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Farasati Far B, Gouranmohit G, Naimi-Jamal MR, Neysani E, El-Nashar HAS, El-Shazly M, Khoshnevisan K. The potential role of Hypericum perforatum in wound healing: A literature review on the phytochemicals, pharmacological approaches, and mechanistic perspectives. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3271-3295. [PMID: 38600756 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
St. John's Wort, commonly known as Hypericum perforatum L., is a flowering plant in the Clusiaceae family that traditionally been employed for treating anxiety, depression, wounds, burns, sunburn, irritation, and stomach ailments. This review provides a synopsis of H. perforatum L. phytoconstituents and their biological effects, highlighting its beneficial therapeutic properties for dermatological indications, as well as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity in various applications including wound healing and skin conditions such as eczema, sun burn and minor burns also spastic paralysis, stiff neck and mood disorders as anti-depressant and nerve pains such as neuralgia. The data were collected from several databases as Web of Science PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar using the terms: "H. perforatum L.", "H. perforatum L. /phytochemistry," and "H. perforatum extracts/wound healing" collected from 1994 to 2023. The findings suggest H. perforatum L. acts through various mechanisms and plays a role in each phase of the wound healing process, including re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, wound contraction, and connective tissue regeneration. H. perforatum L. enhances collagen deposition, decreases inflammation, inhibits fibroblast migration, and promotes epithelialization by increasing the number of fibroblasts with polygonal shape and the number of collagen fibers within fibroblasts. H. Perforatum L. extracts modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation were found to accelerate the wound healing process via inhibition of inflammatory mediators' production like interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Thus, H. perforatum L. represents a potential remedy for a wide range of dermatological problems, owing to its constituents with beneficial therapeutic properties. H. perforatum L. could be utilized in the development of novel wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Gouranmohit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Neysani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Suryawanshi MV, Gujarathi PP, Mulla T, Bagban I. Hypericum perforatum: a comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, preclinical studies, putative molecular mechanism, and clinical studies in neurodegenerative diseases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3803-3818. [PMID: 38175276 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The herb Hypericum perforatum, also referred to as St. John's wort, has drawn a lot of interest because of its potential therapeutic benefits in treating neurodegenerative illnesses. Due to the absence of effective therapies, illnesses like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pose an increasing worldwide health concern. Because of its wide variety of phytochemicals, especially hyperforin, and hypericin, Hypericum perforatum is well known for its neuroprotective properties. These substances have proven to be able to affect different cellular processes linked to neurodegeneration. They can act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neurotransmitter system regulators, which may help halt neurodegenerative illnesses' progression. The use of Hypericum perforatum extracts and its contents has shown encouraging results in research on animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. These advantages include higher nerve cell survival, lowered oxidative stress, and higher cognitive performance. Underscoring its versatile potential to combat neurodegeneration, Hypericum perforatum has neuroprotective mechanisms that modulate neuroinflammation and prevent apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, Hypericum perforatum shows tremendous promise as a potential treatment for neurological illnesses due to its wide variety of phytochemicals. To completely comprehend its specific mechanisms of action and turn these discoveries into efficient clinical therapies, additional research is needed. Investigating Hypericum perforatum's function in neurodegenerative disorders may present new opportunities for the advancement of ground-breaking therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghraj Vivekanand Suryawanshi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Krishna School of Pharmacy and Research, Drs. Kiran and Pallavi Patel Global University, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391240, India
- AllWell Neuritech LLP, Dharngaon, Maharashtra, 425105, India
| | - Pranjal P Gujarathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vidhyadeep Institute of Pharmacy, Vidhyadeep University, Anita, Kim, Surat, Gujarat, 394110, India.
- Centre for Advance Research, Bhagwan Mahavir College of Pharmacy, Bhagwan Mahavir University, Vesu, Surat, Gujarat, 395007, India.
| | - Taufik Mulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Krishna School of Pharmacy and Research, Drs. Kiran and Pallavi Patel Global University, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391240, India
| | - Imtiyaz Bagban
- Department of Pharmacology, Krishna School of Pharmacy and Research, Drs. Kiran and Pallavi Patel Global University, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391240, India
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Guo Y, Xu Q, Tao B, Huang X, Cao Y, Sun W, Qi C, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Hyperatins A-D, highly oxidized polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum L. with hypoglycemic potential in liver cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 221:114047. [PMID: 38462213 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperatins A-D (1-4), four previously undescribed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, were isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort). Compound 1 possessed a unique octahydroindeno[1,7a-b]oxirene ring system with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment. Compounds 2-4 had an uncommon decahydrospiro[furan-3,7'-indeno[7,1-bc]furan] ring system. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses and X-ray crystallography. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1-4 were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exerted promising hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 expression in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinye Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yunfang Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Gao X, Chen J, Yin G, Liu Y, Gu Z, Sun R, Sun X, Jiao X, Wang L, Wang N, Zhang Y, Kan Y, Bi X, Du B. Hyperforin ameliorates neuroinflammation and white matter lesions by regulating microglial VEGFR 2 /SRC pathway in vascular cognitive impairment mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14666. [PMID: 38468126 PMCID: PMC10927933 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the neuroprotective potential of hyperforin and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms involved in its therapeutic effects against vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). METHODS The active compounds and possible targets of Hypericum perforatum L. that may be effective against VCI were found by network pharmacology in this research. We utilized bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) surgery to induce a VCI mouse model. Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests were used to assess VCI mice's cognitive abilities following treatment with hyperforin. To evaluate white matter lesions (WMLs), we utilized Luxol fast blue (LFB) stain and immunofluorescence (IF). Neuroinflammation was assessed using IF, western blot (WB), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of hyperforin on microglia were investigated by subjecting the BV2 microglial cell line to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) stimulation. The expressions of VEGFR2 , p-SRC, SRC, VEGFA, and inflammatory markers including IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were subsequently assessed. RESULTS The VEGFR2 /SRC signaling pathway is essential for mediating the protective properties of hyperforin against VCI according to network pharmacology analysis. In vivo findings demonstrated that hyperforin effectively improved BCCAO-induced cognitive impairment. Furthermore, staining results showed that hyperforin attenuated WMLs and reduced microglial activation in VCI mice. The hyperforin treatment group's ELISA results revealed a substantial decrease in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. According to the results of in vitro experiments, hyperforin decreased the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and blocked microglial M1-polarization by modulating the VEGFR2 /SRC signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Hyperforin effectively modulated microglial M1 polarization and neuroinflammation by inhibiting the VEGFR2 /SRC signaling pathways, thereby ameliorating WMLs and cognitive impairment in VCI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ge Yin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhengsheng Gu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuehao Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Nuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Yuting Kan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bingying Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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5
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Bouron A. Cellular neurobiology of hyperforin. Phytother Res 2024; 38:636-645. [PMID: 37963759 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin is a phloroglucinol derivative isolated from the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort, SJW). This lipophilic biomolecule displays antibacterial, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data showed that hyperforin is a promising molecule with potential applications in neurology and psychiatry. For instance, hyperforin possesses antidepressant properties, impairs the uptake of neurotransmitters, and stimulates the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB neurotrophic signaling pathway, the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and the brain homeostasis of zinc. In fact, hyperforin is a multi-target biomolecule with a complex neuropharmacological profile. However, one prominent pharmacological feature of hyperforin is its ability to influence the homeostasis of cations such as Ca2+ , Na+ , Zn2+ , and H+ . So far, the pathophysiological relevance of these actions is currently unknown. The main objective of the present work is to provide an overview of the cellular neurobiology of hyperforin, with a special focus on its effects on neuronal membranes and the movement of cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Inserm UA13 BGE, Grenoble, France
