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Hodgson K, Orozco-Moreno M, Scott E, Garnham R, Livermore K, Thomas H, Zhou Y, He J, Bermudez A, Garcia Marques FJ, Bastian K, Hysenaj G, Archer Goode E, Heer R, Pitteri S, Wang N, Elliott DJ, Munkley J. The role of GCNT1 mediated O-glycosylation in aggressive prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17031. [PMID: 37813880 PMCID: PMC10562493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and a major cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Nearly all affected men develop resistance to current therapies and there is an urgent need to develop new treatments for advanced disease. Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of cancer cells implicated in all of the hallmarks of cancer. A major driver of aberrant glycosylation in cancer is the altered expression of glycosylation enzymes. Here, we show that GCNT1, an enzyme that plays an essential role in the formation of core 2 branched O-glycans and is crucial to the final definition of O-glycan structure, is upregulated in aggressive prostate cancer. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we show GCNT1 promotes the growth of prostate tumours and can modify the glycome of prostate cancer cells, including upregulation of core 2 O-glycans and modifying the O-glycosylation of secreted glycoproteins. Furthermore, using RNA sequencing, we find upregulation of GCNT1 in prostate cancer cells can alter oncogenic gene expression pathways important in tumour growth and metastasis. Our study highlights the important role of aberrant O-glycosylation in prostate cancer progression and provides novel insights regarding the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Margarita Orozco-Moreno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Karen Livermore
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Huw Thomas
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jiepei He
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fernando Jose Garcia Marques
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Kayla Bastian
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Hysenaj
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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2
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Yamamoto D, Sasaki K, Kosaka T, Oya M, Sato T. Functional analysis of GCNT3 for cell migration and EMT of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Glycobiology 2022; 32:897-908. [PMID: 35867813 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a malignant tumor that is resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. Treatments for CRPC are limited, and no diagnostic markers are currently available. O-glycans are known to play an important role in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the differences in the O-glycan expression profiles for normal prostate cancer (PCa) cells compared to CRPC cells have not yet been investigated. In this study, the saccharide primer method was employed to analyze the O-glycans expressed in CRPC cells. Expression levels of core 4-type O-glycans were significantly increased in CRPC cells. Furthermore, the expression level of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (GCNT3), a core 4-type O-glycan synthase gene, was increased in CRPC cells. The expression of core 4-type O-glycans and GCNT3 was presumed to be regulated by androgen deprivation. GCNT3 knockdown induced cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These observations elucidate the mechanism of acquisition of castration resistance in PCa and offer new possibilities for the development of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Yamamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Sasaki
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Talib WH, AlHur MJ, Al.Naimat S, Ahmad RE, Al-Yasari AH, Al-Dalaeen A, Thiab S, Mahmod AI. Anticancer Effect of Spices Used in Mediterranean Diet: Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:905658. [PMID: 35774546 PMCID: PMC9237507 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.905658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with almost 10 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020, so any investigation to prevent or cure this disease is very important. Spices have been studied widely in several countries to treat different diseases. However, studies that summarize the potential anticancer effect of spices used in Mediterranean diet are very limited. This review highlighted chemo-therapeutic and chemo-preventive effect of ginger, pepper, rosemary, turmeric, black cumin and clove. Moreover, the mechanisms of action for each one of them were figured out such as anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant, altering signaling pathways, induction of cell apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, for several types of cancer. The most widely used spice in Mediterranean diet is black pepper (Piper nigrum L). Ginger and black cumin have the highest anticancer activity by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks. Apoptosis induction is the most common pathway activated by different spices in Mediterranean diet to inhibit cancer. Studies discussed in this review may help researchers to design and test new anticancer diets enriched with selected spices that have high activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Wamidh H. Talib
| | - Mallak J. AlHur
- Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sumaiah Al.Naimat
- Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rawand E. Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Anfal Al-Dalaeen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samar Thiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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4
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Xia T, Xiang T, Xie H. Update on the role of C1GALT1 in cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:97. [PMID: 35154428 PMCID: PMC8822393 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat. In the quest for early diagnoses to improve patient survival and prognosis, targeted therapies have become a hot research topic in recent years. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Core 1β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is a key glycosyltransferase in the glycosylation process and is the key enzyme in the formation of the core 1 structure on which most complex and branched O-glycans are formed. A recent study reported that C1GALT1 was aberrantly expressed in tumors. In cancer cells, C1GALT1 is regulated by different factors. In the present review, the expression of C1GALT1 in different tumors and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are described and the role of C1GALT1 in cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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5
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The Role of Glycosyltransferases in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115822. [PMID: 34070747 PMCID: PMC8198577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer death in the world. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been extensively studied in malignancies due to its relevance in tumor pathogenesis and therapy. This review is focused on the dysregulation of glycosyltransferase expression in CRC and its impact in cell function and in several biological pathways associated with CRC pathogenesis, prognosis and therapeutic approaches. Glycan structures act as interface molecules between cells and their environment and in several cases facilitate molecule function. CRC tissue shows alterations in glycan structures decorating molecules, such as annexin-1, mucins, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), β1 integrin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors, Fas (CD95), PD-L1, decorin, sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 (SORBS1), CD147 and glycosphingolipids. All of these are described as key molecules in oncogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, glycosylation in CRC can affect cell migration, cell–cell adhesion, actin polymerization, mitosis, cell membrane repair, apoptosis, cell differentiation, stemness regulation, intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, immune system regulation, T cell polarization and gut microbiota composition; all such functions are associated with the prognosis and evolution of the disease. According to these findings, multiple strategies have been evaluated to alter oligosaccharide processing and to modify glycoconjugate structures in order to control CRC progression and prevent metastasis. Additionally, immunotherapy approaches have contemplated the use of neo-antigens, generated by altered glycosylation, as targets for tumor-specific T cells or engineered CAR (Chimeric antigen receptors) T cells.
