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Launonen KM, Varis V, Aaltonen N, Niskanen EA, Varjosalo M, Paakinaho V, Palvimo JJ. Central role of SUMOylation in the regulation of chromatin interactions and transcriptional outputs of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae653. [PMID: 39106160 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is pivotal in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and represents a critical therapeutic target. AR-mediated gene regulation involves intricate interactions with nuclear proteins, with many mediating and undergoing post-translational modifications that present alternative therapeutic avenues. Through chromatin proteomics in PCa cells, we identified SUMO ligases together with nuclear receptor coregulators and pioneer transcription factors within the AR's protein network. Intriguingly, this network displayed a significant association with SUMO2/3. To elucidate the influence of SUMOylation on AR chromatin interactions and subsequent gene regulation, we inhibited SUMOylation using ML-792 (SUMOi). While androgens generally facilitated the co-occupancy of SUMO2/3 and AR on chromatin, SUMOi induced divergent effects dependent on the type of AR-binding site (ARB). SUMOi augmented AR's pioneer-like binding on inaccessible chromatin regions abundant in androgen response elements (AREs) and diminished its interaction with accessible chromatin regions sparse in AREs yet rich in pioneer transcription factor motifs. The SUMOi-impacted ARBs divergently influenced AR-regulated genes; those associated with AR-mediated activation played roles in negative regulation of cell proliferation, while those with AR-mediated repression were involved in pattern formation. In conclusion, our findings underscore the pervasive influence of SUMOylation in shaping AR's role in PCa cells, potentially unveiling new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa-Mari Launonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vera Varis
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Aaltonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HiLIFE-Proteomics Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Luchtel RA. ETS1 Function in Leukemia and Lymphoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:359-378. [PMID: 39017852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) is a transcription factor (TF) critically involved in lymphoid cell development and function. ETS1 expression is tightly regulated throughout differentiation and activation in T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B-cells. It has also been described as an oncogene in a range of solid and hematologic cancer types. Among hematologic malignancies, its role has been best studied in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Aberrant expression of ETS1 in these malignancies is driven primarily by chromosomal amplification and enhancer-driven transcriptional regulation, promoting the ETS1 transcriptional program. ETS1 also facilitates aberrantly expressed or activated transcriptional complexes to drive oncogenic pathways. Collectively, ETS1 functions to regulate cell growth, differentiation, signaling, response to stimuli, and viral interactions in these malignancies. A tumor suppressor role has also been indicated for ETS1 in select lymphoma types, emphasizing the importance of cellular context in ETS1 function. Research is ongoing to further characterize the clinical implications of ETS1 dysregulation in hematologic malignancies, to further resolve binding complexes and transcriptional targets, and to identify effective therapeutic targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Luchtel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Peng P, Ren Y, Wan F, Tan M, Wu H, Shen J, Qian C, Liu X, Xiang Y, Yu Q, Zhang L, Si Y, Liu Y. Sculponeatin A promotes the ETS1-SYVN1 interaction to induce SLC7A11/xCT-dependent ferroptosis in breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 117:154921. [PMID: 37327642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E26 transformation specificity-1 (ETS1) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in breast cancer (BC) and promotes tumor progression. Sculponeatin A (stA), a new diterpenoid extracted from Isodon sculponeatus, has no reported antitumor mechanism. PURPOSE Here, we explored the antitumor activity of stA in BC and further clarified its mechanism. METHODS Ferroptosis was detected by flow cytometric, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and iron determination assays. The effect of stA on the upstream signaling pathway of ferroptosis was detected by Western blot, gene expression, gene alterations and other approaches. The binding of stA and ETS1 was examined through a microscale thermophoresis assay and a drug affinity responsive target stability assay. An in vivo mouse model experiment was performed to evaluate the therapeutic and potential mechanism of stA. RESULTS stA exhibits therapeutic potential in BC by inducing SLC7A11/xCT-dependent ferroptosis. stA decreases the expression of ETS1, which is responsible for xCT-dependent ferroptosis in BC. stA inhibits the transcriptional expression of xCT by directly binding to the ETS domain of the ETS1 protein. In addition, stA promotes proteasomal degradation of ETS1 by triggering ubiquitin ligase synoviolin 1 (SYVN1)-mediated ubiquitination. The K318 site of ETS1 mediates ubiquitination of ETS1 by SYVN1. In a mouse model, stA inhibits tumor growth without causing obvious toxicity. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results confirm that stA promotes the ETS1-SYVN1 interaction to induce ferroptosis in BC mediated by ETS1 degradation. stA is expected to be used in research of candidate drugs for BC and drug design based on ETS1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuliang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuchen Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Si
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
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Wang Y, Huang Z, Sun M, Huang W, Xia L. ETS transcription factors: Multifaceted players from cancer progression to tumor immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188872. [PMID: 36841365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The E26 transformation specific (ETS) family comprises 28 transcription factors, the majority of which are involved in tumor initiation and development. Serving as a group of functionally heterogeneous gene regulators, ETS factors possess a structurally conserved DNA-binding domain. As one of the most prominent families of transcription factors that control diverse cellular functions, ETS activation is modulated by multiple intracellular signaling pathways and post-translational modifications. Disturbances in ETS activity often lead to abnormal changes in oncogenicity, including cancer cell survival, growth, proliferation, metastasis, genetic instability, cell metabolism, and tumor immunity. This review systematically addresses the basics and advances in studying ETS factors, from their tumor relevance to clinical translational utility, with a particular focus on elucidating the role of ETS family in tumor immunity, aiming to decipher the vital role and clinical potential of regulation of ETS factors in the cancer field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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5
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Fergin A, Boesch G, Greter NR, Berger S, Hajnal A. Tissue-specific inhibition of protein sumoylation uncovers diverse SUMO functions during C. elegans vulval development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009978. [PMID: 35666766 PMCID: PMC9203017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sumoylation (SUMO) pathway is involved in a variety of processes during C. elegans development, such as gonadal and vulval fate specification, cell cycle progression and maintenance of chromosome structure. The ubiquitous expression and pleiotropic effects have made it difficult to dissect the tissue-specific functions of the SUMO pathway and identify its target proteins. To overcome these challenges, we have established tools to block protein sumoylation and degrade sumoylated target proteins in a tissue-specific and temporally controlled manner. We employed the auxin-inducible protein degradation system (AID) to down-regulate the SUMO E3 ligase GEI-17 or the SUMO ortholog SMO-1, either in the vulval precursor cells (VPCs) or in the gonadal anchor cell (AC). Our results indicate that the SUMO pathway acts in multiple tissues to control different aspects of vulval development, such as AC positioning, basement membrane (BM) breaching, VPC fate specification and morphogenesis. Inhibition of protein sumoylation in the VPCs resulted in abnormal toroid formation and ectopic cell fusions during vulval morphogenesis. In particular, sumoylation of the ETS transcription factor LIN-1 at K169 is necessary for the proper contraction of the ventral vulA toroids. Thus, the SUMO pathway plays several distinct roles throughout vulval development. Many proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized. In particular, conjugation with the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) regulates the functions and activities of a large number of proteins in animal and plant cells. Here, we have used the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study the various effects of SUMO protein modification on organ development. By applying a tissue-specific protein degradation system, we could selectively block the SUMO pathway in different tissues of the animals. We focused on the development of the egg-laying organ as a model, and found that the SUMO pathway acts in multiple tissues to regulate distinct cellular functions. Finally, we show that SUMO modification of one transcription factor, called LIN-1, is necessary for the proper morphogenesis of the organ. Our results indicate that the manifold effects of the SUMO pathway can be attributed to the combined action of a distinct number of SUMO modified proteins acting in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Fergin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Science PhD Program, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Boesch