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6
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Halder D, Das S, R S J, Joseph A. Role of multi-targeted bioactive natural molecules and their derivatives in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an insight into structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11286-11323. [PMID: 36579430 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder involving cognitive dysfunction like short-term memory and behavioral changes as the disease progresses due to other unaltered physiological factors. The solution for this problem is Multi-targeted Drugs (MTDs), which can affect multiple determinants to realize the multifunctional effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine are FDA-approved drugs used to treat AD symptomatically. The key objective of this review is to understand multitargeted bioactive natural molecules that could be considered as leads for further development as effective drugs for treating AD, along with understanding its pharmacology and structure-activity relationship (SAR). Understanding the molecular mechanism of the AD pathophysiology, the role of existing drugs, treatment of AD via amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque, and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) inhibition by natural bioactive molecules were also discussed in the review. The current quest and recent advancements with natural bioactive compounds like physostigmine, resveratrol, curcumin, and catechins, along with the study of in silico SAR, were reported in the present study. This review summarises the structural properties required for bioactive natural molecules to show anti-Alzheimer's activity by emphasizing on SAR of several bioactive natural molecules targeting various AD pathologies, their key molecular interactions that are critical for target specificity, their role as multitargeted ligands, used with adjunctive therapy for AD followed by related US patents granted recently. This article highlights the significance of the structural features of natural bioactive molecules in the treatment of AD and establishes a connection between them.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Halder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeyaprakash R S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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7
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Shah A, Mir PA, Adnan M, Patel M, Maqbool M, Mir RH, Masoodi MH. Synthetic and Natural Bioactive Molecules in Balancing the Crosstalk among Common Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Neurotoxic Mechanisms for Therapeutic Intervention. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39964-39983. [PMID: 37929080 PMCID: PMC10620788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of the brain greatly rely on different signaling pathways. The wide variety of biological processes, including neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, the development and maintenance of pre- and postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synaptic transmission, depends on combined actions of these molecular pathways. From that point of view, it is important to investigate signaling pathways and their crosstalk in order to better understand the formation of toxic proteins during neurodegeneration. With recent discoveries, it is established that the modulation of several pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling, 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homologue 1) are central to the key findings. These include decreased amyloid formation and inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics control, and enhanced neural stability. This review intends to emphasize the importance of these signaling pathways, which collectively determine the fate of neurons in AD in several ways. This review will also focus on the role of novel synthetic and natural bioactive molecules in balancing the intricate crosstalk among different pathways in order to prolong the longevity of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul
Jalil Shah
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa
College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research
and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute
of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool
- Pharmacy
Practice Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Zernov N, Popugaeva E. Role of Neuronal TRPC6 Channels in Synapse Development, Memory Formation and Animal Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15415. [PMID: 37895105 PMCID: PMC10607207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6), has been believed to adjust the formation of an excitatory synapse. The positive regulation of TRPC6 engenders synapse enlargement and improved learning and memory in animal models. TRPC6 is involved in different synaptoprotective signaling pathways, including antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic store-operated calcium entry. Positive regulation of TRPC6 channels has been repeatedly shown to be good for memory formation and storage. TRPC6 is mainly expressed in the hippocampus, particularly in the dentate granule cells, cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3) pyramidal cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. It has been observed that TRPC6 agonists have a great influence on animal behavior including memory formation and storage The purpose of this review is to collect the available information on the role of TRPC6 in memory formation in various parts of the brain to understand how TRPC6-specific pharmaceutical agents will affect memory in distinct parts of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Koul B, Farooq U, Yadav D, Song M. Phytochemicals: A Promising Alternative for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040999. [PMID: 37109528 PMCID: PMC10144079 DOI: 10.3390/life13040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that worsens with ageing and affects memory and cognitive function. Presently more than 55 million individuals are affected by AD all over the world, and it is a leading cause of death in old age. The main purpose of this paper is to review the phytochemical constituents of different plants that are used for the treatment of AD. A thorough and organized review of the existing literature was conducted, and the data under the different sections were found using a computerized bibliographic search through the use of databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, INMEDPLAN, NATTS, and numerous other websites. Around 360 papers were screened, and, out of that, 258 papers were selected on the basis of keywords and relevant information that needed to be included in this review. A total of 55 plants belonging to different families have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds (galantamine, curcumin, silymarin, and many more) that play a significant role in the treatment of AD. These plants possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-amyloid properties and are safe for consumption. This paper focuses on the taxonomic details of the plants, the mode of action of their phytochemicals, their safety, future prospects, limitations, and sustainability criteria for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Usma Farooq
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li XX, Yan Y, Zhang J, Ding K, Xia CY, Pan XG, Shi YJ, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. Hyperforin: A natural lead compound with multiple pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113526. [PMID: 36442576 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae), commonly known as St. John's wort, has a rich historical background as one of the oldest and most widely studied herbal medicines. Hyperforin is the main antidepressant active ingredient of St. John's wort. In recent years, hyperforin has attached increasing attention due to its multiple pharmacological activities. In this review, the information on hyperforin was systematically summarized. Hyperforin is considered to be a lead compound with diverse pharmacological activities including anti-depression, anti-tumor, anti-dementia, anti-diabetes and others. It can be obtained by extraction and synthesis. Further pharmacological studies and more precise detection methods will help develop a value for hyperforin. In addition, structural modification and pharmaceutical preparation technology will be beneficial to promoting the research progress of hyperforin based innovative drugs. Although these works are full of known and unknown challenges, researchers are still expected to make hyperforin play a greater value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Li
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China; School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Xue-Ge Pan
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yan-Jing Shi
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Folecitin Isolated from Hypericum oblongifolium Exerts Neuroprotection against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuronal Synapse and Memory Dysfunction via p-AKT/Nrf-2/HO-1 Signalling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9419918. [PMID: 35388307 PMCID: PMC8979689 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9419918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterised with neuronal synapse and memory dysfunction, and thus, there is an urgent need to find novel therapeutic medicines that can target different pathways to restore the deficits. In this investigation, we assessed the medicinal potency of folecitin (a flavonoid isolated from Hypericum oblongifolium Wall.) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced amyloidogenic amyloid beta (Aβ) production pathway-mediated memory impairment in mice. The LPS was administered intraperitonially (i.p.) 250 μg/kg/day for 3 consecutive weeks, followed by the coadministration of folecitin (30 mg/kg/day) with LPS for the last two weeks (2nd and 3rd week). The expression of various proteins involved in synapse, neuronal death, and Aβ generation was evaluated using the Western blot approach. Results indicated that folecitin significantly decreased LPS-induced apoptotic proteins; expressed BAX, PARP-1, and caspase-3 proteins; and inhibited BACE1 that cleaves transmembrane amyloid precursor protein and the amyloidogenic Aβ production pathway. Folecitin restored both preneural and postneuronal synapse, accompanied by the improvement in memory impairment. Moreover, folecitin significantly activated endogenous antioxidant proteins Nrf-2 and HO-1 by stimulating the phosphorylation of Akt proteins. These findings indicate that folecitin might be a promising target for developing novel medication to treat neurodegenerative disorders caused by neurotoxins.