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Brockhausen I, Melamed J. Mucins as anti-cancer targets: perspectives of the glycobiologist. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:459-474. [PMID: 33704667 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are highly O-glycosylated glycoproteins that carry a heterogenous variety of O-glycan structures. Tumor cells tend to overexpress specific mucins, such as the cell surface mucins MUC1 and MUC4 that are engaged in signaling and cell growth, and exhibit abnormal glycosylation. In particular, the Tn and T antigens and their sialylated forms are common in cancer mucins. We review herein methods chosen to use cancer-associated glycans and mucins as targets for the design of anti-cancer immunotherapies. Mucin peptides from the glycosylated and transmembrane domains have been combined with immune-stimulating adjuvants in a wide variety of approaches to produce anti-tumor antibodies and vaccines. These mucin conjugates have been tested on cancer cells in vitro and in mice with significant successes in stimulating anti-tumor responses. The clinical trials in humans, however, have shown limited success in extending survival. It seems critical that the individual-specific epitope expression of cancer mucins is considered in future therapies to result in lasting anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Jacob Melamed
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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8
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Allegra A, Tonacci A, Pioggia G, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Anticancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potentials. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1739. [PMID: 32532056 PMCID: PMC7352773 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative treatments for neoplastic diseases with new drugs are necessary because the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy is often reduced by collateral effects. Several natural substances of plant origin have been demonstrated to be successful in the prevention and treatment of numerous tumors. Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a herb that is cultivated in diverse areas of the world. There is increasing attention being directed towards the pharmaceutical capacities of rosemary, utilized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-infective or anticancer action. The antitumor effect of rosemary has been related to diverse mechanisms, such as the antioxidant effect, antiangiogenic properties, epigenetic actions, regulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory response, modification of specific metabolic pathways, and increased expression of onco-suppressor genes. In this review, we aim to report the results of preclinical studies dealing with the anticancer effects of rosemary, the molecular mechanisms related to these actions, and the interactions between rosemary and anticancer drugs. The prospect of utilizing rosemary as an agent in the treatment of different neoplastic diseases is discussed. However, although the use of rosemary in the therapy of neoplasms constitutes a fascinating field of study, large and controlled studies must be conducted to definitively clarify the real impact of this substance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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9
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Baba H, Kanda M, Sato Y, Sawaki K, Shimizu D, Koike M, Motoyama S, Kodera Y, Fujii T. Expression and Malignant Potential of B4GALNT4 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:3247-3256. [PMID: 32253672 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-1,4-N-Acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase 4 (B4GALNT4), an enzyme involved in ganglioside synthesis, is upregulated in many cancers. We examine B4GALNT4 expression and its relationship to prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of B4GALNT4 mRNA and B4GALNT4 protein was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 17 human ESCC cell lines and/or clinical specimens from two independent cohorts of 147 and 159 ESCC patients. The contributions of B4GALNT4 to proliferation, invasion, migration, and adhesion was evaluated in ESCC cells subjected to siRNA-mediated gene knockdown. Correlations between clinicopathological parameters and B4GALNT4 expression in clinical specimens were analyzed in both patient cohorts. RESULTS B4GALNT4 mRNA expression levels varied widely in ESCC cell lines, regardless of differentiation status or the originating tissue. Knockdown of B4GALNT4 significantly suppressed the proliferation, invasion, migration, and adhesion of ESCC cell lines compared with control cells. B4GALNT4 mRNA was overexpressed in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent normal esophageal tissues. High mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival and hematogenous recurrence, and high B4GALNT4 protein expression was also significantly related to poor disease-specific survival. On multivariable analysis, high B4GALNT4 expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis. In both patient cohorts, high B4GALNT4 expression did not correlate with known prognostic factors, such as disease stage, lymphovascular invasion, or squamous cell-carcinoma-related antigen level. CONCLUSIONS B4GALNT4 influences the malignant behavior of ESCC cells. B4GALNT4 expression may serve as a novel prognostic marker, independent of established risk factors, for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Baba
- Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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10
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Gupta R, Leon F, Rauth S, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. A Systematic Review on the Implications of O-linked Glycan Branching and Truncating Enzymes on Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cells 2020; 9:E446. [PMID: 32075174 PMCID: PMC7072808 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most commonly occurring post-translational modifications, and is believed to modify over 50% of all proteins. The process of glycan modification is directed by different glycosyltransferases, depending on the cell in which it is expressed. These small carbohydrate molecules consist of multiple glycan families that facilitate cell-cell interactions, protein interactions, and downstream signaling. An alteration of several types of O-glycan core structures have been implicated in multiple cancers, largely due to differential glycosyltransferase expression or activity. Consequently, aberrant O-linked glycosylation has been extensively demonstrated to affect biological function and protein integrity that directly result in cancer growth and progression of several diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of several initiating enzymes involved in the synthesis of O-linked glycosylation that significantly contribute to a number of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Frank Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 681980-5900, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 681980-5900, USA
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Poiroux G, Barre A, Rougé P, Benoist H. Targeting Glycosylation Aberrations to Improve the Efficiency of Cancer Phototherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:349-359. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180628101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of photodynamic therapy in cancer still remains limited, partly because of the lack of photosensitizer (PS) specificity for the cancerous tissues. Various molecular tools are available to increase PS efficiency by targeting the cancer cell molecular alterations. Most strategies use the protein-protein interactions, e.g. monoclonal antibodies directed toward tumor antigens, such as HER2 or EGFR. An alternative could be the targeting of the tumor glycosylation aberrations, e.g. T/Tn antigens that are truncated O-glycans over-expressed in numerous tumors. Thus, to achieve an effective targeting, PS can be conjugated to molecules that specifically recognize the Oglycosylation aberrations at the cancer cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poiroux
- Universite de Toulouse, CRCT, INSERM UMR 1037, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Annick Barre
- Universite de Toulouse, Pharma-Dev, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) UMR 152, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Universite de Toulouse, Pharma-Dev, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) UMR 152, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
| | - Hervé Benoist
- Universite de Toulouse, Pharma-Dev, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) UMR 152, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
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12
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MicroRNA in Lung Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020265. [PMID: 30813457 PMCID: PMC6406837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a hallmark of cancer, with distant metastasis frequently developing in lung cancer, even at initial diagnosis, resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. However, available biomarkers cannot reliably predict cancer spreading sites. The metastatic cascade involves highly complicated processes including invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that are tightly controlled by various genetic expression modalities along with interaction between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, can influence the transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, with dysregulation of miRNA expression contributing to the regulation of cancer metastasis. Nevertheless, although miRNA-targeted therapy is widely studied in vitro and in vivo, this strategy currently affords limited feasibility and a few miRNA-targeted therapies for lung cancer have entered into clinical trials to date. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of metastasis will thus provide additional potential targets for lung cancer treatment. This review discusses the current research related to the role of miRNAs in lung cancer invasion and metastasis, with a particular focus on the different metastatic lesions and potential miRNA-targeted treatments for lung cancer with the expectation that further exploration of miRNA-targeted therapy may establish a new spectrum of lung cancer treatments.
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13
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The role of glycosyltransferase enzyme GCNT3 in colon and ovarian cancer prognosis and chemoresistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8485. [PMID: 29855486 PMCID: PMC5981315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase enzyme GCNT3, has been proposed as a biomarker for prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study goes in depth into the molecular basis of GCNT3 role in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and it explores its potential role as biomarker in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). High levels of GCNT3 are associated with increased sensibility to 5-fluoracil in metastatic cells. Accordingly, GCNT3 re-expression leads to the gain of anti-carcinogenic cellular properties by reducing cell growth, invasion and by changing metabolic capacities. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal that GCNT3 is linked to cellular cycle, mitosis and proliferation, response to drugs and metabolism pathways. The vascular epithelial growth factor A (VEGFA) arises as an attractive partner of GCNT3 functions in cell invasion and resistance. Finally, GCNT3 expression was analyzed in a cohort of 56 EOC patients followed by a meta-analysis of more than one thousand patients. This study reveals that GCNT3 might constitute a prognostic factor also in EOC, since its overexpression is associated with better clinical outcome and response to initial therapy. GCNT3 emerges as an essential glycosylation-related molecule in CRC and EOC progression, with potential interest as a predictive biomarker of response to chemotherapy.
