low levels of PpIX. These findings demonstrate that P-gp does not mediate the ALA-fluorescence kinetics, and multidrug resistant leukemia cells do not have cross-resistance to ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 3600 Handa-cho, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Japan
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