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IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF TANNIC ACID OF U87 CELLS INDUCED BY BETA-AMYLOID. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.990503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guo Y, Huang F, Sun W, Zhou Y, Chen C, Qi C, Yang J, Li XN, Luo Z, Zhu H, Wang X, Zhang Y. Unprecedented polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with anti-Alzheimer's activity from St. John's wort. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11438-11446. [PMID: 34567498 PMCID: PMC8409492 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperforones A–J (1–10), ten degraded and reconstructed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) with six different types of unusual architectures, were isolated from Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). Compound 1 is characterized by an unprecedented 1,5-epoxyfuro[3′,4′:1,5]cyclopenta[1,2-c]oxecine ring system; compounds 2 and 3 represent the first PPAPs with a contracted B-ring leading to the unique 5/5 core skeletons; compound 4, a proposed biosynthetic precursor of 2, is defined by an oxonane-2,7-dione architecture; compound 5 features an unusual spiro[furo[3′,4′:1,5]cyclopenta[1,2-b]oxepine-3,2′-oxetane] ring system; compounds 6–8 possess a rare macrocyclic lactone ring in addition to the newly formed C-ring; and compounds 9 and 10 contain a newly formed six-membered C-ring, which constructed the unexpected 6/6 scaffold with the B-ring. Hypothetic biosynthetic pathways to generate these scaffolds starting from the classic [3.3.1]-type PPAPs helped to elucidate their origins and validate their structural assignments. Compounds 4 and 6 simultaneously displayed notable activation of PP2A (EC50: 258.8 and 199.0 nM, respectively) and inhibition of BACE1 in cells (IC50: 136.2 and 98.6 nM, respectively), and showed better activities than the positive controls SCR1693 (a PP2A activator, EC50: 413.9 nM) and LY2811376 (a BACE1 inhibitor, IC50: 260.2 nM). Furthermore, compound 6 showed better therapeutic effects with respect to the reduction of pathological and cognitive impairments in 3 × Tg AD mice than LY2811376. Compound 6 represents the first multitargeted natural product that could activate PP2A and simultaneously inhibit BACE1, which highlights compound 6 as a promising lead compound and a versatile scaffold in AD drug development. Ten PPAPs with unusual skeletons were isolated from H. perforatum. 6 represents the first multitargeted natural product that could activate PP2A and simultaneously inhibit BACE1, which highlights 6 as a promising lead compound in AD drug development.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650204 China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650204 China
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
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Guo Y, Cao Y, Qi C, Tong Q, Chen C, Yang J, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with immunosuppressive activity from Hypericum perforatum and absolute configurations assignment of previously reported analogues. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105144. [PMID: 34328858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperformitins A-I (1-9), nine undescribed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) with double-bond migration, along with four new isomers hyperformitins J-M (10-13), were isolated from Hypericum perforatum. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analyses including HRESIMS, IR, UV, NMR, and ECD, as well as optical rotation (OR) calculations. The absolute configurations of previously reported analogues, garsubellins D and C as well as garcinielliptones L and M, were assigned for the first time by NMR spectra and specific rotations analyses assisting with OR calculations. Selected compounds were tested for their immunosuppressive activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B lymphocyte proliferation. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 11 showed inhibition activities against the proliferation of B lymphocyte with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 to 9.7 μM. Furthermore, the neuroprotective activities of the isolates against corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury in PC12 cells were also tested, and compounds 1, 12, and 13 exhibited neuroprotective effects with cell viabilities of 68.0%, 71.3%, and 68.4%, respectively under the concentration of 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunfang Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingyi Tong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Iqubal A, Rahman SO, Ahmed M, Bansal P, Haider MR, Iqubal MK, Najmi AK, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Current Quest in Natural Bioactive Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease: Multi-Targeted-Designed-Ligand Based Approach with Preclinical and Clinical Based Evidence. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:685-720. [PMID: 33302832 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201209201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common and most chronic neurological disorder (NDs) associated with cognitive dysfunction. Pathologically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, and neurofibrillary tangles, however, persistence oxidative-nitrative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines, pro-apoptotic proteins along with altered neurotransmitters level are common etiological attributes in its pathogenesis. Rivastigmine, memantine, galantamine, and donepezil are FDA approved drugs for symptomatic management of AD, whereas tacrine has been withdrawn because of hepatotoxic profile. These approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and exhibit poor patient compliance. In the current scenario, the number of published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of naturally occurring bioactive molecules via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and neurotransmitter modulatory properties. Despite their potent therapeutic implications, concerns have arisen in context to their efficacy and probable clinical outcome. Thus, to overcome these glitches, many heterocyclic and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds inspired by natural sources have been synthesized and showed improved therapeutic activity. Computational studies (molecular docking) have been used to predict the binding affinity of these natural bioactive as well as synthetic compounds derived from natural sources for the acetylcholine esterase, α/β secretase Nuclear Factor kappa- light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) and other neurological targets. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the molecular etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of natural products, chemical and pharmacological aspects and multi-targeted designed ligands (MTDLs) of synthetic and semisynthetic molecules derived from the natural sources along with some important on-going clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Musheer Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Pratichi Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Md Rafi Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Oxidative Stress, Redox Metals, and Ferroptosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:591-610. [PMID: 32486897 PMCID: PMC8098758 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. AD is currently ranked as the sixth leading cause of death, but some sources put it as third, after heart disease and cancer. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic approaches to treat or slow the progression of chronic neurodegeneration. In addition to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, AD patients show progressive neuronal loss and neuronal death, also high oxidative stress that correlates with abnormal levels or overload of brain metals. Recent Advances: Several promising compounds targeting oxidative stress, redox metals, and neuronal death are under preclinical or clinical evaluation as an alternative or complementary therapeutic strategy in mild cognitive impairment and AD. Here, we present a general analysis and overview, discuss limitations, and suggest potential directions for these treatments for AD and related dementia. Critical Issues: Most of the disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for AD under evaluation in clinical trials have focused on components of the amyloid cascade, including antibodies to reduce levels of Aβ and tau, as well as inhibitors of secretases. Unfortunately, several of the amyloid-focused therapeutics have failed the clinical outcomes or presented side effects, and numerous clinical trials of compounds have been halted, reducing realistic options for the development of effective AD treatments. Future Directions: The focus of research on AD and related dementias is shifting to alternative or innovative areas, such as ApoE, lipids, synapses, oxidative stress, cell death mechanisms, neuroimmunology, and neuroinflammation, as well as brain metabolism and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Auxtero MD, Chalante S, Abade MR, Jorge R, Fernandes AI. Potential Herb-Drug Interactions in the Management of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 33478035 PMCID: PMC7835864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia represent a significant burden on healthcare systems and a unique challenge to medicine due to the currently limited treatment options. Plant phytochemicals have been considered in alternative, or complementary, prevention and treatment strategies. Herbals are consumed as such, or as food supplements, whose consumption has recently increased. However, these products are not exempt from adverse effects and pharmacological interactions, presenting a special risk in aged, polymedicated individuals. Understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions is warranted to avoid undesirable adverse drug reactions, which may result in unwanted side-effects or therapeutic failure. The present study reviews the potential interactions between selected bioactive compounds (170) used by seniors for cognitive enhancement and representative drugs of 10 pharmacotherapeutic classes commonly prescribed to the middle-aged adults, often multimorbid and polymedicated, to anticipate and prevent risks arising from their co-administration. A literature review was conducted to identify mutual targets affected (inhibition/induction/substrate), the frequency of which was taken as a measure of potential interaction. Although a limited number of drugs were studied, from this work, interaction with other drugs affecting the same targets may be anticipated and prevented, constituting a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Auxtero