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14
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Very N, Lefebvre T, El Yazidi-Belkoura I. Drug resistance related to aberrant glycosylation in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1380-1402. [PMID: 29416702 PMCID: PMC5787446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Drug resistance of tumour cells remains the main challenge toward curative treatments efficiency. Several epidemiologic studies link emergence and recurrence of this cancer to metabolic disorders. Glycosylation that modifies more than 80% of human proteins is one of the most widepread nutrient-sensitive post-translational modifications. Aberrant glycosylation participates in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, some of these glycan changes like carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 (sialyl Lewis a, sLea) or those found on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are already used as clinical biomarkers to detect and monitor CRC. The current review highlights emerging evidences accumulated mainly during the last decade that establish the role played by altered glycosylations in CRC drug resistance mechanisms that induce resistance to apoptosis and activation of signaling pathways, alter drug absorption and metabolism, and led to stemness acquisition. Knowledge in this field of investigation could aid to the development of better therapeutic approaches with new predictive biomarkers and targets tied in with adapted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninon Very
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Ikram El Yazidi-Belkoura
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
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15
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Auslander N, Cunningham CE, Toosi BM, McEwen EJ, Yizhak K, Vizeacoumar FS, Parameswaran S, Gonen N, Freywald T, Bhanumathy KK, Freywald A, Vizeacoumar FJ, Ruppin E. An integrated computational and experimental study uncovers FUT9 as a metabolic driver of colorectal cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:956. [PMID: 29196508 PMCID: PMC5740504 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations play an important role in cancer and yet, few metabolic cancer driver genes are known. Here we perform a combined genomic and metabolic modeling analysis searching for metabolic drivers of colorectal cancer. Our analysis predicts FUT9, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of Ley glycolipids, as a driver of advanced-stage colon cancer. Experimental testing reveals FUT9's complex dual role; while its knockdown enhances proliferation and migration in monolayers, it suppresses colon cancer cells expansion in tumorspheres and inhibits tumor development in a mouse xenograft models. These results suggest that FUT9's inhibition may attenuate tumor-initiating cells (TICs) that are known to dominate tumorspheres and early tumor growth, but promote bulk tumor cells. In agreement, we find that FUT9 silencing decreases the expression of the colorectal cancer TIC marker CD44 and the level of the OCT4 transcription factor, which is known to support cancer stemness. Beyond its current application, this work presents a novel genomic and metabolic modeling computational approach that can facilitate the systematic discovery of metabolic driver genes in other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Auslander
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chelsea E Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Behzad M Toosi
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Emily J McEwen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Keren Yizhak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederick S Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sreejit Parameswaran
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nir Gonen
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tanya Freywald
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kalpana K Bhanumathy
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada .,Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Aguirre-Portolés C, Fernández LP, Ramírez de Molina A. Precision Nutrition for Targeting Lipid Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101076. [PMID: 28956850 PMCID: PMC5691693 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multistage and multifactorial condition with genetic and environmental factors modulating tumorogenesis and disease progression. Nevertheless, cancer is preventable, as one third of cancer deaths could be avoided by modifying key risk factors. Nutrients can directly affect fundamental cellular processes and are considered among the most important risk factors in colorectal cancer (CRC). Red and processed meat, poultry consumption, fiber, and folate are the best-known diet components that interact with colorectal cancer susceptibility. In addition, the direct association of an unhealthy diet with obesity and dysbiosis opens new routes in the understanding of how daily diet nutrients could influence cancer prognosis. In the “omics” era, traditional nutrition has been naturally evolved to precision nutrition where technical developments have contributed to a more accurate discipline. In this sense, genomic and transcriptomic studies have been extensively used in precision nutrition approaches. However, the relation between CRC carcinogenesis and nutrition factors is more complex than originally expected. Together with classical diet-nutrition-related genes, nowadays, lipid-metabolism-related genes have acquired relevant interest in precision nutrition studies. Lipids regulate very diverse cellular processes from ATP synthesis and the activation of essential cell-signaling pathways to membrane organization and plasticity. Therefore, a wide range of tumorogenic steps can be influenced by lipid metabolism, both in primary tumours and distal metastasis. The extent to which genetic variants, together with the intake of specific dietary components, affect the risk of CRC is currently under investigation, and new therapeutic or preventive applications must be explored in CRC models. In this review, we will go in depth into the study of co-occurring events, which orchestrate CRC tumorogenesis and are essential for the evolution of precision nutrition paradigms. Likewise, we will discuss the application of precision nutrition approaches to target lipid metabolism in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguirre-Portolés
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lara P Fernández
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Sumardika IW, Youyi C, Kondo E, Inoue Y, Ruma IMW, Murata H, Kinoshita R, Yamamoto KI, Tomida S, Shien K, Sato H, Yamauchi A, Futami J, Putranto EW, Hibino T, Toyooka S, Nishibori M, Sakaguchi M. β-1,3-Galactosyl- O-Glycosyl-Glycoprotein β-1,6- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 Increases MCAM Stability, Which Enhances S100A8/A9-Mediated Cancer Motility. Oncol Res 2017; 26:431-444. [PMID: 28923134 PMCID: PMC7844831 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15031557924123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified novel S100A8/A9 receptors, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), and neuroplastin (NPTN) β, that are critically involved in S100A8/A9-mediated cancer metastasis and inflammation when expressed at high levels. However, little is known about the presence of any cancer-specific mechanism(s) that modifies these receptors, further inducing upregulation at protein levels without any transcriptional regulation. Expression levels of glycosyltransferase-encoding genes were examined by a PCR-based profiling array followed by confirmation with quantitative real-time PCR. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using a Boyden chamber. Western blotting was used to examine the protein level, and the RNA level was examined by Northern blotting. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression pattern of β-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (GCNT3) and MCAM in melanoma tissue. We found that GCNT3 is overexpressed in highly metastatic melanomas. Silencing and functional inhibition of GCNT3 greatly suppressed migration and invasion of melanoma cells, resulting in the loss of S100A8/A9 responsiveness. Among the novel S100A8/A9 receptors, GCNT3 favorably glycosylates the MCAM receptor, extending its half-life and leading to further elevation of S100A8/A9-mediated cellular motility in melanoma cells. GCNT3 expression is positively correlated to MCAM expression in patients with high-grade melanomas. Collectively, our results showed that GCNT3 is an upstream regulator of MCAM protein and indicate the possibility of a potential molecular target in melanoma therapeutics through abrogation of the S100A8/A9-MCAM axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wayan Sumardika
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Chen Youyi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - I Made Winarsa Ruma
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Department of Biobank, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Departments of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Departments of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical SchoolOkayamaJapan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayamaJapan
| | - Endy Widya Putranto
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | | | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of Biobank, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
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18
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Valdés A, García-Cañas V, Artemenko KA, Simó C, Bergquist J, Cifuentes A. Nano-liquid Chromatography-orbitrap MS-based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Differences Between the Mechanisms of Action of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Colon Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:8-22. [PMID: 27834734 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS) are two structurally related diterpenes present in rosemary herb (Rosmarinus officinalis). Although several studies have demonstrated that both diterpenes can scavenge free radicals and interfere in cellular processes such as cell proliferation, they may not necessarily exert the same effects at the molecular level. In this work, a shotgun proteomics study based on stable isotope dimethyl labeling (DML) and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) has been performed to identify the relative changes in proteins and to gain some light on the specific molecular targets and mechanisms of action of CA and CS in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Protein profiles revealed that CA and CS induce different Nrf2-mediated response. Furthermore, examination of our data revealed that each diterpene affects protein homeostasis by different mechanisms. CA treatment induces the expression of proteins involved in the unfolded protein response in a concentration dependent manner reflecting ER stress, whereas CS directly inhibits chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. In conclusion, the unbiased proteomics-wide method applied in the present study has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to reveal differences on the mechanisms of action of two related bioactive compounds in the same biological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valdés
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia García-Cañas
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Konstantin A Artemenko
- §Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Simó
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- §Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Lee J, Katzenmaier EM, Kopitz J, Gebert J. Reconstitution of TGFBR2 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells causes increased LFNG expression and enhanced N-acetyl-d-glucosamine incorporation into Notch1. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Functional Consequences of Differential O-glycosylation of MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 (Downstream Effects on Signaling). Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6030034. [PMID: 27483328 PMCID: PMC5039420 DOI: 10.3390/biom6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications that occur within the cell. Under normal physiological conditions, O-linked glycosylation of extracellular proteins is critical for both structure and function. During the progression of cancer, however, the expression of aberrant and truncated glycans is commonly observed. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that contain numerous sites of O-glycosylation within their extracellular domains. Transmembrane mucins also play a functional role in monitoring the surrounding microenvironment and transducing these signals into the cell. In cancer, these mucins often take on an oncogenic role and promote a number of pro-tumorigenic effects, including pro-survival, migratory, and invasive behaviors. Within this review, we highlight both the processes involved in the expression of aberrant glycan structures on mucins, as well as the potential downstream impacts on cellular signaling.
