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Pereira F, Fernández-Barral A, Larriba MJ, Barbáchano A, González-Sancho JM. From molecular basis to clinical insights: a challenging future for the vitamin D endocrine system in colorectal cancer. FEBS J 2024; 291:2485-2518. [PMID: 37699548 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most life-threatening neoplasias in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of CRC. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the most active vitamin D metabolite, is a pleiotropic hormone that, through its binding to a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a major regulator of the human genome. 1,25(OH)2D3 acts on colon carcinoma and stromal cells and displays tumor protective actions. Here, we review the variety of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CRC, which affect multiple processes that are dysregulated during tumor initiation and progression. Additionally, we discuss the epidemiological data that associate vitamin D deficiency and CRC, and the most relevant randomized controlled trials of vitamin D3 supplementation conducted in both healthy individuals and CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Spain
| | - Asunción Fernández-Barral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Spain
| | - Antonio Barbáchano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Spain
| | - José Manuel González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Tourkochristou E, Tsounis EP, Tzoupis H, Aggeletopoulou I, Tsintoni A, Lourida T, Diamantopoulou G, Zisimopoulos K, Kafentzi T, de Lastic AL, Rodi M, Tselios T, Thomopoulos K, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. The Influence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Vitamin D Receptor Protein Levels and Function in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11404. [PMID: 37511164 PMCID: PMC10380285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with chronic liver disease. We investigated the role of VDR SNPs on VDR protein levels and function in patients with chronic liver disease. VDR expression levels were determined in peripheral T lymphocytes (CD3+VDR+), monocytes (CD14+VDR+), and plasma from patients (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 38). Genotyping of SNPs and the determination of expression of VDR/vitamin D-related genes were performed by using qPCR. The effect of FokI SNP on vitamin D-binding to VDR was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. CD14+VDR+ cells were correlated with the MELD score. The ApaI SNP was associated with decreased CD3+VDR+ levels in cirrhotic patients and with higher liver stiffness in HCV patients. The BsmI and TaqI SNPs were associated with increased VDR plasma concentrations in cirrhotic patients and decreased CD14+VDR+ levels in HCV patients. The FokI SNP was associated with increased CD3+VDR+ levels in cirrhotic patients and controls. VDR polymorphisms were significantly related to the expression of genes critical for normal hepatocyte function and immune homeostasis. VDR expression levels were related to the clinical severity of liver disease. VDR SNPs may be related to the progression of chronic liver disease by affecting VDR expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Tsintoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theoni Lourida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Diamantopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zisimopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodora Kafentzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Erzurumlu Y, Aydogdu E, Dogan HK, Catakli D, Muhammed MT, Buyuksandic B. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 induced vitamin D receptor signaling negatively regulates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and androgen receptor signaling in human prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal 2023; 103:110577. [PMID: 36567009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone signaling is critical in the tumor progression and the regulation of physiological mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and unfolded protein response (UPR) in prostate cancer. 1,25(OH)2 D3 is an active metabolite of vitamin D classified as a steroid hormone. It exhibits anti-tumor effects, including angiogenesis and suppression of cell cycle progression. Moreover, progressively reducing expression levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) are observed in many cancer types, including the prostate. In the present study, we investigated the molecular action of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on ERAD, UPR and androgenic signaling. We found that 1,25(OH)2 D3 negatively regulated the expression level of ERAD components and divergently controlled the inositol-requiring enzyme 1⍺ (IRE1⍺) and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) branches of UPR in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Also, similar results were obtained with another human prostate cancer cell line, 22Rv1. More strikingly, we found that androgenic signaling is negatively regulated by VDR signaling. Also, molecular docking supported the inhibitory effect of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on AR signaling. Moreover, we found VDR signaling suppressed tumor progression by decreasing c-Myc expression and reducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment significantly inhibited the 3D-tumor formation of LNCaP cells. Our results suggest that further molecular characterization of the action of VDR signaling in other cancer types such as estrogenic signal in breast cancer will provide important contributions to a better understanding of the roles of steroid hormone receptors in carcinogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Esra Aydogdu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute of Health Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kubra Dogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Deniz Catakli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Buket Buyuksandic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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Potential Therapeutic Agents That Target ATP Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) Gene Expression. Drugs 2022; 82:1055-1075. [PMID: 35861923 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol efflux protein ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA) and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) are key constituents in the process of reverse-cholesterol transport (RCT), whereby excess cholesterol in the periphery is transported to the liver where it can be converted primarily to bile acids for either use in digestion or excreted. Due to their essential roles in RCT, numerous studies have been conducted in cells, mice, and humans to more thoroughly understand the pathways that regulate their expression and activity with the goal of developing therapeutics that enhance RCT to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Many of the drugs and natural compounds examined target several transcription factors critical for ABCA1 expression in both macrophages and the liver. Likewise, several miRNAs target not only ABCA1 but also the same transcription factors that are critical for its high expression. However, after years of research and many preclinical and clinical trials, only a few leads have proven beneficial in this regard. In this review we discuss the various transcription factors that serve as drug targets for ABCA1 and provide an update on some important leads.
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Zheng M, Gao R. Vitamin D: A Potential Star for Treating Chronic Pancreatitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902639. [PMID: 35734414 PMCID: PMC9207250 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a chronic inflammatory and fibrotic disease of the pancreas. The incidence of CP is increasing worldwide but the effective therapies are lacking. Hence, it is necessary to identify economical and effective agents for the treatment of CP patients. Vitamin D (VD) and its analogues have been confirmed as pleiotropic regulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and autophagy. Clinical studies show that VD deficiency is prevalent in CP patients. However, the correlation between VD level and the risk of CP remains controversial. VD and its analogues have been demonstrated to inhibit pancreatic fibrosis by suppressing the activation of pancreatic stellate cells and the production of extracellular matrix. Limited clinical trials have shown that the supplement of VD can improve VD deficiency in patients with CP, suggesting a potential therapeutic value of VD in CP. However, the mechanisms by which VD and its analogues inhibit pancreatic fibrosis have not been fully elucidated. We are reviewing the current literature concerning the risk factors for developing CP, prevalence of VD deficiency in CP, mechanisms of VD action in PSC-mediated fibrogenesis during the development of CP and potential therapeutic applications of VD and its analogues in the treatment of CP.
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Muñoz A, Grant WB. Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms. Nutrients 2022; 14:1448. [PMID: 35406059 PMCID: PMC9003337 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a narrative review of the evidence supporting vitamin D's anticancer actions. The first section reviews the findings from ecological studies of cancer with respect to indices of solar radiation, which found a reduced risk of incidence and mortality for approximately 23 types of cancer. Meta-analyses of observational studies reported the inverse correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with the incidence of 12 types of cancer. Case-control studies with a 25(OH)D concentration measured near the time of cancer diagnosis are stronger than nested case-control and cohort studies as long follow-up times reduce the correlations due to changes in 25(OH)D with time. There is no evidence that undiagnosed cancer reduces 25(OH)D concentrations unless the cancer is at a very advanced stage. Meta-analyses of cancer incidence with respect to dietary intake have had limited success due to the low amount of vitamin D in most diets. An analysis of 25(OH)D-cancer incidence rates suggests that achieving 80 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL would reduce cancer incidence rates by 70 ± 10%. Clinical trials have provided limited support for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis due to poor design and execution. In recent decades, many experimental studies in cultured cells and animal models have described a wide range of anticancer effects of vitamin D compounds. This paper will review studies showing the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, and invasion together with the sensitization to proapoptotic agents. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)2D3 and other vitamin D receptor agonists modulate the biology of several types of stromal cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells in a way that interferes the apparition of metastases. In sum, the available mechanistic data support the global protective action of vitamin D against several important types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERONC and IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
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Policing Cancer: Vitamin D Arrests the Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239296. [PMID: 33291213 PMCID: PMC7731034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone crucial for bone mineral metabolism. In addition, vitamin D has pleiotropic actions in the body, including anti-cancer actions. These anti-cancer properties observed within in vitro studies frequently report the reduction of cell proliferation by interruption of the cell cycle by the direct alteration of cell cycle regulators which induce cell cycle arrest. The most recurrent reported mode of cell cycle arrest by vitamin D is at the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. This arrest is mediated by p21 and p27 upregulation, which results in suppression of cyclin D and E activity which leads to G1/G0 arrest. In addition, vitamin D treatments within in vitro cell lines have observed a reduced C-MYC expression and increased retinoblastoma protein levels that also result in G1/G0 arrest. In contrast, G2/M arrest is reported rarely within in vitro studies, and the mechanisms of this arrest are poorly described. Although the relationship of epigenetics on vitamin D metabolism is acknowledged, studies exploring a direct relationship to cell cycle perturbation is limited. In this review, we examine in vitro evidence of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites directly influencing cell cycle regulators and inducing cell cycle arrest in cancer cell lines.