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Susana Chalante
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Mário R. Abade
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Rui Jorge
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, School of Agriculture, Quinta do Galinheiro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- CIEQV, Life Quality Research Centre, IPSantarém/IPLeiria, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares, 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
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Novelli M, Masiello P, Beffy P, Menegazzi M. Protective Role of St. John's Wort and Its Components Hyperforin and Hypericin against Diabetes through Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8108. [PMID: 33143088 PMCID: PMC7662691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very common chronic disease with progressively increasing prevalence. Besides the well-known autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in many people, metabolic changes and inappropriate lifestyle favor a subtle chronic inflammatory state that contributes to development of insulin resistance and progressive loss of β-cell function and mass, eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active ingredients firstly in representative pathological situations on inflammatory basis and then in pancreatic β cells and in obese or diabetic animal models. The simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction/death and insulin resistance make SJW particularly suitable for both preventive and therapeutic use in metabolic diseases. Hindrance of inflammatory cytokine signaling is likely dependent on the hyperforin content of SJW extract, but recent data reveal that hypericin can also exert relevant protective effects, mediated by activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Actually, the mechanisms of action of the two main components of SJW appear complementary, strengthening the efficacy of the plant extract. Careful quantitative analysis of SJW components and suitable dosage, with monitoring of possible drug-drug interaction in a context of remarkable tolerability, are easily achievable pre-requisites for forthcoming clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Prikhodko V, Chernyuk D, Sysoev Y, Zernov N, Okovityi S, Popugaeva E. Potential Drug Candidates to Treat TRPC6 Channel Deficiencies in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112351. [PMID: 33114455 PMCID: PMC7692306 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia are among the many causative neurodegenerative diseases that lead to disabilities in the middle-aged and elderly population. There are no effective disease-preventing therapies for these pathologies. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the TRPC6 channel to be a promising molecular target for the development of neuroprotective agents. TRPC6 channel is a non-selective cation plasma membrane channel that is permeable to Ca2+. Its Ca2+-dependent pharmacological effect is associated with the stabilization and protection of excitatory synapses. Downregulation as well as upregulation of TRPC6 channel functions have been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and brain ischemia models. Thus, in order to protect neurons from Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia, proper TRPC6 channels modulators have to be used. TRPC6 channels modulators are an emerging research field. New chemical structures modulating the activity of TRPC6 channels are being currently discovered. The recent publication of the cryo-EM structure of TRPC6 channels should speed up the discovery process even more. This review summarizes the currently available information about potential drug candidates that may be used as basic structures to develop selective, highly potent TRPC6 channel modulators to treat neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Prikhodko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Yurii Sysoev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita Zernov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Sergey Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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He C, Gao P, Cui Y, Li Q, Li Y, Lu Z, Ma H, Zhao Y, Li L, Sun F, Chen X, Jia H, Liu D, Yang G, Zheng H, Zhu Z. Low-glucose-sensitive TRPC6 dysfunction drives hypoglycemia-induced cognitive impairment in diabetes. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e205. [PMID: 33135341 PMCID: PMC7568851 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia (RH), a major adverse effect of hypoglycemic therapy in diabetic patients, is one of the main risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. Transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its expression is highly regulated by glucose concentration. Objective To investigate whether RH regulates the expression of TRPC6 in brain and whether TRPC6 dysfunction can drive hypoglycemia‐associated cognitive impairment in diabetes, and reveal the underlying mechanism. Methods Histological staining, in vivo two‐photon Ca2+ imaging, and behavioral tests were used to measure neuronal death, brain network activity, and cognitive function in mice, respectively. High‐resolution respirometry and transmission electron microscope were used to assess mitochondrial structure and function. Intracellular calcium measurement and molecular biology techniques were conducted to uncover the underlying mechanism. Results Here, we report that the expression of TRPC6 in hippocampus was specifically repressed by RH in streptozocin‐induced type 1 diabetic mice, but not in nondiabetic mice. TRPC6 knockout directly leads to neuron loss, neuronal activity, and cognitive function impairment under diabetic condition, the degree of which is similar to that of RH. Activation of TRPC6 with hyperforin substantially improved RH‐induced cognitive impairment. Mechanistically, TRPC6 inhibited mitochondrial fission in the hippocampus of diabetic mice undergoing RH episodes by activating adenosine 5‘‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, and TRPC6‐mediated cytosolic calcium influx was required for this process. Clinically, dysfunction of TRPC6 was closely associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic patients with RH. Conclusions Our results indicate that TRPC6 is a critical sensitive cation channel to hypoglycemia and is a promising target to prevent RH‐induced cognitive impairment by properly orchestrating the mitochondrial dynamics in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang He
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanting Cui
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingsha Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Endocrine Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Tao R, Lu R, Wang J, Zeng S, Zhang T, Guo W, Zhang X, Cheng Q, Yue C, Wang Y, Jing N. Probing the therapeutic potential of TRPC6 for Alzheimer's disease in live neurons from patient-specific iPSCs. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:807-816. [PMID: 32492143 PMCID: PMC7816687 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model and study Alzheimer's disease (AD) under patient-specific genetic background. The lower expression of transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) was associated with AD patients, which might be involved in AD pathogenesis. However, the role of TRPC6 that played in AD process still needs more investigation in patient-relevant neurons. In this study, the iPSCs were generated from peripheral blood cells of sporadic AD patients and efficiently differentiated into mature cortical neurons. These sporadic AD-bearing neurons displayed higher levels of AD pathological markers Aβ and phospho-tau, but lower levels of TRPC6, than those of control neurons. Treatment of AD neurons with TRPC6 protein fragment or agonist inhibited the elevation of Aβ and phospho-tau. Our results in live AD neurons manifest that the compromised expression of TRPC6 substantially contributed to Aβ pathology of sporadic AD, suggesting that targeting TRPC6 could help to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatments of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shujun Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chunmei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yizheng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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22
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Bicyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols and their derivatives: structural modification, structure-activity relationship, biological activity and mechanism of action. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112646. [PMID: 32791400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (BPAPs), the principal bioactive benzophenone products isolated from plants of genera Garcinia and Hypericum, have attracted noticeable attention from the synthetic and biological communities due to their fascinating chemical structures and promising biological activities. However, the potential drug interaction, undesired physiochemical properties and toxicity have limited their potential use and development. In the last decade, pharmaceutical research on the structural modifications, structure-activity relationships (SARs) and mechanisms of action of BPAPs has been greatly developed to overcome the challenges. A comprehensive review of these scientific literature is extremely needed to give an overview of the rapidly emerging area and facilitate research related to BPAPs. This review, containing over 226 references, covers the progress made in the chemical synthesis-based structure modifications, SARs and the mechanism of action of BPAPs in vivo and vitro. The most relevant articles will focus on the discovery of lead compounds via synthetic modifications and the important BPAPs for which the direct targets have been deciphered. From this review, several key points of the SARs and mode of actions of this novel class of compounds have been summarized. The perspective and future direction of the research on BPAPs are concluded. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of medicinal research of BPAPs and become a compelling guide for chemists dedicated to the synthesis of these compounds.