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21
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González-Vallinas M, Reglero G, Ramírez de Molina A. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as a Potential Complementary Agent in Anticancer Therapy. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1221-9. [PMID: 26452641 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains an important cause of mortality nowadays and, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been reported to possess antitumor activities both in vitro and in animal studies. Some of these activities were attributed to its major components, such as carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Initially, the antitumor effects of rosemary were attributed to its antioxidant activity. However, in recent years, a lack of correlation between antioxidant and antitumor effects exerted by rosemary was reported, and different molecular mechanisms were related to its tumor inhibitory properties. Moreover, supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Food and Safety Authority, specific compositions of rosemary extract were demonstrated to be safe for human health and used as antioxidant additive in foods, suggesting the potential easy application of this agent as a complementary approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the reported anticancer effects of rosemary, the demonstrated molecular mechanisms related to these effects and the interactions between rosemary and currently used anticancer agents. The possibility of using rosemary extract as a complementary agent in cancer therapy in comparison with its isolated components is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Vallinas
- a Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food), Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- b Unit of Food Products for Health , Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food) and Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research , Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- a Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food), Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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22
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Mihalache A, Delplanque JF, Ringot-Destrez B, Wavelet C, Gosset P, Nunes B, Groux-Degroote S, Léonard R, Robbe-Masselot C. Structural Characterization of Mucin O-Glycosylation May Provide Important Information to Help Prevent Colorectal Tumor Recurrence. Front Oncol 2015; 5:217. [PMID: 26500890 PMCID: PMC4597131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer is a preventable and curable disease if early stage tumors are removed, it still represents the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment but once operated the patient is either subjected to adjuvant chemotherapy or not, depending on the invasiveness of the cancer and risks of recurrence. In this context, we investigated, by mass spectrometry (MS), alterations in the repertoire of glycosylation of mucins from colorectal tumors of various stages, grades, and recurrence status. Tumors were also compared with their counterparts in resection margins from the same patients and with healthy controls. The obtained data showed an important decrease in the level of expression of sialylated core 3-based O-glycans in tumors correlated with an increase in sialylated core 1 structures. No correlation was established between stages of the tumor samples and mucin O-glycosylation. However, with the notable exception of sialyl Tn antigens, tumors with recurrence presented a milder alteration of glycosylation profile than tumors without recurrence. These results suggest that mucin O-glycans from tumors with recurrence might mimic a healthier physiological situation, hence deceiving the immune defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mihalache
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Service d'Anatomie Pathologie, Faculté Libre de Médecine, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Jean-François Delplanque
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Bélinda Ringot-Destrez
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Cindy Wavelet
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologie, Faculté Libre de Médecine, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Bertrand Nunes
- Service Chirurgie Digestive, Faculté Libre de Médecine, Hôpital Saint Philibert, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Sophie Groux-Degroote
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Renaud Léonard
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Catherine Robbe-Masselot
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Lille , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
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23
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He Y, Xie Q, Wang Y, Liang Y, Xu X, Li Y, Miao J, Chen Z, Li Y. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based O-glycomics to evaluate glycosylation alterations in gastric cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:206-15. [PMID: 26255982 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant cancer worldwide. Important for tumorigenesis and progression, aberrant glycosylation occurs frequently in cancers. We investigated the differences in O-glycosylation in the serum of 157 gastric cancer patients (GC) and 144 healthy donors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used the method of labeling O-glycans (released from proteins) with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone followed by LC-MS analysis. Analyzing the LC-MS data by partial least squares discriminant and unpaired Student t test, combined with the structural information of O-glycans from LC-MS/MS in positive mode. RESULTS The expression level of core1, core2, ST antigen, and core2 complex O-glycans (m/z 733.33, m/z 809.42) were increased significantly (p < 0.0001), whereas m/z 529.75 and diST-antigen were decreased in the serum of GC compared with controls (p < 0.001). In addition, there were significant correlations between the abundance of the O-glycans and glycoproteins (MUC1, CEA) in the serum of GC. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Glycomics approaches identified multiple candidate antigens for patients with GC. The O-glycan structures are increased in the serum of GC, they may be candidates for carbohydrate tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian, P. R. China
| | - Xiukun Xu
- Suzhou Zhongying Medical Sciences and Technologies Company, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Suzhou Pharmavan Cancer Research Center Company, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunsen Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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24
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Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos A, Oliveira IA, Lucena MC, Mantuano NR, Whelan SA, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Biosynthetic Machinery Involved in Aberrant Glycosylation: Promising Targets for Developing of Drugs Against Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:138. [PMID: 26161361 PMCID: PMC4479729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on altered metabolism and nutrient uptake to generate and keep the malignant phenotype. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is a branch of glucose metabolism that produces UDP-GlcNAc and its derivatives, UDP-GalNAc and CMP-Neu5Ac and donor substrates used in the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Growing evidence demonstrates that alteration of the pool of activated substrates might lead to different glycosylation and cell signaling. It is already well established that aberrant glycosylation can modulate tumor growth and malignant transformation in different cancer types. Therefore, biosynthetic machinery involved in the assembly of aberrant glycans are becoming prominent targets for anti-tumor drugs. This review describes three classes of glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, N-linked, and mucin type O-linked glycosylation, involved in tumor progression, their biosynthesis and highlights the available inhibitors as potential anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isadora A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Miguel Clodomiro Lucena
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Wagner Barbosa Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
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25
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Petrosyan A, Ali MF, Cheng PW. Keratin 1 plays a critical role in golgi localization of core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase M via interaction with its cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6256-69. [PMID: 25605727 PMCID: PMC4358263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2/M (C2GnT-M) synthesizes all three β6GlcNAc branch structures found in secreted mucins. Loss of C2GnT-M leads to development of colitis and colon cancer. Recently we have shown that C2GnT-M targets the Golgi at the Giantin site and is recycled by binding to non-muscle myosin IIA, a motor protein, via the cytoplasmic tail (CT). But how this enzyme is retained in the Golgi is not known. Proteomics analysis identifies keratin type II cytoskeletal 1 (KRT1) as a protein pulled down with anti-c-Myc antibody or C2GnT-M CT from the lysate of Panc1 cells expressing bC2GnT-M tagged with c-Myc. Yeast two-hybrid analysis shows that the rod domain of KRT1 interacts directly with the WKR(6) motif in the C2GnT-M CT. Knockdown of KRT1 does not affect Golgi morphology but increases the interaction of C2GnT-M with non-muscle myosin IIA and its transportation to the endoplasmic reticulum, ubiquitination, and degradation. During Golgi recovery after brefeldin A treatment, C2GnT-M forms a complex with Giantin before KRT1, demonstrating CT-mediated sequential events of Golgi targeting and retention of C2GnT-M. In HeLa cells transiently expressing C2GnT-M-GFP, knockdown of KRT1 does not affect Golgi morphology but leaves C2GnT-M outside of the Golgi, resulting in the formation of sialyl-T antigen. Interaction of C2GnT-M and KRT1 was also detected in the goblet cells of human colon epithelial tissue and primary culture of colonic epithelial cells. The results indicate that glycosylation and thus the function of glycoconjugates can be regulated by a protein that helps retain a glycosyltransferase in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Mohamed F Ali
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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26