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Vitamin D Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143219. [PMID: 32679655 PMCID: PMC7397283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D and its active metabolites are important nutrients for human skeletal health. UV irradiation of skin converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3, which metabolized in the liver and kidneys into its active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Apart from its classical role in calcium and phosphate regulation, scientists have shown that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in almost all tissues of the body, hence it has numerous biological effects. These includes fetal and adult homeostatic functions in development and differentiation of metabolic, epidermal, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems of the body. Moreover, the expression of vitamin D receptor in the majority of immune cells and the ability of these cells to actively metabolize 25(OH)D3 into its active form 1,25(OH)2D3 reinforces the important role of vitamin D signaling in maintaining a healthy immune system. In addition, several studies have showed that vitamin D has important regulatory roles of mechanisms controlling proliferation, differentiation and growth. The administration of vitamin D analogues or the active metabolite of vitamin D activates apoptotic pathways, has antiproliferative effects and inhibits angiogenesis. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview on the effects of vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) in regulating inflammation, different cell death modalities and cancer. It also aims to investigate the possible therapeutic benefits of vitamin D and its analogues as anticancer agents.
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Negri M, Gentile A, de Angelis C, Montò T, Patalano R, Colao A, Pivonello R, Pivonello C. Vitamin D-Induced Molecular Mechanisms to Potentiate Cancer Therapy and to Reverse Drug-Resistance in Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061798. [PMID: 32560347 PMCID: PMC7353389 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest in studying the role of vitamin D in cancer has been provided by the scientific literature during the last years, although mixed results have been reported. Vitamin D deficiency has been largely associated with various types of solid and non-solid human cancers, and the almost ubiquitous expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) has always led to suppose a crucial role of vitamin D in cancer. However, the association between vitamin D levels and the risk of solid cancers, such as colorectal, prostate and breast cancer, shows several conflicting results that raise questions about the use of vitamin D supplements in cancer patients. Moreover, studies on vitamin D supplementation do not always show improvements in tumor progression and mortality risk, particularly for prostate and breast cancer. Conversely, several molecular studies are in agreement about the role of vitamin D in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, growth and invasiveness, cell cycle arrest and inflammatory signaling, through which vitamin D may also regulate cancer microenvironment through the activation of different molecular pathways. More recently, a role in the regulation of cancer stem cells proliferation and short non-coding microRNA (miRNAs) expression has emerged, conferring to vitamin D a more crucial role in cancer development and progression. Interestingly, it has been shown that vitamin D is able not only to potentiate the effects of traditional cancer therapy but can even contribute to overcome the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance—often triggering tumor-spreading. At this regard, vitamin D can act at various levels through the regulation of growth of cancer stem cells and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as through the modulation of miRNA gene expression. The current review reconsiders epidemiological and molecular literature concerning the role of vitamin D in cancer risk and tumor development and progression, as well as the action of vitamin D supplementation in potentiating the effects of drug therapy and overcoming the mechanisms of resistance often triggered during cancer therapies, by critically addressing strengths and weaknesses of available data from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Annalisa Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Tatiana Montò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Patalano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Repurposing vitamin D for treatment of human malignancies via targeting tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:203-219. [PMID: 30972274 PMCID: PMC6437556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells along with a small proportion of cancer stem cells exist in a stromal microenvironment consisting of vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells and extracellular components. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies strongly support that vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced cancer risk and favorable prognosis. Experimental results suggest that vitamin D not only suppresses cancer cells, but also regulates tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor repression. In this review, we have outlined the current knowledge on epidemiological studies and clinical trials of vitamin D. Notably, we summarized and discussed the anticancer action of vitamin D in cancer cells, cancer stem cells and stroma cells in tumor microenvironment, providing a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in cancer. We presently re-propose vitamin D to be a novel and economical anticancer agent.
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Key Words
- 1,25(OH)2D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
- 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
- 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- Cancer stem cell
- Cancer-associated fibroblast
- DBP/GC, vitamin D-binding protein
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- GI, gastrointestinal
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PC, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- PG, prostaglandin
- PSC, pancreatic stellate cells
- TDEC, tumor derived endothelial cell
- TIC, tumor initiating cell
- TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- Tumor-derived endothelial cell
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- VDRE, VDR element
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vitamin D
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Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) as a drug target for treating rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Oncotarget 2017; 7:31257-69. [PMID: 27144436 PMCID: PMC5058754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 is expressed in tumors from rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) patients and Rh30 and RD RMS cell lines, and we used RNA interference (RNAi) to investigate the role of this receptor in RMS cells. Knockdown of NR4A1 in Rh30 cells decreased cell proliferation, induced Annexin V staining and induced polyADPribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and these results were similar to those observed in other solid tumors. Previous studies show that NR4A1 regulates expression of growth promoting/pro-survival genes with GC-rich promoters, activates mTOR through suppression of p53, and maintains low oxidative stress by regulating expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5). Results of RNAi studies demonstrated that NR4A1 also regulates these pathways and associated genes in RMS cells and thereby exhibits pro-oncogenic activity. 1,1-Bis(3-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methane (C-DIM) analogs containing p-hydroxyl (DIM-C-pPhOH) and p-carboxymethyl (DIM-C-pPhCO2Me) substituents are NR4A1 ligands that decreased NR4A1-dependent transactivation in RMS cells and inhibited RMS cell and tumor growth and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the effects of NR4A1 knockdown and the C-DIM/NR4A1 antagonists were comparable as inhibitors of NR4A1-dependent genes/pathways. Both NR4A1 knockdown and treatment with DIM-C-pPhOH and DIM-C-pPhCO2Me also induced ROS which activated stress genes and induced sestrin 2 which activated AMPK and inhibited mTOR in the mutant p53 RMS cells. Since NR4A1 regulates several growth-promoting/pro-survival pathways in RMS, the C-DIM/NR4A1 antagonists represent a novel mechanism-based approach for treating this disease alone or in combination and thereby reducing the adverse effects of current cytotoxic therapies.
