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Battistella ME, Freire NH, Toson B, Dalmolin M, Fernandes MAC, Tassinari ID, Jaeger M, Brunetto AT, Brunetto AL, Gregianin L, de Farias CB, Roesler R. Stemness and Cell Cycle Regulators and Their Modulation by Retinoic Acid in Ewing Sarcoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3990-4003. [PMID: 38785514 PMCID: PMC11119684 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) regulates stemness and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a pediatric tumor that may arise from the abnormal development of ESCs. Here we show that RA impairs the viability of SK-ES-1 ES cells and affects the cell cycle. Cells treated with RA showed increased levels of p21 and its encoding gene, CDKN1A. RA reduced mRNA and protein levels of SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) as well as mRNA levels of beta III Tubulin (TUBB3), whereas the levels of CD99 increased. Exposure to RA reduced the capability of SK-ES-1 to form tumorspheres with high expression of SOX2 and Nestin. Gene expression of CD99 and CDKN1A was reduced in ES tumors compared to non-tumoral tissue, whereas transcript levels of SOX2 were significantly higher in tumors. For NES and TUBB3, differences between tumors and control tissue did not reach statistical significance. Low expression of CD99 and NES, and high expression of SOX2, were significantly associated with a poorer patient prognosis indicated by shorter overall survival (OS). Our results indicate that RA may display rather complex modulatory effects on multiple target genes associated with the maintenance of stem cell's features versus their differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and patient prognosis in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Battistella
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Natália Hogetop Freire
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bruno Toson
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dalmolin
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- InovAI Lab, nPITI/IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. C. Fernandes
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- InovAI Lab, nPITI/IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Isadora D. Tassinari
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Metabolism (NeuroMet), Department of Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Mariane Jaeger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André T. Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Algemir L. Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lauro Gregianin
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre 90620-110, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children’s Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology—INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
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Wu Z, Wu D, Zhong Q, Zou X, Liu Z, Long H, Wei J, Li X, Dai F. The role of zyxin in signal transduction and its relationship with diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1371549. [PMID: 38712343 PMCID: PMC11070705 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1371549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlighted the pivotal role of zyxin, an essential cell focal adhesions protein, in cellular biology and various diseases. Zyxin can orchestrate the restructuring and dynamic alterations of the cellular cytoskeleton, which is involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, motility, and gene transcription. Aberrant zyxin expression is closely correlated with tumor cell activity and cardiac function in both tumorigenesis and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, in fibrotic and inflammatory conditions, zyxin can modulate cellular functions and inflammatory responses. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of zyxin is crucial for deciphering signal transduction networks and disease pathogenesis. Investigating its role in diseases holds promise for novel avenues in early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, targeting zyxin as a therapeutic focal point presents challenges in terms of specificity, safety, drug delivery, and resistance. Nonetheless, in-depth studies on zyxin and the application of precision medicine could offer new possibilities for personalized treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Daiqin Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Zhong
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Zou
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongjing Liu
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hehua Long
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xia Li
- Guizhou Precision Medicine Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangjie Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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O'Neill AF, Nguyen EM, Maldonado ED, Chang MR, Sun J, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Anti-CD99 Antibody Therapy Triggers Macrophage-Dependent Ewing Cell Death In Vitro and Myeloid Cell Recruitment In Vivo. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38534214 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor of the bone or soft tissues characterized by diffuse membranous staining for CD99. As this tumor remains incurable in the metastatic, relapsed, and refractory settings, we explored the downstream immune implications of targeting CD99. METHODS We discovered a human anti-CD99 antibody (NOA2) by phagemid panning and investigated NOA2 immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo focusing on the myeloid cell compartment, given that M2 macrophages are present in human tumors and associated with a poor prognosis. RESULTS NOA2 is capable of inducing immune effector cell-mediated Ewing death in vitro via engagement of macrophages. Mice with metastatic Ewing tumors, treated with NOA2, experience tumor growth arrest and an associated increase in intratumoral macrophages. Further, incubation of macrophages and Ewing cells with NOA2, in conjunction with anti-PILRα antibody blockade in vitro, results in the reactivation of previously dormant macrophages possibly due to interrupted binding of Ewing CD99 to macrophage PILRα. CONCLUSIONS These studies are the first to demonstrate the role of human immune effector cells in anti-CD99-mediated Ewing tumor death. We propose that the engagement of CD99 by NOA2 results in the recruitment of intratumoral macrophages. In addition, interruption of the CD99:PILRα checkpoint axis may be a relevant therapeutic approach to activate tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison F O'Neill
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evelyn M Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evelyn D Maldonado
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew R Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Manara MC, Manferdini C, Cristalli C, Carrabotta M, Santi S, De Feo A, Caldoni G, Pasello M, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Salamanna F, Dominici S, Fiori V, Magnani M, Lisignoli G, Scotlandi K. Engagement of CD99 Activates Distinct Programs in Ewing Sarcoma and Macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:247-260. [PMID: 38051221 PMCID: PMC10835215 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common pediatric bone tumor. The EWS tumor microenvironment is largely recognized as immune-cold, with macrophages being the most abundant immune cells and their presence associated with worse patient prognosis. Expression of CD99 is a hallmark of EWS cells, and its targeting induces inhibition of EWS tumor growth through a poorly understood mechanism. In this study, we analyzed CD99 expression and functions on macrophages and investigated whether the concomitant targeting of CD99 on both tumor and macrophages could explain the inhibitory effect of this approach against EWS. Targeting CD99 on EWS cells downregulated expression of the "don't eat-me" CD47 molecule but increased levels of the "eat-me" phosphatidyl serine and calreticulin molecules on the outer leaflet of the tumor cell membrane, triggering phagocytosis and digestion of EWS cells by macrophages. In addition, CD99 ligation induced reprogramming of undifferentiated M0 macrophages and M2-like macrophages toward the inflammatory M1-like phenotype. These events resulted in the inhibition of EWS tumor growth. Thus, this study reveals what we believe to be a previously unrecognized function of CD99, which engenders a virtuous circle that delivers intrinsic cell death signals to EWS cells, favors tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages, and promotes the expression of various molecules and cytokines, which are pro-inflammatory and usually associated with tumor regression. This raises the possibility that CD99 may be involved in boosting the antitumor activity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Manferdini
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Cristalli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Carrabotta
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Caldoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Pasello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Capitanio JF, Mortini P. Other Less Prevalent Tumors of the Central Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1405:607-643. [PMID: 37452956 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The presented tumors in this chapter are somewhat very rare, and their management is still debated due to the scarcity of information about their cell of origin, behavior, and biology. Treatment options are still limited, but we are confident that in the near future by discovering the genetic and biological mechanisms that drive tumor growth we will be able to offer new target therapies that should be flanked by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapeutic agents actually in use. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the most important known characteristics of these tumors offering the chance to recognize the disease and then offer the best opportunity for treatment to patients. The 5th WHO Classification Central Nervous System features substantial changes by moving further to advance the role of molecular diagnostics in CNS tumor classification, but remaining rooted in other established approaches to tumor characterization, including histology and immunohistochemistry, and probably, the category of many tumors will change. Here, the most important characteristics of each neoplasm are summarized focusing on genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways, their histopathologic footprints, signs and symptoms, radiologic features, therapeutic approaches, and prognosis as well as follow-up protocols. Schematic classifications are also presented to offer a better understanding of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Filippo Capitanio