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Hung JS, Huang J, Lin YC, Huang MJ, Lee PH, Lai HS, Liang JT, Huang MC. C1GALT1 overexpression promotes the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells through modifying O-glycosylation of FGFR2. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2096-106. [PMID: 24758762 PMCID: PMC4039148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) transfers galactose (Gal) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to form Galβ1,3GalNAc (T antigen). Aberrant O-glycans, such as T antigen, are commonly found in colorectal cancer. However, the role of C1GALT1 in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Here we showed that C1GALT1 was frequently overexpressed in colorectal tumors and is associated with poor survival. C1GALT1 overexpression promoted cell survival, migration, invasion, and sphere formation as well as tumor growth and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Conversely, knockdown of C1GALT1 with small interference (si) RNA was sufficient to suppress these malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we are the first to show that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 carried O-glycans in colon cancer cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that C1GALT1 modified the O-glycans on FGFR2 and enhanced bFGF-triggered activation of FGFR2 as well as increased bFGF-mediated malignant phenotypes. In addition, BGJ398, a selective inhibitor of FGFR, blocked the effects of C1GALT1. These findings suggest that C1GALT1 overexpression modifies O-glycans on FGFR2 and enhances its phosphorylation to promote the invasive behavior and cancer stem-like property in colon cancer cells, indicating a critical role of O-glycosylation in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shiang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min-Chuan Huang
- ²Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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González-Vallinas M, Vargas T, Moreno-Rubio J, Molina S, Herranz J, Cejas P, Burgos E, Aguayo C, Custodio A, Reglero G, Feliu J, Ramírez de Molina A. Clinical relevance of the differential expression of the glycosyltransferase gene GCNT3 in colon cancer. Eur J Cancer 2014; 51:1-8. [PMID: 25466507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation is considered a universal cancer hallmark. Mucin-type core 2 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme (C2GnT-M), encoded by the GCNT3 gene, has been reported to be altered in tumours and to possess tumour suppressor properties. In this work, we aimed to determine the possible role of GCNT3 gene expression as prognostic marker in colon cancer. We investigated the differential expression of GCNT3 gene among tumour samples from stage II colon cancer patients by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Univariate and Multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the correlation between GCNT3 expression and disease-free survival. The risk of relapse in GCNT3 low-expressing cancer patients was significantly higher than that in GCNT3 high-expressing patients in both training (Hazard Ratio (HR) 4.26, p=0.002) and validation (HR 3.06, p=0.024) series of patients, and this association was independent of clinical factors. Additionally, qRT-PCR was used to explore the modulation of GCNT3 expression by different antitumour drugs. Three chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanism of action (5-fluorouracil, bortezomib and paclitaxel) significantly induced GCNT3 expression in several cancer cells, being observed the correlation between antitumour action and GCNT3 modulation, whereas this gene was not modulated in cells that do not respond to treatment. Overall, these results indicate that low GCNT3 expression is a promising prognostic biomarker for colon cancer that could be used to identify early-stage colon cancer patients at high risk of relapse. Additionally, our results suggest that this enzyme might also constitute a biomarker to monitor tumour response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Moreno-Rubio
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain; Medical Oncology, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, Madrid 28702, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jesús Herranz
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Emilio Burgos
- Pathology Department, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguayo
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Ana Custodio
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain; Food Research Institute (CIAL), CEI UAM+CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jaime Feliu
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid 28046, Spain
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28
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Jung DW, Kim WH, Seo S, Oh E, Yim SH, Ha HH, Chang YT, Williams DR. Chemical targeting of GAPDH moonlighting function in cancer cells reveals its role in tubulin regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1533-45. [PMID: 25308277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolytic enzymes are attractive anticancer targets. They also carry out numerous, nonglycolytic "moonlighting" functions in cells. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of the triazine small molecule, GAPDS, that targets the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). GAPDS showed greater toxicity against cancer cells compared to a known GAPDH enzyme inhibitor. GAPDS also selectively inhibited cell migration and invasion. Our analysis showed that GAPDS treatment reduced GAPDH levels in the cytoplasm, which would modulate the secondary, moonlighting functions of this enzyme. We then used GAPDS as a probe to demonstrate that a moonlighting function of GAPDH is tubulin regulation, which may explain its anti-invasive properties. We also observed that GAPDS has potent anticancer activity in vivo. Our study indicates that strategies to target the secondary functions of anticancer candidates may yield potent therapeutics and useful chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Hee Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Seo
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsang Oh
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Yim
- College of Public Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjaero, Naju, Jeonnam 520-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 570-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Darren Reece Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Liu CH, Hu RH, Huang MJ, Lai IR, Chen CH, Lai HS, Wu YM, Huang MC. C1GALT1 promotes invasive phenotypes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by modulating integrin β1 glycosylation and activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94995. [PMID: 25089569 PMCID: PMC4121071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion and metastasis are the primary causes of treatment failure and death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is frequently overexpressed in HCC tumors and its expression is associated with advanced tumor stage, metastasis, and poor survival. However, the underlying mechanisms of C1GALT1 in HCC malignancy remain unclear. In this study, we found that overexpression of C1GALT1 enhanced HCC cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, migration, and invasion, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of C1GALT1 suppressed these phenotypes. The promoting effect of C1GALT1 on the metastasis of HCC cells was demonstrated in a mouse xenograft model. Mechanistic investigations showed that the C1GALT1-enhanced phenotypic changes in HCC cells were significantly suppressed by anti-integrin β1 blocking antibody. Moreover, C1GALT1 was able to modify O-glycans on integrin β1 and regulate integrin β1 activity as well as its downstream signaling. These results suggest that C1GALT1 could enhance HCC invasiveness through integrin β1 and provide novel insights into the roles of O-glycosylation in HCC metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/secondary
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Galactosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Galactosyltransferases/genetics
- Galactosyltransferases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Integrin beta1/genetics
- Integrin beta1/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Heng Hu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Juei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Rue Lai
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chen
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Shiee Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (M-CH); (Y-MW)
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (M-CH); (Y-MW)
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30
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González-Vallinas M, Molina S, Vicente G, Zarza V, Martín-Hernández R, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Reglero G, de Molina AR. Expression of microRNA-15b and the glycosyltransferase GCNT3 correlates with antitumor efficacy of Rosemary diterpenes in colon and pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98556. [PMID: 24892299 PMCID: PMC4043684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal and pancreatic cancers remain important contributors to cancer mortality burden and, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts and its components have been reported as natural potent antiproliferative agents against cancer cells. However, to potentially apply rosemary as a complementary approach for cancer therapy, additional information regarding the most effective composition, its antitumor effect in vivo and its main molecular mediators is still needed. In this work, five carnosic acid-rich supercritical rosemary extracts with different chemical compositions have been assayed for their antitumor activity both in vivo (in nude mice) and in vitro against colon and pancreatic cancer cells. We found that the antitumor effect of carnosic acid together with carnosol was higher than the sum of their effects separately, which supports the use of the rosemary extract as a whole. In addition, gene and microRNA expression analyses have been performed to ascertain its antitumor mechanism, revealing that up-regulation of the metabolic-related gene GCNT3 and down-regulation of its potential epigenetic modulator miR-15b correlate with the antitumor effect of rosemary. Moreover, plasmatic miR-15b down-regulation was detected after in vivo treatment with rosemary. Our results support the use of carnosic acid-rich rosemary extract as a complementary approach in colon and pancreatic cancer and indicate that GCNT3 expression may be involved in its antitumor mechanism and that miR-15b might be used as a non-invasive biomarker to monitor rosemary anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Vallinas
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vicente
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Zarza
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Martín-Hernández
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R. García-Risco
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Lange T, Samatov TR, Tonevitsky AG, Schumacher U. Importance of altered glycoprotein-bound N- and O-glycans for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and adhesion of cancer cells. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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32
