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Grenda A, Krawczyk P, Obara A, Gajek Ł, Łomża-Łaba A, Milanowski J. Transitioning to a Personalized Approach in Molecularly Subtyped Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4208. [PMID: 38673793 PMCID: PMC11050005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has become a major public health concern, standing as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Among its subtypes, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by aggressive and rapid growth, poor differentiation, and neuroendocrine features. Typically, SCLC is diagnosed at an advanced stage (extensive disease, ED-SCLC), with distant metastases, and is strongly associated with tobacco smoking and has a poor prognosis. Recent clinical trials, such as CASPIAN and IMpower133, have demonstrated promising outcomes with the incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors in first-line chemotherapy, leading to prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with ED-SCLC compared to standard chemotherapy. Other studies have emphasized the potential for future development of molecularly targeted therapies in SCLC patients, including inhibitors of IGF-1R, DLL3, BCL-2, MYC, or PARP. The molecular subdivision of SCLC based on transcriptomic and immunohistochemical analyses represents a significant advancement in both diagnostic and clinical approaches in SCLC patients. Specific molecular pathways are activated within distinct transcriptome subtypes of SCLC, offering the potential for personalized treatment strategies, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Such tailored approaches hold promise for significantly improving outcomes in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.Ł.-Ł.); (J.M.)
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.Ł.-Ł.); (J.M.)
| | - Adrian Obara
- Institute of Genetics and Immunology Genim LCC, Filaretów 27/2, 20-609 Lublin, Poland; (A.O.); (Ł.G.)
| | - Łukasz Gajek
- Institute of Genetics and Immunology Genim LCC, Filaretów 27/2, 20-609 Lublin, Poland; (A.O.); (Ł.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Łomża-Łaba
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.Ł.-Ł.); (J.M.)
| | - Janusz Milanowski
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (A.Ł.-Ł.); (J.M.)
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Zhang C, Sheng Y, Sun X, Wang Y. New insights for gynecological cancer therapies: from molecular mechanisms and clinical evidence to future directions. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:891-925. [PMID: 37368179 PMCID: PMC10584725 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced and recurrent gynecological cancers lack effective treatment and have poor prognosis. Besides, there is urgent need for conservative treatment for fertility protection of young patients. Therefore, continued efforts are needed to further define underlying therapeutic targets and explore novel targeted strategies. Considerable advancements have been made with new insights into molecular mechanisms on cancer progression and breakthroughs in novel treatment strategies. Herein, we review the research that holds unique novelty and potential translational power to alter the current landscape of gynecological cancers and improve effective treatments. We outline the advent of promising therapies with their targeted biomolecules, including hormone receptor-targeted agents, inhibitors targeting epigenetic regulators, antiangiogenic agents, inhibitors of abnormal signaling pathways, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, agents targeting immune-suppressive regulators, and repurposed existing drugs. We particularly highlight clinical evidence and trace the ongoing clinical trials to investigate the translational value. Taken together, we conduct a thorough review on emerging agents for gynecological cancer treatment and further discuss their potential challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Sheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Female Tumor Reproductive Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
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Legoff L, D'Cruz SC, Lebosq M, Gely-Pernot A, Bouchekhchoukha K, Monfort C, Kernanec PY, Tevosian S, Multigner L, Smagulova F. Developmental exposure to chlordecone induces transgenerational effects in somatic prostate tissue which are associated with epigenetic histone trimethylation changes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106472. [PMID: 33711761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlordecone (CD), also known as Kepone, is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in banana crops in the French West Indies. Due to long-term contamination of soils and water, the population is still exposed to CD. Exposure to CD in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVES We examined the transgenerational effects of CD on murine prostate tissue. METHODS We exposed pregnant Swiss mice to CD. The prostates from directly exposed (F1) and non-exposed (F3) male progeny were analyzed. We used immunofluorescence, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq techniques for the comprehensive analyses of chromatin states in prostate. RESULTS We observed an increased prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia phenotype (PIN) in both F1 and F3 generations. Transcriptomic analysis in CD-derived F1 and F3 prostate using RNA-seq revealed that 970 genes in F1 and 218 in F3 genes were differentially expressed. The differentially expressed genes in both datasets could be clustered accordingly to common biological processes, "cell differentiation", "developmental process", "regulating of signaling", suggesting that in both generations similar processes were perturbed. We detected that in both datasets several Hox genes were upregulated; in F1, the expression was detected mainly in Hoxb and Hoxd, and in F3, in Hoxa family genes. Using a larger number of biological replicates and RT-qPCR we showed that genes implicated in testosterone synthesis (Akr1b3, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Srd5a1) were dramatically upregulated in PIN samples; Cyp19a1, converting testosterone to estradiol was elevated as well. We found a dramatic increase in Esr2 expression both in F1 and F3 prostates containing PIN. The PIN-containing samples have a strong increase in expression of self-renewal-related genes (Nanog, Tbx3, Sox2, Sox3, Rb1). We observed changes in liver, F1 CD-exposed males have an increased expression of genes related to DNA repair, matrix collagen and inflammation related pathways in F1 but not in F3 adult CD-derived liver. The changes in RNA transcription were associated with epigenetic changes. Specifically, we found a global increase in H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a decrease in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in prostate of F1 mice. ChIP-seq analysis showed that 129 regions in F1 and 240 in F3 acquired altered H3K4me3 occupancy in CD-derived prostate, including highest increase at several promoters of Hoxa family genes in both datasets. The alteration in H3K4me3 in both generations overlap 73 genes including genes involved in proliferation regulation, Tbx2, Stat3, Stat5a, Pou2f3 and homeobox genes Hoxa13, Hoxa9. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that developmental exposure to CD leads to epigenetic changes in prostate tissue. The PIN containing samples showed evidence of implication in hormonal pathway and self-renewal gene expression that have the capacity to promote neoplasia in CD-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Legoff