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Science PhD Program, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja R. Greter
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Science PhD Program, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Berger
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Science PhD Program, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Hajnal
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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6
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Li J, Xia Y, Fan X, Wu X, Yang F, Hu S, Wang Z. HUWE1 Causes an Immune Imbalance in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura by Reducing the Number and Function of Treg Cells Through the Ubiquitination Degradation of Ets-1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708562. [PMID: 34900980 PMCID: PMC8660631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder and the decreased number and immunosuppressive dysfunction of Treg cells are key promoters of ITP. However, their mechanisms in ITP development have not been fully clarified. Methods: HUWE1 mRNA and protein levels in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood from ITP patients were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. HUWE1 function in ITP was estimated using flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosuppression assay. Besides, the HUWE1 mechanism in reducing the number and function of Treg cells in ITP was investigated by immunoprecipitation, cycloheximide-chase assay, ubiquitin experiment and immunofluorescence assay. Results: HUWE1 expression was elevated in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood from ITP patients and HUWE1 mRNA level was negatively correlated with platelet counts and Treg cell percentage. Moreover, the interference with HUWE1 increased the number of Treg cells and enhanced its immunosuppressive function, and the HUWE1 overexpression produced the opposite results. For the exploration of mechanism, HUWE1 interacted with E26 transformation-specific-1 (Ets-1) and this binding was dependent on the negative regulation of the phosphorylation level of Ets-1 (Thr38) and HUWE1 facilitated the ubiquitin degradation of Ets-1 protein to restrain Treg cell differentiation and weaken their immunosuppressive functions. The in vivo assay confirmed that the HUWE1 inhibitor alleviated ITP in mice. Conclusion: HUWE1 induced the immune imbalance in ITP by decreasing the number and weakening the function of Treg cells through the ubiquitination degradation of Ets-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Li
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yalin Xia
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoru Fan
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Li J, Lim RG, Kaye JA, Dardov V, Coyne AN, Wu J, Milani P, Cheng A, Thompson TG, Ornelas L, Frank A, Adam M, Banuelos MG, Casale M, Cox V, Escalante-Chong R, Daigle JG, Gomez E, Hayes L, Holewenski R, Lei S, Lenail A, Lima L, Mandefro B, Matlock A, Panther L, Patel-Murray NL, Pham J, Ramamoorthy D, Sachs K, Shelley B, Stocksdale J, Trost H, Wilhelm M, Venkatraman V, Wassie BT, Wyman S, Yang S, Van Eyk JE, Lloyd TE, Finkbeiner S, Fraenkel E, Rothstein JD, Sareen D, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM. An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients. iScience 2021; 24:103221. [PMID: 34746695 PMCID: PMC8554488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are challenging for systems biology because of the lack of reliable animal models or patient samples at early disease stages. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could address these challenges. We investigated DNA, RNA, epigenetics, and proteins in iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients with ALS carrying hexanucleotide expansions in C9ORF72. Using integrative computational methods combining all omics datasets, we identified novel and known dysregulated pathways. We used a C9ORF72 Drosophila model to distinguish pathways contributing to disease phenotypes from compensatory ones and confirmed alterations in some pathways in postmortem spinal cord tissue of patients with ALS. A different differentiation protocol was used to derive a separate set of C9ORF72 and control motor neurons. Many individual -omics differed by protocol, but some core dysregulated pathways were consistent. This strategy of analyzing patient-specific neurons provides disease-related outcomes with small numbers of heterogeneous lines and reduces variation from single-omics to elucidate network-based signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan G. Lim
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julia A. Kaye
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victoria Dardov
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa N. Coyne
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pamela Milani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | | | - Loren Ornelas
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Miriam Adam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria G. Banuelos
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Malcolm Casale
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Veerle Cox
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Renan Escalante-Chong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J. Gavin Daigle
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Emilda Gomez
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsey Hayes
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Ronald Holewenski
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alex Lenail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leandro Lima
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrea Matlock
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Panther
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Pham
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Divya Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karen Sachs
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brandon Shelley
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jennifer Stocksdale
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hannah Trost
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mark Wilhelm
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brook T. Wassie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stacia Wyman
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie Yang
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lloyd
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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8
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Ducker C, Shaw PE. Ubiquitin-Mediated Control of ETS Transcription Factors: Roles in Cancer and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5119. [PMID: 34066106 PMCID: PMC8151852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome expansion, whole genome and gene duplication events during metazoan evolution produced an extensive family of ETS genes whose members express transcription factors with a conserved winged helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain. Unravelling their biological roles has proved challenging with functional redundancy manifest in overlapping expression patterns, a common consensus DNA-binding motif and responsiveness to mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Key determinants of the cellular repertoire of ETS proteins are their stability and turnover, controlled largely by the actions of selective E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Here we discuss the known relationships between ETS proteins and enzymes that determine their ubiquitin status, their integration with other developmental signal transduction pathways and how suppression of ETS protein ubiquitination contributes to the malignant cell phenotype in multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ducker
- Queen’s Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Peter E. Shaw
- Queen’s Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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9
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Chauhan KM, Chen Y, Chen Y, Liu AT, Sun XX, Dai MS. The SUMO-specific protease SENP1 deSUMOylates p53 and regulates its activity. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:189-197. [PMID: 32786121 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability and activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein are tightly regulated by various posttranslational modifications, including SUMOylation. p53 can be modified by both SUMO1 and SUMO2, although how SUMOylation regulates p53 activity is still obscure. Whether p53 activity is directly regulated by deSUMOylation is also unclear. Here, we show that SENP1, a SUMO-specific protease implicated in pro-oncogenic roles, is a p53 deSUMOylating enzyme. SENP1 interacts with p53 and deSUMOylates p53 in cells and in vitro. Knockdown of SENP1 markedly induced p53 transactivation activity. We further show that SENP1 depletion synergizes with DNA damage-inducing agent etoposide to induce p53 activation and the expression of p21, leading to synergistic growth inhibition of cancer cells. Our results reveal that SENP1 is a critical p53 deSUMOylating enzyme and a promising therapeutic target in wild-type p53 containing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Chauhan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Andrew T Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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10