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23
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Hong C, Jeong B, Park HJ, Chung JY, Lee JE, Kim J, Shin YC, So I. TRP Channels as Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32351395 PMCID: PMC7174697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is facing medical challenges due to the increasingly aging population. However, some pharmaceutical companies have ceased the development of therapeutics for NDs, and no new treatments for NDs have been established during the last decade. The relationship between ND pathogenesis and risk factors has not been completely elucidated. Herein, we review the potential involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in NDs, where oxidative stress and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis consequently lead to neuronal apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) -sensitive TRP channels can be key risk factors as polymodal sensors, since progressive late onset with secondary pathological damage after initial toxic insult is one of the typical characteristics of NDs. Recent evidence indicates that the dysregulation of TRP channels is a missing link between disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal loss in NDs. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding TRP channels to provide insights into the research and quests for alternative therapeutic candidates for NDs. As the structures of TRP channels have recently been revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, it is necessary to develop new TRP channel antagonists and reevaluate existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Park
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Cheul Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Martins N, Heleno SA, Ferreira ICFR. An Upcoming Approach to Alzheimer's Disease: Ethnopharmacological Potential of Plant Bioactive Molecules. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4344-4371. [PMID: 32072889 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200219120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders have achieved epidemic levels in the last decades; not only the elderly but also adult individuals have been increasingly affected. Among them, Alzheimer's disease is one of the most prevalent and crippling diseases, associated with high rates of multi-morbidities and dependency. Despite the existence of a wide variety of drugs used as the symptomatic treatment, they have some side effects and toxicity, apart from their limited effectiveness. Botanical preparations have a secular use, being widely recommended for a multitude of purposes, such as for the improvement of brain health. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present report is to systematize the knowledge on plant-food derived bioactive molecules with promising in vitro enzymatic inhibitory activities. RESULTS Alkaloids, phenolic compounds and terpenes are the most studied phytochemicals, both derived from natural and commercial sources. In spite of their efficient activity as enzymatic inhibitors, the number of in vivo studies and even clinical trials have confirmed that their real bioactive potential remains scarce. CONCLUSION Thus, it is of the utmost importance to deepen knowledge in this area, once those relevant and informative tools can significantly contribute to the promising advances in the field of Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
| | - Sandrina A Heleno
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigacao de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal
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25
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Popugaeva E, Bezprozvanny I, Chernyuk D. Reversal of Calcium Dysregulation as Potential Approach for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:344-354. [PMID: 32469698 PMCID: PMC8210816 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200528162046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and effort, there is still no effective disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Most of the recent AD clinical trials were targeting amyloid pathway, but all these trials failed. Although amyloid pathology is a hallmark and defining feature of AD, targeting the amyloid pathway has been very challenging due to low efficacy and serious side effects. Alternative approaches or mechanisms for our understanding of the major cause of memory loss in AD need to be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Increasing studies suggest that Ca2+ dysregulation in AD plays an important role in AD pathology and is associated with other AD abnormalities, such as excessive inflammation, increased ROS, impaired autophagy, neurodegeneration, synapse, and cognitive dysfunction. Ca2+ dysregulation in cytosolic space, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have been reported in the context of various AD models. Drugs or strategies, to correct the Ca2+ dysregulation in AD, have been demonstrated to be promising as an approach for the treatment of AD in preclinical models. This review will discuss the mechanisms of Ca2+ dysregulation in AD and associated pathology and discuss potential approaches or strategies to develop novel drugs for the treatment of AD by targeting Ca2+ dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- Department of Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Department of Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
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26
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Guo Y, Zhang N, Duan X, Cao Y, Xue Y, Luo Z, Zhu H, Chen C, Wang J, Zhang Y. Hyperforatins L-U: Prenylated acylphloroglucinols with a terminal double bond from Hypericum perforatum L. (St John's Wort). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:41-49. [PMID: 31078778 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforatins L-U, ten undescribed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) bearing a terminal double bond, together with a known compound hypericumoxide J, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, IR, UV, and NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, and NOESY experiments). Their absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive analyses of their experimental ECD spectra in conjunction with a modified Mosher's method. Evaluation of their neuroprotective activities highlighted hyperforatin L, which displayed mild activity at a concentration of 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Popugaeva E, Chernyuk D, Zhang H, Postnikova TY, Pats K, Fedorova E, Poroikov V, Zaitsev AV, Bezprozvanny I. Derivatives of Piperazines as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:337-348. [PMID: 30696719 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is the major cause of dementia in the elderly. There is no cure against AD. We have recently discovered a novel transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6)-mediated intracellular signaling pathway that regulates the stability of dendritic spines and plays a role in memory formation. We have previously shown that TRPC6 agonists exert beneficial effects in models of AD and may serve as lead compounds for development of AD therapeutic agents. In the current study, we used the Clarivate Analytics Integrity database to search for additional TRPC6 agonists. We selected four compounds to study as potential neuroprotective agents. We applied bioinformatics analyses to test the basic pharmacological properties of the selected compounds. We performed in vitro screening of these compounds to validate their ability to protect mushroom spines from amyloid toxicity and determined that two of these compounds exert neuroprotective effects in the nanomolar concentration range. We have chosen one of these compounds [piperazine (PPZ)] for further testing. In agreement with previously published data, we have shown that PPZ potentiates TRPC6 channels. We demonstrated that the neuroprotective mechanism of the investigated PPZ is based on activation of neuronal store-operated calcium entry in spines. We have shown that PPZ restores long-term potentiation induction in 6-month-old 5xFAD mouse hippocampal slices. The obtained results suggest that PPZ and its derivatives are potential lead molecules for development of AD therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Tatyana Y Postnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Karina Pats
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Elena Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Vladimir Poroikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (E.P., D.C., I.B.); Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas (H.Z., I.B.); Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (T.Y.P., A.V.Z.); VVS Laboratory Inc., Ulica Dostoevskogo 44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (K.P., E.F.); Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.P.)
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28
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Guo Y, Tong Q, Zhang N, Duan X, Cao Y, Zhu H, Xie S, Yang J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Xue Y, Zhang Y. Highly functionalized cyclohexanone-monocyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum induce leukemia cell apoptosis. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five degraded C-MPAP derivatives were isolated from the stems and leaves of Hypericum perforatum.