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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Kanaki M, Tiniakou I, Thymiakou E, Kardassis D. Physical and functional interactions between nuclear receptor LXRα and the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2 regulate the response of the human lipoprotein lipase gene to oxysterols in hepatic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:848-860. [PMID: 28576574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL and chylomicrons in the circulation. Mutations in LPL or its activator apolipoprotein C-II cause hypertriglyceridemia in humans and animal models. The levels of LPL in the liver are low but they can be strongly induced by a high cholesterol diet or by synthetic ligands of Liver X Receptors (LXRs). However, the mechanism by which LXRs activate the human LPL gene is unknown. In the present study we show that LXR agonists increased the mRNA and protein levels as well as the promoter activity of human LPL in HepG2 cells. A promoter deletion analysis defined the proximal -109/-28 region, which contains a functional FOXA2 element, as essential for transactivation by ligand-activated LXRα/RXRα heterodimers. Silencing of endogenous FOXA2 in HepG2 cells by siRNAs or by treatment with insulin compromised the induction of the LPL gene by LXR agonists whereas mutations in the FOXA2 site abolished the synergistic transactivation of the LPL promoter by LXRα/RXRα and FOXA2. Physical and functional interactions between LXRα and FOXA2 were established in vitro and ex vivo. In summary, the present study revealed a novel mechanism of human LPL gene induction by oxysterols in the liver with is based on physical and functional interactions between transcription factors LXRα and FOXA2. This mechanism, which may not be restricted to the LPL gene, is critically important for a better understanding of the regulation of cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in the liver under healthy or pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kanaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tiniakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece,.
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Mansell J, Cooke M, Read M, Rudd H, Shiel A, Wilkins K, Manso M. Chitinase 3-like 1 expression by human (MG63) osteoblasts in response to lysophosphatidic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Piszczatowski RT, Lents NH. Regulation of the CCN genes by vitamin D: A possible adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancer and fibrosis. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1604-13. [PMID: 27460560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The CCN family is composed of six cysteine-rich, modular, and conserved proteins whose functions span a variety of tissues and include cell proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Roles for the CCN proteins throughout the entire body including the skin, kidney, brain, blood vessels, hematopoietic compartment and others, are continuously being elucidated. Likewise, an understanding of the regulation of this important gene family is constantly becoming clearer, through identification of transcription factors that directly activate, repress, or respond to upstream cell signaling pathways, as well as other forms of gene expression control. Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol), a vitamin essential for numerous biological processes, acts as a potent gene expression modulator. The regulation of the CCN gene family members by calcitriol has been described in many contexts. Here, we provide a concise and thorough overview of what is known about calcitriol and its regulation of the CCN genes, and argue that its regulation is of physiological importance in a wide breadth of tissues in which CCN genes function. In addition, we highlight the effects of vitamin D on CCN gene expression in the setting of two common pathologic conditions, fibrosis and cancer, and propose that the therapeutic effects of vitamin D3 described in these disease states may in part be attributable to CCN gene modulation. As vitamin D is perfectly safe in a wide range of doses and already showing promise as an adjuvant therapeutic agent, a deeper understanding of its control of CCN gene expression may have profound implications in clinical management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan H Lents
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Gocek E, Studzinski GP. DNA Repair in Despair-Vitamin D Is Not Fair. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1733-44. [PMID: 27122067 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D as a treatment option for neoplastic diseases, once considered to have a bright future, remains controversial. The preclinical studies discussed herein show compelling evidence that Vitamin D Derivatives (VDDs) can convert some cancer and leukemia cells to a benign phenotype, by differentiation/maturation, cell cycle arrest, or induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, there is considerable, though still evolving, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes. However, the attempts to clearly document that the treatment outcomes of human neoplastic diseases can be positively influenced by VDDs have been, so far, disappointing. The clinical trials to date of VDDs, alone or combined with other agents, have not shown consistent results. It is our contention, shared by others, that there were limitations in the design or execution of these trials which have not yet been fully addressed. Based on the connection between upregulation of JNK by VDDs and DNA repair, we propose a new avenue of attack on cancer cells by increasing the toxicity of the current, only partially effective, cancer chemotherapeutic drugs by combining them with VDDs. This can impair DNA repair and thus kill the malignant cells, warranting a comprehensive study of this novel concept. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1733-1744, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gocek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Proteins Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A Street, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, 07103, New Jersey, USA
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Long MD, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Campbell MJ. Vitamin D receptor and RXR in the post-genomic era. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:758-66. [PMID: 25335912 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following the elucidation of the human genome and components of the epigenome, it is timely to revisit what is known of vitamin D receptor (VDR) function. Early transcriptomic studies using microarray approaches focused on the protein coding mRNA that were regulated by the VDR, usually following treatment with ligand. These studies quickly established the approximate size and surprising diversity of the VDR transcriptome, revealing it to be highly heterogenous and cell type and time dependent. Investigators also considered VDR regulation of non-protein coding RNA and again, cell and time dependency was observed. Attempts to integrate mRNA and miRNA regulation patterns are beginning to reveal patterns of co-regulation and interaction that allow for greater control of mRNA expression, and the capacity to govern more complex cellular events. Alternative splicing in the trasncriptome has emerged as a critical process in transcriptional control and there is evidence of the VDR interacting with components of the splicesome. ChIP-Seq approaches have proved to be pivotal to reveal the diversity of the VDR binding choices across cell types and following treatment, and have revealed that the majority of these are non-canonical in nature. The underlying causes driving the diversity of VDR binding choices remain enigmatic. Finally, genetic variation has emerged as important to impact the transcription factor affinity towards genomic binding sites, and recently the impact of this on VDR function has begun to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Milczarek M, Filip-Psurska B, Swiętnicki W, Kutner A, Wietrzyk J. Vitamin D analogs combined with 5-fluorouracil in human HT-29 colon cancer treatment. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:491-504. [PMID: 24919507 PMCID: PMC4091879 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of two synthetic analogs of vitamin D, namely PRI-2191 [(24R)-1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3] and PRI-2205 (5,6-trans calcipotriol), in combined human colon HT-29 cancer treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Mice bearing HT-29 tumors transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically were injected with vitamin D analogs and 5-FU in various schedules. A statistically significant inhibition of subcutaneous or orthotopic tumor growth was observed as a result of combined therapy. In HT-29 tumors and in cells from in vitro culture, we observed increased vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression after treatment with either PRI-2205 or 5-FU alone, or in combination. Moreover, PRI-2205 decreased the percentage of cells from intestinal tumors in G2/M and S stages and increased sub-G1. Increased VDR expression was also observed after combined treatment of mice with 5-FU and PRI-2191. Moreover, our docking studies showed that PRI-2205 has stronger affinity for VDR, DBP and CAR/RXR ligand binding domains than PRI-2191. PRI-2191 analog, used with 5-FU, increased the percentage of subcutaneous tumor cells in G0/G1 and decreased the percentage in G2/M, S and sub-G1 populations as compared to 5-FU alone. In in vitro studies, we observed increased expression of p21 and p-ERK1/2 diminution via use of both analogs as compared to use of 5-FU alone. Simultaneously, PRI-2191 antagonizes some pro-apoptotic activities of 5-FU in vitro. However, in spite of these disadvantageous effects in terms of apoptosis, the therapeutic effect expressed as tumor growth retardation by PRI-2191 is significant. Our results suggest that the mechanism of potentiation of 5-FU antitumor action by both analogs is realized via increased p21 expression and decreased p-ERK1/2 level which may lead to diminution of thymidylate synthase expression. Higher binding affinity for VDR, DBP, but also for CAR\RXR ligand binding domain of PRI-2205 may, in part, explain its very low toxicity with sustained anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Milczarek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Filip-Psurska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Kutner