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Wu R, Fang J, Liu M, A J, Liu J, Chen W, Li J, Ma G, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fu L, Dong JT. SUMOylation of the transcription factor ZFHX3 at Lys-2806 requires SAE1, UBC9, and PIAS2 and enhances its stability and function in cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6741-6753. [PMID: 32249212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) at a lysine residue and is crucial for the proper functions of many proteins, particularly of transcription factors, in various biological processes. Zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3), also known as AT motif-binding factor 1 (ATBF1), is a large transcription factor that is active in multiple pathological processes, including atrial fibrillation and carcinogenesis, and in circadian regulation and development. We have previously demonstrated that ZFHX3 is SUMOylated at three or more lysine residues. Here, we investigated which enzymes regulate ZFHX3 SUMOylation and whether SUMOylation modulates ZFHX3 stability and function. We found that SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 each are conjugated to ZFHX3. Multiple lysine residues in ZFHX3 were SUMOylated, but Lys-2806 was the major SUMOylation site, and we also found that it is highly conserved among ZFHX3 orthologs from different animal species. Using molecular analyses, we identified the enzymes that mediate ZFHX3 SUMOylation; these included SUMO1-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1), an E1-activating enzyme; SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 (UBC9), an E2-conjugating enzyme; and protein inhibitor of activated STAT2 (PIAS2), an E3 ligase. Multiple analyses established that both SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) and SENP2 deSUMOylate ZFHX3. SUMOylation at Lys-2806 enhanced ZFHX3 stability by interfering with its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Functionally, Lys-2806 SUMOylation enabled ZFHX3-mediated cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. These findings reveal the enzymes involved in, and the functional consequences of, ZFHX3 SUMOylation, insights that may help shed light on ZFHX3's roles in various cellular and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun A
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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11
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Xiang JW, Zhang L, Tang X, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu F, Gong XD, Fu JL, Yang L, Luo Z, Li DWC. Differential Expression of Seven De-sumoylation Enzymes (SENPs) in Major Ocular Tissues of Mouse Eye. Curr Mol Med 2019; 18:533-541. [PMID: 30636607 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190112132103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein Sumoylation is one of the most important and prevalent posttranscriptional modification. Increasing evidence have shown that the SENPs (sentrin/SUMOspecific proteases) are critical for steady-state levels of SUMO modification of target proteins, and protein de-sumoylation modulates a great diversity of biological processes including transcription, development, differentiation, neuroprotection, as well as pathogenesis. In the vertebrate eye, we and others have previously shown that sumoylation participated in the differentiation of major ocular tissues including retina and lens. However, the biological significance of seven SENP enzymes: SENP1 to 3 and SENP5 to 8 have not be fully investigated in the ocular tissues. METHODS The 5 major ocular cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) or rabbit serum (RBS) and 1% Penicillin- Streptomycin. The mRNA levels were analysed with qRT-PCR. The protein levels were determined with western blot analysis and quantitated with Image J. RESULTS At the mRNA level, all SENPs were highly expressed in retina, and much reduced expression patterns in cornea, lens epithelium and lens fiber. At the protein level, SENP1 to -3, and SENP6 were highly abundant in cornea, while SENP5, SENP7 and SENP8 were enriched in retina, and these SENPs were relatively less abundant in lens tissues. CONCLUSION Our results for the first time established the differentiation expression patterns of the 7 de-sumoylation enzymes (SENPs), which provides a basis for further investigation of protein desumoylation functions in vertebrate eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xiangcheng Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jia-Ling Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
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12
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Chen Y, Sun XX, Sears RC, Dai MS. Writing and erasing MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Genes Dis 2019; 6:359-371. [PMID: 31832515 PMCID: PMC6889025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-MYC (MYC thereafter) controls diverse transcription programs and plays a key role in the development of many human cancers. Cells develop multiple mechanisms to ensure that MYC levels and activity are precisely controlled in normal physiological context. As a short half-lived protein, MYC protein levels are tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Over a dozen of ubiquitin ligases have been found to ubiquitinate MYC whereas a number of deubiquitinating enzymes counteract this process. Recent studies show that SUMOylation and deSUMOylation can also regulate MYC protein stability and activity. Interestingly, evidence suggests an intriguing crosstalk between MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Deregulation of the MYC ubiquitination-SUMOylation regulatory network may contribute to tumorigenesis. This review is intended to provide the current understanding of the complex regulation of the MYC biology by dynamic ubiquitination and SUMOylation and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiao Chen
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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13
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Bertke MM, Dubiak KM, Cronin L, Zeng E, Huber PW. A deficiency in SUMOylation activity disrupts multiple pathways leading to neural tube and heart defects in Xenopus embryos. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:386. [PMID: 31101013 PMCID: PMC6525467 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenovirus protein, Gam1, triggers the proteolytic destruction of the E1 SUMO-activating enzyme. Microinjection of an empirically determined amount of Gam1 mRNA into one-cell Xenopus embryos can reduce SUMOylation activity to undetectable, but nonlethal, levels, enabling an examination of the role of this post-translational modification during early vertebrate development. Results We find that SUMOylation-deficient embryos consistently exhibit defects in neural tube and heart development. We have measured differences in gene expression between control and embryos injected with Gam1 mRNA at three developmental stages: early gastrula (immediately following the initiation of zygotic transcription), late gastrula (completion of the formation of the three primary germ layers), and early neurula (appearance of the neural plate). Although changes in gene expression are widespread and can be linked to many biological processes, three pathways, non-canonical Wnt/PCP, snail/twist, and Ets-1, are especially sensitive to the loss of SUMOylation activity and can largely account for the predominant phenotypes of Gam1 embryos. SUMOylation appears to generate different pools of a given transcription factor having different specificities with this post-translational modification involved in the regulation of more complex, as opposed to housekeeping, processes. Conclusions We have identified changes in gene expression that underlie the neural tube and heart phenotypes resulting from depressed SUMOylation activity. Notably, these developmental defects correspond to the two most frequently occurring congenital birth defects in humans, strongly suggesting that perturbation of SUMOylation, either globally or of a specific protein, may frequently be the origin of these pathologies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5773-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Bertke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.,Present Address: College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Kyle M Dubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Laura Cronin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Erliang Zeng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.,Present Address: Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Present Address: Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Paul W Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA. .,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA. .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.
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14
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Transcription Factor ETS-1 and Reactive Oxygen Species: Role in Vascular and Renal Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070084. [PMID: 29970819 PMCID: PMC6071050 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The E26 avian erythroblastosis virus transcription factor-1 (ETS-1) is a member of the ETS family and regulates the expression of a variety of genes including growth factors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Although ETS-1 was discovered as an oncogene, several lines of research show that it is up-regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) both in the vasculature and the glomerulus. While reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for Ang II-induced ETS-1 expression, ETS-1 also regulates the expression of p47phox, which is one of the subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and a major source of ROS in the kidney and vasculature. Thus, there appears to be a positive feedback between ETS-1 and ROS. ETS-1 is also upregulated in the kidneys of rats with salt-sensitive hypertension and plays a major role in the development of end-organ injury in this animal model. Activation of the renin angiotensin system is required for the increased ETS-1 expression in these rats, and blockade of ETS-1 or haplodeficiency reduces the severity of kidney injury in these rats. In summary, ETS-1 plays a major role in the development of vascular and renal injury and is a potential target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate end-organ injury in hypertension.