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Morgane Lebosq
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Katia Bouchekhchoukha
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Kernanec
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sergei Tevosian
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Box 100144, 1333 Center Drive, 32610 Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Zhang G, Yan G, Fu Z, Wu Y, Wu F, Zheng Z, Fang S, Gao Y, Bao X, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhu S. Loss of retinoic acid receptor-related receptor alpha (Rorα) promotes the progression of UV-induced cSCC. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:247. [PMID: 33664254 PMCID: PMC7933246 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is prevalent in the world, accounting for a huge part of non-melanoma skin cancer. Most cSCCs are associated with a distinct pre-cancerous lesion, the actinic keratosis (AK). However, the progression trajectory from normal skin to AK and cSCC has not been fully demonstrated yet. To identify genes involved in this progression trajectory and possible therapeutic targets for cSCC, here we constructed a UV-induced cSCC mouse model covering the progression from normal skin to AK to cSCC, which mimicked the solar UV radiation perfectly using the solar-like ratio of UVA and UVB, firstly. Then, transcriptome analysis and a series of bioinformatics analyses and cell experiments proved that Rorα is a key transcript factor during cSCC progression. Rorα could downregulate the expressions of S100a9 and Sprr2f in cSCC cells, which can inhibit the proliferation and migration in cSCC cells, but not the normal keratinocyte. Finally, further animal experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of cSCC growth by Rorα in vivo. Our findings showed that Rorα would serve as a potential novel target for cSCC, which will facilitate the treatment of cSCC in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calgranulin B/genetics
- Calgranulin B/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins/genetics
- Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Keratosis, Actinic/etiology
- Keratosis, Actinic/genetics
- Keratosis, Actinic/metabolism
- Keratosis, Actinic/pathology
- Mice, Hairless
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Octamer Transcription Factors/genetics
- Octamer Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcriptome
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhiliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Shan Fang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xunxia Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Sibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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A Tuft Cell-Like Signature Is Highly Prevalent in Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Delineates New Molecular Subsets Among the Major Lung Cancer Histotypes. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1003-1016. [PMID: 33609752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In-depth genomic characterization of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), comprising thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs), failed to identify targetable mutations and suggested unique biology of TETs, including KIT expression in most TCs. Recently, tuft cell-like medullary thymic epithelial cells were identified in the murine thymus, and our reanalysis of the published gene expression data revealed that these cells express KIT. In addition, recently, a minor subset of SCLCs with tuft cell-like features was described. METHODS We interrogated mRNA expression data from our tumor cohorts (N = 60) and publicly available, independent data sets from TETs and NSCLC (N = 1199) for expression of tuft cell genes and KIT. Expression of KIT and of POU2F3 protein, the master regulator of tuft cells, was analyzed in cancer tissue (N = 344) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Normal human thymic tuft cells and most TCs coexpressed KIT and known tuft cell genes, particularly POU2F3 and GFI1B. Unexpectedly, small subsets of tuft cell-like tumors coexpressing POU2F3, GFI1B, and KIT were also identified among pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and clustered together in each histologic cohort. In addition to the tuft cell-like signature, both thymic and lung tuft cell-like carcinomas had distinct genetic, pathologic, and clinical features in each cohort. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the tuft cell-like phenotype defines novel subsets of thymic and pulmonary carcinoma. Its high prevalence in thymic squamous cell carcinomas that have no known toxic or viral etiologies suggests a new mechanism of carcinogenesis that may lead to specific drug susceptibilities.
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Xiang S, Zeng H, Xia F, Ji Q, Xue J, Ren R, Que F, Zhou B. The dietary flavonoid isoliquiritigenin induced apoptosis and suppressed metastasis in melanoma cells: An in vitro and in vivo study. Life Sci 2020; 264:118598. [PMID: 33189818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the role of Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) in the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells and investigate the mechanism of action of this compound. MAIN METHODS The functional roles of ISL in melanoma cells were determined by CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and wound healing assay. The antitumor activity of ISL was assessed in vivo in a mouse xenograft model using A2058 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) and western blot assays were used to evaluate the gene and protein expression in cell lines or tumor tissue samples. Bioinformatic analysis, luciferase reporter assay, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed to confirm the mechanism of ISL effect on cell growth and metastasis of melanoma. KEY FINDINGS ISL suppressed proliferation and migration of melanoma cells via downregulation of miR-27a expression. The inhibitory effect of ISL on growth and metastasis of melanoma cells was reversed by ectopic expression of miR-27a. Bioinformatic analysis showed that miR-27a targets POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3); this result was verified by the luciferase reporter assay and by a decrease in the expression of POU2F3 by miR-27a intervention. GSEA demonstrated that POU2F3 is associated with the c-MYC/p53 signaling pathway and metastasis. POU2F3 knockdown reversed the inhibitory effect of ISL on the growth and metastasis of melanoma. Additionally, POU2F3 was found to be downregulated in melanoma tissue samples and was negatively correlated with miR-27a. SIGNIFICANCE ISL inhibits proliferation and metastasis of melanoma via the miR-27a/POU2F3/c-MYC/p53 axis; these results may provide a new thought for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Clinical Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, 518106 Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiufeng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruxia Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuchang Que
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Benjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China.