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Campbell MJ. Vitamin D and the RNA transcriptome: more than mRNA regulation. Front Physiol 2014; 5:181. [PMID: 24860511 PMCID: PMC4030167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The GRCh37.p13 primary assembly of the human genome contains 20805 protein coding mRNA, and 37147 non-protein coding genes and pseudogenes that as a result of RNA processing and editing generate 196501 gene transcripts. Given the size and diversity of the human transcriptome, it is timely to revisit what is known of VDR function in the regulation and targeting of transcription. Early transcriptomic studies using microarray approaches focused on the protein coding mRNA that were regulated by the VDR, usually following treatment with ligand. These studies quickly established the approximate size, and surprising diversity of the VDR transcriptome, revealing it to be highly heterogenous and cell type and time dependent. With the discovery of microRNA, investigators also considered VDR regulation of these non-protein coding RNA. Again, cell and time dependency has emerged. Attempts to integrate mRNA and miRNA regulation patterns are beginning to reveal patterns of co-regulation and interaction that allow for greater control of mRNA expression, and the capacity to govern more complex cellular events. As the awareness of the diversity of non-coding RNA increases, it is increasingly likely it will be revealed that VDR actions are mediated through these molecules also. Key knowledge gaps remain over the VDR transcriptome. The causes for the cell and type dependent transcriptional heterogenetiy remain enigmatic. ChIP-Seq approaches have confirmed that VDR binding choices differ very significantly by cell type, but as yet the underlying causes distilling VDR binding choices are unclear. Similarly, it is clear that many of the VDR binding sites are non-canonical in nature but again the mechanisms underlying these interactions are unclear. Finally, although alternative splicing is clearly a very significant process in cellular transcriptional control, the lack of RNA-Seq data centered on VDR function are currently limiting the global assessment of the VDR transcriptome. VDR focused research that complements publically available data (e.g., ENCODE Birney et al., 2007; Birney, 2012), TCGA (Strausberg et al., 2002), GTEx (Consortium, 2013) will enable these questions to be addressed through large-scale data integration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, NY, USA
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Larriba MJ, González-Sancho JM, Bonilla F, Muñoz A. Interaction of vitamin D with membrane-based signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2014; 5:60. [PMID: 24600406 PMCID: PMC3927071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies in different biological systems have revealed that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) modulates signaling pathways triggered at the plasma membrane by agents such as Wnt, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and others. In addition, 1α,25(OH)2D3 may affect gene expression by paracrine mechanisms that involve the regulation of cytokine or growth factor secretion by neighboring cells. Moreover, post-transcriptional and post-translational effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 add to or overlap with its classical modulation of gene transcription rate. Together, these findings show that vitamin D receptor (VDR) cannot be considered only as a nuclear-acting, ligand-modulated transcription factor that binds to and controls the transcription of target genes. Instead, available data support the view that much of the complex biological activity of 1α,25(OH)2D3 resides in its capacity to interact with membrane-based signaling pathways and to modulate the expression and secretion of paracrine factors. Therefore, we propose that future research in the vitamin D field should focus on the interplay between 1α,25(OH)2D3 and agents that act at the plasma membrane, and on the analysis of intercellular communication. Global analyses such as RNA-Seq, transcriptomic arrays, and genome-wide ChIP are expected to dissect the interactions at the gene and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bonilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Handel AE, Sandve GK, Disanto G, Berlanga-Taylor AJ, Gallone G, Hanwell H, Drabløs F, Giovannoni G, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV. Vitamin D receptor ChIP-seq in primary CD4+ cells: relationship to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and autoimmune disease. BMC Med 2013; 11:163. [PMID: 23849224 PMCID: PMC3710212 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency has been implicated in autoimmunity. ChIP-seq experiments using immune cell lines have shown that vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites are enriched near regions of the genome associated with autoimmune diseases. We aimed to investigate VDR binding in primary CD4+ cells from healthy volunteers. METHODS We extracted CD4+ cells from nine healthy volunteers. Each sample underwent VDR ChIP-seq. Our results were analyzed in relation to published ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data in the Genomic HyperBrowser. We used MEMEChIP for de novo motif discovery. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and samples were divided into vitamin D sufficient (25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L) and insufficient/deficient (25(OH)D <75 nmol/L) groups. RESULTS We found that the amount of VDR binding is correlated with the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r = 0.92, P= 0.0005). In vivo VDR binding sites are enriched for autoimmune disease associated loci, especially when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25(OH)D) were sufficient (25(OH)D ≥75: 3.13-fold, P<0.0001; 25(OH)D <75: 2.76-fold, P<0.0001; 25(OH)D ≥75 enrichment versus 25(OH)D <75 enrichment: P= 0.0002). VDR binding was also enriched near genes associated specifically with T-regulatory and T-helper cells in the 25(OH)D ≥75 group. MEME ChIP did not identify any VDR-like motifs underlying our VDR ChIP-seq peaks. CONCLUSION Our results show a direct correlation between in vivo 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the number of VDR binding sites, although our sample size is relatively small. Our study further implicates VDR binding as important in gene-environment interactions underlying the development of autoimmunity and provides a biological rationale for 25-hydroxyvitamin D sufficiency being based at 75 nmol/L. Our results also suggest that VDR binding in response to physiological levels of vitamin D occurs predominantly in a VDR motif-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Handel
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Keith ME, LaPorta E, Welsh J. Stable expression of human VDR in murine VDR-null cells recapitulates vitamin D mediated anti-cancer signaling. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:286-99. [PMID: 23681781 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumor cells derived from vitamin D receptor (VDR) knock-out (KO) mice were engineered to stably express wild-type (WT) or mutated VDR for characterization of the mechanisms by which 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), the VDR ligand, mediates growth regulation. Although KO cells were completely resistant to 1,25D, introduction of WT human VDR restored gene expression and growth inhibition in response to 1,25D and a variety of structural analogs. Pdgfb, Vegfa, and Nfkbi were identified as genomic targets of both human and murine VDR signaling in this cell model. KO cells expressing hVDRs containing point mutations (W286R, R274L) that reduce or abolish ligand binding did not exhibit changes in gene expression or growth in response to physiological doses of 1,25D but did respond to higher doses and more potent analogs. KO cells expressing hVDR with the G46D point mutation, which abrogates VDR binding to DR3 response elements, exhibited partial growth inhibition in response to 1,25D and synthetic vitamin D analogs, providing proof of principle that VDR signaling through alternative genomic or non-genomic mechanisms contributes to vitamin D mediated growth effects in transformed cells. We conclude that the 1,25D-VDR signaling axis that triggers anti-cancer effects is highly conserved between the murine and human systems despite differences in VDR protein, cofactors, and target genes and that these actions are not solely mediated via canonical VDRE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan E Keith
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
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Potter JJ, Liu X, Koteish A, Mezey E. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor repress human α1 (I) collagen expression and type I collagen formation. Liver Int 2013; 33:677-86. [PMID: 23413886 PMCID: PMC3707129 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is common in chronic liver disease particularly in those with severe liver fibrosis. AIMS To determine the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2 D3 ) on the human α(1) (I) collagen promoter and collagen formation by human stellate LX-2 cells and the mechanism of the effect of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the promoter. METHODS Type I collagen was assessed by measurements of collagen mRNA and collagen protein and by transfection experiments. Binding of VDR to the α(1) (I) collagen promoter was determined by EMSA and ChIP assays. RESULTS 1,25-(OH)2 D3 decreased human α(1) (I) collagen mRNA and protein and the secretion of type I collagen by stellate cells after exposure to TGFβ1. Furthermore, 1,25-(OH)2 D3 inhibited TGFβ1-induced activation of the α(1) (I) collagen promoter in transfected LX-2 cells. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 is mediated by the VDR, which binds at a proximal Sp1 site and also at a newly identified distal site on the collagen promoter. A VDR expression vector reduced the activities of the collagen promoter in transfected LX-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS 1,25-(OH)2 D3 inhibits type I collagen formation in human stellate cells. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 is mediated by its receptor which binds at a proximal Sp1.1 site and at a newly identified distal site on the collagen promoter. Correction of vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic liver disease is a potential therapy to inhibit progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Potter
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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S-Adenosylhomocysteine enhances DNA damage through increased β-amyloid formation and inhibition of the DNA-repair enzyme OGG1b in microglial BV-2 cells. Toxicology 2011; 290:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang YT, Yang WB, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Interplay of Posttranslational Modifications in Sp1 Mediates Sp1 Stability during Cell Cycle Progression. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Role of vitamin d in the prevention of pancreatic cancer. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2010:721365. [PMID: 21274445 PMCID: PMC3025373 DOI: 10.1155/2010/721365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy of poor prognosis which is mostly diagnosed at advanced stages. Current treatment modalities are very limited creating great interest for novel preventive and therapeutic options. Vitamin D seems to have a protective effect against pancreatic cancer by participating in numerous proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, prodifferentiating, and immunomodulating mechanisms. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] serum concentrations are currently the best indicator of vitamin D status. There are three main sources of vitamin D: sun exposure, diet,and dietary supplements. Sun exposure has been associated with lower incidence of pancreatic cancer in ecological studies. Increased vitamin D levels seem to protect against pancreatic cancer, but caution is needed as excessive dietary intake may have opposite results. Future studies will verify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and therapy of pancreatic cancer and will lead to guidelines on adequate sun exposure and vitamin D dietary intake.