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15
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Komiya M, Ito A, Endo M, Hiruma D, Hattori M, Saitoh H, Yoshida M, Ozawa T. A genetic screen to discover SUMOylated proteins in living mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17443. [PMID: 29234079 PMCID: PMC5727073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) is indispensable for diverse biological mechanisms. Although various attempts have been made to discover novel SUMO substrate proteins to unveil the roles of SUMOylation, the reversibility of SUMOylation, and the differences in the SUMOylation level still makes it difficult to explore infrequently-SUMOylated proteins in mammalian cells. Here, we developed a method to screen for mammalian SUMOylated proteins using the reconstitution of split fluorescent protein fragments in living mammalian cells. Briefly, the cells harboring cDNAs of SUMOylated proteins were identified by the reconstituted fluorescence emission and separated by cell sorting. The method successfully identified 36 unreported SUMO2-substrate candidates with distinct intracellular localizations and functions. Of the candidates, we found Atac2, a histone acetyltransferase, was SUMOylated at a lysine 408, and further modified by multiple SUMOs without isoform specificity. Because the present method is applicable to other SUMO isoforms and mammalian cell-types, it could contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of SUMOylation in various biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mizuki Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hiruma
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, The Institute of Scientific & Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisato Saitoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Potu H, Peterson LF, Kandarpa M, Pal A, Sun H, Durham A, Harms PW, Hollenhorst PC, Eskiocak U, Talpaz M, Donato NJ. Usp9x regulates Ets-1 ubiquitination and stability to control NRAS expression and tumorigenicity in melanoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14449. [PMID: 28198367 PMCID: PMC5316860 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ETS transcription factors are commonly deregulated in cancer by chromosomal translocation, overexpression or post-translational modification to induce gene expression programs essential in tumorigenicity. Targeted destruction of these proteins may have therapeutic impact. Here we report that Ets-1 destruction is regulated by the deubiquitinating enzyme, Usp9x, and has major impact on the tumorigenic program of metastatic melanoma. Ets-1 deubiquitination blocks its proteasomal destruction and enhances tumorigenicity, which could be reversed by Usp9x knockdown or inhibition. Usp9x and Ets-1 levels are coincidently elevated in melanoma with highest levels detected in metastatic tumours versus normal skin or benign skin lesions. Notably, Ets-1 is induced by BRAF or MEK kinase inhibition, resulting in increased NRAS expression, which could be blocked by inactivation of Usp9x and therapeutic combination of Usp9x and MEK inhibitor fully suppressed melanoma growth. Thus, Usp9x modulates the Ets-1/NRAS regulatory network and may have biologic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Potu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Luke F. Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anupama Pal
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hanshi Sun
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alison Durham
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul W. Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter C. Hollenhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 Third St, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ugur Eskiocak
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Donato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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17
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Gierisch ME, Pfistner F, Lopez-Garcia LA, Harder L, Schäfer BW, Niggli FK. Proteasomal Degradation of the EWS-FLI1 Fusion Protein Is Regulated by a Single Lysine Residue. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26922-26933. [PMID: 27875302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) proteins are transcription factors directing gene expression through their conserved DNA binding domain. They are implicated as truncated forms or interchromosomal rearrangements in a variety of tumors including Ewing sarcoma, a pediatric tumor of the bone. Tumor cells express the chimeric oncoprotein EWS-FLI1 from a specific t(22;11)(q24;12) translocation. EWS-FLI1 harbors a strong transactivation domain from EWSR1 and the DNA-binding ETS domain of FLI1 in the C-terminal part of the protein. Although Ewing cells are crucially dependent on continuous expression of EWS-FLI1, its regulation of turnover has not been characterized in detail. Here, we identify the EWS-FLI1 protein as a substrate of the ubiquitin-proteasome system with a characteristic polyubiquitination pattern. Using a global protein stability approach, we determined the half-life of EWS-FLI1 to lie between 2 and 4 h, whereas full-length EWSR1 and FLI1 were more stable. By mass spectrometry, we identified two ubiquitin acceptor lysine residues of which only mutation of Lys-380 in the ETS domain of the FLI1 part abolished EWS-FLI1 ubiquitination and stabilized the protein posttranslationally. Expression of this highly stable mutant protein in Ewing cells while simultaneously depleting the endogenous wild type protein differentially modulates two subgroups of target genes to be either EWS-FLI1 protein-dependent or turnover-dependent. The majority of target genes are in an unaltered state and cannot be further activated. Our study provides novel insights into EWS-FLI1 turnover, a critical pathway in Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, and lays new ground to develop novel therapeutic strategies in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Gierisch
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Pfistner
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Lopez-Garcia
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Harder
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix K Niggli
- From the Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
This review discusses our current understanding of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway and how it functionally intersects with Ras signaling in cancer. The Ras family of small GTPases are frequently mutated in cancer. The role of the SUMO pathway in cancer and in Ras signaling is currently not well understood. Recent studies have shown that the SUMO pathway can both regulate Ras/MAPK pathway activity directly and support Ras-driven oncogenesis through the regulation of proteins that are not direct Ras effectors. We recently discovered that in Ras mutant cancer cells, the SUMOylation status of a subset of proteins is altered and one such protein, KAP1, is required for Ras-driven transformation. A better understanding of the functional interaction between the SUMO and Ras pathways could lead to new insights into the mechanism of Ras-driven oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- a Laboratory of Canter Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ji Luo
- a Laboratory of Canter Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
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19
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Dittmer J. The role of the transcription factor Ets1 in carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:20-38. [PMID: 26392377 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets1 belongs to the large family of the ETS domain family of transcription factors and is involved in cancer progression. In most carcinomas, Ets1 expression is linked to poor survival. In breast cancer, Ets1 is primarily expressed in the triple-negative subtype, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Ets1 contributes to the acquisition of cancer cell invasiveness, to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), to the development of drug resistance and neo-angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the functions of Ets1 in carcinoma progression and on the mechanisms that regulate Ets1 activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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20