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Fayzullina D, Tsibulnikov S, Stempen M, Schroeder BA, Kumar N, Kharwar RK, Acharya A, Timashev P, Ulasov I. Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081988. [PMID: 35454895 PMCID: PMC9032664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ewing sarcoma is an uncommon cancer that arises in mesenchymal tissues and represents the second most widespread malignant bone neoplasm after osteosarcoma in children. Therapy has increased the 5-year survival rate in the last 40 years, although the recurrence rate has remained high. There is an immediate and unmet need for the development of novel Ewing sarcoma therapies. We offer new prospective targets for the therapy of Ewing sarcoma. The EWSR1/FLI1 fusion protein, which is identified in 85–90% of Ewing sarcoma tumors, and its direct targets are given special focus in this study. Experimantal therapy that targets multiple signaling pathways activated during ES progression, alone or in combination with existing regimens, may become the new standard of care for Ewing sarcoma patients, improving patient survival. Abstract Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon cancer that arises in mesenchymal tissues and represents the second most widespread malignant bone neoplasm after osteosarcoma in children. Amplifications in genomic, proteomic, and metabolism are characteristics of sarcoma, and targeting altered cancer cell molecular processes has been proposed as the latest promising strategy to fight cancer. Recent technological advancements have elucidated some of the underlying oncogenic characteristics of Ewing sarcoma. Offering new insights into the physiological basis for this phenomenon, our current review examines the dynamics of ES signaling as it related to both ES and the microenvironment by integrating genomic and proteomic analyses. An extensive survey of the literature was performed to compile the findings. We have also highlighted recent and ongoing studies integrating metabolomics and genomics aimed at better understanding the complex interactions as to how ES adapts to changing biochemical changes within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fayzullina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Sergey Tsibulnikov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Mikhail Stempen
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Brett A. Schroeder
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (N.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Endocrine Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur 222146, India;
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (N.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
- Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (D.F.); (S.T.); (M.S.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Balestra T, Manara MC, Laginestra MA, Pasello M, De Feo A, Bassi C, Guerzoni C, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Donati DM, Negrini M, Magnani M, Scotlandi K. Targeting CD99 Compromises the Oncogenic Effects of the Chimera EWS-FLI1 by Inducing Reexpression of Zyxin and Inhibition of GLI1 Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:58-69. [PMID: 34667115 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive pediatric tumor, is driven by EWS-FLI1, an oncogenic transcription factor that remodels the tumor genetic landscape. Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, and the therapeutic value of compounds targeting epigenetic pathways is being identified in preclinical models. Here, we showed that modulation of CD99, a cell surface molecule highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma cells, may alter transcriptional dysregulation in Ewing sarcoma through control of the zyxin-GLI1 axis. Zyxin is transcriptionally repressed, but GLI1 expression is maintained by EWS-FLI1. We demonstrated that targeting CD99 with antibodies, including the human diabody C7, or genetically inhibiting CD99 is sufficient to increase zyxin expression and induce its dynamic nuclear accumulation. Nuclear zyxin functionally affects GLI1, inhibiting targets such as NKX2-2, cyclin D1, and PTCH1 and upregulating GAS1, a tumor suppressor protein negatively regulated by SHH/GLI1 signaling. We used a battery of functional assays to demonstrate (i) the relationship between CD99/zyxin and tumor cell growth/migration and (ii) how CD99 deprivation from the Ewing sarcoma cell surface is sufficient to specifically affect the expression of some crucial EWS-FLI1 targets, both in vitro and in vivo, even in the presence of EWS-FLI1. This article reveals that the CD99/zyxin/GLI1 axis is promising therapeutic target for reducing Ewing sarcoma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Balestra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Michela Pasello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, and "Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate" (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Clara Guerzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Clinica Ortopedica III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, and "Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate" (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Fano, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Pachva MC, Lai H, Jia A, Rouleau M, Sorensen PH. Extracellular Vesicles in Reprogramming of the Ewing Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726205. [PMID: 34604225 PMCID: PMC8484747 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive cancer and the second most common malignant bone tumor of children and young adults. Although patients with localized disease have a survival rate of approximately 75%, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains dismal (<30%) and has not improved in decades. Standard-of-care treatments include local therapies such as surgery and radiotherapy, in addition to poly-agent adjuvant chemotherapy, and are often associated with long-term disability and reduced quality of life. Novel targeted therapeutic strategies that are more efficacious and less toxic are therefore desperately needed, particularly for metastatic disease, given that the presence of metastasis remains the most powerful predictor of poor outcome in EwS. Intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment is emerging as a crucial mechanism for cancer cells to establish immunosuppressive and cancer-permissive environments, potentially leading to metastasis. Altering this communication within the tumor microenvironment, thereby preventing the transfer of oncogenic signals and molecules, represents a highly promising therapeutic strategy. To achieve this, extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a candidate mechanism as they are actively released by tumor cells and enriched with proteins and RNAs. EVs are membrane-bound particles released by normal and tumor cells, that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication, including cross-talk between tumor, stromal fibroblast, and immune cells in the local tumor microenvironment and systemic circulation. EwS EVs, including the smaller exosomes and larger microvesicles, have the potential to reprogram a diversity of cells in the tumor microenvironment, by transferring various biomolecules in a cell-specific manner. Insights into the various biomolecules packed in EwS EVs as cargos and the molecular changes they trigger in recipient cells of the tumor microenvironment will shed light on various potential targets for therapeutic intervention in EwS. This review details EwS EVs composition, their potential role in metastasis and in the reprogramming of various cells of the tumor microenvironment, and the potential for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manideep C Pachva
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Horton Lai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andy Jia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie Rouleau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Panaampon J, Kariya R, Okada S. Efficacy and mechanism of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Daratumumab against primary effusion lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1017-1031. [PMID: 34545416 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the body cavities with malignant effusions. The prognosis is poor, and no optimal treatment has been established. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein known to overexpress in multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (DARA), a human CD38-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb), is approved for MM treatment. In this study, we found expression of CD38 on PEL cells and assessed the anti-PEL activity of DARA. We found that both KHYG-1 and N6 (CD16-transfected KHYG-1) NK cell lines showed direct killing activity against PEL cells with induction of CD107a, and NK-mediated cytotoxicity by N6NK (CD16+) cells increased with DARA treatment. We confirmed direct NK activity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by expanded NK cells, indicating that DARA has high ADCC activity. We elucidated the antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) by using human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. DARA also showed potent complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC) toward PEL. DARA also induced PEL cell death in the presence of a cross-linking antibody. Moreover, treatment with DARA inhibited tumor growth in a PEL xenograft mouse model. These results provide preclinical evidence that Ab targeting of CD38 could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Panaampon
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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10
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Mannion AJ, Odell AF, Taylor A, Jones PF, Cook GP. Tumour cell CD99 regulates transendothelial migration via CDC42 and actin remodelling. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs240135. [PMID: 34374417 PMCID: PMC8403985 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis requires tumour cells to cross endothelial cell (EC) barriers using pathways similar to those used by leucocytes during inflammation. Cell surface CD99 is expressed by healthy leucocytes and ECs, and participates in inflammatory transendothelial migration (TEM). Tumour cells also express CD99, and we have analysed its role in tumour progression and cancer cell TEM. Tumour cell CD99 was required for adhesion to ECs but inhibited invasion of the endothelial barrier and migratory activity. Furthermore, CD99 depletion in tumour cells caused redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton and increased activity of the Rho GTPase CDC42, known for its role in actin remodelling and cell migration. In a xenograft model of breast cancer, tumour cell CD99 expression inhibited metastatic progression, and patient samples showed reduced expression of the CD99 gene in brain metastases compared to matched primary breast tumours. We conclude that CD99 negatively regulates CDC42 and cell migration. However, CD99 has both pro- and anti-tumour activity, and our data suggest that this results in part from its functional linkage to CDC42 and the diverse signalling pathways downstream of this Rho GTPase. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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11
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Zhou F, Elzi DJ, Jayabal P, Ma X, Chiu YC, Chen Y, Blackman B, Weintraub ST, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. GDF6-CD99 Signaling Regulates Src and Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108332. [PMID: 33147457 PMCID: PMC7688343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the autocrine signaling mediated by growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of cytokines, maintains Ewing sarcoma growth by preventing Src hyperactivation. Surprisingly, Ewing sarcoma depends on the prodomain, not the BMP domain, of GDF6. We demonstrate that the GDF6 prodomain is a ligand for CD99, a transmembrane protein that has been widely used as a marker of Ewing sarcoma. The binding of the GDF6 prodomain to the CD99 extracellular domain results in recruitment of CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) to the YQKKK motif in the intracellular domain of CD99, inhibiting Src activity. GDF6 silencing causes hyperactivation of Src and p21-dependent growth arrest. We demonstrate that two GDF6 prodomain mutants linked to Klippel-Feil syndrome are hyperactive in CD99-Src signaling. These results reveal a cytokine signaling pathway that regulates the CSK-Src axis and cancer cell proliferation and suggest the gain-of-function activity for disease-causing GDF6 mutants. Ewing sarcoma is driven by the EWS-ETS fusion oncoprotein, but little is known about the extracellular signaling regulating this cancer. Zhou et al. report that the prodomain of GDF6 is a ligand for CD99, inhibiting Src through CSK and maintaining Ewing sarcoma growth in an autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David J Elzi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; BioAffinity Technologies, Inc., 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barron Blackman
