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Raducanu VS, Tehseen M, Al-Amodi A, Joudeh LI, De Biasio A, Hamdan SM. Mechanistic investigation of human maturation of Okazaki fragments reveals slow kinetics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6973. [PMID: 36379932 PMCID: PMC9666535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The final steps of lagging strand synthesis induce maturation of Okazaki fragments via removal of the RNA primers and ligation. Iterative cycles between Polymerase δ (Polδ) and Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) remove the primer, with an intermediary nick structure generated for each cycle. Here, we show that human Polδ is inefficient in releasing the nick product from FEN1, resulting in non-processive and remarkably slow RNA removal. Ligase 1 (Lig1) can release the nick from FEN1 and actively drive the reaction toward ligation. These mechanisms are coordinated by PCNA, which encircles DNA, and dynamically recruits Polδ, FEN1, and Lig1 to compete for their substrates. Our findings call for investigating additional pathways that may accelerate RNA removal in human cells, such as RNA pre-removal by RNase Hs, which, as demonstrated herein, enhances the maturation rate ~10-fold. They also suggest that FEN1 may attenuate the various activities of Polδ during DNA repair and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad-Stefan Raducanu
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tehseen
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Al-Amodi
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luay I Joudeh
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alfredo De Biasio
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samir M Hamdan
- Bioscience Program, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Tang Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Yu Q, Chen H, Chen L, Ma S, Xu H, Chen K, Li G. Bombyx mori Flap endonuclease 1 correlates with the repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 142:104424. [PMID: 35878701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) can cause DNA damage in microorganisms. Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a structure-specific nuclease and plays important roles in DNA replication and repair. At present, the properties and functions of FEN1 have not been characterized in detail in invertebrates such as Bombyx mori. In this study, Bombyx mori FEN1 (BmFEN1) was expressed in E. coli, and was shown to have nuclease activity that nonspecifically cleaved DNA in vitro. However, inside the cell, BmFEN1 did not cleave DNA randomly. Truncated BmFEN1 missing the nuclear localization signal (346-380 aa) still had the nuclease activity, but was no longer precisely localized to the sites of UV-induced DNA damage. It was further found that BmFEN1 favored the faster repair of UV-damaged DNA. The present study will provide a reference for further understanding the functions of BmFEN1 and UV-induced DNA damage repair mechanisms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huixin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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3
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CRL4Cdt2 Ubiquitin Ligase, A Genome Caretaker Controlled by Cdt2 Binding to PCNA and DNA. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020266. [PMID: 35205311 PMCID: PMC8871960 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase CRL4Cdt2 plays a vital role in preserving genomic integrity by regulating essential proteins during S phase and after DNA damage. Deregulation of CRL4Cdt2 during the cell cycle can cause DNA re-replication, which correlates with malignant transformation and tumor growth. CRL4Cdt2 regulates a broad spectrum of cell cycle substrates for ubiquitination and proteolysis, including Cdc10-dependent transcript 1 or Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (Cdt1), histone H4K20 mono-methyltransferase (Set8) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21), which regulate DNA replication. However, the mechanism it operates via its substrate receptor, Cdc10-dependent transcript 2 (Cdt2), is not fully understood. This review describes the essential features of the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of Cdt2 that regulate CRL4 ubiquitination activity, including the substrate recognition domain, intrinsically disordered region (IDR), phosphorylation sites, the PCNA-interacting protein-box (PIP) box motif and the DNA binding domain. Drugs targeting these specific domains of Cdt2 could have potential for the treatment of cancer.
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4
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Zheng Q, You YL, Li F, Lai QN, Chen JM. Interaction between 038R and 125R of Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus (CQIV) and their effects on virus replication. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 187:107699. [PMID: 34838791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridovirids are a group icosahedral viruses containing linear double-stranded DNA, and mainly infect invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus (CQIV) is a new species of the family Iridoviridae and can cause high mortality in shrimps. In CQIV genome, there are 25 conserved genes and the putative products are involved in several viral processes. In this study, three core protein including CQIV-032R, CQIV-125R and CQIV-160L were identified to interact with CQIV-038R by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), and the interaction between CQIV-038R and CQIV-125R was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. In the expression system, EGFP-038R and mCherry-125R were colocalized in the cytoplasm when co-expressed in Sf9 cells. Moreover, silencing the expression of 038R, 125R or both of these two proteins respectively in C. quadricarinatus cells by small interfering RNAs showed significantly inhibit CQIV replication. Collectively, we identified the interaction between 038R and 125R, and demonstrated they are essential for CQIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zheng
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yan-Lin You
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing-Na Lai
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jian-Ming Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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5
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Tian Y, Zhu Q, Sun Z, Geng D, Lin B, Su X, He J, Guo M, Xu H, Zhao Y, Qin W, Wang PG, Wen L, Yi W. One‐Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O‐GlcNAcylation in Cell‐Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Didi Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jiahui He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Miao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Hong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ye Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Beijing China
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Medicine Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Wen Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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6
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Tian Y, Zhu Q, Sun Z, Geng D, Lin B, Su X, He J, Guo M, Xu H, Zhao Y, Qin W, Wang PG, Wen L, Yi W. One-Step Enzymatic Labeling Reveals a Critical Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Cell-Cycle Progression and DNA Damage Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26128-26135. [PMID: 34590401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins that is essential for cell function. Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation leads to altered cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we develop a highly sensitive one-step enzymatic strategy for capture and profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cells. Using this strategy, we discover that flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme in DNA synthesis, is a novel substrate for O-GlcNAcylation. FEN1 O-GlcNAcylation is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. O-GlcNAcylation at the serine 352 of FEN1 disrupts its interaction with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) at the replication foci, and leads to altered cell cycle, defects in DNA replication, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage agents. Thus, our study provides a sensitive method for profiling O-GlcNAcylated proteins, and reveals an unknown mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Didi Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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A bibliometric analysis of researches on flap endonuclease 1 from 2005 to 2019. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 33827468 PMCID: PMC8028219 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a structure-specific nuclease that plays a role in a variety of DNA metabolism processes. FEN1 is important for maintaining genomic stability and regulating cell growth and development. It is associated with the occurrence and development of several diseases, especially cancers. There is a lack of systematic bibliometric analyses focusing on research trends and knowledge structures related to FEN1. Purpose To analyze hotspots, the current state and research frontiers performed for FEN1 over the past 15 years. Methods Publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, analyzing publication dates ranging from 2005 to 2019. VOSviewer1.6.15 and Citespace5.7 R1 were used to perform a bibliometric analysis in terms of countries, institutions, authors, journals and research areas related to FEN1. A total of 421 publications were included in this analysis. Results Our findings indicated that FEN1 has received more attention and interest from researchers in the past 15 years. Institutes in the United States, specifically the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope published the most research related to FEN1. Shen BH, Zheng L and Bambara Ra were the most active researchers investigating this endonuclease and most of this research was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. The main scientific areas of FEN1 were related to biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, genetics and oncology. Research hotspots included biological activities, DNA metabolism mechanisms, protein-protein interactions and gene mutations. Research frontiers included oxidative stress, phosphorylation and tumor progression and treatment. Conclusion This bibliometric study may aid researchers in the understanding of the knowledge base and research frontiers associated with FEN1. In addition, emerging hotspots for research can be used as the subjects of future studies.