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Krushkal J, Silvers T, Reinhold WC, Sonkin D, Vural S, Connelly J, Varma S, Meltzer PS, Kunkel M, Rapisarda A, Evans D, Pommier Y, Teicher BA. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation analysis of small cell lung cancer cell lines suggests potential chemotherapy targets. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:93. [PMID: 32586373 PMCID: PMC7318526 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer. SCLC progression and treatment resistance involve epigenetic processes. However, links between SCLC DNA methylation and drug response remain unclear. We performed an epigenome-wide study of 66 human SCLC cell lines using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Correlations of SCLC DNA methylation and gene expression with in vitro response to 526 antitumor agents were examined. RESULTS We found multiple significant correlations between DNA methylation and chemosensitivity. A potentially important association was observed for TREX1, which encodes the 3' exonuclease I that serves as a STING antagonist in the regulation of a cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Increased methylation and low expression of TREX1 were associated with the sensitivity to Aurora kinase inhibitors AZD-1152, SCH-1473759, SNS-314, and TAK-901; the CDK inhibitor R-547; the Vertex ATR inhibitor Cpd 45; and the mitotic spindle disruptor vinorelbine. Compared with cell lines of other cancer types, TREX1 had low mRNA expression and increased upstream region methylation in SCLC, suggesting a possible relationship with SCLC sensitivity to Aurora kinase inhibitors. We also identified multiple additional correlations indicative of potential mechanisms of chemosensitivity. Methylation of the 3'UTR of CEP350 and MLPH, involved in centrosome machinery and microtubule tracking, respectively, was associated with response to Aurora kinase inhibitors and other agents. EPAS1 methylation was associated with response to Aurora kinase inhibitors, a PLK-1 inhibitor and a Bcl-2 inhibitor. KDM1A methylation was associated with PLK-1 inhibitors and a KSP inhibitor. Increased promoter methylation of SLFN11 was correlated with resistance to DNA damaging agents, as a result of low or no SLFN11 expression. The 5' UTR of the epigenetic modifier EZH2 was associated with response to Aurora kinase inhibitors and a FGFR inhibitor. Methylation and expression of YAP1 were correlated with response to an mTOR inhibitor. Among non-neuroendocrine markers, EPHA2 was associated with response to Aurora kinase inhibitors and a PLK-1 inhibitor and CD151 with Bcl-2 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Multiple associations indicate potential epigenetic mechanisms affecting SCLC response to chemotherapy and suggest targets for combination therapies. While many correlations were not specific to SCLC lineages, several lineage markers were associated with specific agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krushkal
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Thomas Silvers
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - William C Reinhold
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dmitriy Sonkin
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Suleyman Vural
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - John Connelly
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark Kunkel
- Drug Synthesis and Chemistry Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Annamaria Rapisarda
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David Evans
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Giulietti M, Occhipinti G, Righetti A, Bracci M, Conti A, Ruzzo A, Cerigioni E, Cacciamani T, Principato G, Piva F. Emerging Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer Identified by Network Analysis of Transcriptomic Data. Front Oncol 2018; 8:450. [PMID: 30370253 PMCID: PMC6194189 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a very common malignancy. Although new treatment strategies have been developed, the identification of new therapeutic targets and reliable diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for bladder cancer remains a priority. Generally, they are found among differentially expressed genes between patients and healthy subjects or among patients with different tumor stages. However, the classical approach includes processing these data taking into consideration only the expression of each single gene regardless of the expression of other genes. These complex gene interaction networks can be revealed by a recently developed systems biology approach called Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). It takes into account the expression of all genes assessed in an experiment in order to reveal the clusters of co-expressed genes (modules) that, very probably, are also co-regulated. If some genes are co-expressed in controls but not in pathological samples, it can be hypothesized that a regulatory mechanism was altered and that it could be the cause or the effect of the disease. Therefore, genes within these modules could play a role in cancer and thus be considered as potential therapeutic targets or diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. Here, we have reviewed all the studies where WGCNA has been applied to gene expression data from bladder cancer patients. We have shown the importance of this new approach in identifying candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets. They include both genes and miRNAs and some of them have already been identified in the literature to have a role in bladder cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Occhipinti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Righetti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Department of Urology, Bressanone/Brixen Hospital, Bressanone, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Fano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerigioni
- Unit of Pediatric and Specialistic Surgery, United Hospitals, "G.Salesi", Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cacciamani
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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DNA methylation patterns of the S100A14, POU2F3 and SFN genes in equine sarcoid tissues. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:302-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Zhang Y, Zoltan M, Riquelme E, Xu H, Sahin I, Castro-Pando S, Montiel MF, Chang K, Jiang Z, Ling J, Gupta S, Horne W, Pruski M, Wang H, Sun SC, Lozano G, Chiao P, Maitra A, Leach SD, Kolls JK, Sanchez EV, Wang TC, Bailey JM, McAllister F. Immune Cell Production of Interleukin 17 Induces Stem Cell Features of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Cells. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:210-223.e3. [PMID: 29604293 PMCID: PMC6035075 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about how the immune system affects stem cell features of pancreatic cancer cells. Immune cells that produce interleukin 17A (IL17A) in the chronically inflamed pancreas (chronic pancreatitis) contribute to pancreatic interepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) initiation and progression. We investigated the effects that IL17A signaling exerts on pancreatic cancer progenitor cells and the clinical relevance of this phenomena. METHODS We performed studies with Mist1Cre;LSLKras;Rosa26mTmG (KCiMist;G) and Kras(G12D);Trp53(R172H);Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice (which upon tamoxifen induction spontaneously develop PanINs) and control littermates. Some mice were injected with neutralizing antibodies against IL17A or control antibody. Pancreata were collected, PanIN epithelial cells were isolated by flow cytometry based on lineage tracing, and gene expression profiles were compared. We collected cells from pancreatic tumors of KPC mice, incubated them with IL17 or control media, measured expression of genes regulated by IL17 signaling, injected the cancer cells into immune competent mice, and measured tumor growth. IL17A was overexpressed in pancreata of KCiMist mice from an adenoviral vector. Pancreata were collected from all mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Levels of DCLK1 and other proteins were knocked down in KPC pancreatic cancer cells using small interfering or short hairpin RNAs; cells were analyzed by immunoblotting. We obtained 65 pancreatic tumor specimens from patients, analyzed protein levels by immunohistochemistry, and compared results with patient survival times. We also analyzed gene expression levels and patient outcome