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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12
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Gulati N, Mishra H, Jain A, Juneja S, Shetty D. “Neuroectodermal influence of CD 99 immunoexpression correlates with the clinical behavior of odontogenic cysts and tumors”. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:423-429. [PMID: 35281139 PMCID: PMC8859606 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Takheaw N, Sittithumcharee G, Kariya R, Kasinrerk W, Okada S. Anti-human CD99 antibody exerts potent antitumor effects in mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1557-1567. [PMID: 33215253 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a surface molecule expressed on various cell types including cancer cells. Expression of CD99 on multiple myeloma is associated with CCND1-IGH fusion/t(11;14). This translocation has been reported to be a genetic hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). MCL is characterized by overexpression of cyclin D1 and high tumor proliferation. In this study, high expression of CD99 on MCL cell lines was confirmed. Our generated anti-CD99 monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed MT99/3, exerted potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activities against mantle B-cell lymphoma without direct cytotoxic effects. The anti-tumor activities of mAb MT99/3 were more effective in MCL than in other B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, in a mouse xenograft model using Z138 MCL cell line, treatment of mAb MT99/3 reduced tumor development and growth. Our study indicated that mAb MT99/3 is a promising immunotherapeutic candidate for mantle cell lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Gunya Sittithumcharee
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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14
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Vaikari VP, Park M, Keossayan L, MacKay JA, Alachkar H. Anti-CD99 scFv-ELP nanoworms for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102236. [PMID: 32535112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CD99 is a transmembrane glycoprotein shown to be upregulated in various malignancies. We have previously reported CD99 to be highly upregulated and present a viable therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Currently, no therapy against CD99 is under clinical investigation. As a surface molecule, CD99 can be targeted with an antibody-based approach. Here, we have developed a new modality to target CD99 by engineering a fusion protein composed of a single-chain variable fragment antibody (anti-CD99 scFv) conjugated with a high molecular weight elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), A192: α-CD99-A192. This fusion protein assembles into multi-valent nanoworm with optimal physicochemical properties and favorable pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life: 16 h). α-CD99-A192 nanoworms demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo anti-leukemic effects. α-CD99-A192 induced apoptotic cell death in AML cell lines and primary blasts and prolonged overall survival of AML xenograft mouse model.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- 12E7 Antigen/genetics
- 12E7 Antigen/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Pooja Vaikari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mincheol Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lena Keossayan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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15
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Wu J, Zhang L, Li H, Wu S, Liu Z. Nrf2 induced cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by promoting CD99 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:698-705. [PMID: 31472965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is a vital obstacle for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, the mechanism of cisplatin resistance is still unknown. This research was performed to explore the role of Nrf2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) and CD99 (CD99 molecule) in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. QRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of CD99 in ovarian cancer cells and tissues with different cisplatin sensitivities. Cell viability was analyzed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). The relationship of Nrf2 and CD99 was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to search for the downstream gene of CD99. In this study, it was revealed that CD99 was highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells and tissues, while lower CD99 expression was found in cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells and tissues. In addition, the overexpression of CD99 resulted in cisplatin resistance; on the other hand, knockdown of CD99 sensitized ovarian cancer to cisplatin. Furthermore, survival analysis indicated that overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with higher CD99 expression were shorter than those with lower CD99 expression. It was also found that when Nrf2 was upregulated in cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cells, CD99 expression and cell viability increased after cisplatin treatment. Knockdown of CD99 could reverse cisplatin resistance induced by Nrf2. Conversely, when Nrf2 was knocked down in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, CD99 expression and cell viability with cisplatin treatment decreased, while simultaneously upregulating CD99 reactivated cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and ChIP analysis suggested CD99 was a downstream gene of Nrf2, and Nrf2 positively regulated the expression of CD99 at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, Nrf2 induced cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells by promoting CD99 expression. Targeted CD99 might be an effective way to reverse cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Vaikari VP, Du Y, Wu S, Zhang T, Metzeler K, Batcha AMN, Herold T, Hiddemann W, Akhtari M, Alachkar H. Clinical and preclinical characterization of CD99 isoforms in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2019; 105:999-1012. [PMID: 31371417 PMCID: PMC7109747 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.207001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to identify target genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we compared gene expression profiles between normal and AML cells from various publicly available datasets. We identified CD99, a gene that is up-regulated in AML patients. In 186 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas AML dataset, CD99 was over-expressed in patients with FLT3-ITD and was down-regulated in patients with TP53 mutations. CD99 is a trans-membrane protein expressed on leukocytes and plays a role in cell adhesion, trans-endothelial migration, and T-cell differentiation. The CD99 gene encodes two isoforms with distinct expression and functional profiles in both normal and malignant tissues. Here we report that, although the CD99 long isoform initially induces an increase in cell proliferation, it also induces higher levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, apoptosis and a subsequent decrease in cell viability. In several leukemia murine models, the CD99 long isoform delayed disease progression and resulted in lower leukemia engraftment in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the CD99 monoclonal antibody reduced cell viability, colony formation, and cell migration, and induced cell differentiation and apoptosis in leukemia cell lines and primary blasts. Mechanistically, CD99 long isoform resulted in transient induction followed by a dramatic decrease in both ERK and SRC phosphorylation. Altogether, our study provides new insights into the role of CD99 isoforms in AML that could potentially be relevant for the preclinical development of CD99 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Pooja Vaikari
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Du
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Wu
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Medical Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Metzeler
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aarif M N Batcha
- Institute of Medical Data Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Data Integration for Future Medicine (DiFuture, www.difuture.de), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Herold
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojtaba Akhtari
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA .,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Casey DL, Lin TY, Cheung NKV. Exploiting Signaling Pathways and Immune Targets Beyond the Standard of Care for Ewing Sarcoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:537. [PMID: 31275859 PMCID: PMC6593481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) family of tumors includes bone and soft tissue tumors that are often characterized by a specific translocation between chromosome 11 and 22, resulting in the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene. With the advent of multi-modality treatment including cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, the prognosis for patients with ES has substantially improved. However, a therapeutic plateau is now reached for both localized and metastatic disease over the last two decades. Burdened by the toxicity limits associated with the current frontline systemic therapy, there is an urgent need for novel targeted therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current treatment paradigm of ES, and explore preclinical evidence and emerging treatments directed at tumor signaling pathways and immune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Casey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tsung-Yi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Thangaretnam KP, Paramasivam OR, Ramanathan P, Gopisetty G, Rajkumar T. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant extracellular domain of CD99. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:69-83. [PMID: 30282350 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE CD99/MIC2 gene product is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein which plays a major role in homotypic cell adhesion, apoptosis of double positive T cells and vesicular protein trafficking. It is over expressed in various cancers and has been considered as an ideal therapeutic target. The present study focused at developing monoclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain (ECD) of CD99 using hybridoma technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to generate monoclonal antibodies, the recombinant ECD of CD99 was used for immunizing the mice. Resulting hybridomas were screened through indirect ELISA. Clones which gave high absorbance values were sub cloned by limiting dilution followed by isotype determination, IP, WB and FACS. The monoclonal antibody 547F2 4F12 was purified from culture supernatant using FPLC and further screened using IF. Finally, the antibodies were validated for specificity using siRNA knock-down. RESULTS We were able to establish stable hybridoma clones secreting CD99 antibodies. The antibodies reacted with both the recombinant ECD as well as the wild type CD99 and their isotype's were determined as IgM. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we propose that the purified monoclonal antibody 547F2 4F12 could be possibly used for targeting tumors which over express CD99.