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8
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Schilling EM, Scherer M, Rothemund F, Stamminger T. Functional regulation of the structure-specific endonuclease FEN1 by the human cytomegalovirus protein IE1 suggests a role for the re-initiation of stalled viral replication forks. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009460. [PMID: 33770148 PMCID: PMC8026080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a member of the family of structure-specific endonucleases implicated in regulation of DNA damage response and DNA replication. So far, knowledge on the role of FEN1 during viral infections is limited. Previous publications indicated that poxviruses encode a conserved protein that acts in a manner similar to FEN1 to stimulate homologous recombination, double-strand break (DSB) repair and full-size genome formation. Only recently, cellular FEN1 has been identified as a key component for hepatitis B virus cccDNA formation. Here, we report on a novel functional interaction between Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1). Our results provide evidence that IE1 manipulates FEN1 in an unprecedented manner: we observed that direct IE1 binding does not only enhance FEN1 protein stability but also phosphorylation at serine 187. This correlates with nucleolar exclusion of FEN1 stimulating its DSB-generating gap endonuclease activity. Depletion of FEN1 and inhibition of its enzymatic activity during HCMV infection significantly reduced nascent viral DNA synthesis demonstrating a supportive role for efficient HCMV DNA replication. Furthermore, our results indicate that FEN1 is required for the formation of DSBs during HCMV infection suggesting that IE1 acts as viral activator of FEN1 in order to re-initiate stalled replication forks. In summary, we propose a novel mechanism of viral FEN1 activation to overcome replication fork barriers at difficult-to-replicate sites in viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Scherer
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Xu X, Shi R, Zheng L, Guo Z, Wang L, Zhou M, Zhao Y, Tian B, Truong K, Chen Y, Shen B, Hua Y, Xu H. SUMO-1 modification of FEN1 facilitates its interaction with Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 to counteract DNA replication stress. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:460-474. [PMID: 30184152 PMCID: PMC6231531 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a structure-specific, multi-functional endonuclease essential for DNA replication and repair. We and others have shown that during DNA replication, FEN1 processes Okazaki fragments via its interaction with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Alternatively, in response to DNA damage, FEN1 interacts with the PCNA-like Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 complex instead of PCNA to engage in DNA repair activities, such as homology-directed repair of stalled DNA replication forks. However, it is unclear how FEN1 is able to switch between these interactions and its roles in DNA replication and DNA repair. Here, we report that FEN1 undergoes SUMOylation by SUMO-1 in response to DNA replication fork-stalling agents, such as UV irradiation, hydroxyurea, and mitomycin C. This DNA damage-induced SUMO-1 modification promotes the interaction of FEN1 with the Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 complex. Furthermore, we found that FEN1 mutations that prevent its SUMO-1 modification also impair its ability to interact with HUS1 and to rescue stalled replication forks. These impairments lead to the accumulation of DNA damage and heightened sensitivity to fork-stalling agents. Altogether, our findings suggest an important role of the SUMO-1 modification of FEN1 in regulating its roles in DNA replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongyi Shi
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Khue Truong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Thompson MJ, Gotham VJB, Ciani B, Grasby JA. A conserved loop-wedge motif moderates reaction site search and recognition by FEN1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:7858-7872. [PMID: 29878258 PMCID: PMC6125683 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and repair frequently involve intermediate two-way junction structures with overhangs, or flaps, that must be promptly removed; a task performed by the essential enzyme flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). We demonstrate a functional relationship between two intrinsically disordered regions of the FEN1 protein, which recognize opposing sides of the junction and order in response to the requisite substrate. Our results inform a model in which short-range translocation of FEN1 on DNA facilitates search for the annealed 3'-terminus of a primer strand, which is recognized by breaking the terminal base pair to generate a substrate with a single nucleotide 3'-flap. This recognition event allosterically signals hydrolytic removal of the 5'-flap through reaction in the opposing junction duplex, by controlling access of the scissile phosphate diester to the active site. The recognition process relies on a highly-conserved 'wedge' residue located on a mobile loop that orders to bind the newly-unpaired base. The unanticipated 'loop-wedge' mechanism exerts control over substrate selection, rate of reaction and reaction site precision, and shares features with other enzymes that recognize irregular DNA structures. These new findings reveal how FEN1 precisely couples 3'-flap verification to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Thompson
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Victoria J B Gotham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Barbara Ciani
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Jane A Grasby
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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11
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Xu H, Shi R, Han W, Cheng J, Xu X, Cheng K, Wang L, Tian B, Zheng L, Shen B, Hua Y, Zhao Y. Structural basis of 5' flap recognition and protein-protein interactions of human flap endonuclease 1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:11315-11325. [PMID: 30295841 PMCID: PMC6265464 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human flap endonuclease 1 (hFEN1) is a structure-specific nuclease essential for DNA replication and repair processes. hFEN1 has 5′ flap removal activity, as well as gap endonuclease activity that is critical for restarting stalled replication forks. Here, we report the crystal structures of wild-type and mutant hFEN1 proteins in complex with DNA substrates, followed by mutagenesis studies that provide mechanistic insight into the protein–protein interactions of hFEN1. We found that in an α-helix forming the helical gateway of hFEN1 recognizes the 5′ flap prior to its threading into the active site for cleavage. We also found that the β-pin region is rigidified into a short helix in R192F hFEN1–DNA structures, suppressing its gap endonuclease activity and cycle-dependent kinase interactions. Our findings suggest that a single mutation at the primary methylation site can alter the function of hFEN1 and provide insight into the role of the β-pin region in hFEN1 protein interactions that are essential for DNA replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Rongyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Wanchun Han
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Kaiying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
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12
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Zhao J, Wang G, Del Mundo IM, McKinney JA, Lu X, Bacolla A, Boulware SB, Zhang C, Zhang H, Ren P, Freudenreich CH, Vasquez KM. Distinct Mechanisms of Nuclease-Directed DNA-Structure-Induced Genetic Instability in Cancer Genomes. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1200-1210. [PMID: 29386108 PMCID: PMC6011834 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences with the capacity to adopt alternative DNA structures have been implicated in cancer etiology; however, the mechanisms are unclear. For example, H-DNA-forming sequences within oncogenes have been shown to stimulate genetic instability in mammals. Here, we report that H-DNA-forming sequences are enriched at translocation breakpoints in human cancer genomes, further implicating them in cancer etiology. H-DNA-induced mutations were suppressed in human cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair nucleases, ERCC1-XPF and XPG, but were stimulated in cells deficient in FEN1, a replication-related endonuclease. Further, we found that these nucleases cleaved H-DNA conformations, and the interactions of modeled H-DNA with ERCC1-XPF, XPG, and FEN1 proteins were explored at the sub-molecular level. The results suggest mechanisms of genetic instability triggered by H-DNA through distinct structure-specific, cleavage-based replication-independent and replication-dependent pathways, providing critical evidence for a role of the DNA structure itself in the etiology of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Guliang Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Imee M Del Mundo
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Jennifer A McKinney