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29
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Popugaeva E, Pchitskaya E, Bezprozvanny I. Dysregulation of Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1176-1188. [PMID: 29890840 PMCID: PMC6157344 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) gains popularity. It points to new signaling pathways that may underlie AD pathogenesis. Based on calcium hypothesis, novel targets for the development of potential AD therapies are identified. Recent Advances: Recently, the key role of neuronal store-operated calcium entry (nSOCE) in the development of AD has been described. Correct regulation of nSOCE is necessary for the stability of postsynaptic contacts to preserve the memory formation. Molecular identity of hippocampal nSOCE is defined. Perspective nSOCE-activating molecule, prototype of future anti-AD drugs, is described. CRITICAL ISSUES Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ overload happens in many but not in all AD models. The nSOCE targeting therapy described in this review may not be universally applicable. FUTURE DIRECTIONS There is a need to determine whether AD is a syndrome with one critical signaling pathway that initiates pathology, or it is a disorder with many different signaling pathways that are disrupted simultaneously or one after each other. It is necessary to validate applicability of nSOCE-activating therapy for the development of anti-AD medication. There is an experimental correlation between downregulated nSOCE and disrupted postsynaptic contacts in AD mouse models. Signaling mechanisms downstream of nSOCE which are responsible for the regulation of stability of postsynaptic contacts have to be discovered. That will bring new targets for the development of AD-preventing therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1176-1188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Pchitskaya
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University , St.Petersburg, Russian Federation.,2 Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , Dallas, Texas
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30
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Downstream processing of hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum root cultures. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 126:104-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Lu R, Wang J, Tao R, Wang J, Zhu T, Guo W, Sun Y, Li H, Gao Y, Zhang W, Fowler CJ, Li Q, Chen S, Wu Z, Masters CL, Zhong C, Jing N, Wang Y, Wang Y. Reduced TRPC6 mRNA levels in the blood cells of patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:767-776. [PMID: 28696436 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) inhibits β-amyloid (Aβ) production. Hyperforin, the TRPC6 agonist, reduces Aβ levels and improves cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, it's unknown whether TRPC6 expression is changed in AD patients. In this case-control study, we measured TRPC6 expression levels in the peripheral blood cells of four independent AD sets from five hospitals and one mild cognitive impairment (MCI) set from a local community (229 AD, 70 MCI, 40 Parkinson disease and 359 controls from China, total n=698) using quantitative real-time PCR assay. We found a specific reduction of TRPC6 mRNA levels in four AD sets and one MCI set. The median TRPC6 mRNA levels were lower in the following: (1) combined AD patients than in age-matched controls (0.78 vs 1.73, P<0.001); (2) mild-to-moderate AD patients than in age-matched controls (0.81 vs 1.73, P<0.001); and (3) MCI patients than in age-matched controls (0.76 vs 1.72, P<0.001). In the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under curve was 0.85 for combined AD, 0.84 for mild-to-moderate AD and 0.79 for MCI. In a subgroup of AD patients with brain Aβ examination, TRPC6 was associated with standardized uptake value ratio of Pittsburgh Compound B (Spearman's r=-0.49, P=0.04) and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 (Spearman's r=0.43, P=0.04). The TRPC6 reduction in AD patients was further confirmed in blood RNA samples from The Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Aging, in post-mortem brain tissues from The Netherlands Brain Bank and in induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neurons from Chinese donors. We conclude that TRPC6 mRNA levels in the blood cells are specifically reduced in AD and MCI patients, and TRPC6 might be a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lu
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Beijing Institute of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - R Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T Zhu
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - W Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - C J Fowler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Q Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - N Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Beijing Institute of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Sen A, Nelson TJ, Alkon DL, Hongpaisan J. Loss in PKC Epsilon Causes Downregulation of MnSOD and BDNF Expression in Neurons of Alzheimer's Disease Hippocampus. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:1173-1189. [PMID: 29710707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The growth and maintenance of neuronal networks are influenced by brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which is promoted by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ). We investigated the reciprocal interaction among oxidative stress, Aβ, and PKCɛ levels and subsequent PKCɛ-dependent MnSOD and BDNF expression in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Reduced levels of PKCɛ, MnSOD, and BDNF and an increased level of Aβ were also found in hippocampal neurons from autopsy-confirmed AD patients. In cultured human primary hippocampal neurons, spherical aggregation of Aβ (amylospheroids) decreased PKCɛ and MnSOD. Treatment with t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) increased superoxide, the oxidative DNA/RNA damage marker, 8-OHG, and Aβ levels, but reduced PKCɛ, MnSOD, BDNF, and cultured neuron density. These changes were reversed with the PKCɛ activators, bryostatin and DCPLA-ME. PKCɛ knockdown suppressed PKCɛ, MnSOD, and BDNF but increased Aβ. In cultured neurons, the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with reduced PKCɛ during neurodegeneration was inhibited by the SOD mimetic MnTMPyP and the ROS scavenger NAc, indicating that strong oxidative stress suppresses PKCɛ level. Reduction of PKCɛ and MnSOD was prevented with the PKCɛ activator bryostatin in 5-6-month-old Tg2576 AD transgenic mice. In conclusion, oxidative stress and Aβ decrease PKCɛ expression. Reciprocally, a depression of PKCɛ reduces BDNF and MnSOD, resulting in oxidative stress. These changes can be prevented with the PKCɛ-specific activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Guo Y, Zhang N, Sun W, Duan X, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Chen C, Zhu H, Luo Z, Liu J, Li XN, Xue Y, Zhang Y. Bioactive polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8130-8143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with dual-targeted inhibitory activities for Alzheimer's disease, were isolated from Hypericum perforatum.
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35
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Huang W, Cheng P, Yu K, Han Y, Song M, Li Y. Hyperforin attenuates aluminum-induced Aβ production and Tau phosphorylation via regulating Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1-6. [PMID: 28961505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxicant and cause β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides aggregation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hyperforin (HF) is one of the major active constituents of the extracts of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), can treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other diseases involving peptide accumulation and cognition impairment. To determine the effects of HF on Al-induced Aβ formation and tau hyperphosphorylation, PC12 cells were cultured and treated with Al-malt (500μM) and/or HF (1μM). The results showed that HF treatment significantly attenuated Al-malt-induced Aβ1-42 production by reducing the expressions of APP, BACE1 and PS1, while increasing the expressions of sAPPα, ADAM9/10/17, and tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells. In addition, HF treatment also increased phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) and inhibited GSK-3β activity by increasing phosphorylation of GSK-3β (Ser9). These results indicated that HF may exert the protection via regulating the AKT/GSK-3β signaling to reduce Aβ production and tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells. Furthermore, these results could lead a possible therapeutics for the management of Al neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Store-Operated Calcium Channel Complex in Postsynaptic Spines: A New Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11837-11850. [PMID: 27881772 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1188-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom dendritic spine structures are essential for memory storage and the loss of mushroom spines may explain memory defects in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The stability of mushroom spines depends on stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2)-mediated neuronal-store-operated Ca2+ influx (nSOC) pathway, which is compromised in AD mouse models, in aging neurons, and in sporadic AD patients. Here, we demonstrate that the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 6 (TRPC6) and Orai2 channels form a STIM2-regulated nSOC Ca2+ channel complex in hippocampal mushroom spines. We further demonstrate that a known TRPC6 activator, hyperforin, and a novel nSOC positive modulator, NSN21778 (NSN), can stimulate activity of nSOC pathway in the spines and rescue mushroom spine loss in both presenilin and APP knock-in mouse models of AD. We further show that NSN rescues hippocampal long-term potentiation impairment in APP knock-in mouse model. We conclude that the STIM2-regulated TRPC6/Orai2 nSOC channel complex in dendritic mushroom spines is a new therapeutic target for the treatment of memory loss in aging and AD and that NSN is a potential candidate molecule for therapeutic intervention in brain aging and AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mushroom dendritic spine structures are essential for memory storage and the loss of mushroom spines may explain memory defects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study demonstrated that Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 6 (TRPC6) and Orai2 form stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2)-regulated neuronal-store-operated Ca2+ influx (nSOC) channel complex in hippocampal synapse and the resulting Ca2+ influx is critical for long-term maintenance of mushroom spines in hippocampal neurons. A novel nSOC-positive modulator, NSN21778 (NSN), rescues mushroom spine loss and synaptic plasticity impairment in AD mice models. The TRPC6/Orai2 nSOC channel complex is a new therapeutic target and NSN is a potential candidate molecule for therapeutic intervention in brain aging and AD.