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19
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Nowek K, Wiemer EA, Jongen-Lavrencic M. The versatile nature of miR-9/9 * in human cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20838-20854. [PMID: 29755694 PMCID: PMC5945517 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-9 and miR-9* (miR-9/9*) were first shown to be expressed in the nervous system and to function as versatile regulators of neurogenesis. The variable expression levels of miR-9/9* in human cancer prompted researchers to investigate whether these small RNAs may also have an important role in the deregulation of physiological and biochemical networks in human disease. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the involvement of miR-9/9* in various human malignancies focusing on their opposing roles in supporting or suppressing tumor development and metastasis. Importantly, it is shown that the capacity of miR-9/9* to impact tumor formation is independent from their influence on the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Moreover, data suggest that miR-9/9* may increase malignancy of one cancer cell population at the expense of another. The functional versatility of miR-9/9* emphasizes the complexity of studying miRNA function and the importance to perform functional studies of both miRNA strands in a relevant cellular context. The possible application of miR-9/9* as targets for miRNA-based therapies is discussed, emphasizing the need to obtain a better understanding of the functional properties of these miRNAs and to develop safe delivery methods to target specific cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A.C. Wiemer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mojca Jongen-Lavrencic
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
The cell surface molecule CD99 has gained interest because of its involvement in regulating cell differentiation and adhesion/migration of immune and tumor cells. However, the molecule plays an intriguing and dual role in different cell types. In particular, it acts as a requirement for cell malignancy or as an oncosuppressor in tumors. In addition, the gene encodes for two different isoforms, which also act in opposition inside the same cell. This review highlights key studies focusing on the dual role of CD99 and its isoforms and discusses major critical issues, challenges, and strategies for overcoming those challenges. The review specifically underscores the properties that make the molecule an attractive therapeutic target and identifies new relationships and areas of study that may be exploited. The elucidation of the spatial and temporal control of the expression of CD99 in normal and tumor cells is required to obtain a full appreciation of this molecule and its signaling.
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21
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Manara MC, Terracciano M, Mancarella C, Sciandra M, Guerzoni C, Pasello M, Grilli A, Zini N, Picci P, Colombo MP, Morrione A, Scotlandi K. CD99 triggering induces methuosis of Ewing sarcoma cells through IGF-1R/RAS/Rac1 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79925-79942. [PMID: 27835596 PMCID: PMC5346761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD99 is a cell surface molecule that has emerged as a novel target for Ewing sarcoma (EWS), an aggressive pediatric bone cancer. This report provides the first evidence of methuosis in EWS, a non-apoptotic form of cell death induced by an antibody directed against the CD99 molecule. Upon mAb triggering, CD99 induces an IGF-1R/RAS/Rac1 complex, which is internalized into RAB5-positive endocytic vacuoles. This complex is then dissociated, with the IGF-1R recycling to the cell membrane while CD99 and RAS/Rac1 are sorted into immature LAMP-1-positive vacuoles, whose excessive accumulation provokes methuosis. This process, which is not detected in CD99-expressing normal mesenchymal cells, is inhibited by disruption of the IGF-1R signaling, whereas enhanced by IGF-1 stimulation. Induction of IGF-1R/RAS/Rac1 was also observed in the EWS xenografts that respond to anti-CD99 mAb, further supporting the role of the IGF/RAS/Rac1 axis in the hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis and selective death of EWS cells. Thus, we describe a vulnerability of EWS cells, including those resistant to standard chemotherapy, to a treatment with anti-CD99 mAb, which requires IGF-1R/RAS signaling but bypasses the need for their direct targeting. Overall, we propose CD99 targeting as new opportunity to treat EWS patients resistant to canonical apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Manara
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Mario Terracciano
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Caterina Mancarella
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Marika Sciandra
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Clara Guerzoni
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Michela Pasello
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Andrea Grilli
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna 40136, Italy.,SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy.,PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
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Yu H, Ge Y, Guo L, Huang L. Potential approaches to the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5523-5539. [PMID: 27740934 PMCID: PMC5354928 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic tumor in children and young adults caused by a chromosomal fusion between the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene and the transcription factor FLI1 gene. ES is managed with standard treatments, including chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. Although the 5-year survival rate for primary ES has improved, the survival rate for ES patients with metastases or recurrence remains low. Several novel molecular targets in ES have recently been identified and investigated in preclinical and clinical settings, and targeting the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the fusion protein EWS-FLI1 and mTOR has shown promise. There has also been increasing interest in the immune responses of ES patients. Immunotherapies using T cells, NK cells, cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been considered for ES, especially for recurrent patients. Because understanding the pathogenesis of ES is extremely important for the development of novel treatments, this review focuses on the mechanisms and functions of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in ES. It is anticipated that integrating the knowledge obtained from basic research and translational and clinical studies will lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.,Department of VIP, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Pasello M, Manara MC, Scotlandi K. CD99 at the crossroads of physiology and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:55-68. [PMID: 29305692 PMCID: PMC5842202 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD99 is a cell surface protein with unique features and only partly defined mechanisms of action. This molecule is involved in crucial biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, death, differentiation and diapedesis, and it influences processes associated with inflammation, immune responses and cancer. CD99 is frequently overexpressed in many types of tumors, particularly pediatric tumors including Ewing sarcoma and specific subtypes of leukemia. Engagement of CD99 induces the death of malignant cells through non-conventional mechanisms. In Ewing sarcoma, triggering of CD99 by specific monoclonal antibodies activates hyperstimulation of micropinocytosis and leads to cancer cells killing through a caspase-independent, non-apoptotic pathway resembling methuosis. This process is characterized by extreme accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasmic space, which compromises cell viability, requires the activation of RAS-Rac1 downstream signaling and appears to be rather specific for tumor cells. In addition, anti-CD99 monoclonal antibodies exhibit antitumor activities in xenografts in the absence of immune effector cells or complement proteins. Overall, these data establish CD99 as a new opportunity to treat patients with high expression of CD99, particularly those that are resistant to canonical apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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24
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Overdijk MB, Jansen JHM, Nederend M, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Groen RWJ, Parren PWHI, Leusen JHW, Boross P. The Therapeutic CD38 Monoclonal Antibody Daratumumab Induces Programmed Cell Death via Fcγ Receptor–Mediated Cross-Linking. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:807-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Kim SK, Park YK. Ewing sarcoma: a chronicle of molecular pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2016; 55:91-100. [PMID: 27246176 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas have traditionally been classified according to their chromosomal alterations regardless of whether they accompany simple or complex genetic changes. Ewing sarcoma, a classic small round cell bone tumor, is a well-known mesenchymal malignancy that results from simple sarcoma-specific genetic alterations. The genetic alterations are translocations between genes of the TET/FET family (TLS/FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15) and genes of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family. In this review, we intend to summarize a chronicle of molecular findings of Ewing sarcoma including recent advances and explain resultant molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyum Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Vornicova O, Bar-Sela G. Investigational therapies for Ewing sarcoma: a search without a clear finding. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:679-86. [PMID: 26988130 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1168398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are a group of aggressive diseases, characterized histologically by small, round, blue cells and genetically by translocation involving EWS and ETS partner genes. The current treatment of localized Ewing sarcoma (ES) requires a multi-disciplinary approach, including multidrug chemotherapy, administrated before and after local treatment, surgery and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, the cure rate of metastatic or refractory/recurrent disease is still very poor. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the new types of therapy and strategies aimed to improve the prognosis or cure ES. Herein, the authors discuss several preclinical and phase I-II studies with new-targeted therapies. The most studied therapies are insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) inhibitors but have limited efficacy. Other strategies include Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibition, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and telomerase inhibitors, all with limited effectiveness. EXPERT OPINION Future treatment strategies should combine one or more targeted therapies with conventional chemotherapy. Some combined modality treatments are under clinical study. However, treatment breakthroughs are still needed to improve the relatively poor prognosis of recurrent/metastatic ESFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vornicova