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Xiuli Lu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Stephen B Boulware
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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13
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Garza-Aguilar SM, Axosco-Marín J, Lara-Núñez A, Guerrero-Molina ED, Lemus-Enciso AT, García-Ramírez E, Vázquez-Ramos JM. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen associates to protein complexes containing cyclins/cyclin dependent kinases susceptible of inhibition by KRPs during maize germination. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:297-304. [PMID: 30824007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, PCNA, has roles in both G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. Here we show that maize PCNA can be found in cells in structures of a trimer or a dimer of trimer, in complexes of high molecular mass that change in size as germination proceeds, co-eluting with cell cycle proteins as CycD3;1 and CDKs (A/B1;1). Using different methodological strategies, we show that PCNA actually interacts with CycD3;1, CDKA, CDKB1;1, KRP1;1 and KRP4;1, all of which contain PIP or PIP-like motifs. Anti-PCNA immunoprecipitates show kinase activity that is inhibited by KRP1;1 and KRP4;2, indicating the formation of quaternary complexes PCNA-CycD/CDKs-KRPs in which PCNA would act as a platform. This inhibitory effect seems to be differential during the germination process, more pronounced as germination advances, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism in which PCNA could bind different sets of cyclins/CDKs, some more susceptible to inhibition by KRPs than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Margarita Garza-Aguilar
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Javier Axosco-Marín
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aurora Lara-Núñez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Aldo Tonatiuh Lemus-Enciso
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elpidio García-Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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14
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Maneuvers on PCNA Rings during DNA Replication and Repair. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080416. [PMID: 30126151 PMCID: PMC6116012 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and repair are essential cellular processes that ensure genome duplication and safeguard the genome from deleterious mutations. Both processes utilize an abundance of enzymatic functions that need to be tightly regulated to ensure dynamic exchange of DNA replication and repair factors. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is the major coordinator of faithful and processive replication and DNA repair at replication forks. Post-translational modifications of PCNA, ubiquitination and acetylation in particular, regulate the dynamics of PCNA-protein interactions. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination elicits ‘polymerase switching’, whereby stalled replicative polymerase is replaced with a specialized polymerase, while PCNA acetylation may reduce the processivity of replicative polymerases to promote homologous recombination-dependent repair. While regulatory functions of PCNA ubiquitination and acetylation have been well established, the regulation of PCNA-binding proteins remains underexplored. Considering the vast number of PCNA-binding proteins, many of which have similar PCNA binding affinities, the question arises as to the regulation of the strength and sequence of their binding to PCNA. Here I provide an overview of post-translational modifications on both PCNA and PCNA-interacting proteins and discuss their relevance for the regulation of the dynamic processes of DNA replication and repair.
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15
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Ohashi E, Tsurimoto T. Functions of Multiple Clamp and Clamp-Loader Complexes in Eukaryotic DNA Replication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1042:135-162. [PMID: 29357057 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC) were identified in the late 1980s as essential factors for replication of simian virus 40 DNA in human cells, by reconstitution of the reaction in vitro. Initially, they were only thought to be involved in the elongation stage of DNA replication. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that PCNA functions as more than a replication factor, through its involvement in multiple protein-protein interactions. PCNA appears as a functional hub on replicating and replicated chromosomal DNA and has an essential role in the maintenance genome integrity in proliferating cells.Eukaryotes have multiple paralogues of sliding clamp, PCNA and its loader, RFC. The PCNA paralogues, RAD9, HUS1, and RAD1 form the heterotrimeric 9-1-1 ring that is similar to the PCNA homotrimeric ring, and the 9-1-1 clamp complex is loaded onto sites of DNA damage by its specific loader RAD17-RFC. This alternative clamp-loader system transmits DNA-damage signals in genomic DNA to the checkpoint-activation network and the DNA-repair apparatus.Another two alternative loader complexes, CTF18-RFC and ELG1-RFC, have roles that are distinguishable from the role of the canonical loader, RFC. CTF18-RFC interacts with one of the replicative DNA polymerases, Polε, and loads PCNA onto leading-strand DNA, and ELG1-RFC unloads PCNA after ligation of lagging-strand DNA. In the progression of S phase, these alternative PCNA loaders maintain appropriate amounts of PCNA on the replicating sister DNAs to ensure that specific enzymes are tethered at specific chromosomal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ohashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tsurimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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16
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Thandapani P, Couturier AM, Yu Z, Li X, Couture JF, Li S, Masson JY, Richard S. Lysine methylation of FEN1 by SET7 is essential for its cellular response to replicative stress. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64918-64931. [PMID: 29029401 PMCID: PMC5630301 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is central to the cell survival and it requires post-translational modifications, in part, to sense the damage, amplify the signaling response and recruit and regulate DNA repair enzymes. Lysine methylation of histones such as H4K20 and non-histone proteins including p53 has been shown to be essential for the mounting of the DDR. It is well-known that the lysine methyltransferase SET7 regulates the DDR, as cells lacking this enzyme are hypersensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs. To define addition substrates of SET7 involved in the DDR, we screened a peptide array encompassing potential lysine methylation sites from >100 key DDR proteins and identified peptides from 58 proteins to be lysine methylated defining a methylation consensus sequence of [S>K-2; S>R-1; K0] consistent with previous findings. We focused on K377 methylation of the Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), a structure specific endonuclease with important functions in Okazaki fragment processing during DNA replication as a substrate of SET7. FEN1 was monomethylated by SET7 in vivo in a cell cycle dependent manner with levels increasing as cells progressed through S phase and decreasing as they exited S phase, as detected using K377me1 specific antibodies. Although K377me1 did not affect the enzymatic activity of FEN1, it was required for the cellular response to replicative stress by FEN1. These finding define FEN1 as a new substrate of SET7 required for the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniraja Thandapani
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anthony M. Couturier
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, CRCHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhenbao Yu
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Li
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, CRCHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, CRCHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Limpose KL, Corbett AH, Doetsch PW. BERing the burden of damage: Pathway crosstalk and posttranslational modification of base excision repair proteins regulate DNA damage management. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017. [PMID: 28629773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA base damage and non-coding apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are ubiquitous types of damage that must be efficiently repaired to prevent mutations. These damages can occur in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Base excision repair (BER) is the frontline pathway for identifying and excising damaged DNA bases in both of these cellular compartments. Recent advances demonstrate that BER does not operate as an isolated pathway but rather dynamically interacts with components of other DNA repair pathways to modulate and coordinate BER functions. We define the coordination and interaction between DNA repair pathways as pathway crosstalk. Numerous BER proteins are modified and regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), and PTMs could influence pathway crosstalk. Here, we present recent advances on BER/DNA repair pathway crosstalk describing specific examples and also highlight regulation of BER components through PTMs. We have organized and reported functional interactions and documented PTMs for BER proteins into a consolidated summary table. We further propose the concept of DNA repair hubs that coordinate DNA repair pathway crosstalk to identify central protein targets that could play a role in designing future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Limpose