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Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Fukuda MN, Palma AS, Kozak RP, Childs RA, Nonaka M, Li Z, Siegel DL, Hanfland P, Peehl DM, Chai W, Greene MI, Feizi T. Carbohydrate sequence of the prostate cancer-associated antigen F77 assigned by a mucin O-glycome designer array. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16462-77. [PMID: 24753245 PMCID: PMC4047413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.558932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody F77 was previously raised against human prostate cancer cells and has been shown to recognize a carbohydrate antigen, but the carbohydrate sequence of the antigen was elusive. Here, we make multifaceted approaches to characterize F77 antigen, including binding analyses with the glycolipid extract of the prostate cancer cell line PC3, microarrays with sequence-defined glycan probes, and designer arrays from the O-glycome of an antigen-positive mucin, in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Our results reveal F77 antigen to be expressed on blood group H on a 6-linked branch of a poly-N-acetyllactosamine backbone. We show that mAb F77 can also bind to blood group A and B analogs but with lower intensities. We propose that the close association of F77 antigen with prostate cancers is a consequence of increased blood group H expression together with up-regulated branching enzymes. This is in contrast to other epithelial cancers that have up-regulated branching enzymes but diminished expression of H antigen. With knowledge of the structure and prevalence of F77 antigen in prostate cancer, the way is open to explore rationally its application as a biomarker to detect F77-positive circulating prostate cancer-derived glycoproteins and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom,
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082
| | - Yibing Zhang
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Michiko N Fukuda
- the Glycobiology Unit, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Angelina S Palma
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom, the Department of Chemistry, New University, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Radoslaw P Kozak
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Childs
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Motohiro Nonaka
- the Glycobiology Unit, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Zhen Li
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Don L Siegel
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082
| | - Peter Hanfland
- the Foundation of Haemotherapy Research, Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Donna M Peehl
- the Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Wengang Chai
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom,
| | - Mark I Greene
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082
| | - Ten Feizi
- From the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom,
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33
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Wang Y, Ren F, Wang Y, Feng Y, Wang D, Jia B, Qiu Y, Wang S, Yu J, Sung JJ, Xu J, Zeps N, Chang Z. CHIP/Stub1 functions as a tumor suppressor and represses NF-κB-mediated signaling in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:983-91. [PMID: 24302614 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP, also named Stub1), a U-box containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, is involved in degradation of certain oncogenic proteins. Recent studies indicated that CHIP suppresses tumor progression in human cancers by targeting Src-3, hypoxia inducible factor 1α, NF-κB, ErbB2 and c-Myc. Here, we report that CHIP was downregulated, predominantly, in the late stages of human colorectal cancer (CRC), and that the CHIP promoter was hypermethylated in CRC specimens. Overexpression of CHIP in HCT-116 cells resulted in impaired tumor growth in nude mice and decreased abilities of tumor cell migration and invasion. Conversely, depletion of CHIP in HCT-116 cells promoted tumor growth and increased tumor cell migration and invasion. CHIP was further found to negatively regulate NF-κB signaling in HCT-116 cells by promoting ubiquitination and degradation of p65, a subunit of the NF-κB complex. The suppressive effect of CHIP led to decreased expression of NF-κB-targeted oncogenes including Cyclin D1, c-Myc, MMP-2, VEGF and IL-8. We proposed that CHIP inhibits the malignancy of CRC cells, possibly through targeting NF-κB signaling. This study provides functional evidence for CHIP as a potential tumor suppressor in CRC, and CHIP expression may be a marker for stages of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-tumor Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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34
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Radhakrishnan P, Grandgenett PM, Mohr AM, Bunt SK, Yu F, Chowdhury S, Hollingsworth MA. Expression of core 3 synthase in human pancreatic cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2824-33. [PMID: 23754791 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Core 3-derived glycans, a major type of O-glycan expressed by normal epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, are downregulated during malignancy because of loss of expression of functional β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-6 (core 3 synthase). We investigated the expression of core 3 synthase in normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer and evaluated the biological effects of re-expressing core 3 synthase in pancreatic cancer cells that had lost expression. We determined that pancreatic tumors and tumor cell lines have lost expression of core 3 synthase. Therefore, we re-expressed core 3 synthase in human pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-2 and FG) to investigate the contribution of core 3 glycans to malignant progression. Pancreatic cancer cells expressing core 3 synthase showed reduced in vitro cell proliferation, migration and invasion compared to vector control cells. Expression of core 3 O-glycans induced altered expression of β1 integrin, decreased activation of focal adhesion kinase, led to the downregulation of expression of several genes including REG1α and FGFR3 and altered lamellipodia formation. The addition of a GlcNAc residue by core 3 synthase leads to the extension of the tumor-associated Tn structure on MUC1. Orthotopic injection of FG cells expressing core 3 synthase into the pancreas of nude mice produced significantly smaller tumors and decreased metastasis to the surrounding tissues compared to vector control FG cells. These findings indicate that expression of core 3-derived O-glycans in pancreatic cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis through modulation of glycosylation of mucins and other cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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35
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Gao Y, Aryal RP, Ju T, Cummings RD, Gahlay G, Jarvis DL, Matta KL, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Brockhausen I. Acceptor specificities and selective inhibition of recombinant human Gal- and GlcNAc-transferases that synthesize core structures 1, 2, 3 and 4 of O-glycans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4274-81. [PMID: 23578692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modifications of proteins by O-glycosylation determine many of the properties and functions of proteins. We wish to understand the mechanisms of O-glycosylation and develop inhibitors that could affect glycoprotein functions and alter cellular behavior. METHODS We expressed recombinant soluble human Gal- and GlcNAc-transferases that synthesize the O-glycan cores 1 to 4 and are critical for the overall structures of O-glycans. We determined the properties and substrate specificities of these enzymes using synthetic acceptor substrate analogs. Compounds that were inactive as substrates were tested as inhibitors. RESULTS Enzymes significantly differed in their recognition of the sugar moieties and aglycone groups of substrates. Core 1 synthase was active with glycopeptide substrates but GlcNAc-transferases preferred substrates with hydrophobic aglycone groups. Chemical modifications of the acceptors shed light on enzyme-substrate interactions. Core 1 synthase was weakly inhibited by its substrate analog benzyl 2-butanamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactoside while two of the three GlcNAc-transferases were selectively and potently inhibited by bis-imidazolium salts which are not substrate analogs. CONCLUSIONS This work delineates the distinct specificities and properties of the enzymes that synthesize the common O-glycan core structures 1 to 4. New inhibitors were found that could selectively inhibit the synthesis of cores 1, 2 and 3 but not core 4. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These studies help our understanding of the mechanisms of action of enzymes critical for O-glycosylation. The results may be useful for the re-engineering of O-glycosylation to determine the roles of O-glycans and the enzymes critical for O-glycosylation, and for biotechnology with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Huang J, Che MI, Lin NY, Hung JS, Huang YT, Lin WC, Huang HC, Lee PH, Liang JT, Huang MC. The molecular chaperone Cosmc enhances malignant behaviors of colon cancer cells via activation of Akt and ERK. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53 Suppl 1:E62-71. [PMID: 23390052 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of T antigen (Galbeta1, 3GalNAc) is associated with enhanced metastatic potential and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Cosmc is a molecular chaperone required for the formation of an active T-synthase, which catalyzes the synthesis of T antigen. However, the expression and role of Cosmc in colorectal cancer are still unclear. Here, real-time PCR showed that overexpression of Cosmc mRNA in colorectal tumors compared with paired non-tumorous tissues was associated with increased American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor stage. Forced expression of Cosmc in HCT116 cells significantly increased T antigen expression and enhanced cell growth, migration, and invasion, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), ERK, and Akt. These Cosmc-enhanced malignant phenotypes were significantly suppressed by specific inhibitor of MEK or PI3K. We also found that Cosmc overexpression increased tumor growth and decreased survival of tumor-bearing SCID mice. Conversely, knockdown of Cosmc with siRNA in SW480 cells decreased malignant behaviors and the signaling pathways, which were substantially reversed by constitutively active Akt or MEK. Taken together, these results suggest that Cosmc promotes malignant phenotypes of colon cancer cells mainly via activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and that Cosmc may serve as a potential target for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CH, Wang SW, Chen CW, Huang MR, Hung JS, Huang HC, Lin HH, Chen RJ, Shyu MK, Huang MC. MUC20 overexpression predicts poor prognosis and enhances EGF-induced malignant phenotypes via activation of the EGFR-STAT3 pathway in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 128:560-7. [PMID: 23262208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucins play a critical role in the malignancy of various tumors and have been identified as diagnostic markers and as attractive therapeutic targets. However, the role of mucin (MUC) 20 in endometrial cancer (EC) is still unknown. METHODS The relationship between MUC20 expression and clinical characteristics of EC was analyzed in 97 EC tumors and 16 normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Effects of MUC20 on EC cells, HEC-1A and RL95-2, were examined by in vitro cell growth, migration, and invasion assays, as well as in vivo tumor growth in SCID mouse model. Western blotting was performed to analyze signaling pathways