using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. RESULTS PanIN cells from KCiMist;G mice had a gene expression pattern associated with embryonic stem cells. Mice given injections of IL17-neutralizing antibodies, or with immune cells that did not secrete IL17, lost this expression pattern and had significantly decreased expression of DCLK1 and POU2F3, which regulate tuft cell development. KCiMist mice that overexpressed IL17 formed more PanINs, with more DCLK1-positive cells, than control mice. Pancreatic tumor cells from KPC mice and human Capan-2 cells exposed to IL17A had increased activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and increased expression of DCLK1 and ALDH1A1 (a marker of embryonic stem cells) compared with cells in control media. These cells also formed tumors faster that cells not exposed to IL17 when they were injected into immunocompetent mice. KPC cells with knockdown of DCLK1 expressed lower levels of ALDH1A1 after incubation with IL17 than cells without knockdown. Expression of the IL17 receptor C was higher in DCLK1-positive PanIN cells from mice compared with DCLK1-negative PanIN cells. In human pancreatic tumor tissues, high levels of DCLK1 associated with a shorter median survival time of patients (17.7 months, compared with 26.6 months of patients whose tumors had low levels of DCLK1). Tumor levels of POU2F3 and LAMC2 were also associated with patient survival time. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mouse and human pancreatic tumors and precursors, we found that immune cell-derived IL17 regulated development of tuft cells and stem cell features of pancreatic cancer cells via increased expression of DCLK1, POU2F3, ALDH1A1, and IL17RC. Strategies to disrupt this pathway might be developed to prevent pancreatic tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Zoltan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erick Riquelme
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hanwen Xu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ismet Sahin
- Department of Engineering, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX
| | - Susana Castro-Pando
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Montiel
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyle Chang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melissa Pruski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Paul Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Steven D. Leach
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eduardo Vilar Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer M. Bailey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Semik E, Gurgul A, Ząbek T, Ropka-Molik K, Koch C, Mählmann K, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Transcriptome analysis of equine sarcoids. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1370-1381. [PMID: 27779365 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are the most commonly detected skin tumours in Equidae. In the present research, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed which aimed at looking inside a tumour biology and identification of the expression profile as a potential source of cancer specific genes useful as biomarkers. We have used Horse Gene Expression Microarray data from matched equine sarcoids and tumour-distant skin samples. In total, 901 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between lesional and healthy skin samples have been identified (fold change ≥ 2; P < 0.05). The large subset of DEGs, with decreased expression, was associated with a suppression of malignant transformation, whereas several overexpressed genes were involved in the processes associated with growth and progression of a tumour or immune system activity. Our results, as a first to date, showed comprehensive transcriptome analysis of skin tumour in horses and pinpointed significant pathways and genes related with oncogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Semik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - A Gurgul
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - T Ząbek
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - K Ropka-Molik
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - C Koch
- ISME - Equine Clinic Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Mählmann
- Equine Clinic, General Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology of Animals, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Hou Y, Xu L, Li W, Zou Z, Liu C, Xu A, Wu S. Single-cell analyses of transcriptional heterogeneity in squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Oncotarget 2016; 7:66069-66076. [PMID: 27602771 PMCID: PMC5323215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell expression heterogeneity within a single tumor is a common phenotype among various cancer types including squamous cell carcinoma. To further study the fundamentals and importance of heterogeneity of cell functions and its potential mechanisms, we performed single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) on human squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) and its corresponding physiologically normal epithelia. Extensive differentially expressed genes were uncovered by comparing cancer and normal single cells, which were preferentially enriched in cancer-correlated pathways, such as p53 signaling and bladder cancer pathway. Furthermore, the most diversely expressed genes were particularly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, such as CACNG4, CACNA1E and CACNA1H, which involve in cancer evolution and heterogeneity formation. Co-expression network and hub-gene analyses revealed several remarkable "hub genes" of each regulatory module. Some of them are cancer related, such as POU2F3, NKD1 and CYP2C8, while LINC00189, GCC2 and OR9Q1 genes are rarely reported in human diseases. The genes within an interesting module are highly correlated with others, which could be treated as potential targets for SCCB patients. Our findings have fundamental implications for SCCB biology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Gene Detection Public Service Platform of Clinical Application, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Gene Detection Public Service Platform of Clinical Application, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | - Weidong Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihui Zou
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Gene Detection Public Service Platform of Clinical Application, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
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Lin X, Deng FY, Lu X, Lei SF. Susceptibility Genes for Multiple Sclerosis Identified in a Gene-Based Genome-Wide Association Study. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:311-8. [PMID: 26320842 PMCID: PMC4596110 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to identify more genes associated with MS. Methods Based on the publicly available data of the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) from the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes, we conducted a powerful gene-based GWAS in an initial sample with 931 family trios, and a replication study sample with 978 cases and 883 controls. For interesting genes, gene expression in MS-related cells between MS cases and controls was examined by using publicly available datasets. Results A total of 58 genes was identified, including 20 "novel" genes significantly associated with MS (p<1.40×10-4). In the replication study, 44 of the 58 identified genes had been genotyped and 35 replicated the association. In the gene-expression study, 21 of the 58 identified genes exhibited differential expressions in MS-related cells. Thus, 15 novel genes were supported by replicated association and/or differential expression. In particular, four of the novel genes, those encoding myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1), human leukocyte antigen complex group 22 (HCG22), and major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha (HLA-DMA), were supported by the evidence of both. Conclusions The results of this study emphasize the high power of gene-based GWAS in detecting the susceptibility genes of MS. The novel genes identified herein may provide new insights into the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lin