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Testoni M, Chung EYL, Priebe V, Bertoni F. The transcription factor ETS1 in lymphomas: friend or foe? Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1975-80. [PMID: 25363344 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.981670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ETS1 is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, which contains many cancer genes. ETS1 gene is mapped at 11q24.3, a chromosomal region that is often the site of genomic rearrangements in hematological cancers. ETS1 is expressed in a variety of cells, including B and T lymphocytes. ETS1 is important in various biological processes such as development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and tissue remodeling. It acts as an oncogene controlling invasive and angiogenic behavior of malignant cells in multiple human cancers. In particular, ETS1 deregulation has been reported in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, in Burkitt lymphoma and in Hodgkin lymphoma. Here, we summarize the function of ETS1 in normal cells, with a particular emphasis on lymphocytes, and its possible role as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in the different mature B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Testoni
- Lymphoma and Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research , Bellinzona , Switzerland
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21
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Cheng CY, Chu CH, Hsu HW, Hsu FR, Tang CY, Wang WC, Kung HJ, Chang PC. An improved ChIP-seq peak detection system for simultaneously identifying post-translational modified transcription factors by combinatorial fusion, using SUMOylation as an example. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 24564277 PMCID: PMC4046823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-translational modification (PTM) of transcriptional factors and chromatin remodelling proteins is recognized as a major mechanism by which transcriptional regulation occurs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in combination with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is being applied as a gold standard when studying the genome-wide binding sites of transcription factor (TFs). This has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic-wide scale. However, current ChIP-seq peak calling tools are not sufficiently sensitive and are unable to simultaneously identify post-translational modified TFs based on ChIP-seq analysis; this is largely due to the wide-spread presence of multiple modified TFs. Using SUMO-1 modification as an example; we describe here an improved approach that allows the simultaneous identification of the particular genomic binding regions of all TFs with SUMO-1 modification. Results Traditional peak calling methods are inadequate when identifying multiple TF binding sites that involve long genomic regions and therefore we designed a ChIP-seq processing pipeline for the detection of peaks via a combinatorial fusion method. Then, we annotate the peaks with known transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) using the Transfac Matrix Database (v7.0), which predicts potential SUMOylated TFs. Next, the peak calling result was further analyzed based on the promoter proximity, TFBS annotation, a literature review, and was validated by ChIP-real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ChIP-reChIP real-time qPCR. The results show clearly that SUMOylated TFs are able to be pinpointed using our pipeline. Conclusion A methodology is presented that analyzes SUMO-1 ChIP-seq patterns and predicts related TFs. Our analysis uses three peak calling tools. The fusion of these different tools increases the precision of the peak calling results. TFBS annotation method is able to predict potential SUMOylated TFs. Here, we offer a new approach that enhances ChIP-seq data analysis and allows the identification of multiple SUMOylated TF binding sites simultaneously, which can then be utilized for other functional PTM binding site prediction in future.
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22
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Transcription factor Ets1, but not the closely related factor Ets2, inhibits antibody-secreting cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:522-32. [PMID: 24277931 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00612-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) is a tightly regulated process under the control of multiple transcription factors. One such transcription factor, Ets1, blocks the transition of B cells to ASCs via two separate activities: (i) stimulating the expression of target genes that promote B cell identity and (ii) interfering with the functional activity of the transcription factor Blimp1. Ets1 is a member of a multigene family, several members of which are expressed within the B cell lineage, including the closely related protein Ets2. In this report, we demonstrate that Ets1, but not Ets2, can block ASC formation despite the fact that Ets1 and Ets2 bind to apparently identical DNA sequence motifs and are thought to regulate overlapping sets of target genes. The DNA binding domain of Ets1 is required, but not sufficient by itself, to block ASC formation. In addition, less conserved regions within the N terminus of Ets1 play an important role in inhibiting B cell differentiation. Differences between the N termini of Ets1 and Ets2, rather than differences in the DNA binding domains, determine whether the proteins are capable of blocking ASC formation or not.
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23
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Legrand AJ, Choul-Li S, Spriet C, Idziorek T, Vicogne D, Drobecq H, Dantzer F, Villeret V, Aumercier M. The level of Ets-1 protein is regulated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in cancer cells to prevent DNA damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55883. [PMID: 23405229 PMCID: PMC3566071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ets-1 is a transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in cancer progression and in tumour invasion. It is a poor prognostic marker for breast, lung, colorectal and ovary carcinomas. Here, we identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as a novel interaction partner of Ets-1. We show that Ets-1 activates, by direct interaction, the catalytic activity of PARP-1 and is then poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated in a DNA-independent manner. The catalytic inhibition of PARP-1 enhanced Ets-1 transcriptional activity and caused its massive accumulation in cell nuclei. Ets-1 expression was correlated with an increase in DNA damage when PARP-1 was inhibited, leading to cancer cell death. Moreover, PARP-1 inhibitors caused only Ets-1-expressing cells to accumulate DNA damage. These results provide new insight into Ets-1 regulation in cancer cells and its link with DNA repair proteins. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PARP-1 inhibitors would be useful in a new therapeutic strategy that specifically targets Ets-1-expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud J Legrand
- CNRS USR 3078, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Campus CNRS de la Haute Borne, Université Lille Nord de France, IFR 147, BP 70478, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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24
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Review of Ets1 structure, function, and roles in immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3375-90. [PMID: 23288305 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ets1 transcription factor is a member of the Ets gene family and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Ets1 is known to regulate a number of important biological processes in normal cells and in tumors. In particular, Ets1 has been associated with regulation of immune cell function and with an aggressive behavior in tumors that express it at high levels. Here we review and summarize the general features of Ets1 and describe its roles in immunity and autoimmunity, with a focus on its roles in B lymphocytes. We also review evidence that suggests that Ets1 may play a role in malignant transformation of hematopoietic malignancies including B cell malignancies.