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
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18
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Kathera C, Zhang J, Janardhan A, Sun H, Ali W, Zhou X, He L, Guo Z. Interacting partners of FEN1 and its role in the development of anticancer therapeutics. Oncotarget 2017; 8:27593-27602. [PMID: 28187440 PMCID: PMC5432360 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) plays a key role in cellular communication, Protein-protein interaction connected with each other with hubs and nods involved in signaling pathways. These interactions used to develop network based biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer. FEN1(Flap endonuclease 1) is a central component in cellular metabolism, over expression and decrease of FEN1 levels may cause cancer, these regulation changes of Flap endonuclease 1reported in many cancer cells, to consider this data may needs to develop a network based biomarker. The current review focused on types of PPI, based on nature, detection methods and its role in cancer. Interacting partners of Flap endonuclease 1 role in DNA replication repair and development of anticancer therapeutics based on Protein-protein interaction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Kathera
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Avilala Janardhan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongfang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wajid Ali
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- The Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Dehé PM, Gaillard PHL. Control of structure-specific endonucleases to maintain genome stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:315-330. [PMID: 28327556 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Structure-specific endonucleases (SSEs) have key roles in DNA replication, recombination and repair, and emerging roles in transcription. These enzymes have specificity for DNA secondary structure rather than for sequence, and therefore their activity must be precisely controlled to ensure genome stability. In this Review, we discuss how SSEs are controlled as part of genome maintenance pathways in eukaryotes, with an emphasis on the elaborate mechanisms that regulate the members of the major SSE families - including the xeroderma pigmentosum group F-complementing protein (XPF) and MMS and UV-sensitive protein 81 (MUS81)-dependent nucleases, and the flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), XPG and XPG-like endonuclease 1 (GEN1) enzymes - during processes such as DNA adduct repair, Holliday junction processing and replication stress. We also discuss newly characterized connections between SSEs and other classes of DNA-remodelling enzymes and cell cycle control machineries, which reveal the importance of SSE scaffolds such as the synthetic lethal of unknown function 4 (SLX4) tumour suppressor for the maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Dehé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri L Gaillard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
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20
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Sang Y, Bo L, Gu H, Yang W, Chen Y. Flap endonuclease-1 rs174538 G>A polymorphisms are associated with the risk of esophageal cancer in a Chinese population. Thorac Cancer 2017; 8:192-196. [PMID: 28319330 PMCID: PMC5415465 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer has a high mortality rate, particularly in Asia, and there are obvious racial differences in regard to incidence. The purpose of our study was to assess the genetic susceptibility of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ESCC. METHODS Clinical blood samples of 629 ESCC cases and 686 control samples were collected. The ligation detection reaction method was used to determine FEN 1 rs174538 G>A genotypes. RESULTS A significantly decreased risk of ESCC was associated with FEN1 rs174538 GA genotypes among patients under 63 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that functional polymorphism FEN1 rs174538 G>A might affect personal susceptibility to ESCC. This result provides a solid theoretical foundation for further clinical study using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Sang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Bo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wengtao Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Ponce I, Aldunate C, Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Garrido G, Kemmerling U, Cabrera G, Galanti N. A Flap Endonuclease (TcFEN1) Is Involved in Trypanosoma cruzi
Cell Proliferation, DNA Repair, and Parasite Survival. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1722-1732. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Carmen Aldunate
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Lucia Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Sofia Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Gilda Garrido
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
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22
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Zhou L, Dai H, Wu J, Zhou M, Yuan H, Du J, Yang L, Wu X, Xu H, Hua Y, Xu J, Zheng L, Shen B. Role of FEN1 S187 phosphorylation in counteracting oxygen-induced stress and regulating postnatal heart development. FASEB J 2016; 31:132-147. [PMID: 27694478 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600631r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) phosphorylation is proposed to regulate the action of FEN1 in DNA repair as well as Okazaki fragment maturation. However, the biologic significance of FEN1 phosphorylation in response to DNA damage remains unknown. Here, we report an in vivo role for FEN1 phosphorylation, using a mouse line carrying S187A FEN1, which abolishes FEN1 phosphorylation. Although S187A mouse embryonic fibroblast cells showed normal proliferation under low oxygen levels (2%), the mutant cells accumulated oxidative DNA damage, activated DNA damage checkpoints, and showed G1-phase arrest at atmospheric oxygen levels (21%). This suggests an essential role for FEN1 phosphorylation in repairing oxygen-induced DNA damage and maintaining proper cell cycle progression. Consistently, the mutant cardiomyocytes showed G1-phase arrest due to activation of the p53-mediated DNA damage response at the neonatal stage, which reduces the proliferation potential of the cardiomyocytes and impairs heart development. Nearly 50% of newborns with the S187A mutant died in the first week due to failure to undergo the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling-dependent switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation. The adult mutant mice developed dilated hearts and showed significantly shorter life spans. Altogether, our results reveal an important role of FEN1 phosphorylation to counteract oxygen-induced stress in the heart during the fetal-to-neonatal transition.-Zhou, L., Dai, H., Wu, J., Zhou, M., Yuan, H., Du, J., Yang, L., Wu, X., Xu, H., Hua, Y., Xu, J., Zheng, L., Shen, B. Role of FEN1 S187 phosphorylation in counteracting oxygen-induced stress and regulating postnatal heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Huifang Dai
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; and
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; and
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA;
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA;
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The FEN1 L209P mutation interferes with long-patch base excision repair and induces cellular transformation. Oncogene 2016; 36:194-207. [PMID: 27270424 PMCID: PMC5140775 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) is a multifunctional, structure-specific nuclease that has a critical role in maintaining human genome stability. FEN1 mutations have been detected in human cancer specimens and have been suggested to cause genomic instability and cancer predisposition. However, the exact relationship between FEN1 deficiency and cancer susceptibility remains unclear. In the current work, we report a novel colorectal cancer-associated FEN1 mutation, L209P. This mutant protein lacks the FEN, exonuclease (EXO) and gap endonuclease (GEN) activities of FEN1 but retains DNA-binding affinity. The L209P FEN1 variant interferes with the function of the wild-type FEN1 enzyme in a dominant-negative manner and impairs long-patch base excision repair in vitro and in vivo. Expression of L209P FEN1 sensitizes cells to DNA damage, resulting in endogenous genomic instability and cellular transformation, as well as tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. These data indicate that human cancer-associated genetic alterations in the FEN1 gene can contribute substantially to cancer development.