- a Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Gil Bar-Sela
- a Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Faculty of Medicine , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
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27
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Jordal PL, Dyrlund TF, Winge K, Larsen MR, Danielsen EH, Wells JA, Otzen DE, Enghild JJ. Detection of proteolytic signatures for Parkinson's disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate if idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is associated with distinct proteolytic signatures relative to non-neurodegenerative controls (NND) and patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Materials & methods: A subtiligase-based N-terminomics screening method was exploited for semiquantitative comparison of protein N-termini in cerebrospinal fluid for pooled samples of IPD (n = 6) and NND (n = 8) individuals. Subsequently, targeted selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry measured the relative concentration of the proteolytic signature peptides in individual IPD (n = 22), NND (n = 11) and MSA (n = 18) samples. Results: The discovery screen detected 300 N-termini for 156 proteins. Selected reaction monitoring analysis revealed that two of these peptides differentiate IPD from NND while three peptides differentiate IPD from MSA. Conclusion: IPD is associated with distinct proteolytic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lüttge Jordal
- Section for Medical Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Dyrlund
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Erik H Danielsen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Gil M, Pak HK, Lee AN, Park SJ, Lee Y, Roh J, Lee H, Chung YS, Park CS. CD99 regulates CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of human plasma cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:329-36. [PMID: 26522646 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration of plasma cells (PCs) is crucial for the control of PC survival and antibody production and is controlled by chemokines, most importantly by CXCL12. This study investigated the role of CD99 in CXCL12-induced PC migration. Among B cell subsets in the tonsils, CD99 expression was highest in PCs. CD99 expression increased during in vitro differentiation of germinal center B cells and was highest in PCs. CD99 engagement reduced chemotactic migration of PCs toward CXCL12 and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation by CXCL12. An ERK inhibitor reduced CXCL12-mediated chemotactic migration, which suggests that ERK has a critical role in migration. CD99 engagement did not influence apoptosis, differentiation, or antibody secretion of PCs. We propose a novel role of CD99 in PCs that suppresses ERK activation and chemotactic migration of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Gil
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Pak
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Neum Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Park
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Roh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Sam Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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29
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Phenotype and Immunophenotype of the Most Common Pediatric Tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23:313-26. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Celecoxib inhibits Ewing sarcoma cell migration via actin modulation. J Surg Res 2015; 198:424-33. [PMID: 25934222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive childhood solid tumor in which 30% of cases are metastatic at presentation, and subsequently carry a poor prognosis. We have previously shown that treatment with celecoxib significantly reduces invasion and metastasis of ES cells in a cyclooxygenase-2-independent fashion. Celecoxib is known to downregulate β-catenin independently of cyclooxygenase-2. Additionally, the actin cytoskeleton is known to play an important role in tumor micrometastasis. We hypothesized that celecoxib's antimetastatic effect in ES acts via modulation of one of these two targets. METHODS ES cells were treated with celecoxib, and the levels of β-catenin and total actin were examined by Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cells were transfected with small interfering RNA targeting β-catenin, and invasion assays were performed. Immunofluorescence staining for β-catenin and F-actin was performed on treated and untreated cells. Additionally, cells were subjected to a wound healing assay to assess migration. RESULTS Celecoxib had no effect on the messenger RNA or protein levels of β-catenin but did significantly decrease the amount of total actin within ES cells. Reduction of β-catenin by small interfering RNA had no effect on invasion, and celecoxib treatment of the β-catenin depleted cells continued to inhibit invasion. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated no change in β-catenin with treatment but did show a significant reduction in the amount of F-actin, as well as morphologic changes of the cells. Wound healing assays demonstrated that celecoxib significantly inhibited migration. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib does not exert its antimetastatic effects in ES through alteration of β-catenin but does significantly modulate the actin cytoskeleton.
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Guerzoni C, Fiori V, Terracciano M, Manara MC, Moricoli D, Pasello M, Sciandra M, Nicoletti G, Gellini M, Dominici S, Chiodoni C, Fornasari PM, Lollini PL, Colombo MP, Picci P, Cianfriglia M, Magnani M, Scotlandi K. CD99 Triggering in Ewing Sarcoma Delivers a Lethal Signal through p53 Pathway Reactivation and Cooperates with Doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:146-56. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chaturvedi A, Hoffman LM, Jensen CC, Lin YC, Grossmann AH, Randall RL, Lessnick SL, Welm AL, Beckerle MC. Molecular dissection of the mechanism by which EWS/FLI expression compromises actin cytoskeletal integrity and cell adhesion in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2695-709. [PMID: 25057021 PMCID: PMC4161506 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second-most-common bone cancer in children. Driven by an oncogenic chromosomal translocation that results in the expression of an aberrant transcription factor, EWS/FLI, the disease is typically aggressive and micrometastatic upon presentation. Silencing of EWS/FLI in patient-derived tumor cells results in the altered expression of hundreds to thousands of genes and is accompanied by dramatic morphological changes in cytoarchitecture and adhesion. Genes encoding focal adhesion, extracellular matrix, and actin regulatory proteins are dominant targets of EWS/FLI-mediated transcriptional repression. Reexpression of genes encoding just two of these proteins, zyxin and α5 integrin, is sufficient to restore cell adhesion and actin cytoskeletal integrity comparable to what is observed when the EWS/FLI oncogene expression is compromised. Using an orthotopic xenograft model, we show that EWS/FLI-induced repression of α5 integrin and zyxin expression promotes tumor progression by supporting anchorage-independent cell growth. This selective advantage is paired with a tradeoff in which metastatic lung colonization is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashi Chaturvedi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Laura M Hoffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | | | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Allie H Grossmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - R Lor Randall
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 Department of Orthopaedics, Sarcoma Services, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Mary C Beckerle
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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Úrias U, Marie SKN, Uno M, da Silva R, Evagelinellis MM, Caballero OL, Stevenson BJ, Silva WA, Simpson AJ, Oba-Shinjo SM. CD99 is upregulated in placenta and astrocytomas with a differential subcellular distribution according to the malignancy stage. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:59-70. [PMID: 24797829 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we searched for genes highly expressed in placenta and that could contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a malignant phenotype in different types of tumours, and in astrocytomas in particular. We employed a strategy based on the integration of in silico data from previously generated massively parallel signature sequencing and public serial analysis of gene expression databases. Among 12 selected genes, CD99 exhibited the highest relative mRNA expression in GBM compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues. In a larger cohort of astrocytic tumours, we further demonstrated increased CD99 expression in all malignant grades, with GBMs showing the highest values. These findings were confirmed at the protein level by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we demonstrated the CD99 localisation profile in astrocytic tumours. Interestingly, CD99 expression was confined to the cytoplasm or membrane in more malignant astrocytomas, in contrast to non-neoplastic brain tissue or non-infiltrative pilocytic astrocytoma, which showed no obvious staining in these structures. Comparison of three GBM cell lines revealed higher CD99 expression at the membrane and higher migratory capacity in the A172 and U87MG lines, but lower CD99 expression and no migratory ability in the T98 line. Knocking down CD99 expression by siRNA decreased significantly the migration of both cell lines. These integrated CD99 gene and protein expression results suggest that CD99 expression in astrocytomas of different malignant grades might contribute to the infiltrative ability and support the importance of CD99 as a potential target to reduce infiltrative astrocytoma capacity in migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Úrias
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