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Tuberculosis Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yan Deng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Al-Shabanah OA, Hafez MM, Hassan ZK, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Abozeed WN, Alsheikh A, Al-Rejaie SS. Methylation of SFRPs and APC genes in ovarian cancer infected with high risk human papillomavirus. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2719-25. [PMID: 24761891 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) genes, new tumor suppressor genes, are negative regulators of the Wnt pathway whose alteration is associated with various tumors. In ovarian cancer, SFRPs genes promoter methylation can lead to gene inactivation. This study investigated mechanisms of SFRP and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes silencing in ovarian cancer infected with high risk human papillomavirus. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was extracted from 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer and their normal adjacent tissues (NAT) and DNA methylation was detected by methylation specific PCR (MSP). High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected by nested PCR with consensus primers to amplify a broad spectrum of HPV genotypes. RESULTS The percentages of SFRP and APC genes with methylation were significantly higher in ovarian cancer tissues infected with high risk HPV compared to NAT. The methylated studied genes were associated with suppression in their gene expression. CONCLUSION This finding highlights the possible role of the high risk HPV virus in ovarian carcinogenesis or in facilitating cancer progression by suppression of SFRP and APC genes via DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Abdulla Al-Shabanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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15
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Chen D, Enroth S, Ivansson E, Gyllensten U. Pathway analysis of cervical cancer genome-wide association study highlights the MHC region and pathways involved in response to infection. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6047-60. [PMID: 24934695 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified several susceptibility loci for cervical cancer, but they explain only a small fraction of cervical cancer heritability. Other variants with weaker effect may be missed due to the stringent significance threshold. To identify important pathways in cervical carcinogenesis, we performed a two-stage pathway analysis in two independent GWASs in the Swedish population, using the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ratio test. The 565 predefined pathways from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and BioCarta databases were systematically evaluated in the discovery stage (1034 cases and 3948 controls with 632,668 SNPs) and the suggestive pathways were further validated in the replication stage (616 cases and 506 controls with 341,358 SNPs). We found 12 pathways that were significant in both stages, and these were further validated using set-based analysis. For 10 of these pathways, the effect was mainly due to genetic variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. In addition, we identified a set of novel candidate genes outside the MHC region in the pathways denoted 'Staphylococcus aureus infection' and 'herpes simplex infection' that influenced susceptibility to cervical cancer (empirical P = 4.99 × 10(-5) and 4.99 × 10(-5) in the discovery study; empirical P = 8.98 × 10(-5) and 0.009 in the replication study, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus infection may evoke an inflammatory response that inadvertently enhances malignant progression caused by HPV infection, and Herpes simplex virus-2 infection may act in conjunction with HPV infection to increase the risk of cervical carcinoma development. These findings provide new insights into the etiology of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Emma Ivansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, IMBIM, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and
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Characterization of NOL7 gene point mutations, promoter methylation, and protein expression in cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 31:15-24. [PMID: 22123719 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e318220ba16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NOL7 is a putative tumor suppressor gene localized to 6p23, a region with frequent loss of heterozygosity in a number of cancers, including cervical cancer (CC). We have previously demonstrated that reintroduction of NOL7 into CC cells altered the angiogenic phenotype and suppressed tumor growth in vivo by 95%. Therefore, to understand its mechanism of inactivation in CC, we investigated the genetic and epigenetic regulation of NOL7. NOL7 mRNA and protein levels were assessed in 13 CC cell lines and 23 consecutive CC specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Methylation of the NOL7 promoter was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing and mutations were identified through direct sequencing. A CpG island with multiple CpG dinucleotides spanned the 5' untranslated region and first exon of NOL7. However, bisulfite sequencing failed to identify persistent sites of methylation. Mutational sequencing revealed that 40% of the CC specimens and 31% of the CC cell lines harbored somatic mutations that may affect the in vivo function of NOL7. Endogenous NOL7 mRNA and protein expression in CC cell lines were significantly decreased in 46% of the CC cell lines. Finally, immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong NOL7 nucleolar staining in normal tissues that decreased with histologic progression toward CC. NOL7 is inactivated in CC in accordance with the Knudson 2-hit hypothesis through loss of heterozygosity and mutation. Together with evidence of its in vivo tumor suppression, these data support the hypothesis that NOL7 is the legitimate tumor suppressor gene located on 6p23.
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Fang J, Zhang H, Jin S. Epigenetics and cervical cancer: from pathogenesis to therapy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5083-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Alvarado S, Wyglinski J, Suderman M, Andrews SA, Szyf M. Methylated DNA binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) coordinately silences gene expression through activation of the microRNA hsa-mir-496 promoter in breast cancer cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74009. [PMID: 24204564 PMCID: PMC3812180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylated DNA binding protein 2 (MBD2) binds methylated promoters and suppresses transcription in cis through recruitment of a chromatin modification repressor complex. We show here a new mechanism of action for MBD2: suppression of gene expression indirectly through activation of microRNA hsa-mir-496. Overexpression of MBD2 in breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A results in induced expression and demethylation of hsa-mir-496 while depletion of MBD2 in a human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 results in suppression of hsa-mir-496. Activation of hsa-mir-496 by MBD2 is associated with silencing of several of its target genes while depletion of MBD2 leads to induction of hsa-mir-496 target genes. Depletion of hsa-mir-496 by locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide leads to activation of these target genes in MBD2 overexpressing cells supporting that hsa-mir-496 is mediating in part the effects of MBD2 on gene expression. We demonstrate that MBD2 binds the promoter of hsa-mir-496 in MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and that it activates an in vitro methylated hsa-mir-496 promoter driving a CG-less luciferase reporter in a transient transfection assay. The activation of hsa-mir-496 is associated with reduced methylation of the promoter. Taken together these results describe a novel cascade for gene regulation by DNA methylation whereby activation of a methylated microRNA by MBD2 that is associated with loss of methylation triggers repression of downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Alvarado