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Deshmukh AL, Kumar C, Singh DK, Maurya P, Banerjee D. Dynamics of replication proteins during lagging strand synthesis: A crossroads for genomic instability and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 42:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is an essential DNA repair pathway involved in the maintenance of genome stability and thus in the prevention of human diseases, such as premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitylation, have emerged as important contributors in controlling cellular BER protein levels, enzymatic activities, protein-protein interactions, and protein cellular localization. These PTMs therefore play key roles in regulating the BER pathway and are consequently crucial for coordinating an efficient cellular DNA damage response. In this review, we summarize the presently available data on characterized PTMs of key BER proteins, the functional consequences of these modifications at the protein level, and also the impact on BER in vitro and in vivo.
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26
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Cheng IC, Chen BC, Shuai HH, Chien FC, Chen P, Hsieh TS. Wuho Is a New Member in Maintaining Genome Stability through its Interaction with Flap Endonuclease 1. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002349. [PMID: 26751069 PMCID: PMC4709127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication forks are vulnerable to wayward nuclease activities. We report here our discovery of a new member in guarding genome stability at replication forks. We previously isolated a Drosophila mutation, wuho (wh, no progeny), characterized by a severe fertility defect and affecting expression of a protein (WH) in a family of conserved proteins with multiple WD40 repeats. Knockdown of WH by siRNA in Drosophila, mouse, and human cultured cells results in DNA damage with strand breaks and apoptosis through ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling pathway. Mice with mWh knockout are early embryonic lethal and display DNA damage. We identify that the flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is one of the interacting proteins. Fluorescence microscopy showed the localization of WH at the site of nascent DNA synthesis along with other replication proteins, including FEN1 and PCNA. We show that WH is able to modulate FEN1's endonucleolytic activities depending on the substrate DNA structure. The stimulatory or inhibitory effects of WH on FEN1's flap versus gap endonuclease activities are consistent with the proposed WH's functions in protecting the integrity of replication fork. These results suggest that wh is a new member of the guardians of genome stability because it regulates FEN1's potential DNA cleavage threat near the site of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betty Chamay Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsun Shuai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-shih Hsieh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Eifler K, Vertegaal ACO. SUMOylation-Mediated Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and Cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:779-793. [PMID: 26601932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein conjugation with Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMOylation) has critical roles during cell cycle progression. Many important cell cycle regulators, including many oncogenes and tumor suppressors, are functionally regulated via SUMOylation. The dynamic SUMOylation pattern observed throughout the cell cycle is ensured via distinct spatial and temporal regulation of the SUMO machinery. Additionally, SUMOylation cooperates with other post-translational modifications to mediate cell cycle progression. Deregulation of these SUMOylation and deSUMOylation enzymes causes severe defects in cell proliferation and genome stability. Different types of cancer were recently shown to be dependent on a functioning SUMOylation system, a finding that could be exploited in anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Eifler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Ren H, Ma H, Ke Y, Ma X, Xu D, Lin S, Wang X, Dai ZJ. Flap endonuclease 1 polymorphisms (rs174538 and rs4246215) contribute to an increased cancer risk: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1347-1352. [PMID: 26807246 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) is a key factor during the maintenance of genomic stability and protection against tumorigenesis. Since the identification of functional polymorphisms of FEN1 (rs174538 and rs4246215), numerous studies have evaluated the association between the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cancer risk. To derive a more precise estimation, a meta-analysis was performed on the association between the FEN1 polymorphisms (rs174538 and rs4246215) and cancer risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the associations. Thirteen case-control studies, including 5,108 cases and 6,382 case-free controls, were identified. For rs174538, individuals with the GG or GA genotype had an increased risk of cancer when compared to the -69AA genotype (AA vs. GG: OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.65-2.08; P<0.00001; AA vs. GA: OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.27-1.60; P<0.00001; AA vs. GG+GA: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.16-1.42; P<0.00001). For rs4246215, similar results were identified, as the GG or GT genotype was significantly associated with the increased cancer risk when compared to TT (TT vs. GG: OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.52-1.92; P<0.00001; TT vs. GT: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20-1.50; P<0.00001; TT vs. GG+GT: OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.35-1.67; P<0.00001). The present meta-analysis indicated that FEN1 rs174538 and rs4246215 polymorphisms may contribute to an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ren
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ke
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710028, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China; Center for Translational Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710028, P.R. China
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29
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Abstract
DNA replication is essential for all life forms. Although the process is fundamentally conserved in the three domains of life, bioinformatic, biochemical, structural, and genetic studies have demonstrated that the process and the proteins involved in archaeal DNA replication are more similar to those in eukaryal DNA replication than in bacterial DNA replication, but have some archaeal-specific features. The archaeal replication system, however, is not monolithic, and there are some differences in the replication process between different species. In this review, the current knowledge of the mechanisms governing DNA replication in Archaea is summarized. The general features of the replication process as well as some of the differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Kelman
- Program in Biotechnology, Montgomery College, Germantown, Maryland 20876;
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30
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Abdel-Fatah TMA, Russell R, Albarakati N, Maloney DJ, Dorjsuren D, Rueda OM, Moseley P, Mohan V, Sun H, Abbotts R, Mukherjee A, Agarwal D, Illuzzi JL, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Ball G, Chan S, Caldas C, Ellis IO, Wilson DM, Madhusudan S. Genomic and protein expression analysis reveals flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) as a key biomarker in breast and ovarian cancer. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1326-38. [PMID: 24880630 PMCID: PMC4690463 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
FEN1 has key roles in Okazaki fragment maturation during replication, long patch base excision repair, rescue of stalled replication forks, maintenance of telomere stability and apoptosis. FEN1 may be dysregulated in breast and ovarian cancers and have clinicopathological significance in patients. We comprehensively investigated FEN1 mRNA expression in multiple cohorts of breast cancer [training set (128), test set (249), external validation (1952)]. FEN1 protein expression was evaluated in 568 oestrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancers, 894 ER positive breast cancers and 156 ovarian epithelial cancers. FEN1 mRNA overexpression was highly significantly associated with high grade (p = 4.89 × 10(-57)), high mitotic index (p = 5.25 × 10(-28)), pleomorphism (p = 6.31 × 10(-19)), ER negative (p = 9.02 × 10(-35)), PR negative (p = 9.24 × 10(-24)), triple negative phenotype (p = 6.67 × 10(-21)), PAM50.Her2 (p = 5.19 × 10(-13)), PAM50. Basal (p = 2.7 × 10(-41)), PAM50.LumB (p = 1.56 × 10(-26)), integrative molecular cluster 1 (intClust.1) (p = 7.47 × 10(-12)), intClust.5 (p = 4.05 × 10(-12)) and intClust. 10 (p = 7.59 × 10(-38)) breast cancers. FEN1 mRNA overexpression is associated with poor breast cancer specific survival in univariate (p = 4.4 × 10(-16)) and multivariate analysis (p = 9.19 × 10(-7)). At the protein level, in ER positive tumours, FEN1 overexpression remains significantly linked to high grade, high mitotic index and pleomorphism (ps < 0.01). In ER negative tumours, high FEN1 is significantly associated with pleomorphism, tumour type, lymphovascular invasion, triple negative phenotype, EGFR and HER2 expression (ps < 0.05). In ER positive as well as in ER negative tumours, FEN1 protein overexpression is associated with poor survival in univariate and multivariate analysis (ps < 0.01). In ovarian epithelial cancers, similarly, FEN1 overexpression is associated with high grade, high stage and poor survival (ps < 0.05). We conclude that FEN1 is a promising biomarker in breast and ovarian epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslin Russell
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nada Albarakati
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - David J Maloney
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dorjbal Dorjsuren
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Paul Moseley
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Vivek Mohan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Hongmao Sun
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rachel Abbotts
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Abhik Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Jennifer L Illuzzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephen Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK; Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK.