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Breton CS, Nahimana A, Aubry D, Macoin J, Moretti P, Bertschinger M, Hou S, Duchosal MA, Back J. A novel anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (GBR 401) with high killing activity against B cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:33. [PMID: 24731302 PMCID: PMC4021825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD19 is a B cell lineage specific surface receptor whose broad expression, from pro-B cells to early plasma cells, makes it an attractive target for the immunotherapy of B cell malignancies. In this study we present the generation of a novel humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb), GBR 401, and investigate its therapeutic potential on human B cell malignancies. Methods GBR 401 was partially defucosylated in order to enhance its cytotoxic function. We analyzed the in vitro depleting effects of GBR 401 against B cell lines and primary malignant B cells from patients in the presence or in absence of purified NK cells isolated from healthy donors. In vivo, the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) efficacy of GBR 401 was assessed in a B cell depletion model consisting of SCID mice injected with healthy human donor PBMC, and a malignant B cell depletion model where SCID mice are xenografted with both primary human B-CLL tumors and heterologous human NK cells. Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of GBR 401 was also evaluated in a xenochimeric mouse model of human Burkitt lymphoma using mice xenografted intravenously with Raji cells. Pharmacological inhibition tests were used to characterize the mechanism of the cell death induced by GBR 401. Results GBR 401 exerts a potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against primary samples from patients representing various B-cell malignancies. GBR 401 elicits a markedly higher level of ADCC on primary malignant B cells when compared to fucosylated similar mAb and to Rituximab, the current anti-CD20 mAb standard immunotherapeutic treatment for B cell malignancies, showing killing at 500 times lower concentrations. Of interest, GBR 401 also exhibits a potent direct killing effect in different malignant B cell lines that involves homotypic aggregation mediated by actin relocalization. Conclusion These results contribute to consolidate clinical interest in developing GBR 401 for treatment of hematopoietic B cell malignancies, particularly for patients refractory to anti-CD20 mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michel A Duchosal
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011- CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Amaral AT, Manara MC, Berghuis D, Ordóñez JL, Biscuola M, Lopez-García MA, Osuna D, Lucarelli E, Alviano F, Lankester A, Scotlandi K, de Álava E. Characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells from ewing sarcoma patients. Pathogenetic implications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85814. [PMID: 24498265 PMCID: PMC3911896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is a mesenchymal-derived tumor that generally arises in bone and soft tissue. Intensive research regarding the pathogenesis of EWS has been insufficient to pinpoint the early events of Ewing sarcomagenesis. However, the Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) is currently accepted as the most probable cell of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an initial study regarding a deep characterization of MSC obtained specifically from EWS patients (MSC-P), we compared them with MSC derived from healthy donors (MSC-HD) and EWS cell lines. We evaluated the presence of the EWS-FLI1 gene fusion and EWSR1 gene rearrangements in MSC-P. The presence of the EWS transcript was confirmed by q-RT-PCR. In order to determine early events possibly involved in malignant transformation, we used a multiparameter quantitative strategy that included both MSC immunophenotypic negative/positive markers, and EWS intrinsic phenotypical features. Markers CD105, CD90, CD34 and CD45 were confirmed in EWS samples. RESULTS We determined that MSC-P lack the most prevalent gene fusion, EWSR1-FLI1 as well as EWSR1 gene rearrangements. Our study also revealed that MSC-P are more alike to MSC-HD than to EWS cells. Nonetheless, we also observed that EWS cells had a few overlapping features with MSC. As a relevant example, also MSC showed CD99 expression, hallmark of EWS diagnosis. However, we observed that, in contrast to EWS cells, MSC were not sensitive to the inhibition of CD99. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results suggest that MSC from EWS patients behave like MSC-HD and are phenotypically different from EWS cells, thus raising important questions regarding MSC role in sarcomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Endoglin
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Thy-1 Antigens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Amaral
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- CRS Sviluppo di Terapie Biomolecolari, Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pediatrics and Biobank, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis Ordóñez
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Michele Biscuola
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Lopez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Osuna
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticolar Regeneration Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Alviano
- Dipartimento di Istologia, Embriologia e Biologia, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Arjan Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics and Biobank, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Sviluppo di Terapie Biomolecolari, Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
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Khoury JD. Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: a model for the new era of integrated laboratory diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:97-105. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Owens C, Abbott LS, Gupta AA. Optimal management of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: recent developments in systemic therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2013; 15:473-92. [PMID: 23760780 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) is defined by cell surface expression of CD99 and a translocation involving EWS and an ETS partner. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the benchmark of first- and second-line therapy, and although the majority of patients with localized disease are cured, almost one third of patients relapse or progress from their disease. Moreover, cure remains elusive in most patients who present with distant metastases. In recent years, the ESFT literature has been dominated by reports of attempts at modulating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor (IGFR). Unfortunately, three phase II studies examining inhibiting antibodies to IGFR-1 published disappointing results. Whether these results were due to failure to modulate the pathway or other limitations in study design and/or patient selection remain unclear. Other novel strategies currently being investigated in ESFT include tyrosine kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Owens
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N6, Canada,
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O'Neill AF, Dearling JLJ, Wang Y, Tupper T, Sun Y, Aster JC, Calicchio ML, Perez-Atayde AR, Packard AB, Kung AL. Targeted imaging of Ewing sarcoma in preclinical models using a 64Cu-labeled anti-CD99 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:678-87. [PMID: 24218512 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing sarcoma is a tumor of the bone and soft tissue characterized by diffuse cell membrane expression of CD99 (MIC2). Single-site, surgically resectable disease is associated with an excellent 5-year event-free survival; conversely, patients with distant metastases have a poor prognosis. Noninvasive imaging is the standard approach to identifying sites of metastatic disease. We sought to develop a CD99-targeted imaging agent for staging Ewing sarcoma and other CD99-expressing tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified a CD99 antibody with highly specific binding in vitro and labeled this antibody with (64)Cu. Mice with either subcutaneous Ewing sarcoma xenograft tumors or micrometastases were imaged with the (64)Cu-labeled anti-CD99 antibody and these results were compared with conventional MRI and 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging. RESULTS (64)Cu-labeled anti-CD99 antibody demonstrated high avidity for the CD99-positive subcutaneous tumors, with a high tumor-to-background ratio, greater than that demonstrated with FDG-PET. Micrometastases, measuring 1 to 2 mm on MRI, were not detected with FDG-PET but were readily visualized with the (64)Cu-labeled anti-CD99 antibody. Probe biodistribution studies demonstrated high specificity of the probe for CD99-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS (64)Cu-labeled anti-CD99 antibody can detect subcutaneous Ewing sarcoma tumors and metastatic sites with high sensitivity, outperforming FDG-PET in preclinical studies. This targeted radiotracer may have important implications for the diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Similarly, it may impact the management of other CD99 positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison F O'Neill
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School; Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone tumor characterized in 85% of cases by the fusion between EWS and FLI1 genes that results in the expression of the EWS-FLI1 aberrant transcription factor. Histologically, the Ewing tumor expresses high levels of the CD99 membrane glycoprotein. It has been recently described that CD99 expression contributes to the Ewing tumor oncogenesis by modulating growth and differentiation of tumor cells. Different studies have also shown that overexpression of EWS-FLI1 induces CD99 expression in non-Ewing cells. At the opposite, the knockdown of EWS-FLI1 expression by siRNA approaches has no significant effect on CD99 mRNA level in Ewing cells. Here, by in vivo and in vitro studies, we show that while EWS-FLI1 inhibition has only slight effects on the amount of CD99 transcript, it induces a dramatic decrease of the CD99 protein expression level, hence suggesting post-transcriptional regulations, possibly mediated by microRNAs. To further investigate this issue, we identified a set of 91 miRNAs that demonstrate EWS-FLI1 modulation, three of them being predicted to bind CD99 3' untranslated region (30'UTR). Among these, we show that miR-30a-5p has the ability to interact with the 30'UTR region of CD99 and to regulate its expression. Moreover, the re-expression of miRNA-30a-5p in Ewing cell line induces decreased cell proliferation and invasion. In this study, we therefore show that miR-30a-5p constitutes a major functional link between EWS-FLI1 and CD99, two critical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in Ewing sarcoma.