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joanne Wyglinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Spisák S, Kalmár A, Galamb O, Wichmann B, Sipos F, Péterfia B, Csabai I, Kovalszky I, Semsey S, Tulassay Z, Molnár B. Genome-wide screening of genes regulated by DNA methylation in colon cancer development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46215. [PMID: 23049694 PMCID: PMC3462205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is accompanied by changes in the DNA methylation pattern. Our aim was to test a novel approach for identification of transcripts at whole transcript level which are regulated by DNA methylation. Our approach is based on comparison of data obtained from transcriptome profiling of primary human samples and in vitro cell culture models. Epithelial cells were collected by LCM from normal, adenoma, and tumorous colonic samples. Using gene expression analysis, we identified downregulated genes in the tumors compared to normal tissues. In parallel 3000 upregulated genes were determined in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell culture model after DNA demethylation treatment. Of the 2533 transcripts showing reduced expression in the tumorous samples, 154 had increased expression as a result of DNA demethylation treatment. Approximately 2/3 of these genes had decreased expression already in the adenoma samples. Expression of five genes (GCG, NMES-1, LRMP, FAM161B and PTGDR), was validated using RT-PCR. PTGDR showed ambiguous results, therefore it was further studied to verify the extent of DNA methylation and its effect on the protein level. Results confirmed that our approach is suitable for genome-wide screening of genes which are regulated or inactivated by DNA methylation. Activity of these genes possibly interferes with tumor progression, therefore genes identified can be key factors in the formation and in the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Spisák
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Spisák S, Kalmár A, Galamb O, Sipos F, Wichmann B, Molnár B, Tulassay Z. [Identification of methylation related genes from laser capture microdissected colon samples during investigation of adenoma-carcinoma sequence]. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:805-14. [PMID: 20442051 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Changes of the DNA methylation pattern are proven to be an important process during tumorigenesis. This event can occur in several manners in the tumor microenvironment and there are still not any effective and high-throughput methods for genome-wide analysis of this phenomenon. AIMS Our aim was to identify colorectal cancer development and progression specific marker genes regulated by DNA methylation using gene expression analysis. In this study we present a gene expression-based method combined with a cell culture model, which can be used for a genome-wide analysis of the methylation events during the colorectal tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genes, which expression increased after the demethylation were determined in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells treated with 10 microM 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine. In parallel, 5000 epithelial cells were collected with laser microdissection (LCM) from normal, adenoma and tumorous colonic samples. The genes with gradually decreasing expression along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence were identified. By comparing the two groups, the transcripts, which are supposed to be regulated by methylation, could be determined. Finally, the identified gene set was validated on independent samples using RT-PCR. CONCLUSION The regulation of the identified genes showing decreased expression during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, can be associated with DNA methylation. On the basis of our results, the set of genes including tumorsuppressors can be determined genome-widely, which can be key factors in the formation and the prognosis of the disease. The identified genes showing colorectal cancer specific methylation pattern can be potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Spisák
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Molekuláris Medicina Kutatócsoport, Budapest.
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Mutai H, Nagashima R, Sugitani Y, Noda T, Fujii M, Matsunaga T. Expression of Pou3f3/Brn-1 and its genomic methylation in developing auditory epithelium. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 69:913-30. [PMID: 19743445 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian cochlea, both the sensory cells-called hair cells (HCs)-and nonsensory cells such as supporting cells (SCs) and mesenchymal cells participate in proper auditory function through the expression of various functional molecules. During development, expression of certain genes is repressed through genomic methylation, one of the major epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. We explored the genomic regions that were differentially methylated in rat auditory epithelium at postnatal day 1 (P1) and P14 using amplification of intermethylated sites (AIMS). An AIMS fragment was mapped to the 3'-flanking region of Pou3f3/Brn-1. Bisulfite-converted PCR and quantitative methylation-specific PCR showed that the methylation frequency of the AIMS region and the adjacent CpG island was increased at P14, when the expression of Pou3f3 and the noncoding RNAs nearby decreased. Expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases 3a and 3b also suggests a role of epigenetic regulation during postnatal inner ear development. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Pou3f3 was expressed specifically in the SCs and mesenchymal cells in the cochlea and established that Pou3f3 is a new cell-type marker for studying inner ear development. Mice deficient in Pou3f3 or Pou3f2 plus Pou3f3 did not exhibit any abnormality in the embryonic cochlea. Absence of Pou3f3 affected neither the proliferation nor the differentiation activities of HC progenitor cells. Pou3f3 may, however, be important for the maintenance or functional development of the postnatal cochlea. This is the first report to study involvement of an epigenetic regulatory mechanism in the developing mammalian auditory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mutai
- Laboratory of Auditory Disorders, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Szalmás A, Kónya J. Epigenetic alterations in cervical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:144-52. [PMID: 19429477 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During cervical carcinogenesis, the major etiologic factor, the persistent oncogenic HPV infection itself is not sufficient to immortalize and transform the epithelial host cells. Together with further genetic and epigenetic alterations disrupting the cell cycle control, the host cell acquires immortal phenotype and progresses further to an overt malignant and invasive phenotype. Here, we discuss how cancer-associated epigenetic alterations can affect the expression of papillomaviral as well as host genes in relation to stages representing the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Biomarker roles in clinical diagnosis and prognosis might be assigned to the epigenetic pattern of the involved genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szalmás
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
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Wentzensen N, Sherman ME, Schiffman M, Wang SS. Utility of methylation markers in cervical cancer early detection: appraisal of the state-of-the-science. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 112:293-9. [PMID: 19054549 PMCID: PMC2673716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wanted to identify the most promising methylation marker candidates for cervical cancer early detection. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed in Medline and weighted average frequencies for methylated genes stratified by tissue source and methods used were computed. RESULTS 51 studies were identified analyzing 68 different genes for methylation in 4376 specimens across all stages of cervical carcinogenesis. 15 genes, DAPK1, RASSF1, CDH1, CDKN2A, MGMT, RARB, APC, FHIT, MLH1, TIMP3, GSTP1, CADM1, CDH13, HIC1, and TERT have been analyzed in 5 or more studies. The published data on these genes is highly heterogeneous; 7 genes (CDH1, FHIT, TERT, CDH13, MGMT, TIMP3, and HIC1) had a reported range of methylation frequencies in cervical cancers of greater than 60% between studies. Stratification by analysis method did not resolve the heterogeneity. Three markers, DAPK1, CADM1, and RARB, showed elevated methylation in cervical cancers consistently across studies. CONCLUSIONS There is currently no methylation marker that can be readily translated for use in cervical cancer screening or triage settings. Large, well-conducted methylation profiling studies of cervical carcinogenesis could yield new candidates that are more specific for HPV-related carcinogenesis. New candidate markers need to be thoroughly validated in highly standardized assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Room 5012, Rockville, MD 20854-7234, USA.