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Vitamin D-dependent suppression of endothelin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through inhibition of CDK2 activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 118:135-41. [PMID: 19961935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25 (OH)2 D) and its less hypercalcemic analogues have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in culture. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this suppression is not well understood. Here we have shown that 1,25 (OH)2 D and its analogues (RO-25-6760 and RO-23-7553) inhibit endothelin (ET)-dependent DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in neonatal rat aortic VSMC. While ET stimulation of mitogenic activity requires activation of the MEK/ERK signal transduction cascade, 1,25 (OH)2 D neither affected the ET-dependent activation of ERK nor synergized with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 in reducing DNA synthesis in these cultures, implying that the locus of 1,25 (OH)2 D actions lies between ERK and the cell cycle machinery. 1,25 (OH)2 D suppressed ET-induced activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), a key cell cycle kinase, but had no effect on the expression of this protein. Collectively, the data identify Cdk2 as the target of 1,25 (OH)2 D in the cell cycle machinery and imply a potential role for 1,25 (OH)2 D, or its less hypercalcemic analogues, in the treatment of disorders of VSMC proliferation involving the vascular wall.
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Hughes PJ, Marcinkowska E, Gocek E, Studzinski GP, Brown G. Vitamin D3-driven signals for myeloid cell differentiation--implications for differentiation therapy. Leuk Res 2009; 34:553-65. [PMID: 19811822 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primitive myeloid leukemic cell lines can be driven to differentiate to monocyte-like cells by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), and, therefore, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may be useful in differentiation therapy of myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Recent studies have provided important insights into the mechanism of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated differentiation. For myeloid progenitors to complete monocytic differentiation a complex network of intracellular signals has to be activated and/or inactivated in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) achieves this change to the 'signaling landscape' by (i) direct genomic modulation of the level of expression of key regulators of cell signaling and differentiation pathways, and (ii) activation of intracellular signaling pathways. An improved understanding of the mode of action of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is facilitating the development of new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hughes
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
The secosteroid hormone vitamin D3 (VD3) exerts its biological actions through its cognate receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Vitamin D3 and VDR have a key function in bone formation and keratinocyte differentiation, exert antiproliferative actions in human cancer, and is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer. In addition, VD3 promotes differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells by up-regulating genes involved in cell cycle arrest and osteoblastic differentiation. Although considerable work has been carried out in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the VD3-mediated differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells, the upstream regulation of VD3 signaling pathway is still unclear. In this study, we show that p73 acts as an upstream regulator of VD3-mediated osteoblastic differentiation. Transcription factor p73, a p53 homolog, has been shown to have a function in development and recently been termed as a tumor suppressor. Silencing p73 results in a significant reduction of VD3-mediated osteoblastic differentiation; although DNA damage induced p73 leads to an increase in VD3-mediated differentiation of osteosarcoma cells. Together, our data implicate a novel function for p73 in vitamin D-mediated differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the current understanding of the vitamin D-induced differentiation of neoplastic cells, which results in the generation of cells that acquire near-normal, mature phenotype. Examples of the criteria by which differentiation is recognized in each cell type are provided, and only those effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) on cell proliferation and survival that are associated with the differentiation process are emphasized. The existing knowledge, often fragmentary, of the signaling pathways that lead to vitamin D-induced differentiation of colon, breast, prostate, squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and myeloid leukemia cancer cells is outlined. The important distinctions between the different mechanisms of 1,25D-induced differentiation that are cell-type and cell-context specific are pointed out where known. There is a considerable body of evidence that the principal human cancer cells can be suitable candidates for chemoprevention or differentiation therapy with vitamin D. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms in order to improve the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gocek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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31
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Eloranta JJ, Zaïr ZM, Hiller C, Häusler S, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA. Vitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor increase the expression and activity of the human proton-coupled folate transporter. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:1062-71. [PMID: 19666701 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.055392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and are particularly required in rapidly proliferating tissues, such as intestinal epithelium and hemopoietic cells. Availability of dietary folates is determined by their absorption across the intestinal epithelium, mediated by the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) at the apical enterocyte membranes. Whereas transport properties of PCFT are well characterized, regulation of PCFT gene expression remains less elucidated. We have studied the mechanisms that regulate PCFT promoter activity and expression in intestine-derived cells. PCFT mRNA levels are increased in Caco-2 cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (vitamin D(3)) in a dose-dependent fashion, and the duodenal rat Pcft mRNA expression is induced by vitamin D(3) ex vivo. The PCFT promoter region is transactivated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its heterodimeric partner retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha) in the presence of vitamin D(3). In silico analyses predicted a VDR response element (VDRE) in the PCFT promoter region -1694/-1680. DNA binding assays showed direct and specific binding of the VDR:RXRalpha heterodimer to the PCFT(-1694/-1680), and chromatin immunoprecipitations verified that this interaction occurs within living cells. Mutational promoter analyses confirmed that the PCFT(-1694/-1680) motif mediates a transcriptional response to vitamin D(3). In functional support of this regulatory mechanism, treatment with vitamin D(3) significantly increased the uptake of [(3)H]folic acid into Caco-2 cells at pH 5.5. In conclusion, vitamin D(3) and VDR increase intestinal PCFT expression, resulting in enhanced cellular folate uptake. Pharmacological treatment of patients with vitamin D(3) may have the added therapeutic benefit of enhancing the intestinal absorption of folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki J Eloranta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang SA, Chuang JY, Yeh SH, Wang YT, Liu YW, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Heat shock protein 90 is important for Sp1 stability during mitosis. J Mol Biol 2009; 387:1106-19. [PMID: 19245816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 can interact with Sp1 to regulate the transcriptional activity of 12(S)-lipoxygenase. Herein, we further found that the interaction between Hsp90 and Sp1 occurred during mitosis. By geldanamycin (GA) treatment and knockdown of Hsp90, we found that this interaction during mitosis was involved in the maintenance of Sp1 stability, and that the phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1 level also decreased. As the JNK-1 was knocked down by the shRNA of JNK-1, Sp1 was degraded through a ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway. In addition, for mutation of the JNK-1 phosphorylated residues of Sp1, namely, Sp1(T278/739A) and Sp1(T278/739D), the effect of GA on Sp1 stability was reversed. Finally, based on the involvement of Hsp90 in Sp1 stability, the transcriptional activities of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and 12(S)-lipoxygenase under GA treatment were observed to have decreased. Taken together, Hsp90 is important for maintaining Sp1 stability during mitosis by the JNK-1-mediated phosphorylation of Sp1 to enable division into daughter cells and to regulate the expression of related genes in the interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-An Wang