modulated by MUC20. RESULTS MUC20 expression was significantly higher in EC tumors compared with the normal tissue. High levels of MUC20 expression in EC tumors were correlated with an unfavorable histologic subtype. Furthermore, MUC20 was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival as evaluated by multivariate analyses. Overexpression of MUC20 in EC cells significantly enhanced cell growth, migration, and invasion, as well as tumor growth in vivo. The MUC20-enhanced invasive behavior was significantly blocked by erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor. Moreover, MUC20 overexpression enhanced EGF-mediated migration and invasion, suggesting a critical role of EGFR in MUC20-mediated effects. We found that MUC20 overexpression could enhance EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and STAT3. Inhibition of the STAT3 activity by its inhibitor Stattic significantly suppressed the MUC20-enhanced invasive behavior. CONCLUSIONS MUC20 is novel prognostic factor for EC and its overexpression enhances EGF-triggered invasive behavior through activation of EGFR-STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hau Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Petrosyan A, Ali MF, Cheng PW. Glycosyltransferase-specific Golgi-targeting mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37621-7. [PMID: 22988244 PMCID: PMC3488040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c112.403006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of secreted and membrane-bound mucins is carried out by glycosyltransferases localized to specific Golgi compartments according to the step in which each enzyme participates. However, the Golgi-targeting mechanisms of these enzymes are not clear. Herein, we investigate the Golgi-targeting mechanisms of core 1 β3 galactosyltransferase (C1GalT1) and core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-2 or mucus type (C2GnT-M), which participate in the early O-glycosylation steps. siRNAs, co-immunoprecipitation, and confocal fluorescence microscopy were employed to identify the golgins involved in the Golgi docking of vesicular complexes (VCs) that carry these two enzymes. We have found that these VCs use different golgins for docking: C2GnT-M-carrying VC (C2GnT-M-VC) utilizes Giantin, whereas C1GalT1-VC employs GM130-GRASP65 complex. However, in the absence of GRASP65, C1GalT1-VC utilizes GM130-Giantin complex. Also, we have found that these VCs are 1.1-1.2 μm in diameter, specific for each enzyme, and independent of coat protein complex II and I (COPII and COPI). These two fluorescently tagged enzymes exhibit different fluorescence recovery times in the Golgi after photobleaching. Thus, novel enzyme-specific Golgi-targeting mechanisms are employed by glycosyltransferases, and multiple Golgi docking strategies are utilized by C1GalT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- From the Department of Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Mohamed F. Ali
- From the Department of Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- From the Department of Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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Deubzer HE, Schier MC, Oehme I, Lodrini M, Haendler B, Sommer A, Witt O. HDAC11 is a novel drug target in carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2200-8. [PMID: 23024001 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity as stand-alone or combination therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach in oncology. The pan- or class I HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) currently approved or in clinical studies for oncology give rise to dose-limiting toxicities, presumably because of the inhibition of several HDACs. This could potentially be overcome by selective blockade of single HDAC family members. Here we report that HDAC11, the most recently identified zinc-dependent HDAC, is overexpressed in several carcinomas as compared to corresponding healthy tissues. HDAC11 depletion is sufficient to cause cell death and to inhibit metabolic activity in HCT-116 colon, PC-3 prostate, MCF-7 breast and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines. The antitumoral effect induced can be mimicked by enforced expression of a catalytically impaired HDAC11 variant, suggesting that inhibition of the enzymatic activity of HDAC11 by small molecules could trigger the desired phenotypic changes. HDAC11 depletion in normal cells causes no changes in metabolic activity and viability, strongly suggesting that tumor-selective effects can be achieved. Altogether, our data show that HDAC11 plays a critical role in cancer cell survival and may represent a novel drug target in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig E Deubzer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology (G340), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Fukuda M. Recent progress in carbohydrate biosynthesis and function in relation to tumor biology. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1622-5. [PMID: 23037150 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent development in carbohydrate markers and functions are described. Identification of carbohydrate epitope for cancer-specific antibody is introduced. This novel approach involves the key glycosyltransferases that synthesize tumor-associated carbohydrate-antigens and elucidate the biosynthetic pathways. This is the true determination of carbohydrate ligands and glycan array is secondary to determine the epitope. Tumor suppressor activity of carbohydrate is described. Cell surface carbohydrate, which expressed in normal cells is diminished on cancer cells, function as a tumor suppressor. Glycans attached to α-dystroglycan function as laminin-binding glycans. In cancer cells, oncogene downregulates laminin-binding glycans and they do not bind to laminin in extracellular matrix, making cells to mobile. Thus, laminin-binding glycans function to suppress the cell mobility, thereby suppressing tumor formation in normal cells. This article summarizes the recent progress in the regulation of carbohydrate function in cancer cells. Since the review is short and not comprehensive, other several important topics may be missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Fukuda
- Glycobiology Unit, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Colonic carcinogenesis along different genetic routes: glycophenotyping of tumor cases separated by microsatellite instability/stability. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:339-50. [PMID: 22565205 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different genetic routes account for colonic carcinogenesis. However, when analyzing colon cancer specimens, separation into different groups based on genetic alterations is commonly not performed. Thus, we here initiate the comparative phenotyping considering microsatellite instability/stability for clinical specimens. The focus is given to glycan epitopes, expression of which is known to be modulated by signal-transducing proteins that act as key regulators of normal colon epithelial growth and differentiation. In addition to six plant lectins used as sensors, the presence of two adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins is studied. Overall, a considerable level of intra- and interindividual heterogeneity is revealed. Alterations in the proportion of stained cells between tumor-adjacent and malignant epithelia concerned plant lectins, which bind substituted N-glycan cores, α2,6-sialylated branch ends, core 1 O-glycans and N-acetylgalactosamine. A tendency for changes was noted between microsatellite-unstable and microsatellite-stable cases for core substitution (bisected N-glycan, presence of β1,6-branching) and status of α2,6-sialylation. Statistical significance was reached for presence of galectin-3, found to be elevated in microsatellite-stable compared to microsatellite-unstable tumors. These results emphasize the potential of distinct signaling pathways to regulate certain aspects of the glycophenotype in vivo and thus delineate a perspective to discern functionally relevant deviations in expression of endogenous lectins and their counter-receptors.
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Solatycka A, Owczarek T, Piller F, Piller V, Pula B, Wojciech L, Podhorska-Okolow M, Dziegiel P, Ugorski M. MUC1 in human and murine mammary carcinoma cells decreases the expression of core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1042-54. [PMID: 22534569 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A good correlation between the expression of mucin1 (MUC1) and T antigen was found in breast cancer tumors and breast cancer cell lines, especially after treatment with neuraminidase. The association between the appearance of T antigen and the overexpression of MUC1 was further confirmed by transfecting MDA-MB-231 cells and murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells with cDNA for MUC1 and using an RNAi approach to inhibit the expression of MUC1 gene in T47D cells. Furthermore, we discovered that in 4T1 cells which express the sialyl Le(X) antigen, overexpression of MUC1 caused not only appearance of T antigen, but also loss of the sialyl Le(X) structure. As the observed changes in O-glycan synthesis can be associated with changes in the expression of specific glycosyltransferases, core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase, core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) and β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal I), we studied their expression in parental, vector-transfected and MUC1-transfected MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells as well as T47D cells transduced with small hairpin RNA targeted MUC1 mRNA. It was found that the expression of C2GnT1 and ST3Gal I is highly decreased in MUC1-expressing MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells and increased in T47D cells with suppressed expression of MUC1. Therefore, we found that changes in the structure of O-linked oligosaccharides, resulting in the occurrence of T antigen, are at least partially associated with MUC1 overexpression which down-regulates the expression of C2GnT1 and ST3Gal I. We showed also that the overexpression of MUC1 in 4T1 cells changes their adhesive properties, as MUC1-expressing cells do not adhere to E-selectin, but bind galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Solatycka
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Cell Interactions, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Two opposing roles of O-glycans in tumor metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:224-32. [PMID: 22425488 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of metastatic cancers and the poor outcome for patients, the processes of tumor metastasis still remain poorly understood. It has been shown that cell-surface carbohydrates attached to proteins through the amino acids serine or threonine (O-glycans) are involved in tumor metastasis, with the roles of O-glycans varying depending on their structure. Core2 O-glycans allow tumor cells to evade natural killer (NK) cells of the immune system and survive longer in the circulatory system, thereby promoting tumor metastasis. Core3 O-glycans or O-mannosyl glycans suppress tumor formation and metastasis by modulating integrin-mediated signaling. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms by which O-glycans promote or suppress tumor metastasis.