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24
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Whiteside MA, Siegel EM, Unger ER. Human papillomavirus and molecular considerations for cancer risk. Cancer 2008; 113:2981-94. [PMID: 18980282 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer globally, including cervical cancer. The HPV 'early' proteins, E6 and E7, are the chief oncoproteins involved in cancer progression. These oncoproteins are more highly expressed in high-grade dysplasias and invasive cancer coincident with reduced viral DNA replication and reduced production of infective progeny virions. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with several cellular proteins-classically TP53 and RB1, respectively-leading to the degradation of several of these proteins, although all interactions do not necessarily result in the degradation of a cellular protein. HPV infection is also associated with viral and host DNA methylation changes, many of which also occur in cancer types not associated with HPV infection. The E6 and E7 interactions with cellular proteins and DNA methylation changes are associated with changes in the integrity of key cellular pathways that regulate genomic integrity, cell adhesion, the immune response, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. The alterations in key cellular pathways may provide useful biomarkers to improve the sensitivity of current cancer screening methods, such as the Papanicolaou test. This review provides a detailed summary of the interactions of E6 and E7 with cellular proteins and alterations in cellular DNA methylation associated with HPV infection. The importance of molecular biomarkers to the clinical setting, underserved populations, and general public health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Whiteside
- Office of Cancer Surveillance, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee 37243, USA.
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25
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Cook AL, Sturm RA. POU domain transcription factors: BRN2 as a regulator of melanocytic growth and tumourigenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:611-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Pomraning KR, Smith KM, Freitag M. Genome-wide high throughput analysis of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. Methods 2008; 47:142-50. [PMID: 18950712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is the quintessential epigenetic mark. Two well-established methods, bisulfite sequencing and methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) lend themselves to the genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation by high throughput sequencing. Here we provide an overview and brief review of these methods. We summarize our experience with MeDIP followed by high throughput Illumina/Solexa sequencing, exemplified by the analysis of the methylated fraction of the Neurospora crassa genome ("methylome"). We provide detailed methods for DNA isolation, processing and the generation of in vitro libraries for Illumina/Solexa sequencing. We discuss potential problems in the generation of sequencing libraries. Finally, we provide an overview of software that is appropriate for the analysis of high throughput sequencing data generated by Illumina/Solexa-type sequencing by synthesis, with a special emphasis on approaches and applications that can generate more accurate depictions of sequence reads that fall in repeated regions of a chosen reference genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Pomraning
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, 2011 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-7305, USA
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27
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Ye F, Zhang SF, Xie X, Lu WG. OPCML gene promoter methylation and gene expression in tumor and stroma cells of invasive cervical carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:569-74. [PMID: 18584347 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701837044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the CpG island methylation and the mRNA expression of OPCML gene in patients with cervical carcinoma, we collected tumor and stroma cells from 36 invasive cervical carcinoma samples and 16 normal cervical tissues as well as Hela cells. Methylation specific PCR was used to detect promoter CpG island methylation status, and fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was used to detection of OPCML gene expression. Our data showed that OPCML gene promoter methylation may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of cervical carcinoma and OPCML gene may be a cervical carcinoma-associated candidate TSG (tumor suppressor gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Riker AI, Enkemann SA, Fodstad O, Liu S, Ren S, Morris C, Xi Y, Howell P, Metge B, Samant RS, Shevde LA, Li W, Eschrich S, Daud A, Ju J, Matta J. The gene expression profiles of primary and metastatic melanoma yields a transition point of tumor progression and metastasis. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:13. [PMID: 18442402 PMCID: PMC2408576 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The process of malignant transformation, progression and metastasis of melanoma is poorly understood. Gene expression profiling of human cancer has allowed for a unique insight into the genes that are involved in these processes. Thus, we have attempted to utilize this approach through the analysis of a series of primary, non-metastatic cutaneous tumors and metastatic melanoma samples. Methods We have utilized gene microarray analysis and a variety of molecular techniques to compare 40 metastatic melanoma (MM) samples, composed of 22 bulky, macroscopic (replaced) lymph node metastases, 16 subcutaneous and 2 distant metastases (adrenal and brain), to 42 primary cutaneous cancers, comprised of 16 melanoma, 11 squamous cell, 15 basal cell skin cancers. A Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 array from Affymetrix, Inc. was utilized for each sample. A variety of statistical software, including the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 analysis software, was utilized to compare primary cancers to metastatic melanomas. Separate analyses were performed to directly compare only primary melanoma to metastatic melanoma samples. The expression levels of putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were analyzed by semi- and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analysis was performed on select genes. Results We find that primary basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and thin melanomas express dramatically higher levels of many genes, including SPRR1A/B, KRT16/17, CD24, LOR, GATA3, MUC15, and TMPRSS4, than metastatic melanoma. In contrast, the metastatic melanomas express higher levels of genes such as MAGE, GPR19, BCL2A1, MMP14, SOX5, BUB1, RGS20, and more. The transition from non-metastatic expression levels to metastatic expression levels occurs as melanoma tumors thicken. We further evaluated primary melanomas of varying Breslow's tumor thickness to determine that the transition in expression occurs at different thicknesses for different genes suggesting that the "transition zone" represents a critical time for the emergence of the metastatic phenotype. Several putative tumor oncogenes (SPP-1, MITF, CITED-1, GDF-15, c-Met, HOX loci) and suppressor genes (PITX-1, CST-6, PDGFRL, DSC-3, POU2F3, CLCA2, ST7L), were identified and validated by quantitative PCR as changing expression during this transition period. These are strong candidates for genes involved in the progression or suppression of the metastatic phenotype. Conclusion The gene expression profiling of primary, non-metastatic cutaneous tumors and metastatic melanoma has resulted in the identification of several genes that may be centrally involved in the progression and metastatic potential of melanoma. This has very important implications as we continue to develop an improved understanding of the metastatic process, allowing us to identify specific genes for prognostic markers and possibly for targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Riker
- Mitchell Cancer Institute-University of South Alabama, 315 North University Boulevard, MSB 2015, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