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31
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The role of arginine methylation in the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Bologna S, Ferrari S. It takes two to tango: Ubiquitin and SUMO in the DNA damage response. Front Genet 2013; 4:106. [PMID: 23781231 PMCID: PMC3678106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of living cells is primarily determined by the genetic information encoded in DNA and gets fully disclosed upon translation. A major determinant of complexity is the reversible post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, which generates variants displaying distinct biological properties such as subcellular localization, enzymatic activity and the ability to assemble in complexes. Decades of work on phosphorylation have unambiguously proven this concept. In recent years, the covalent attachment of Ubiquitin or Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMO) to amino acid residues of target proteins has been recognized as another crucial PTM, re-directing protein fate and protein-protein interactions. This review focuses on the role of ubiquitylation and sumoylation in the control of DNA damage response proteins. To lay the ground, we begin with a description of ubiquitylation and sumoylation, providing established examples of DNA damage response elements that are controlled through these PTMs. We then examine in detail the role of PTMs in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks illustrating hierarchy, cross-talk, synergism or antagonism between phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation. We conclude offering a perspective on Ubiquitin and SUMO pathways as targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bologna
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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33
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Mailand N, Gibbs-Seymour I, Bekker-Jensen S. Regulation of PCNA-protein interactions for genome stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:269-82. [PMID: 23594953 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has a central role in promoting faithful DNA replication, providing a molecular platform that facilitates the myriad protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions that occur at the replication fork. Numerous PCNA-associated proteins compete for binding to a common surface on PCNA; hence these interactions need to be tightly regulated and coordinated to ensure proper chromosome replication and integrity. Control of PCNA-protein interactions is multilayered and involves post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitylation, accessory factors and regulated degradation of PCNA-associated proteins. This regulatory framework allows cells to maintain a fine-tuned balance between replication fidelity and processivity in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Mailand
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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34
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Abstract
First discovered as a structure-specific endonuclease that evolved to cut at the base of single-stranded flaps, flap endonuclease (FEN1) is now recognized as a central component of cellular DNA metabolism. Substrate specificity allows FEN1 to process intermediates of Okazaki fragment maturation, long-patch base excision repair, telomere maintenance, and stalled replication fork rescue. For Okazaki fragments, the RNA primer is displaced into a 5' flap and then cleaved off. FEN1 binds to the flap base and then threads the 5' end of the flap through its helical arch and active site to create a configuration for cleavage. The threading requirement prevents this active nuclease from cutting the single-stranded template between Okazaki fragments. FEN1 efficiency and specificity are critical to the maintenance of genome fidelity. Overall, recent advances in our knowledge of FEN1 suggest that it was an ancient protein that has been fine-tuned over eons to coordinate many essential DNA transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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35
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van Loon B, Samson LD. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) localizes to mitochondria and interacts with mitochondrial single-stranded binding protein (mtSSB). DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:177-87. [PMID: 23290262 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to a harsh environment mitochondrial genomes accumulate high levels of DNA damage, in particular oxidation, hydrolytic deamination, and alkylation adducts. While repair of alkylated bases in nuclear DNA has been explored in detail, much less is known about the repair of DNA alkylation damage in mitochondria. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) recognizes and removes numerous alkylated bases, but to date AAG has only been detected in the nucleus, even though mammalian mitochondria are known to repair DNA lesions that are specific substrates of AAG. Here we use immunofluorescence to show that AAG localizes to mitochondria, and we find that native AAG is present in purified human mitochondrial extracts, as well as that exposure to alkylating agent promotes AAG accumulation in the mitochondria. We identify mitochondrial single-stranded binding protein (mtSSB) as a novel interacting partner of AAG; interaction between mtSSB and AAG is direct and increases upon methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment. The consequence of this interaction is specific inhibition of AAG glycosylase activity in the context of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), but not a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) substrate. By inhibiting AAG-initiated processing of damaged bases, mtSSB potentially prevents formation of DNA breaks in ssDNA, ensuring that base removal primarily occurs in dsDNA. In summary, our findings suggest the existence of AAG-initiated BER in mitochondria and further support a role for mtSSB in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara van Loon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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36
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De Biasio A, Blanco FJ. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Structure and Interactions. PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACIDS INTERACTIONS 2013; 91:1-36. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411637-5.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Ulrich HD. Ubiquitin, SUMO, and phosphate: how a trio of posttranslational modifiers governs protein fate. Mol Cell 2012; 47:335-7. [PMID: 22883623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Guo et al. (2012) demonstrate how a series of sequential posttranslational modifications, phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitylation, cooperate to target human flap endonuclease FEN1 to degradation by the proteasome at the end of S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle D Ulrich
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK.