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40
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Grunewald TGP, Willier S, Janik D, Unland R, Reiss C, da Costa OP, Buch T, Dirksen U, Richter GH, Neff F, Burdach S, Butt E. The Zyxin-related protein thyroid receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) is overexpressed in Ewing's sarcoma and promotes migration, invasion and cell growth. Biol Cell 2013; 105:535-47. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. P. Grunewald
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Semjon Willier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
| | - Dirk Janik
- Institute of Pathology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Rebekka Unland
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Muenster; Westphalian Wilhelms University; Muenster 48149 Germany
| | - Cora Reiss
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis; University Medical Center Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Olivia Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene; Technische Universität München; Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene; Technische Universität München; Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Muenster; Westphalian Wilhelms University; Muenster 48149 Germany
| | - Günther H.S. Richter
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center; Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich 80804 Germany
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University Clinic of Würzburg; Würzburg 97080 Germany
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41
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Zucchini C, Manara MC, Pinca RS, De Sanctis P, Guerzoni C, Sciandra M, Lollini PL, Cenacchi G, Picci P, Valvassori L, Scotlandi K. CD99 suppresses osteosarcoma cell migration through inhibition of ROCK2 activity. Oncogene 2013; 33:1912-21. [PMID: 23644663 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD99, a transmembrane protein encoded by MIC2 gene is involved in multiple cellular events including cell adhesion and migration, apoptosis, cell differentiation and regulation of protein trafficking either in physiological or pathological conditions. In osteosarcoma, CD99 is expressed at low levels and functions as a tumour suppressor. The full-length protein (CD99wt) and the short-form harbouring a deletion in the intracytoplasmic domain (CD99sh) have been associated with distinct functional outcomes with respect to tumour malignancy. In this study, we especially evaluated modulation of cell-cell contacts, reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and modulation of signalling pathways by comparing osteosarcoma cells characterised by different metastasis capabilities and CD99 expression, to identify molecular mechanisms responsible for metastasis. Our data indicate that forced expression of CD99wt induces recruitment of N-cadherin and β-catenin to adherens junctions. In addition, transfection of CD99wt inhibits the expression of several molecules crucial to the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton, such as ACTR2, ARPC1A, Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) as well as ezrin, an ezrin/radixin/moesin family member that has been clearly associated with tumour progression and metastatic spread in osteosarcoma. Functional studies point to ROCK2 as a crucial intracellular mediator regulating osteosarcoma migration. By maintaining c-Src in an inactive conformation, CD99wt inhibits ROCK2 signalling and this leads to ezrin decrease at cell membrane while N-cadherin and β-catenin translocate to the plasma membrane and function as main molecular bridges for actin cytoskeleton. Taken together, we propose that the re-expression of CD99wt, which is generally present in osteoblasts but lost in osteosarcoma, through inhibition of c-Src and ROCK2 activity, manages to increase contact strength and reactivate stop-migration signals that counteract the otherwise dominant promigratory action of ezrin in osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zucchini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Manara
- 1] CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Bologna, Italy [2] Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - R S Pinca
- 1] CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Bologna, Italy [2] Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - P De Sanctis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Guerzoni
- 1] Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy [2] PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Sciandra
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Bologna, Italy
| | - P-L Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Picci
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Valvassori
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - K Scotlandi
- 1] CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Bologna, Italy [2] Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy [3] PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Lecroisey C, Brouilly N, Qadota H, Mariol MC, Rochette NC, Martin E, Benian GM, Ségalat L, Mounier N, Gieseler K. ZYX-1, the unique zyxin protein of Caenorhabditis elegans, is involved in dystrophin-dependent muscle degeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1232-49. [PMID: 23427270 PMCID: PMC3623643 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-09-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, zyxin is a LIM-domain protein belonging to a family composed of seven members. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a unique zyxin-like protein, ZYX-1, which is the orthologue of the vertebrate zyxin subfamily composed of zyxin, migfilin, TRIP6, and LPP. The ZYX-1 protein is expressed in the striated body-wall muscles and localizes at dense bodies/Z-discs and M-lines, as well as in the nucleus. In yeast two-hybrid assays ZYX-1 interacts with several known dense body and M-line proteins, including DEB-1 (vinculin) and ATN-1 (α-actinin). ZYX-1 is mainly localized in the middle region of the dense body/Z-disk, overlapping the apical and basal regions containing, respectively, ATN-1 and DEB-1. The localization and dynamics of ZYX-1 at dense bodies depend on the presence of ATN-1. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments revealed a high mobility of the ZYX-1 protein within muscle cells, in particular at dense bodies and M-lines, indicating a peripheral and dynamic association of ZYX-1 at these muscle adhesion structures. A portion of the ZYX-1 protein shuttles from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, suggesting a role for ZYX-1 in signal transduction. We provide evidence that the zyx-1 gene encodes two different isoforms, ZYX-1a and ZYX-1b, which exhibit different roles in dystrophin-dependent muscle degeneration occurring in a C. elegans model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Husak Z, Dworzak MN. CD99 ligation upregulates HSP70 on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and concomitantly increases NK cytotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e425. [PMID: 23152061 PMCID: PMC3542600 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is present in many human cell types, including high-level surface expression on pediatric B and T leukemias and Ewing tumors (ETs). On B lymphocytes and respective malignancies, its level decreases with the stage of maturation. Inter-individual variability of CD99 on B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) blasts was shown recently to be associated with distinct cytogenetic backgrounds. However, CD99 targets remain mainly unknown. Here, we show that administration of an anti-CD99 antibody to B- and T-leukemia cell lines induces heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Investigation of primary BCP-ALL cells rendered similar results. Intriguingly, CD99-induced modulation of HSP70 on ET cells had profiles different from that on leukemia cells. Since HSP70 expression on tumor cells is a prerequisite for natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor lysis, we hypothesized that CD99-induced HSP70 may allow targeting of some CD99-positive malignancies via NK-cell cytotoxicity. Our experiments with NK92 cell line demonstrated that leukemia cells with upregulated HSP70 can be successfully killed by effector cells. We consider our data as a new view of CD99 functions and as a basis for the development of a potential anti-tumor strategy based on heat-shock protein activation via CD99 triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Husak
- Department of Immunological Diagnostics, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Antibody-induced nonapoptotic cell death in human lymphoma and leukemia cells is mediated through a novel reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Blood 2012; 119:3523-33. [PMID: 22354003 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Although Fc-dependent mechanisms of mAb-mediated tumor clearance have been extensively studied, the ability of mAbs to directly evoke programmed cell death (PCD) in the target cell and the underlying mechanisms involved remain under-investigated. We recently demonstrated that certain mAbs (type II anti-CD20 and anti-HLA DR mAbs) potently evoked PCD through an actin-dependent, lysosome-mediated process. Here, we reveal that the induction of PCD by these mAbs, including the type II anti-CD20 mAb GA101 (obinutuzumab), directly correlates with their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human B-lymphoma cell lines and primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. ROS scavengers abrogated mAb-induced PCD indicating that ROS are required for the execution of cell death. ROS were generated downstream of mAb-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization and lysosome membrane permeabilization. ROS production was independent of mitochondria and unaffected by BCL-2 overexpression. Instead, ROS generation was mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. These findings provide further insights into a previously unrecognized role for NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in mediating nonapoptotic PCD evoked by mAbs in B-cell malignancies. This newly characterized cell death pathway may potentially be exploited to eliminate malignant cells, which are refractory to conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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45