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Cho CS. [Progress of integrative medicine, human papillomavirus vaccine and molecular targeted therapy for cervical cancer]. ZHONG XI YI JIE HE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF CHINESE INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 6:203-8. [PMID: 18241660 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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30
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Zhang Z, Borecki I, Nguyen L, Ma D, Smith K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Herzog TJ, Gibb RK, Powell MA, Grigsby PW, Massad LS, Hernandez E, Judson PL, Swisher EM, Crowder S, Li J, Gerhard DS, Rader JS. CD83 gene polymorphisms increase susceptibility to human invasive cervical cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11202-8. [PMID: 18056445 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously mapped a nonrandom frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) region in cervical cancers to 1 Mb of 6p23. Here, we describe the identification of a novel cervical cancer susceptibility gene, CD83. The gene was identified by several complementary approaches, including a family-based association study, comparison of transcript expression in normal and cancerous tissue, and genomic sequencing of candidate. CD83 encodes an inducible glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily and is a marker for mature dendritic cells. The association study that includes 377 family trios showed that five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within 8 kb of its 3'-end showed significant allelic association that was strengthened in a subgroup of women with invasive cancers infected by high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 (rs9296925, P = 0.0193; rs853360, P = 0.0035; rs9230, P = 0.0011; rs9370729, P = 0.0012; rs750749, P = 0.0133). Investigation of CD83 uncovered three alternative transcripts in cervical tissue and cell lines, with variant 3 (lacking exons 3 and 4) being more frequent in cervical cancer than in normal cervical epithelium (P = 0.0181). Genomic sequencing on 36 paired normal and cervical tumors revealed several somatic mutations and novel SNPs in the promoter, exons, and introns of CD83. LOH was confirmed in >90% of cervical cancer specimens. Immunofluorescence colocalized CD83 protein to the Golgi apparatus and cell membrane of cervical cancer cell lines. None of seven nearby genes was differentially expressed in cervical cancer. The importance of CD83 in epithelial versus dendritic cells needs to be determined, as does its role in promoting cervical cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/virology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/virology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cervix Uteri/metabolism
- Cervix Uteri/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Exons
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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31
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De-Castro Arce J, Göckel-Krzikalla E, Rösl F. Retinoic acid receptor beta silences human papillomavirus-18 oncogene expression by induction of de novo methylation and heterochromatinization of the viral control region. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28520-28529. [PMID: 17686773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702870200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor beta2 (RAR beta2) is often down-regulated during the multistep process to cervical cancer. In that way, its inhibitory function on the transcription factor AP-1, indispensable to maintain human papillomavirus (HPV) gene expression is relieved. Using HPV-18 positive HeLa cells as a model system, we show that ectopic expression of RAR beta2 is able to down-regulate HPV-18 transcription by selectively abrogating the binding of AP-1 to the viral regulatory region in a ligand-independent manner. This resulted in down-regulation of the viral mRNAs at the level of initiation of transcription. Decreased oncogene expression was accompanied by a re-induction of cell cycle inhibitory proteins such as p53, p21(CIP1), and p27(KIP) as well as by a cessation of cellular growth. Reduced transcriptional activity as a consequence of AP-1 reduction by selective c-Jun degradation apparently targets the HPV-18 regulatory region for epigenetic modification such as de novo methylation and nucleosomal condensation. This mechanism is otherwise counterbalanced by active and abundant viral transcription in malignant cells, because RAR beta2 itself becomes inactivated during cervical carcinogenesis. Hence, our study shows that the temporal co-existence of a potential repressor and viral oncoproteins is mutually exclusive and provides evidence of a cross-talk between a nuclear receptor, AP-1, and the epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna De-Castro Arce
- Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Göckel-Krzikalla
- Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bachmann A, Zawatzky R, Rösl F. Genetic redundancy in human cervical carcinoma cells: identification of cells with "normal" properties. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2119-26. [PMID: 17266037 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally assumed that cancer arises from a singular cell, a tumor must be considered as a dynamic and emergent biological structure, whose organizing principle is determined by genetic and epigenetic modifications, occurring variably in response to microenvironmental selection conditions. As previously shown, HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cells have lost their ability to induce IFN-beta upon TNF-alpha treatment. However, regarding cancer as a non-linear system, which may, even in the absence of an apparent selection pressure, fluctuate between different "metastable" phenotypes, we demonstrate that TNF-alpha mediated IFN-beta induction is not irreversibly disturbed in all cells. Using the IFN-beta sensitive Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) as a tool to monitor antiviral activity in long-term established malignant HeLa cells, rare IFN-beta expressing clones were rescued from a population of non-responsive and EMCV-sensitive cells. Antiviral activity was mediated by the re-expression of IRF-1 and p48 (IRF-9), both key regulatory molecules normally found to be suppressed in cervical carcinoma cells. Upon inoculating of selected clones into immunocompromised animals, a reduced or even an absence of tumorigenicity of initially highly malignant cells could be discerned. These data indicate that both the absence of interferon signaling and the ability to form tumors were reversed in a minority of cells. We provide a paradigm for the existence of innate genetic redundancy mechanisms, where a particular phenotype persists and can be isolated without application of drugs generally changing the epigenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bachmann
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Virale Transformationsmechanismen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Zhang X, Diasio RB. Regulation of human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: implications in the pharmacogenetics of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:257-65. [PMID: 17324113 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase is the enzyme that is critical for the efficacy and toxicity of the anticancer reagent 5-fluorouracil. It has been demonstrated that the regulation of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene has an important role in the determination of the enzyme activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. The regulation of the gene expression is thus discussed from two aspects: normal regulation by specificity proteins, and the epigenetic regulation by promoter methylation. The influence of the polymorphism on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme activity and other factors that have been suggested to be involved in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase regulation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- University of Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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