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25
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Luise C, Merolla F, Leone V, Paladino S, Sarnataro D, Fusco A, Celetti A. Identification of sumoylation sites in CCDC6, the first identified RET partner gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma, uncovers a mode of regulating CCDC6 function on CREB1 transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49298. [PMID: 23145146 PMCID: PMC3492267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCDC6 was originally identified in chimeric genes as caused by chromosomal translocation involving the RET protooncogene in some thyroid tumors. Recognised as a 65 kDa pro-apoptotic phosphoprotein, CCDC6 has been enrolled as an ATM substrate that contribute to protect genome integrity by modulating PP4c activity in response to genotoxic stress. Recently, CCDC6 has been identified as a repressor of CREB1-dependent transcription. Sumoylation has emerged as an important mechanism in transcriptional control. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three sites of sumoylation in CCDC6 (K74, K266 and K424) which are highly conserved in vertebrates. We demonstrate that the post-translational modifications by SUMO2 constrain most of the CCDC6 protein in the cytosol and affect its functional interaction with CREB1 with a decrease of CCDC6 repressive function on CREB1 transcriptional activity. Indeed, the impairment of functional outcome of sumoylated CCDC6 is obtained knocking down all three the sumoylation sites. Interestingly, in thyroid cells the SUMO2-mediated CCDC6 post-translational modifications are induced by Forskolin, a cAMP analog. Signal transduction via the cAMP pathway is known to be ubiquitous and represents a major line of communication between many organisms and their environment. We believe that CCDC6 could be an important player in the dynamics of cAMP signaling by fine regulating CREB1 transcriptional activity in normal and transformed thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Luise
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Leone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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26
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Chen Y, Zhao W, Yang JS, Cheng Z, Luo H, Lu Z, Tan M, Gu W, Zhao Y. Quantitative acetylome analysis reveals the roles of SIRT1 in regulating diverse substrates and cellular pathways. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1048-62. [PMID: 22826441 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the progress in identifying many Lys acetylation (Kac) proteins, Kac substrates for Kac-regulatory enzymes remain largely unknown, presenting a major knowledge gap in Kac biology. Here we identified and quantified 4623 Kac sites in 1800 Kac proteins in SIRT1(+/+) and SIRT1(-/-) MEF cells, representing the first study to reveal an enzyme-regulated Kac subproteome and the largest Lys acetylome reported to date from a single study. Four hundred eighty-five Kac sites were enhanced by more than 100% after SIRT1 knockout. Our results indicate that SIRT1 regulates the Kac states of diverse cellular pathways. Interestingly, we found that a number of acetyltransferases and major acetyltransferase complexes are targeted by SIRT1. Moreover, we showed that the activities of the acetyltransferases are regulated by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation. Taken together, our results reveal the Lys acetylome in response to SIRT1, provide new insights into mechanisms of SIRT1 function, and offer biomarker candidates for the clinical evaluation of SIRT1-activator compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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27
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Induction of the neural crest state: control of stem cell attributes by gene regulatory, post-transcriptional and epigenetic interactions. Dev Biol 2012; 366:10-21. [PMID: 22583479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a population of multipotent stem cell-like progenitors that arise at the neural plate border in vertebrates, migrate extensively, and give rise to diverse derivatives such as melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia. The neural crest gene regulatory network (NC-GRN) includes a number of key factors that are used reiteratively to control multiple steps in the development of neural crest cells, including the acquisition of stem cell attributes. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms that control the distinct functions of such reiteratively used factors in different cellular contexts. The context-dependent control of neural crest specification is achieved through combinatorial interaction with other factors, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications, and the epigenetic status and chromatin state of target genes. Here we review the current understanding of the NC-GRN, including the role of the neural crest specifiers, their links to the control of "stemness," and their dynamic context-dependent regulation during the formation of neural crest progenitors.
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28
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Bettermann K, Benesch M, Weis S, Haybaeck J. SUMOylation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:113-25. [PMID: 22138131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification characterized by covalent and reversible binding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to a target protein. In mammals, four different isoforms, termed SUMO-1, -2, -3 and -4 have been identified so far. SUMO proteins are critically involved in the modulation of nuclear organization and cell viability. Their expression is significantly increased in processes associated with carcinogenesis such as cell growth, differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Little is known about the role of SUMOylation in cancer development. Therefore the present review focuses on possible implications of SUMOylation in carcinogenesis highlighting its impact as an important regulatory cell cycle protein. Moreover, novel opportunities for therapeutic approaches are discussed. The differential expression levels, the target protein preferences and the function of the SUMO pathway in different cancer subtypes raises unexpected issues questioning our understanding of the implication of SUMO in carcinogenesis.
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29
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Meadows SM, Myers CT, Krieg PA. Regulation of endothelial cell development by ETS transcription factors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:976-84. [PMID: 21945894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ETS family of transcription factors plays an essential role in controlling endothelial gene expression. Multiple members of the ETS family are expressed in the developing endothelium and evidence suggests that the proteins function, to some extent, redundantly. However, recent studies have demonstrated a crucial non-redundant role for ETV2, as a primary player in specification and differentiation of the endothelial lineage. Here, we review the contribution of ETS factors, and their partner proteins, to the regulation of embryonic vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stryder M Meadows
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States
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30
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Goormachtigh G, Ji Z, Le Goff A, Fafeur V. Degradation of the GAB1 adaptor by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway hampers HGF/SF–MET signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:780-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Escobar-Cabrera E, Okon M, Lau DKW, Dart CF, Bonvin AMJJ, McIntosh LP. Characterizing the N- and C-terminal Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motifs of the scaffold protein DAXX. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19816-29. [PMID: 21383010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.231647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DAXX is a scaffold protein with diverse roles that often depend upon binding SUMO via its N- and/or C-terminal SUMO-interacting motifs (SIM-N and SIM-C). Using NMR spectroscopy, we characterized the in vitro binding properties of peptide models of SIM-N and SIM-C to SUMO-1 and SUMO-2. In each case, binding was mediated by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and weakened with increasing ionic strength. Neither isolated SIM showed any significant paralog specificity, and the measured μM range K(D) values of SIM-N toward both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 were ∼4-fold lower than those of SIM-C. Furthermore, SIM-N bound SUMO-1 predominantly in a parallel orientation, whereas SIM-C interconverted between parallel and antiparallel binding modes on an ms to μs time scale. The differences in affinities and binding modes are attributed to the differences in charged residues that flank the otherwise identical hydrophobic core sequences of the two SIMs. In addition, within its native context, SIM-N bound intramolecularly to the adjacent N-terminal helical bundle domain of DAXX, thus reducing its apparent affinity for SUMO. This behavior suggests a possible autoregulatory mechanism for DAXX. The interaction of a C-terminal fragment of DAXX with an N-terminal fragment of the sumoylated Ets1 transcription factor was mediated by SIM-C. Importantly, this interaction did not involve any direct contacts between DAXX and Ets1, but rather was derived from the non-covalent binding of SIM-C to SUMO-1, which in turn was covalently linked to the unstructured N-terminal segment of Ets1. These results provide insights into the binding mechanisms and hence biological roles of the DAXX SUMO-interacting motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Escobar-Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Chan YC, Khanna S, Roy S, Sen CK. miR-200b targets Ets-1 and is down-regulated by hypoxia to induce angiogenic response of endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2047-56. [PMID: 