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37
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Biotechnological production of hyperforin for pharmaceutical formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 126:10-26. [PMID: 28377273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin is a major active constituent of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). It has amazing pharmacological activities, such as antidepressant properties, but it is labile and difficult to synthesize. Its sensitivity and lipophilicity are challenges for processing and formulation. Its chemical complexity provokes approaches of biotechnological production and modification. Dedifferentiated H. perforatum cell cultures lack appropriate storage sites and hence appreciable hyperforin levels. Shoot cultures are capable of forming hyperforin but less suitable for biomass up-scaling in bioreactors. Roots commonly lack hyperforin but a recently established adventitious root line has been demonstrated to produce hyperforin and derivatives at promising levels. The roots also contained lupulones, the typical constituents of hop (Humulus lupulus). Although shear-sensitive, these root cultures provide a potential production platform for both individual compounds and extracts with novel combinations of constituents and pharmacological activities. Besides in vitro cultivation techniques, the reconstruction of hyperforin biosynthesis in microorganisms is a promising alternative for biotechnological production. The biosynthetic pathway is under study, with omics-technologies being increasingly implemented. These biotechnological approaches may not only yield hyperforin at reasonable productivity but also allow for modifications of its chemical structure and pharmacological profile.
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38
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Cakir M, Duzova H, Baysal I, Gül CC, Kuşcu G, Kutluk F, Çakin H, Şeker Ş, İlbeği E, Uslu S, Avci U, Demir S, Akinci C, Atli S. The effect of hypericum perforatum on kidney ischemia/reperfusion damage. Ren Fail 2017; 39:385-391. [PMID: 28209087 PMCID: PMC6014337 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1287734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been revealed in recent studies that Hypericum Perforatum (HP) is influential on cancer, inflammatory diseases, bacterial and viral diseases, and has neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of HP, which is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, on kidney I/R damage. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups, and each of the groups had eight rats: The Control Group; the Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Group; and the IR + HP Group which was treated with 50 mg/kg of HP. The right kidneys of the rats were removed, and the left kidney developed ischemia during the 45th min, and reperfusion occurred in the following 3rd h. The histopathological findings and also the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) enzyme activations in the renal tissues were measured. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinin (Cre) from serum samples were determined. The levels of BUN, Cre, and kidney tissue MDA increased at a significant level, and the SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX enzyme activity decreased at a significant level in the I/R group, compared with the Control Group (p < 0.05). In the I/R + HP group, the levels of MDA decreased at a significant level compared to the I/R group, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX activity increased (p < 0.05). In histopathological examinations, it was observed that the tubular dilatation and epithelial desquamation regressed in the IR + HP Group when compared with the I/R Group. It has been shown with the histological and biochemical results in this study that HP is protective against acute renal I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Halil Duzova
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Işil Baysal
- b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Cemile Ceren Gül
- b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Gülbahar Kuşcu
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Fatma Kutluk
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Hilal Çakin
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Şifanur Şeker
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Esranur İlbeği
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Seda Uslu
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Umut Avci
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Samet Demir
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Cihan Akinci
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Sercan Atli
- c Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
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Omar SH, Scott CJ, Hamlin AS, Obied HK. The protective role of plant biophenols in mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:1-20. [PMID: 28301805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) into the neurotoxic oligomers followed by fibrillar aggregates is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of proposed hypotheses have suggested the mechanism of AD pathology, though the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not yet elucidated. The poor understanding of AD and multitude of adverse responses reported from the current synthetic drugs are the leading cause of failure in the drug development to treat or halt the progression of AD and mandate the search for safer and more efficient alternatives. A number of natural compounds have shown the ability to prevent the formation of the toxic oligomers and disrupt the aggregates, thus attracted much attention. Referable to the abundancy and multitude of pharmacological activities of the plant active constituents, biophenols that distinguish them from the other phytochemicals as a natural weapon against the neurodegenerative disorders. This review provides a critical assessment of the current literature on in vitro and in vivo mechanistic activities of biophenols associated with the prevention and treatment of AD. We have contended the need for more comprehensive approaches to evaluate the anti-AD activity of biophenols at various pathologic levels and to assess the current evidences. Consequently, we highlighted the various problems and challenges confronting the AD research, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed H Omar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Adam S Hamlin
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Hassan K Obied
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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40
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Qu A, Huang F, Li A, Yang H, Zhou H, Long J, Shi L. The synergistic effect between KLVFF and self-assembly chaperones on both disaggregation of beta-amyloid fibrils and reducing consequent toxicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1289-1292. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new synergistic system combining KLVFF peptide and self-assembly chaperone can synchronize disaggregating amyloid fibrils and reducing consequent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoting Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
| | - Fan Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
| | - Ang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
| | - Huiru Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jiafu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
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41
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. The "amyloid hypothesis" is one of the predominant hypotheses for the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, tau protein accumulation, calcium homeostasis disruption, and glial cell activation are also remarkable features in AD. Recently, there are some reports showing that TRPC channels may function in AD development, especially TRPC6. In this chapter, we will discuss the evidence for the involvement of TRPC channels in Alzheimer's disease and the potential of therapeutics for AD based on TRPC channels.