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Kelleher FC, Thomas DM. Molecular pathogenesis and targeted therapeutics in Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumours. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:6. [PMID: 22587874 PMCID: PMC3351706 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma/PNET is managed with treatment paradigms involving combinations of chemotherapy, surgery, and sometimes radiation. Although the 5-year survival rate of non-metastatic disease approaches 70%, those cases that are metastatic and those that recur have 5-year survival rates of less than 20%. Molecularly targeted treatments offer the potential to further improve treatment outcomes. METHODS A PUBMED search was performed from 1997 to 2011. Published literature that included the topic of the Ewing sarcoma/PNET was also referenced. RESULTS Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antagonists have demonstrated modest single agent efficacy in phase I/II clinical trials in Ewing sarcoma/PNET, but have a strong preclinical rationale. Based on in vitro and animal data, treatment using antisense RNA and cDNA oligonucleotides directed at silencing the EWS-FLI chimera that occurs in most Ewing sarcoma/PNET may have potential therapeutic importance. However drug delivery and degradation problems may limit this therapeutic approach. Protein-protein interactions can be targeted by inhibition of RNA helicase A, which binds to EWS/FLI as part of the transcriptional complex. Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand induction using interferon has been used in preclinical models. Interferons may be incorporated into future chemotherapeutic treatment paradigms. Histone deacetylase inhibitors can restore TGF-β receptor II allowing TFF-β signalling, which appears to inhibit growth of Ewing sarcoma/PNET cell lines in vitro. Immunotherapy using allogeneic natural killer cells has activity in Ewing sarcoma/PNET cell lines and xenograft models. Finally, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors such as flavopiridol may be clinically efficacious in relapsed Ewing sarcoma/PNET. CONCLUSION Preclinical evidence exists that targeted therapeutics may be efficacious in the ESFT. IGF-1R antagonists have demonstrated efficacy in phase I/II clinical trials, although predicting responses remains a challenge. The future treatment of Ewing sarcoma/PNET is likely to be improved by these scientific advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal C Kelleher
- Department of Medical Oncology, St, Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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46
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Tsokos M, Alaggio RD, Dehner LP, Dickman PS. Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor and related tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:108-26. [PMID: 22420726 PMCID: PMC6993191 DOI: 10.2350/11-08-1078-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (EWS/pPNET) and other tumors with EWS gene rearrangements encompass a malignant and intermediate neoplasm with a broad anatomic distribution and a wide age range but a predilection for soft tissue in children, adolescents, and young adults. The overlapping histologic, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic and molecular genetic features create diagnostic challenges despite significant clinical and prognostic differences. Ewing sarcoma is the 3rd most common sarcoma in children and adolescents, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor is a rare neoplasm that occurs more often in older children, adolescents, and young adults. Pathologic examination is complemented by immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features of EWS/pPNET and desmoplastic small round cell tumor in the spectrum of tumors with EWS gene rearrangements. Other tumors with different histopathologic features and an EWS gene rearrangement are discussed elsewhere in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsokos
- Department of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rita D. Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Louis P. Dehner
- Department of Pathology, Lauren V. Ackerman Division of Surgical Pathology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul S. Dickman
- Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Huang X, Zhou X, Wang Z, Li F, Liu F, Zhong L, Li X, Han X, Wu Z, Chen S, Zhao T. CD99 triggers upregulation of miR-9-modulated PRDM1/BLIMP1 in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and induces redifferentiation. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E382-94. [PMID: 22020966 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD99 is a 32-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that is encoded by the MIC2 gene. Our study was carried out to examine the role of CD99 in tumor progression of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Here, we showed that lowly expressed CD99 protein in cHL cell lines and primary cHL cases correlates with the deficient expression of the positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1/BLIMP1). In addition, cHL cell lines showed high levels of miR-9 expression. We determined that the upregulation of CD99 induced expression of transcription factor PRDM1, a master regulator of plasma-cell differentiation, which is also a target for miR-9-mediated downregulation. Indeed, inhibition of miR-9 also triggered upregulation of PRDM1 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of CD99 resulted in changed growth features and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. As upregulation of CD99 led to a decrease in cHL diagnosis marker CD30 and CD15 and an increase in plasma-cell differentiation marker CD38 and the restoration of B-cell makers PAX5, CD79α and CD19, we suggest that downregulated CD99 leads to the prevention of plasma-cell differentiation in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells. Furthermore, these data indicate that CD99 may control miR-9 expression, which directly targets PRDM1. Altogether, these results reveal a CD99-miR-9-PRDM1 molecule axis in lymphomagenesis of cHL and suggest that upregulation of CD99 in H/RS cells induces terminal B-cell differentiation, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategies for cHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dai X, Ma W, He X, Jha RK. Review of therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:RA177-190. [PMID: 21804475 PMCID: PMC3539609 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent forms of bone cancer are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy have replaced traditional surgical treatments, survival rates have undergone only marginal improvements. Current knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in each type of cancer has led to better approaches in cancer treatment. A number of cell signaling molecules are involved in tumorigenesis, and specific targets have been identified based on these signal transducers. This review highlights some of the important cellular pathways and potential therapeutic targets, tumor site-specific irradiation techniques, and novel drug delivery systems used to administer these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Tsai YS, Aguan K, Pal NR, Chung IF. Identification of single- and multiple-class specific signature genes from gene expression profiles by group marker index. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24259. [PMID: 21909426 PMCID: PMC3164723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Informative genes from microarray data can be used to construct prediction model and investigate biological mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes, the main targets of most gene selection methods, can be classified as single- and multiple-class specific signature genes. Here, we present a novel gene selection algorithm based on a Group Marker Index (GMI), which is intuitive, of low-computational complexity, and efficient in identification of both types of genes. Most gene selection methods identify only single-class specific signature genes and cannot identify multiple-class specific signature genes easily. Our algorithm can detect de novo certain conditions of multiple-class specificity of a gene and makes use of a novel non-parametric indicator to assess the discrimination ability between classes. Our method is effective even when the sample size is small as well as when the class sizes are significantly different. To compare the effectiveness and robustness we formulate an intuitive template-based method and use four well-known datasets. We demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms the template-based method in difficult cases with unbalanced distribution. Moreover, the multiple-class specific genes are good biomarkers and play important roles in biological pathways. Our literature survey supports that the proposed method identifies unique multiple-class specific marker genes (not reported earlier to be related to cancer) in the Central Nervous System data. It also discovers unique biomarkers indicating the intrinsic difference between subtypes of lung cancer. We also associate the pathway information with the multiple-class specific signature genes and cross-reference to published studies. We find that the identified genes participate in the pathways directly involved in cancer development in leukemia data. Our method gives a promising way to find genes that can involve in pathways of multiple diseases and hence opens up the possibility of using an existing drug on other diseases as well as designing a single drug for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Nikhil R. Pal
- Electronics & Communication Sciences Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India
- * E-mail: (I-FC); (NRP)
| | - I-Fang Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (I-FC); (NRP)
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Novel type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (GA101) evokes homotypic adhesion and actin-dependent, lysosome-mediated cell death in B-cell malignancies. Blood 2011; 117:4519-29. [PMID: 21378274 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-296913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20 mAb rituximab has substantially improved the clinical outcome of patients with a wide range of B-cell malignancies. However, many patients relapse or fail to respond to rituximab, and thus there is intense investigation into the development of novel anti-CD20 mAbs with improved therapeutic efficacy. Although Fc-FcγR interactions appear to underlie much of the therapeutic success with rituximab, certain type II anti-CD20 mAbs efficiently induce programmed cell death (PCD), whereas rituximab-like type I anti-CD20 mAbs do not. Here, we show that the humanized, glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAb GA101 and derivatives harboring non-glycoengineered Fc regions are type II mAb that trigger nonapoptotic PCD in a range of B-lymphoma cell lines and primary B-cell malignancies. We demonstrate that GA101-induced cell death is dependent on actin reorganization, can be abrogated by inhibitors of actin polymerization, and is independent of BCL-2 overexpression and caspase activation. GA101-induced PCD is executed by lysosomes which disperse their contents into the cytoplasm and surrounding environment. Taken together, these findings reveal that GA101 is able to potently elicit actin-dependent, lysosomal cell death, which may potentially lead to improved clearance of B-cell malignancies in vivo.
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