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38
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Takawa M, Cho HS, Hayami S, Toyokawa G, Kogure M, Yamane Y, Iwai Y, Maejima K, Ueda K, Masuda A, Dohmae N, Field HI, Tsunoda T, Kobayashi T, Akasu T, Sugiyama M, Ohnuma SI, Atomi Y, Ponder BAJ, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. Histone lysine methyltransferase SETD8 promotes carcinogenesis by deregulating PCNA expression. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3217-27. [PMID: 22556262 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiologic significance of lysine methylation of histones is well known, whether lysine methylation plays a role in the regulation of nonhistone proteins has not yet been examined. The histone lysine methyltransferase SETD8 is overexpressed in various types of cancer and seems to play a crucial role in S-phase progression. Here, we show that SETD8 regulates the function of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein through lysine methylation. We found that SETD8 methylated PCNA on lysine 248, and either depletion of SETD8 or substitution of lysine 248 destabilized PCNA expression. Mechanistically, lysine methylation significantly enhanced the interaction between PCNA and the flap endonuclease FEN1. Loss of PCNA methylation retarded the maturation of Okazaki fragments, slowed DNA replication, and induced DNA damage, and cells expressing a methylation-inactive PCNA mutant were more susceptible to DNA damage. An increase of methylated PCNA was found in cancer cells, and the expression levels of SETD8 and PCNA were correlated in cancer tissue samples. Together, our findings reveal a function for lysine methylation on a nonhistone protein and suggest that aberrant lysine methylation of PCNA may play a role in human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Takawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, and National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Guo Z, Kanjanapangka J, Liu N, Liu S, Liu C, Wu Z, Wang Y, Loh T, Kowolik C, Jamsen J, Zhou M, Truong K, Chen Y, Zheng L, Shen B. Sequential posttranslational modifications program FEN1 degradation during cell-cycle progression. Mol Cell 2012; 47:444-56. [PMID: 22749529 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose that cell-cycle-dependent timing of FEN1 nuclease activity is essential for cell-cycle progression and the maintenance of genome stability. After DNA replication is complete at the exit point of the S phase, removal of excess FEN1 may be crucial. Here, we report a mechanism that controls the programmed degradation of FEN1 via a sequential cascade of posttranslational modifications. We found that FEN1 phosphorylation stimulated its SUMOylation, which in turn stimulated its ubiquitination and ultimately led to its degradation via the proteasome pathway. Mutations or inhibitors that blocked the modification at any step in this pathway suppressed FEN1 degradation. Critically, the presence of SUMOylation- or ubiquitination-defective, nondegradable FEN1 mutant protein caused accumulation of Cyclin B, delays in the G1 and G2/M phases, and polyploidy. These findings may represent a newly identified regulatory mechanism used by cells to ensure precise cell-cycle progression and to prevent transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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40
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Shin YK, Amangyeld T, Nguyen TA, Munashingha PR, Seo YS. Human MUS81 complexes stimulate flap endonuclease 1. FEBS J 2012; 279:2412-30. [PMID: 22551069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The yeast heterodimeric Mus81-Mms4 complex possesses a structure-specific endonuclease activity that is critical for the restart of stalled replication forks and removal of toxic recombination intermediates. Previously, we reported that Mus81-Mms4 and Rad27 (yeast FEN1, another structure-specific endonuclease) showed mutual stimulation of nuclease activity. In this study, we investigated the interactions between human FEN1 and MUS81-EME1 or MUS81-EME2, the human homologs of the yeast Mus81-Mms4 complex. We found that both MUS81-EME1 and MUS81-EME2 increased the activity of FEN1, but FEN1 did not stimulate the activity of MUS81-EME1/EME2. The MUS81 subunit alone and its N-terminal half were able to bind to FEN1 and stimulate its endonuclease activity. A truncated FEN1 fragment lacking the C-terminal region that retained catalytic activity was not stimulated by MUS81. Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis revealed that MUS81 increased the interaction between FEN1 and its substrates, resulting in increased turnover. We also showed that, after DNA damage in human cells, FEN1 co-localizes with MUS81. These findings indicate that the human proteins and yeast homologs act similarly, except that the human FEN1 does not stimulate the nuclease activities of MUS81-EME1 or MUS81-EME2. Thus, the mammalian MUS81 complexes and FEN1 collaborate to remove the various flap structures that arise during many DNA transactions, including Okazaki fragment processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Keol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for DNA Replication and Genome Instability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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41
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Beattie TR, Bell SD. Coordination of multiple enzyme activities by a single PCNA in archaeal Okazaki fragment maturation. EMBO J 2012; 31:1556-67. [PMID: 22307085 PMCID: PMC3321178 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro reconstitution of Okazaki fragment processing shows that DNA polymerase, flap endonuclease and DNA ligase need to simultaneously bind to the same PCNA-sliding clamp molecule during DNA lagging strand replication. Chromosomal DNA replication requires one daughter strand—the lagging strand—to be synthesised as a series of discontinuous, RNA-primed Okazaki fragments, which must subsequently be matured into a single covalent DNA strand. Here, we describe the reconstitution of Okazaki fragment maturation in vitro using proteins derived from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Six proteins are necessary and sufficient for coupled DNA synthesis, RNA primer removal and DNA ligation. PolB1, Fen1 and Lig1 provide the required catalytic activities, with coordination of their activities dependent upon the DNA sliding clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). S. solfataricus PCNA is a heterotrimer, with each subunit having a distinct specificity for binding PolB1, Fen1 or Lig1. Our data demonstrate that the most efficient coupling of activities occurs when a single PCNA ring organises PolB1, Fen1 and Lig1 into a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Beattie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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42
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Williamson EA, Wray JW, Bansal P, Hromas R. Overview for the histone codes for DNA repair. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 110:207-27. [PMID: 22749147 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387665-2.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage occurs continuously as a result of various factors-intracellular metabolism, replication, and exposure to genotoxic agents, such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapy. If left unrepaired, this damage could result in changes or mutations within the cell genomic material. There are a number of different pathways that the cell can utilize to repair these DNA breaks. However, it is of utmost interest to know how the DNA damage is signaled to the various DNA pathways. As DNA damage occurs within the chromatin, we postulate that modifications of histones are important for signaling the position of DNA damage, recruiting the DNA repair proteins to the site of damage, and creating an open structure such that the repair proteins can access the site of damage. We discuss the modifications that occur on the histones and the manner in which they relate to the type of damage that has occurred as well as the DNA repair pathways that are activated.