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Gill DJ, Clausen H, Bard F. Location, location, location: new insights into O-GalNAc protein glycosylation. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:149-58. [PMID: 21145746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
O-GalNAc glycosylation of proteins confers essential structural, protective and signaling roles in eumetazoans. Addition of O-glycans onto proteins is an extremely complex process that regulates both sites of attachment and the types of oligosaccharides added. Twenty distinct polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) initiate O-glycosylation and fine-tuning their expression provides a mechanism for regulating this action. Recently, a new mode of regulation has emerged where activation of Src kinase selectively redistributes Golgi-localized GalNAc-Ts to the ER. This relocalization results in a strong increase in the density of O-glycan decoration. In this review, we discuss how different mechanisms can regulate the number and the types of O-glycans decorating proteins. In addition, we speculate how Src-dependent relocation of GalNAc-Ts could play an important role in cancerous cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gill
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673
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St Hill CA, Baharo-Hassan D, Farooqui M. C2-O-sLeX glycoproteins are E-selectin ligands that regulate invasion of human colon and hepatic carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16281. [PMID: 21283832 PMCID: PMC3023807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to mechanisms of recruitment of activated leukocytes to inflamed tissues, selectins mediate adhesion and extravasation of circulating cancer cells. Our objective was to determine whether sialyl Lewis X modified core 2 O-glycans (C2-O-sLeX) present on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells promote their adhesion and invasion. We examined membrane expression of C2-O-sLeX, selectin binding, invasion of human colon and hepatic carcinoma cell lines, and mRNA levels of alpha-2,3 fucosyltransferase (FucT-III) and core 2 beta-1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) genes, necessary for C2-O-sLeX synthesis, by quantitative reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. Synthesis of core 2 branched O-glycans decorated by sLeX is dependent on C2GnT1 function and thus we determined enzyme activity of C2GnT1. The cell lines that expressed C2GnT1 and FucT-III mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR were highly positive for C2-O-sLeX by flow cytometry, and colon carcinoma cells possessed highly active C2GnT1 enzyme. Cells bound avidly to E-selection but not to P- and L-selectin. Gene knock-down of C2GnT1 in colon and hepatic carcinoma cells using short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) resulted in a 40–90% decrease in C2-O-sLeX and a 30–50% decrease in E-selectin binding compared to control cells. Invasion of hepatic and colon carcinoma cells containing C2GnT1 shRNA was significantly reduced compared to control cells in Matrigel assays and C2GnT1 activity was down-regulated in the latter cells. The sLeX epitope was predominantly distributed on core 2 O-glycans on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells. Our findings indicate that C2GnT1 gene expression and the resulting C2-O-sLeX carbohydrates produced mediate the adhesive and invasive behaviors of human carcinomas which may influence their metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A St Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
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Cheng PW, Radhakrishnan P. Mucin O-glycan branching enzymes: structure, function, and gene regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:465-92. [PMID: 21618125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Wan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
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47
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Ren Q, Guan S, Fu J, Wang A. Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 messenger RNA and protein in porcine endometrium during implantation. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3829-37. [PMID: 21120618 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence points to a stromal decidualization-like response in the pregnant porcine uterus. The objective of this study was to evaluate expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), a sensitive indicator of endometrial stromal decidualization, in endometrium of pregnant sows and to further investigate this phenomenon. Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunostaining analysis were used to study TIMP-3 expression between/at attachment sites of endometrium of Days 13, 18 and 24 pregnant sows. The results indicate that TIMP-3 protein expression was lowest by Day 13 compared with Day 18 (P<0.01) and 24 (P<0.01), and the expression was higher at attachment sites than between attachment sites on Day 13 (P<0.01) and 18 (P<0.01). TIMP-3 intensive immunostaining was observed in stroma of endometrium on Days 13, 18 and 24, and the staining at attachment sites was stronger than between attachment sites. Collectively, these results suggest the crucial role of TIMP-3 in successful implantation and embryo survival and indicate the endometrial stromal decidualization-like in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Lee SH, Yu SY, Nakayama J, Khoo KH, Stone EL, Fukuda MN, Marth JD, Fukuda M. Core2 O-glycan structure is essential for the cell surface expression of sucrase isomaltase and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV during intestinal cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37683-92. [PMID: 20841351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in glycosylation play an important role during intestinal cell differentiation. Here, we compared expression of mucin-type O-glycan synthases from proliferating and differentiated HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. Mucin-type O-glycan structures were analyzed at both stages by mass spectrometry. Core2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-2 (C2GnT-2) was markedly increased in differentiated HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, but the core3 structure was hardly detectable. To determine whether such differential expression of mucin-type O-glycan structures has physiological significance in intestinal cell differentiation, expression of sucrase isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV), two well known intestinal differentiation markers, was examined. Interestingly, the fully glycosylated mature form of SI was decreased in C2GnT-2 knock-out mice but not in core2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3 (C2GnT-3) nulls. In addition, expression of SI and DPP-IV was dramatically reduced in C2GnT-1-3 triple knock-out mice. These patterns were confirmed by RNAi analysis; C2GnT-2 knockdown significantly reduced cell surface expression of SI and DPP-IV in Caco-2 cells. Similarly, overexpression of the core3 structure in HT-29 cells attenuated cell surface expression of both enzymes. These findings indicate that core3 O-glycan structure regulates cell surface expression of SI and DPP-IV and that core2 O-glycan is presumably an essential mucin-type O-glycan structure found in both molecules in vivo. Finally, goblet cells in the upper part of the crypt showed impaired maturation in the core2 O-glycan-deficient mice. These studies are the first to clearly identify functional mucin-type O-glycan structures modulating cell surface expression of SI and DPP-IV during the intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Lee
- Glycobiology Unit, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Heimeier RA, Das B, Buchholz DR, Fiorentino M, Shi YB. Studies on Xenopus laevis intestine reveal biological pathways underlying vertebrate gut adaptation from embryo to adult. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R55. [PMID: 20482879 PMCID: PMC2898076 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-r55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adapt to its changing dietary environment, the digestive tract is extensively remodeled from the embryo to the adult during vertebrate development. Xenopus laevis metamorphosis is an excellent model system for studying mammalian gastrointestinal development and is used to determine the genes and signaling programs essential for intestinal development and maturation. RESULTS The metamorphosing intestine can be divided into four distinct developmental time points and these were analyzed with X. laevis microarrays. Due to the high level of conservation in developmental signaling programs and homology to mammalian genes, annotations and bioinformatics analysis were based on human orthologs. Clustering of the expression patterns revealed co-expressed genes involved in essential cell processes such as apoptosis and proliferation. The two largest clusters of genes have expression peaks and troughs at the climax of metamorphosis, respectively. Novel conserved gene ontology categories regulated during this period include transcriptional activity, signal transduction, and metabolic processes. Additionally, we identified larval/embryo- and adult-specific genes. Detailed analysis revealed 17 larval specific genes that may represent molecular markers for human colonic cancers, while many adult specific genes are associated with dietary enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This global developmental expression study provides the first detailed molecular description of intestinal remodeling and maturation during postembryonic development, which should help improve our understanding of intestinal organogenesis and human diseases. This study significantly contributes towards our understanding of the dynamics of molecular regulation during development and tissue renewal, which is important for future basic and clinical research and for medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Heimeier
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Huang J, Che MI, Huang YT, Shyu MK, Huang YM, Wu YM, Lin WC, Huang PH, Liang JT, Lee PH, Huang MC. Overexpression of MUC15 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and promotes the oncogenic potential of human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1452-8. [PMID: 19520792 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins play a key role in tumorigenesis. MUC15 is a membrane-bound mucin and the MUC15 messenger RNA (mRNA) has been detected in various organs. However, its role in tumor malignancy is still unclear. This study was to investigate the MUC15 expression in colorectal tumors and the role of MUC15 in colon cancer cells. We found that the mRNA expression of MUC15 was significantly higher in 70.8% (51/72) of colorectal tumors compared with their normal counterparts by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry showed that MUC15 expression was increased in 82.6% (43/52) of colorectal tumors. MUC15 overexpression in HCT116 cells enhanced cell proliferation, cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, colony-forming ability and invasion. Furthermore, these effects were significantly reversed by knockdown of MUC15 with short-hairpin RNA. In nude mice models, MUC15 overexpression significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced tumor growth. In addition, treatment of PD98059 significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited MUC15-enhanced invasion, suggesting that the invasion induced by MUC15 in HCT116 cells was primarily mediated through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. In conclusion, these results suggest that MUC15 is upregulated in colorectal tumors and its expression enhances the oncogenic potential of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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