- Institute of Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Abedin SA, Thorne JL, Battaglia S, Maguire O, Hornung LB, Doherty AP, Mills IG, Campbell MJ. Elevated NCOR1 disrupts a network of dietary-sensing nuclear receptors in bladder cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:449-56. [PMID: 19126649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly invasive bladder cancer cells lines displayed insensitivity toward a panel of dietary-derived ligands for members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Insensitivity was defined through altered gene regulatory actions and cell proliferation and reflected both reduced receptor expression and elevated nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) expression. Stable overexpression of NCOR1 in sensitive cells (RT4) resulted in a panel of clones that recapitulated the resistant phenotype in terms of gene regulatory actions and proliferative responses toward ligand. Similarly, silencing RNA approaches to NCOR1 in resistant cells (EJ28) enhanced ligand gene regulatory and proliferation responses, including those mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and vitamin D receptor (VDR) receptors. Elevated NCOR1 levels generate an epigenetic lesion to target in resistant cells using the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, in combination with nuclear receptor ligands. Such treatments revealed strong-additive interactions toward the PPARgamma, VDR and Farnesoid X-activated receptors. Genome-wide microarray and microfluidic quantitative real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approaches, following the targeting of NCOR1 activity and expression, revealed the selective capacity of this corepressor to govern common transcriptional events of underlying networks. Combined these findings suggest that NCOR1 is a selective regulator of nuclear receptors, notably PPARgamma and VDR, and contributes to their loss of sensitivity. Combinations of epigenetic therapies that target NCOR1 may prove effective, even when receptor expression is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asad Abedin
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Over the last 25 years roles have been established for vitamin D receptor (VDR) in influencing cell proliferation and differentiation. For example, murine knock-out approaches have revealed a role for the VDR in controlling mammary gland growth and function. These actions appear widespread, as the enzymes responsible for 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol generation and degradation, and the VDR itself, are all functionally present in a wide range of epithelial and haematopoietic cell types. These findings, combined with epidemiological and functional data, support the concept that local, autocrine and paracrine VDR signalling exerts control over cell-fate decisions in multiple cell types. Furthermore, the recent identification of bile acid lithocholic acid as a VDR ligand underscores the environmental sensing role for the VDR. In vitro and in vivo dissection of VDR signalling in cancers (e.g. breast, prostate and colon) supports a role for targeting the VDR in either chemoprevention or chemotherapy settings. As with other potential therapeutics, it has become clear that cancer cells display de novo and acquired genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of resistance to these actions. Consequently, a range of experimental and clinical options are being developed to bring about more targeted actions, overcome resistance and enhance the efficacy of VDR-centred therapeutics.
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Moeenrezakhanlou A, Shephard L, Lam L, Reiner NE. Myeloid cell differentiation in response to calcitriol for expression CD11b and CD14 is regulated by myeloid zinc finger-1 protein downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:519-28. [PMID: 18495781 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series differentiate in response to calcitriol. This is accompanied by increased expression of both CD11b and CD14 and has been shown to be phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) dependent. The events downstream of PI3K that regulate mononuclear phagocyte gene expression, however, remain to be fully understood. In the present study, we show that incubation of THP-1 cells with calcitriol brings about activation of the myeloid zinc finger-1 (MZF-1) transcription factor dependent upon PI3K. In addition, we show that the proximal promoter regions of both CD11b and CD14 contain functional MZF-1 binding sites that are calcitriol responsive. Site-directed mutagenesis of the putative MZF-1 elements abolished MZF-1 binding to the promoters of both CD11b and CD14. Not only did calcitriol treatment increase MZF-1 DNA binding activity to these sites, but it also up-regulated cellular levels of MZF-1. Silencing of MZF-1 resulted in a markedly blunted response to calcitriol for induction of both CD11b and CD14 mRNA transcript levels. Cell surface expression of CD11b and CD14 was also reduced, but to a lesser extent. Taken together, these results show that MZF-1 is involved downstream of PI3K in a calcitriol-induced signaling pathway leading to myeloid cell differentiation and activation of CD11b and CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moeenrezakhanlou
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), University of British Columbia, Rm. 452D, 2733 Heather St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
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36
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Sumoylation of specificity protein 1 augments its degradation by changing the localization and increasing the specificity protein 1 proteolytic process. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:869-85. [PMID: 18572193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although specificity protein 1 (Sp1) accumulation has been found in various tumor strains, its mechanism is still not very clear. Herein, we found that modification of Sp1 by SUMO-1 facilitates Sp1 degradation. Our findings revealed that, although the amounts of Sp1 and Sp1 mutant (K16R) [Sp1(K16R)] mRNA in cells were equal, the protein level of Sp1(K16R) was higher than that of wild-type Sp1. We also proved that this sumoylation site was not the residue at which ubiquitination occurred. Invitro and in vivo pull-down assays revealed that more sumoylated Sp1 was localized in the cytoplasm, and the interaction between SUMO-1-Sp1 and the proteasome subunit rpt6 in HeLa cells was enhanced. In addition, although Sp1 accumulated in the tumorous cervical tissue, it was not prone to sumoylation. Finally, by overexpression of HA (hemagglutinin)-SUMO-1-Sp1-myc, HA-Sp1-myc, and HA-Sp1(K16R), we found that modification of Sp1 by SUMO-1 was important for Sp1 proteolysis. In conclusion, modification of Sp1 by SUMO-1 altered its localization and then increased its interaction with rpt6. This interaction increased the efficiency of Sp1 proteolytic processing and ubiquitination and then resulted in Sp1 degradation. Therefore, sumoylation of Sp1 is attenuated during tumorigenesis in order to increase Sp1 stability.