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Dieckman LM, Freudenthal BD, Washington MT. PCNA structure and function: insights from structures of PCNA complexes and post-translationally modified PCNA. Subcell Biochem 2012; 62:281-99. [PMID: 22918591 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4572-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the eukaryotic DNA sliding clamp, forms a ring-shaped homo-trimer that encircles double-stranded DNA. This protein is best known for its ability to confer high processivity to replicative DNA polymerases. However, it does far more than this, because it forms a mobile platform on the DNA that recruits many of the proteins involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination to replication forks. X-ray crystal structures of PCNA bound to PCNA-binding proteins have provided insights into how PCNA recognizes its binding partners and recruits them to replication forks. More recently, X-ray crystal structures of ubiquitin-modified and SUMO-modified PCNA have provided insights into how these post-translational modifications alter the specificity of PCNA for some of its binding partners. This article focuses on the insights gained from structural studies of PCNA complexes and post-translationally modified PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Dieckman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109, USA
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44
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Swartzlander DB, Bauer NC, Corbett AH, Doetsch PW. Regulation of base excision repair in eukaryotes by dynamic localization strategies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 110:93-121. [PMID: 22749144 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387665-2.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses base excision repair (BER) and the known mechanisms defined thus far regulating BER in eukaryotes. Unlike the situation with nucleotide excision repair and double-strand break repair, little is known about how BER is regulated to allow for efficient and accurate repair of many types of DNA base damage in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Regulation of BER has been proposed to occur at multiple, different levels including transcription, posttranslational modification, protein-protein interactions, and protein localization; however, none of these regulatory mechanisms characterized thus far affect a large spectrum of BER proteins. This chapter discusses a recently discovered mode of BER regulation defined in budding yeast cells that involves mobilization of DNA repair proteins to DNA-containing organelles in response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Swartzlander
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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45
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Rust HL, Thompson PR. Kinase consensus sequences: a breeding ground for crosstalk. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:881-92. [PMID: 21721511 DOI: 10.1021/cb200171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The best characterized examples of crosstalk between two or more different post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur with respect to histones. These examples demonstrate the critical roles that crosstalk plays in regulating cell signaling pathways. Recently, however, non-histone crosstalk has been observed between serine/threonine phosphorylation and the modification of arginine and lysine residues within kinase consensus sequences. Interestingly, many kinase consensus sequences contain critical arginine/lysine residues surrounding the substrate serine/threonine residue. Therefore, we hypothesize that non-histone crosstalk between serine/threonine phosphorylation and arginine/lysine modifications is a global mechanism for the modulation of cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss several recent examples of non-histone kinase consensus sequence crosstalk, as well as provide the biophysical basis for these observations. In addition, we predict likely examples of crosstalk between protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and Akt and discuss the future implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Rust
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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46
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López de Saro FJ. Regulation of interactions with sliding clamps during DNA replication and repair. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:206-15. [PMID: 19881914 PMCID: PMC2705854 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788185234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular machines that replicate the genome consist of many interacting components. Essential to the organization of the replication machinery are ring-shaped proteins, like PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) or the β- clamp, collectively named sliding clamps. They encircle the DNA molecule and slide on it freely and bidirectionally. Sliding clamps are typically associated to DNA polymerases and provide these enzymes with the processivity required to synthesize large chromosomes. Additionally, they interact with a large array of proteins that perform enzymatic reactions on DNA, targeting and orchestrating their functions. In recent years there have been a large number of studies that have analyzed the structural details of how sliding clamps interact with their ligands. However, much remains to be learned in relation to how these interactions are regulated to occur coordinately and sequentially. Since sliding clamps participate in reactions in which many different enzymes bind and then release from the clamp in an orchestrated way, it is critical to analyze how these changes in affinity take place. In this review I focus the attention on the mechanisms by which various types of enzymes interact with sliding clamps and what is known about the regulation of this binding. Especially I describe emerging paradigms on how enzymes switch places on sliding clamps during DNA replication and repair of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J López de Saro
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Abstract
Completion of lagging strand DNA synthesis requires processing of up to 50 million Okazaki fragments per cell cycle in mammalian cells. Even in yeast, the Okazaki fragment maturation happens approximately a million times during a single round of DNA replication. Therefore, efficient processing of Okazaki fragments is vital for DNA replication and cell proliferation. During this process, primase-synthesized RNA/DNA primers are removed, and Okazaki fragments are joined into an intact lagging strand DNA. The processing of RNA/DNA primers requires a group of structure-specific nucleases typified by flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). Here, we summarize the distinct roles of these nucleases in different pathways for removal of RNA/DNA primers. Recent findings reveal that Okazaki fragment maturation is highly coordinated. The dynamic interactions of polymerase δ, FEN1 and DNA ligase I with proliferating cell nuclear antigen allow these enzymes to act sequentially during Okazaki fragment maturation. Such protein-protein interactions may be regulated by post-translational modifications. We also discuss studies using mutant mouse models that suggest two distinct cancer etiological mechanisms arising from defects in different steps of Okazaki fragment maturation. Mutations that affect the efficiency of RNA primer removal may result in accumulation of unligated nicks and DNA double-strand breaks. These DNA strand breaks can cause varying forms of chromosome aberrations, contributing to development of cancer that associates with aneuploidy and gross chromosomal rearrangement. On the other hand, mutations that impair editing out of polymerase α incorporation errors result in cancer displaying a strong mutator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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48
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Abstract
PCNA (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen) is a ring-shaped protein that encircles duplex DNA and plays an essential role in many DNA metabolic processes. The PCNA protein interacts with a large number of cellular factors and modulates their enzymatic activities. In the present paper, we summarize the structures, functions and interactions of the archaeal PCNA proteins.
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49
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Lee MH, Hollis SE, Yoo BH, Nykamp K. Caenorhabditis elegans DNA-2 helicase/endonuclease plays a vital role in maintaining genome stability, morphogenesis, and life span. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:495-500. [PMID: 21414295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, highly conserved Dna2 helicase/endonuclease proteins are involved in DNA replication, DNA double-strand break repair, telomere regulation, and mitochondrial function. The Dna2 protein assists Fen1 (Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1) protein in the maturation of Okazaki fragments. In yeast, Dna2 is absolutely essential for viability, whereas Fen1 is not. In Caenorhabditis elegans, however, CRN-1 (a Fen1 homolog) is essential, but Dna2 is not. Here we explored the biological function of C. elegans Dna2 (Cedna-2) in multiple developmental processes. We find that Cedna-2 contributes to embryonic viability, the morphogenesis of both late-stage embryos and male sensory rays, and normal life span. Our results support a model whereby CeDNA-2 minimizes genetic defects and maintains genome integrity during cell division and DNA replication. These finding may provide insight into the role of Dna2 in other multi-cellular organisms, including humans, and could have important implications for development and treatment of human conditions linked to the accumulation of genetic defects, such as cancer or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myon-Hee Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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50
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Roukos V, Kinkhabwala A, Colombelli J, Kotsantis P, Taraviras S, Nishitani H, Stelzer E, Bastiaens P, Lygerou Z. Dynamic recruitment of licensing factor Cdt1 to sites of DNA damage. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:422-34. [PMID: 21224399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.074229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For genomic integrity to be maintained, the cell cycle and DNA damage responses must be linked. Cdt1, a G1-specific cell-cycle factor, is targeted for proteolysis by the Cul4-Ddb1(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase following DNA damage. Using a laser nanosurgery microscope to generate spatially restricted DNA damage within the living cell nucleus, we show that Cdt1 is recruited onto damaged sites in G1 phase cells, within seconds of DNA damage induction. PCNA, Cdt2, Cul4, DDB1 and p21(Cip1) also accumulate rapidly to damaged sites. Cdt1 recruitment is PCNA-dependent, whereas PCNA and Cdt2 recruitment are independent of Cdt1. Fitting of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching profiles to an analytic reaction-diffusion model shows that Cdt1 and p21(Cip1) exhibit highly dynamic binding at the site of damage, whereas PCNA appears immobile. Cdt2 exhibits both a rapidly exchanging and an apparently immobile subpopulation. Our data suggest that PCNA provides an immobile binding interface for dynamic Cdt1 interactions at the site of damage, which leads to rapid Cdt1 recruitment to damaged DNA, preceding Cdt1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Roukos
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece
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