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42
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Popugaeva E, Pchitskaya E, Bezprozvanny I. Dysregulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease - A therapeutic opportunity? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:998-1004. [PMID: 27641664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the disease of lost memories. Synaptic loss is a major reason for memory defects in AD. Signaling pathways involved in memory loss in AD are under intense investigation. The role of deranged neuronal calcium (Ca2+) signaling in synaptic loss in AD is described in this review. Familial AD (FAD) mutations in presenilins are linked directly with synaptic Ca2+ signaling abnormalities, most likely by affecting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ leak function of presenilins. Excessive ER Ca2+ release via type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyanR2) is observed in AD spines due to increase in expression and function of RyanR2. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (nSOC) pathway is disrupted in AD spines due to downregulation of STIM2 protein. Because of these Ca2+ signaling abnormalities, a balance in activities of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) is shifted at the synapse, tilting a balance between long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) synaptic mechanisms. As a result, synapses are weakened and eliminated in AD brains by LTD mechanism, causing memory loss. Targeting synaptic calcium signaling pathways offers opportunity for development of AD therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina Pchitskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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43
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Huang X, Tang G, Liao Y, Zhuang X, Dong X, Liu H, Huang XJ, Ye WC, Wang Y, Shi L. 7-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4 E-hepten-3-one, a Diarylheptanoid from Alpinia officinarum, Protects Neurons against Amyloid-β Induced Toxicity. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1961-1967. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Huang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
| | - Genyun Tang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine
| | - Yumei Liao
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
| | - Xiaoji Zhuang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
| | - Xiao Dong
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
| | - Hui Liu
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University
| | - Ying Wang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University
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Dinamarca MC, Di Luca M, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. The soluble extracellular fragment of neuroligin-1 targets Aβ oligomers to the postsynaptic region of excitatory synapses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fracasso C, Bagnati R, Passoni A, Guiso G, Cantoni L, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Gobbi M. Brain Uptake of Tetrahydrohyperforin and Potential Metabolites after Repeated Dosing in Mice. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2029-2035. [PMID: 26287496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN-5706) is a semisynthetic derivative of hyperforin, one of the main active components of Hypericum perforatum extracts. It showed remarkable positive effects on memory and cognitive performances in wild-type mice and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, but little was known about the concentrations it can reach in the brain. The investigations reported herein show that repeated treatment of mice with tetrahydrohyperforin (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice daily for 4 days and once on the fifth day) results in measurable concentrations in the brain, up to 367 ng/g brain (∼700 nM) 6 h after the last dose; these concentrations have significant effects on synaptic function in hippocampal slices. The other main finding was the identification and semiquantitative analysis of tetrahydrohyperforin metabolites. In plasma, three hydroxylated/dehydrogenated metabolites were the largest (M1-3) and were also formed in vitro on incubation of tetrahydrohyperforin with mouse liver microsomes; the fourth metabolite in abundance was a hydroxylated/deisopropylated derivative (M13), which was not predicted in vitro. These metabolites were all detected in the brain, with peak areas from 10% (M1) to ∼1.5% (M2, M3, and M13) of the parent compound. In summary, repeated treatment of mice with tetrahydrohyperforin gave brain concentrations that might well underlie its central pharmacological effects. We also provide the first metabolic profile of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fracasso
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Guiso
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Cantoni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Gobbi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milan, Italy
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46
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Cavieres VA, González A, Muñoz VC, Yefi CP, Bustamante HA, Barraza RR, Tapia-Rojas C, Otth C, Barrera MJ, González C, Mardones GA, Inestrosa NC, Burgos PV. Tetrahydrohyperforin Inhibits the Proteolytic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Enhances Its Degradation by Atg5-Dependent Autophagy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136313. [PMID: 26308941 PMCID: PMC4550396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. We have previously shown that the compound tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706) prevents accumulation of Aβ species in an in vivo model of AD, however the mechanism that explains this reduction is not well understood. We show herein that IDN5706 decreases the levels of ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 1 (EDEM1), a key chaperone related to endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Moreover, we observed that low levels of EDEM1 correlated with a strong activation of autophagy, suggesting a crosstalk between these two pathways. We observed that IDN5706 perturbs the glycosylation and proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the accumulation of immature APP (iAPP) in the endoplasmic reticulum. To investigate the contribution of autophagy, we tested the effect of IDN5706 in Atg5-depleted cells. We found that depletion of Atg5 enhanced the accumulation of iAPP in response to IDN5706 by slowing down its degradation. Our findings reveal that IDN5706 promotes degradation of iAPP via the activation of Atg5-dependent autophagy, shedding light on the mechanism that may contribute to the reduction of Aβ production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A. Cavieres
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alexis González
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vanessa C. Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Yefi
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hianara A. Bustamante
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael R. Barraza
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María José Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- * E-mail: (NCI); (PVB)
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail: (NCI); (PVB)
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Yang EJ, Ahn S, Ryu J, Choi MS, Choi S, Chong YH, Hyun JW, Chang MJ, Kim HS. Phloroglucinol Attenuates the Cognitive Deficits of the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135686. [PMID: 26284625 PMCID: PMC4540482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. Neuritic plaques whose primary component is amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles which are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, are known to be the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In addition, impaired synaptic plasticity in neuronal networks is thought to be important mechanism underlying for the cognitive deficits observed in AD. Although various causative factors, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative damage caused by Aβ, are involved in early onset of AD, fundamental therapeutics that can modify the progression of this disease are not currently available. In the present study, we investigated whether phloroglucinol (1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene), a component of phlorotannins, which are plentiful in Ecklonia cava, a marine brown alga species, displays therapeutic activities in AD. We found that phloroglucinol attenuates the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by oligomeric Aβ1-42 (Aβ1-42) treatment in HT-22, hippocampal cell line. In addition, phloroglucinol was shown to ameliorate the reduction in dendritic spine density induced by Aβ1-42 treatment in rat primary hippocampal neuron cultures. We also found that the administration of phloroglucinol to the hippocampal region attenuated the impairments in cognitive dysfunction observed in 22-week-old 5XFAD (Tg6799) mice, which are used as an AD animal model. These results indicate that phloroglucinol displays therapeutic potential for AD by reducing the cellular ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwa Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinkyu Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hae Chong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jeong Chang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Bundang-Gu, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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48
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Montecinos-Oliva C, Schüller A, Inestrosa NC. Tetrahydrohyperforin: a neuroprotective modified natural compound against Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:552-4. [PMID: 26170810 PMCID: PMC4424742 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Montecinos-Oliva
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andreas Schüller
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Center for the Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile ; Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Arrázola MS, Silva-Alvarez C, Inestrosa NC. How the Wnt signaling pathway protects from neurodegeneration: the mitochondrial scenario. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:166. [PMID: 25999816 PMCID: PMC4419851 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. One of the hallmarks of AD is the overproduction of amyloid-beta aggregates that range from the toxic soluble oligomer (Aβo) form to extracellular accumulations in the brain. Growing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and is observed at an early stage in the pathogenesis of AD. Reports indicate that mitochondrial structure and function are affected by Aβo and can trigger neuronal cell death. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, and the balance between their fusion and fission processes is essential for neuronal function. Interestingly, in AD, the process known as “mitochondrial dynamics” is also impaired by Aβo. On the other hand, the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway has an essential role in synaptic maintenance and neuronal functions, and its deregulation has also been implicated in AD. We have demonstrated that canonical Wnt signaling, through the Wnt3a ligand, prevents the permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes through the inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), induced by Aβo. In addition, we showed that non-canonical Wnt signaling, through the Wnt5a ligand, protects mitochondria from fission-fusion alterations in AD. These results suggest new approaches by which different Wnt signaling pathways protect neurons in AD, and support the idea that mitochondria have become potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we discuss the neuroprotective role of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways in AD and their differential modulation of mitochondrial processes, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S Arrázola
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Silva-Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Center for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas, Chile ; Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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50
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Ko SY, Lee HE, Park SJ, Jeon SJ, Kim B, Gao Q, Jang DS, Ryu JH. Spinosin, a C-Glucosylflavone, from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa Ameliorates Aβ1-42 Oligomer-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:156-64. [PMID: 25767684 PMCID: PMC4354317 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive memory loss and neuronal cell death. Although numerous previous studies have been focused on disease progression or reverse pathological symptoms, therapeutic strategies for AD are limited. Alternatively, the identification of traditional herbal medicines or their active compounds has received much attention. The aims of the present study were to characterize the ameliorating effects of spinosin, a C-glucosylflavone isolated from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, on memory impairment or the pathological changes induced through amyloid-β1–42 oligomer (AβO) in mice. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of AβO (50 μM) and spinosin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days. In the behavioral tasks, the subchronic administration of spinosin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated AβO-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance task or the Y-maze task. To identify the effects of spinosin on the pathological changes induced through AβO, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed. Spinosin treatment also reduced the number of activated microglia and astrocytes observed after AβO injection. In addition, spinosin rescued the AβO-induced decrease in choline acetyltransferase expression levels. These results suggest that spinosin ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of spinosin. Therefore, spinosin might be a useful agent against the amyloid b protein-induced cognitive dysfunction observed in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Ko
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseong Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingtao Gao
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Pharmaceutical science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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