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Valrance ME, Brunet AH, Acosta A, Welsh J. Dissociation of growth arrest and CYP24 induction by VDR ligands in mammary tumor cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1505-19. [PMID: 17286279 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Murine mammary tumor cells with differential vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression were used to study the mechanisms of growth inhibition by vitamin D steroids. In VDR-expressing WT145 cells, 1,25D and its synthetic analog EB1089 induce growth arrest and transcriptionally upregulate the well-characterized VDR target gene CYP24. 1,25D also induces apoptosis in WT145 cells through activation of initiator and executioner caspases and the calcium-dependent protease calpain. We also demonstrate that WT145 cells express CYP27B1, the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25D) to 1,25D, and that 25D inhibits growth of these cells but does not trigger apoptosis or induce CYP24 expression. Comparative studies were conducted in KO240 cells, which were derived from VDR knockout mice and found to retain expression of CYP27B1. KO240 cells were not growth inhibited nor rendered apoptotic by any of the tested vitamin D compounds. These data conclusively demonstrate that VDR mediates the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of vitamin D metabolites and analogs, but that the potency of a vitamin D compound to induce the VDR target gene CYP24 does not accurately predict its potency in mediating growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan E Valrance
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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38
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Chu IM, Hengst L, Slingerland JM. The Cdk inhibitor p27 in human cancer: prognostic potential and relevance to anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:253-67. [PMID: 18354415 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 (also known as KIP1) regulates cell proliferation, cell motility and apoptosis. Interestingly, the protein can exert both positive and negative functions on these processes. Diverse post-translational modifications determine the physiological role of p27. Phosphorylation regulates p27 binding to and inhibition of cyclin-Cdk complexes, its localization and its ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In cancers, p27 is inactivated through impaired synthesis, accelerated degradation and by mislocalization. Moreover, studies in several tumour types indicate that p27 expression levels have both prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Chu
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Wierstra I. Sp1: emerging roles--beyond constitutive activation of TATA-less housekeeping genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:1-13. [PMID: 18364237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Chuang JY, Wang YT, Yeh SH, Liu YW, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Phosphorylation by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 regulates the stability of transcription factor Sp1 during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:1139-51. [PMID: 18199680 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Sp1 is ubiquitously expressed in different cells and thereby regulates the expression of genes involved in many cellular processes. This study reveals that Sp1 was phosphorylated during the mitotic stage in three epithelial tumor cell lines and one glioma cell line. By using different kinase inhibitors, we found that during mitosis in HeLa cells, the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 was activated that was then required for the phosphorylation of Sp1. In addition, blockade of the Sp1 phosphorylation via inhibition JNK1 activity in mitosis resulted in the ubiquitination and degradation of Sp1. JNK1 phosphorylated Sp1 at Thr278/739. The Sp1 mutated at Thr278/739 was unstable during mitosis, possessing less transcriptional activity for the 12(S)-lipoxygenase expression and exhibiting a decreased cell growth rate compared with wild-type Sp1 in HeLa cells. In N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors, JNK1 activation provided a potential relevance with the accumulation of Sp1. Together, our results indicate that JNK1 activation is necessary to phosphorylate Sp1 and to shield Sp1 from the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway during mitosis in tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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41
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Chang CK, Hung WC, Chang HC. The Kazal motifs of RECK protein inhibit MMP-9 secretion and activity and reduce metastasis of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2781-9. [PMID: 18194466 PMCID: PMC3828891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RECK is a membrane-anchored glycoprotein which may negatively regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity to suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, recombinant proteins corresponding to the residues 285–368 (named as CKM which contained cysteine knot motif), 605–799 (named as K123 which contained three Kazal motifs), 676–799 (named as K23 which contained the last two Kazal motifs) and full-length RECK were produced and their anti-cancer effects were tested. Full-length RECK and K23 but not K123 and CKM inhibited MMP9 secretion and activity. In addition, RECK and K23 inhibited invasion but not migration of metastatic lung cancer cells in vitro. Protein binding and kinetic study indicated that K23 physically interacted with MMP-9 and inhibited its activity by a non-competitive manner. Moreover, K23 reduced metastatic tumor growth in lungs of nude mice. Taken together, our results suggest that the K23 motifs of RECK protein can inhibit MMP-9 secretion and activity and attenuate metastasis of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Keng Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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42
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Wietrzyk J, Nevozhay D, Milczarek M, Filip B, Kutner A. Toxicity and antitumor activity of the vitamin D analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907 in combined treatment with cyclophosphamide in a mouse mammary cancer model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:787-97. [PMID: 18188568 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active and less toxic vitamin D analogs could be useful for clinical applications. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity and antitumor effect of two new synthetic analogs of vitamin D, namely PRI-1906 [(24E)-24a-Homo-(1S)-1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol] and its side-chain unsaturated homo analog PRI-1907. METHODS The toxicity and calcemic activity, as well as antitumor effect of calcitriol analogs was investigated in vivo. The studies were performed in a mouse mammary 16/C cancer model. Since calcitriol and its analogs inhibited 16/C tumor growth only slightly, we applied them in the combined therapy with cyclophosphamide (CY). Moreover, cell cycle analysis and VDR and p27 expression were investigated. RESULTS The LD50 values after five daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections were 7.8, 10.0 and 2.4 microg/kg per day for calcitriol, PRI-1906 and PRI-1907, respectively. The serum calcium level increased to 40, 23 and 63% over the control for these compounds. We also compare the antitumor activity of the PRI-1906 with the calcitriol and previously studied PRI-2191 (1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3, tacalcitol). Statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth by calcitriol up to the eighth day was observed in all schedules applied. PRI-1906 inhibited the tumor growth at doses 1 and 5 microg/kg per day, and PRI-2191 only at the dose 5 microg/kg per day. CONCLUSION Addition of vitamin D analogs increased the antitumor effect of CY. PRI-1906 exhibited toxicity higher than PRI-2191 but lower than calcitriol and antitumor activity similar to both PRI-2191 and calcitriol. This new analog seems to be a good candidate for the combined treatment of mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 12 R. Weigla St., 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland,
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Thymiakou E, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. Physical and functional interactions between liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor and Sp1 modulate the transcriptional induction of the human ATP binding cassette transporter A1 gene by oxysterols and retinoids. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11473-83. [PMID: 17887732 DOI: 10.1021/bi700994m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipid transporter ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) promotes the efflux of cellular phospholipids and cholesterol to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I and thus initiates the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The expression of the ABCA1 gene is controlled, coordinately with other genes of HDL metabolism, by liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) heterodimers and their ligands oxysterols and retinoids. In the present study, we show that the oxysterol/retinoid-induced transcription of the ABCA1 gene is modulated by the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1 that binds to the proximal ABCA1 promoter, adjacently to the LXR/RXR responsive element. The response of the ABCA1 gene to oxysterols/retinoids as well as the ligand-inducible recruitment of Sp1 and RXRalpha/LXRalpha heterodimers to the ABCA1 promoter was blocked by mithramycin A, a well-known Sp1 inhibitor. Using SL2 cells which lack endogenous Sp1, we showed that activation of the ABCA1 promoter by LXRalpha/RXRalpha heterodimers and their ligands requires Sp1. Functional interactions between these factors were demonstrated using the GAL4 transactivation system. Using both in vitro and in vivo assays, we show that physical interactions between Sp1 and LXRalpha require the N-terminal region of LXRalpha, which includes the AF1 and DNA binding domains and two different domains of Sp1: the transactivation domain B and the DNA binding domain. Overall, the present study revealed a novel mechanism of regulation of the human ABCA1 transporter which involves synergistic interactions between oxysterol/retinoid-inducible hormone nuclear receptors and the transcription factor Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
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Tashiro K, Ishii C, Ryoji M. Role of distal upstream sequence in vitamin D-induced expression of human CYP24 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:259-65. [PMID: 17475215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The level of CYP24 mRNA in cultured human fibroblasts increases up to 20,000-fold in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Two vitamin D-responsive elements (VDREs) located immediately upstream of the CYP24 gene are primarily responsible for the induction. We studied roles of other regions in the 5'-flanking sequence of this gene. A series of deletion constructs between nucleotides -1918 and +209 of the gene were examined for their promoter activities employing the luciferase reporter assay. We found that the VDREs were not sufficient to account for the extent of induction. The sequence between nucleotides -548 and -294, which is located immediately upstream of the VDREs and includes three potential Sp1 sites, acted synergistically with the VDREs for the induction. Further upstream sequence and the 5'-untranslated region did not appear to play a major role in the vitamin D response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Tashiro
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
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45