21081489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-200 family plays a crucial role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition via controlling cell migration and polarity. We hypothesized that miR-200b, one miR-200 family member, could regulate angiogenic responses via modulating endothelial cell migration. Delivery of the miR-200b mimic in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) suppressed the angiogenic response, whereas miR-200b-depleted HMECs exhibited elevated angiogenesis in vitro, as evidenced by Matrigel® tube formation and cell migration. Using in silico studies, miR target reporter assay, and Western blot analysis revealed that v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (Ets-1), a crucial angiogenesis-related transcription factor, serves as a novel direct target of miR-200b. Knocking down endogenous Ets-1 simulated an anti-angiogenic response of the miR-200b mimic-transfected cells. Certain Ets-1-associated genes, namely matrix metalloproteinase 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, were negatively regulated by miR-200b. Overexpression of Ets-1 rescued miR-200b-dependent impairment in angiogenic response and suppression of Ets-1-associated gene expression. Both hypoxia as well as HIF-1α stabilization inhibited miR-200b expression and elevated Ets-1 expression. Experiments to identify how miR-200b modulates angiogenesis under a low oxygen environment illustrated that hypoxia-induced miR-200b down-regulation de-repressed Ets-1 expression to promote angiogenesis. This study provides the first evidence that hypoxia-sensitive miR-200b is involved in induction of angiogenesis via directly targeting Ets-1 in HMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Cheung Chan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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33
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Charlot C, Dubois-Pot H, Serchov T, Tourrette Y, Wasylyk B. A review of post-translational modifications and subcellular localization of Ets transcription factors: possible connection with cancer and involvement in the hypoxic response. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 647:3-30. [PMID: 20694658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-738-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications and subcellular localizations modulate transcription factors, generating a code that is deciphered into an activity. We describe our current understanding of these processes for Ets factors, which have recently been recognized for their importance in various biological processes. We present the global picture for the family, and then focus on particular aspects related to cancer and hypoxia. The analysis of Post-translational modification and cellular localization is only beginning to enter the age of "omic," high content, systems biology. Our snap-shots of particularly active fields point to the directions in which new techniques will be needed, in our search for a more complete description of regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Charlot
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute de Genetique et de Biologie, Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Lille, France
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34
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Kim JH, Baek SH. Emerging roles of desumoylating enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:155-62. [PMID: 19162180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) controls diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, and signal transduction pathway. Sumoylation is a highly dynamic process that is reversed by a family of Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Thus, desumoylation process must be important for regulation of the fate and function of SUMO-conjugated proteins as well as SUMOylation process. SENPs catalyze the removal of SUMO from SUMO-conjugated target proteins as well as the cleavage of SUMO from its precursor proteins. Since the first report of yeast desumoylating enzymes, many studies have revealed the structural and cellular biological properties of SENP family. This review focuses on the specificity of the SENPs' catalytic activities with regard to SUMO isoforms and their emerging roles as cellular regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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35
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Yates KE, Korbel GA, Shtutman M, Roninson IB, DiMaio D. Repression of the SUMO-specific protease Senp1 induces p53-dependent premature senescence in normal human fibroblasts. Aging Cell 2008; 7:609-21. [PMID: 18616636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative lifespan of normal somatic human cells in culture terminates in a permanent growth-arrested state known as replicative senescence. In this study, we show that RNA interference-mediated repression of the genes encoding the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific proteases, Senp1, Senp2, and Senp7, induced low passage primary human fibroblasts to senesce rapidly. Following Senp1 repression, we observed a global increase in sumoylated proteins and in the number and size of nuclear SUMO-containing promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies. SUMO/PML bodies also increased during replicative senescence. p53 transcriptional activity was enhanced towards known p53 target genes following repression of Senp1, and inhibition of p53 function prevented senescence after Senp1 repression. These data indicate that Senp1 repression induces p53-mediated premature senescence and that SUMO proteases may thus be required for proliferation of normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Yates
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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36
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Enhancement of transactivation activity of Rta of Epstein-Barr virus by RanBPM. J Mol Biol 2008; 379:231-42. [PMID: 18455188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses the immediate-early protein Rta to activate the transcription of EBV lytic genes and the lytic cycle. We show that RanBPM acts as a binding partner of Rta in yeast two-hybrid analysis. The binding was confirmed by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay. A coimmunoprecipitation experiment and confocal microscopy revealed that RanBPM and Rta interact in vivo and colocalize in the nucleus. The interaction appears to involve the SPRY domain in RanBPM and the region between amino acid residues 416 to 476 in Rta. The interaction promotes the transactivation activity of Rta in activating the transcription of BMLF1 and p21 in transient transfection assays. Additionally, RanBPM interacts with SUMO-E2 (Ubc9) to promote sumoylation of Rta by SUMO-1. This fact explains why the expression of RanBPM enhances the transactivation activity of Rta. Taken together, the present results indicate a new role of RanBPM in regulating a viral protein that is critical to EBV lytic activation.
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37
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Daxx mediates SUMO-dependent transcriptional control and subnuclear compartmentalization. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 35:1397-400. [PMID: 18031230 DOI: 10.1042/bst0351397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) modification is emerging as an important post-translational control in transcription. In general, SUMO modification is associated with transcriptional repression. Although many SUMO-modified transcription factors and co-activators have been identified, little is known about the mechanism underlying SUMOylation-elicited transcriptional repression. Here, we summarize that SUMO modification of transcription factors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, Smad4 and CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein] co-activator results in the recruitment of a transcriptional co-repressor Daxx, thereby causing transcriptional repression. Such a SUMO-dependent recruitment of Daxx is mediated by the interaction between the SUMO moiety of SUMOylated factors and Daxx SUMO-interacting motif. Interestingly, the transrepression effect of Daxx on these SUMOylated transcription factors can be relieved by SUMOylated PML (promyelocytic leukaemia) via altering Daxx partition from the targeted gene promoter to PML nuclear bodies. Because Daxx SUMO-interacting motif is a common binding site for SUMOylated factors, a model of competition for Daxx recruitment between SUMOylated PML and SUMOylated transcription factors was proposed. Together, our findings strongly suggest that Daxx functions as a SUMO reader in the SUMO-dependent regulation of transcription and subnuclear compartmentalization.
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Polyomavirus middle T antigen induces the transcription of osteopontin, a gene important for the migration of transformed cells. J Virol 2008; 82:4946-54. [PMID: 18337582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02650-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle T antigen (MT) is the principal oncoprotein of murine polyomavirus. Experiments on the acute immediate effects of MT expression on cellular RNA levels showed that expression of osteopontin (OPN) was strongly induced by MT expression. Osteopontin is a protein known to be associated with cancer. It has a role in tumor progression and invasion. Protein analysis confirmed that MT induced the secretion of OPN into the extracellular medium. Expression of antisense OPN RNA had no effect on the growth of MT-transformed cells. However, it had a strong effect on the ability of MT transformants to migrate or to fill a wound. Analysis of MT mutants implicated both the SHC and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways in OPN induction. Reporter assays showed that MT regulated the OPN promoter through two of its PEA3 (polyoma enhancer activator 3) sites. As critical PEA3 sites are also part of the polyomavirus enhancer, the same signaling important for viral replication also contributes to virally induced metastatic potential.