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Cheng HT, Chen JY, Huang YC, Chang HC, Hung WC. Functional role of VDR in the activation of p27Kip1 by the VDR/Sp1 complex. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1450-6. [PMID: 16518840 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrate that vitamin D3 induces the binding of vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) to Sp1 transcription factor and stimulates p27Kip1 expression via the Sp1 consensus sequences in the promoter. Both VDR and Sp1 are transcriptional activators, it is unclear which protein functions as the transcription component of the VDR/Sp1 complex. To address this issue, we constructed the AF-2 deletion mutant of VDR and tested the effect of vitamin D3 on p27Kip1 expression. In consistent with our previous results, we found that expression of wild-type VDR in SW620 colon cancer cells, which expressed very low level of endogenous VDR, increased vitamin D3-stimulated p27Kip1 promoter activity and protein expression. On the contrary, expression of AF-2 deletion mutant had little effect. DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) showed that both wild-type and deletion mutant of VDR bound to the DNA probe corresponding to the Sp1 binding site in the p27Kip1 promoter in a vitamin D3-dependent manner indicating deletion of AF-2 domain does not affect the interaction between VDR and Sp1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay also confirmed that VDR and its AF-2 deletion mutant bound to p27Kip1 promoter in vivo. We found that deletion of AF-2 domain abolished the interaction of coactivators SRC-1 and DRIP205 with VDR. Taken together, our results suggest that VDR functions as the transactivation component of the VDR/Sp1 complex to trigger gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuen-Tsen Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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46
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the large family of nuclear receptor transcription factors and specifically binds the micronutrient-derived hormone 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. A central endocrine role for this receptor in bone health was established at the beginning of the 20th century. Over the last 25 years, additional roles, perhaps through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, have been established for VDR to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and more recently to exert immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions. These findings, from in vitro and in vivo experiments, have generated considerable interest in targeting the VDR in multiple therapeutic settings. As with many potential therapeutics, it has also become clear that cells and tissues may also display de novo and acquired mechanisms of resistance to these actions. Consequently, a range of experimental and clinical options are being developed to bring about more targeted actions, overcome resistance and enhance efficacy of VDR-centred therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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47
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Gizard F, Robillard R, Gross B, Barbier O, Révillion F, Peyrat JP, Torpier G, Hum DW, Staels B. TReP-132 is a novel progesterone receptor coactivator required for the inhibition of breast cancer cell growth and enhancement of differentiation by progesterone. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7632-44. [PMID: 17015480 PMCID: PMC1636875 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00326-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex steroid progesterone is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of the mammary gland epithelium during pregnancy. In relation to this, in vitro studies using breast carcinoma T47D cells have demonstrated a biphasic progesterone response, consisting of an initial proliferative burst followed by a sustained growth arrest. However, the transcriptional factors acting with the progesterone receptor (PR) to mediate the progesterone effects on mammary cell growth and differentiation remain to be determined. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the transcriptional regulating protein of 132 kDa (TReP-132), initially identified as a regulator of steroidogenesis, is also a cell growth suppressor. Similar to progesterone-bound PR, TReP-132 acts by inducing the gene expression of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1/Cip1 (p21) and p27Kip1 (p27). The putative interaction between TReP-132 and progesterone pathways in mammary cells was therefore analyzed in the present study. Our results show that TReP-132 interacts in vitro and in T47D cells with progesterone-activated PR. TReP-132 synergizes with progesterone-bound PR to trans activate the p21 and p27 gene promoters at proximal Sp1-binding sites. Moreover, TReP-132 overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increased or prevented the induction of p21 and p27 gene expression by progesterone. As a consequence, TReP-132 knockdown also resulted in the loss of the inhibitory effects of progesterone on pRB phosphorylation, G1/S cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, the knockdown of TReP-132 expression also prevented the induction of both early and terminal markers of breast cell differentiation which had been previously identified as progesterone target genes. As well, the progesterone-induced accumulation of lipid vacuoles was inhibited in the TReP-132-depleted cells. Finally, TReP-132 gene expression levels increased following progesterone treatment, indicating the existence of a positive auto-regulatory loop between PR and TReP-132. Taken together, these data identify TReP-132 as a coactivator of PR mediating the growth-inhibitory and differentiation effects of progesterone on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gizard
- INSERM U545, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille, France
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48
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Huang YC, Hung WC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 transcriptionally represses p45Skp2 expression via the Sp1 sites in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:363-9. [PMID: 16883603 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of p27Kip1 protein in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated cancer cells is mediated via enhancement of gene transcription and reduction of protein degradation. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the expression of p45Skp2, the F-box protein which is implicated in p27Kip1 degradation, to reduce turnover of p27Kip1 protein. In this study, we elucidate the underlying mechanism by which 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits p45Skp2 in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses p45Skp2 via transcriptional repression. Promoter activity assays indicate that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly inhibits p45Skp2 promoter activity. Deletion analysis shows that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 response element is localized at -447/-291 bp region from the translational start site of the p45Skp2 promoter. Mutation analysis suggests that two Sp1 sites localized at -386/-380 and -309/-294 bp region are required for transcriptional repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay demonstrates that VDR indirectly binds to these Sp1 sites in vivo and this binding is increased after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Re-CHIP assay suggests that VDR and Sp1 form a complex to bind to the Sp1 sites. DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) shows that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is recruited to the Sp1 sites after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation. Re-CHIP assay verifies that binding of Sp1 and HDAC1 to p45Skp2 promoter is enhanced after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) reverses the inhibition of p45Skp2 promoter activity by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Collectively, our results suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the formation of VDR/Sp1 complex and acts via a Sp1- and HDAC1-depedent pathway to inhibit p45Skp2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China
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49
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Benlhabib H, Herrera JE. Expression of the Op18 gene is maintained by the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y. Gene 2006; 377:177-85. [PMID: 16757134 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Op18 (Oncoprotein 18, Stathmin) is a mitotic regulator that is highly expressed in many cancers. We have characterized four functional CCAAT boxes in the Op18 gene located at positions: -980, -745, -599 and -65, relative to the transcriptional start site. NF-Y is a ubiquitously expressed CCAAT-binding transcription factor that regulates a number of cell cycle controlled genes. We have used promoter-reporter assays and mobility shift assays to functionally examine these CCAAT boxes. All sites contribute to the basal expression of Op18, with the sites at -980 and -599 being repressive and the sites at -745 and -65 being stimulatory. Mobility shift assays indicate that all CCAAT box sites bind factors in nuclear extracts from Hek293. However, only the repressive site at -599 and the stimulatory site at -65 are competent to bind NF-Y, suggesting that NF-Y may play a role in promoting both activation and repression of Op18 expression. The NF-Y site at -65 accounts for greater than 60% of the Op18 gene expression. EMSA competition studies indicate that NF-Y binds with a much higher affinity to the -65 site than to the -599 site, suggesting that in asynchronously growing cells NF-Y functions only to stimulate expression through the -65 binding site. These data suggest that NF-Y is a major transcription factor promoting expression of Op18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Benlhabib
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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50
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Wang CH, Chang HC, Hung WC. p16 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression via suppression of Sp1-mediated gene transcription. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208:246-52. [PMID: 16575904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that p16, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a tumor suppressor, may inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in human cancer cells to suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Our results show that p16 inhibits MMP-2 expression via transcriptional repression. Promoter deletion and mutation analysis indicates that p16 acts through the Sp1 transcription factor-binding site located between -72 and -64 bp region from the transcriptional start site of the human MMP-2 promoter to repress gene expression. DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) and chromatin immuno-precipitation (CHIP) assay demonstrate that Sp1 proteins constitutively bind to this consensus sequence in vitro and in vivo. p16 attenuates Sp1 binding to the MMP-2 promoter to suppress gene transcription and overexpression of Sp1 may counteract p16-induced downregulation of MMP-2. CyclinA/CDK complex may directly phosphorylate Sp1 and enhance its DNA-binding activity. Thus, we investigated the effect of p16 on the interaction between cyclin A and Sp1. Our results indicate that p16 induces downregulation of cyclin A and CDK2, reduces the interaction between cyclin A and Sp1, and attenuates phosphorylation of Sp1. Ectoexpression of cyclin A counteracts p16-mediated inhibition of DNA binding of Sp1 and activates MMP-2 promoter activity and mRNA expression. Collectively, our results suggest that p16 suppresses MMP-2 by blocking Sp1-mediated gene transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Cyclin A/analysis
- Cyclin A/genetics
- Cyclin A/physiology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lung Neoplasms/chemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/physiology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/analysis
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie-Hong Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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