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Williamson AJK, Smith DL, Blinco D, Unwin RD, Pearson S, Wilson C, Miller C, Lancashire L, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V, Whetton AD. Quantitative proteomics analysis demonstrates post-transcriptional regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation to hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 7:459-72. [PMID: 18045800 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700370-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate in vitro to produce the endothelial and hematopoietic precursor, the hemangioblasts, which are derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Differentiation of Bry(GFP/+) ES cell to hemangioblasts can be followed by the expression of the Bry(GFP/+) and Flk1 genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic changes during this differentiation process were analyzed to identify mechanisms for phenotypic change during early differentiation. Three populations of differentiating Bry(GFP) ES cells were obtained by flow cytometric sorting, GFP-Flk1- (epiblast), GFP+Flk1- (mesoderm), and GFP+Flk1+ (hemangioblast). Microarray analyses and relative quantification two-dimensional LCLC-MS/MS on nuclear extracts were performed. We identified and quantified 2389 proteins, 1057 of which were associated to their microarray probe set. These included a variety of low abundance transcription factors, e.g. UTF1, Sox2, Oct4, and E2F4, demonstrating a high level of proteomic penetrance. When paired comparisons of changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels were performed low levels of correlation were found. A strong correlation between isobaric tag-derived relative quantification and Western blot analysis was found for a number of nuclear proteins. Pathway and ontology analysis identified proteins known to be involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation, and proteins with no described function in early ES cell development were also shown to change markedly at the proteome level only. ES cell development is regulated at the mRNA and protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Kinnaird House, Kinnaird Road, Manchester M20 4QL, United Kingdom
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Moisan J, Grenningloh R, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Ho IC. Ets-1 is a negative regulator of Th17 differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2825-35. [PMID: 17967903 PMCID: PMC2118518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the clearance of extracellular bacteria and contributes to the pathology of many autoimmune and allergic conditions. IL-17 is produced mainly by a newly characterized subset of T helper (Th) cells termed Th17. Although the role of Th17 cells in the pathology of autoimmune diseases is well established, the transcription factors regulating the differentiation of Th17 cells remain poorly characterized. We report that Ets-1–deficient Th cells differentiated more efficiently to Th17 cells than wild-type cells. This was attributed to both low IL-2 production and increased resistance to the inhibitory effect of IL-2 on Th17 differentiation. The resistance to IL-2 suppression was caused by a defect downstream of STAT5 phosphorylation, but was not caused by a difference in the level of RORγt. Furthermore, Ets-1–deficient mice contained an abnormally high level of IL-17 transcripts in their lungs and exhibited increased mucus production by airway epithelial cells in an IL-17–dependent manner. Based on these observations, we report that Ets-1 is a negative regulator of Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Moisan
- Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Nishida T, Terashima M, Fukami K, Yamada Y. PIASy controls ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of Ets-1. Biochem J 2007; 405:481-8. [PMID: 17456046 PMCID: PMC2267315 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ETS transcription factor Ets-1 (E26 transformation-specific-1) plays a critical role in many physiological processes including angiogenesis, haematopoietic development and tumour progression. Its activity can be regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. Recently, we showed that Ets-1 is a target for SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification and that PIASy [protein inhibitor of activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) Y], a specific SUMO-E3 ligase for Ets-1, represses Ets-1-dependent transcription. In the present study, we demonstrated that Ets-1 is degraded by the proteasome and that overexpression of PIASy increased the stability of endogenous and ectopically expressed Ets-1 protein by preventing proteasomal degradation. Moreover, knockdown of the endogenous PIASy expression by RNA interference reduced the protein level of endogenous Ets-1. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 reversed this effect. Deletion analysis showed that the TAD (transcriptional activation domain), which has been identified as the interaction domain with PIASy, was also required for Ets-1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. However, the Ets-1 stabilization by PIASy was not due to reduced ubiquitination of Ets-1. Our results suggested that PIASy controls Ets-1 function, at least in part, by inhibiting Ets-1 protein turnover via the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Nishida
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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42
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Yan J, Yang XP, Kim YS, Joo JH, Jetten AM. RAP80 interacts with the SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 and is a novel target for sumoylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:132-138. [PMID: 17698038 PMCID: PMC2049087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RAP80, a nuclear protein with two functional ubiquitin-interaction motifs (UIMs) at its N-terminus, plays a critical role in the regulation of estrogen receptor alpha and DNA damage response signaling. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified the SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 as a protein interacting with RAP80. The interaction of RAP80 with UBC9 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down analyses. The region between aa 122-204 was critical for the interaction of RAP80 with UBC9. In addition, we demonstrate that RAP80 is a target for SUMO-1 modification in intact cells. Expression of UBC9 enhanced RAP80 mono-sumoylation and also induced multi-sumoylation of RAP80. In addition to SUMO-1, RAP80 was efficiently conjugated to SUMO-3 but was only a weak substrate for SUMO-2 conjugation. These findings suggest that sumoylation plays a role in the regulation of RAP80 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Joung Hyuck Joo
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Karamouzis MV, Konstantinopoulos PA, Badra FA, Papavassiliou AG. SUMO and estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:195-210. [PMID: 17377839 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a family of proteins structurally similar to ubiquitin that have been found to be covalently attached to certain lysine residues of specific target proteins. By contrast to ubiquitination, however, SUMO proteins do not promote protein degradation but, instead, modulate important functional properties, depending on the protein substrate. These properties include--albeit not limited to--subcellular localization, protein dimerization, DNA binding and/or transactivation of transcription factors, among them estrogen receptors. Moreover, it has been suggested that SUMO proteins might affect transcriptional co-factor complexes of the estrogen receptor signalling cascade. Tissue and/or state specificity seems to be one of their intriguing features. In this regard, elucidation of their contribution to estrogen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity during breast carcinogenesis will offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing sensitivity/resistance in currently applied endocrine treatment and/or chemoprevention, and provide novel routes to breast carcinoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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44
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Deng Z, Wan M, Sui G. PIASy-mediated sumoylation of Yin Yang 1 depends on their interaction but not the RING finger. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3780-92. [PMID: 17353273 PMCID: PMC1899983 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01761-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a multifunctional protein, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) has been demonstrated to regulate both gene expression and protein posttranslational modifications. However, gaps still exist in our knowledge of how YY1 can be modified and what the consequences of its modifications are. Here we report that YY1 protein can be sumoylated both in vivo and in vitro. We have identified lysine 288 as the major sumoylation site of YY1. We also discovered that PIASy, a SUMO E3 ligase, is a novel YY1-interacting protein and can stimulate the sumoylation of YY1 both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the effects of PIASy mutants on in vivo YY1 sumoylation correlate with the YY1-PIASy interaction but do not depend on the RING finger domain of PIASy. This regulation is unique to YY1 sumoylation because PIASy-mediated p53 sumoylation still relies on the integrity of PIASy, which is also true of all of the previously identified substrates of PIASy. In addition, PIASy colocalizes with YY1 in the nucleus, stabilizes YY1 in vivo, and differentially regulates YY1 transcriptional activity on different target promoters. This study demonstrates that YY1 is a target of SUMOs and reveals a novel feature of a SUMO E3 ligase in the PIAS family that selectively stimulates protein sumoylation independent of the RING finger domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Hanes 4052, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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45
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Mathew SO, Vaidya SV, Kim JR, Mathew PA. Human natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (CD244) down-regulates its own expression by reduced promoter activity at an Ets element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:483-7. [PMID: 17300754 PMCID: PMC2018657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
2B4 (CD244), a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is important for stimulating human natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. It is expressed on all NK cells, a subpopulation of T cells, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. 2B4 interaction with its ligand CD48 regulates NK, T and B lymphocyte functions and thus plays a central role in various immune responses. Previous study indicated a role for AP-1 and Ets in the transcription of the 2B4 gene. In this study we report that stimulation of NK cells through surface 2B4 down-regulates its own expression due to a reduction in the promoter activity at the Ets element. The down-regulation of 2B4 could be a mechanism to attenuate the co-stimulatory signal from 2B4--CD48 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Mathew
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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