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Clinical significance of cylindromatosis expression in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Arab J Gastroenterol 2023; 24:58-64. [PMID: 36720665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM There is currently a lack of sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Low expression of cylindromatosis (CYLD), a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a deubiquitinase, is associated with the development of HCC. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the clinical utility of measuring CYLD expression in the early diagnosis of HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The present study comprised 257 patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University including 90 patients with HCC, 41 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), 46 patients with hepatitis B (HB), and 80 healthy controls. qPCR was used to measure the amounts of CYLD mRNA in stored blood samples. The sensitivity and specificity of CYLD mRNA in diagnosing HCC was analyzed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. We also obtained HCC data from the Oncomine database to further verify our results. RESULTS The relative levels of CYLD mRNA in peripheral blood from patients with HCC (median, 0.060; interquartile range [IQR], 0.019-0.260) was significantly lower than in blood from patients with LC (median, 3.732; IQR, 0.648-14.573), HB (median, 0.419; IQR, 0.255-1.809) and healthy controls (median, 1.262; IQR, 0.279-3.537; P < 0.05). CYLD mRNA levels in peripheral blood were significantly higher in patients with LC compared to healthy controls and patients with HB. Oncomine data demonstrated that CYLD mRNA expression levels in HCC tissues were significantly lower than in normal liver tissues. ROC analysis demonstrated that the combined use of peripheral blood levels of CYLD and AFP had the greatest diagnostic accuracy for HCC (area under the curve (AUC), 0.897; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.853-0.942). CYLD had utility as a supplementary marker to AFP for diagnosing HCC. CONCLUSION Circulating levels of CYLD mRNA are significantly decreased in patients with HCC, indicating CYLD may have utility as a biomarker of HCC. Combined measurement of CYLD mRNA and AFP protein had the greatest diagnostic accuracy.
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2
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Yang S, Huang Y, Zhao Q. Epigenetic Alterations and Inflammation as Emerging Use for the Advancement of Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878740. [PMID: 35514980 PMCID: PMC9066637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Nowadays, the most common lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), namely, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma. Epigenetic alterations that refer to DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression, are now suggested to drive the genesis and development of NSCLC. Additionally, inflammation-related tumorigenesis also plays a vital role in cancer research and efforts have been attempted to reverse such condition. During the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases, the immune component of inflammation may cause epigenetic changes, but it is not always certain whether the immune component itself or the stimulated host cells cause epigenetic changes. Moreover, the links between epigenetic alterations and cancer-related inflammation and their influences on the human cancer are not clear so far. Therefore, the connection between epigenetic drivers, inflammation, and NSCLC will be summarized. Investigation on such topic is most likely to shed light on the molecular and immunological mechanisms of epigenetic and inflammatory factors and promote the application of epigenetics in the innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Yang Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
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3
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Sasa GBK, Xuan C, Chen M, Jiang Z, Ding X. Clinicopathological implications of lncRNAs, immunotherapy and DNA methylation in lung squamous cell carcinoma: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:5406-5429. [PMID: 35116387 PMCID: PMC8799054 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the clinicopathological impact of lncRNAs, immunotherapy, and DNA methylation in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), emphasizing their exact roles in carcinogenesis and modes of action. Background LUSC is the second most prevalent form, accounting for around 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To date, molecular-targeted treatments have significantly improved overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients but have had little effect on LUSC therapy. As a result, there is an urgent need to discover new treatments for LUSC that are based on existing genomic methods. Methods In this review, we summarized and analyzed recent research on the biological activities and processes of lncRNA, immunotherapy, and DNA methylation in the formation of LUSC. The relevant studies were retrieved using a thorough search of Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and the university's online library, among other sources. Conclusions LncRNAs are the primary components of the mammalian transcriptome and are emerging as master regulators of a number of cellular processes, including the cell cycle, differentiation, apoptosis, and growth, and are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, including LUSC. Understanding their role in LUSC in detail may help develop innovative treatment methods and tactics for LUSC. Meanwhile, immunotherapy has transformed the LUSC treatment and is now considered the new standard of care. To get a better knowledge of LUSC biology, it is critical to develop superior modeling systems. Preclinical models, particularly those that resemble human illness by preserving the tumor immune environment, are essential for studying cancer progression and evaluating novel treatment targets. DNA methylation, similarly, is a component of epigenetic alterations that regulate cellular function and contribute to cancer development. By methylating the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes, abnormal DNA methylation silences their expression. DNA methylation indicators are critical in the early detection of lung cancer, predicting therapy efficacy, and tracking treatment resistance. As such, this review seeks to explore the clinicopathological impact of lncRNAs, immunotherapy, and DNA methylation in LUSC, emphasizing their exact roles in carcinogenesis and modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel B K Sasa
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Xuan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiyue Chen
- The fourth affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Jiang
- Department of Science Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Ding
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Kaczmarek JV, Bogan CM, Pierce JM, Tao YK, Chen SC, Liu Q, Liu X, Boyd KL, Calcutt MW, Bridges TM, Lindsley CW, Friedman DL, Richmond A, Daniels AB. Intravitreal HDAC Inhibitor Belinostat Effectively Eradicates Vitreous Seeds Without Retinal Toxicity In Vivo in a Rabbit Retinoblastoma Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:8. [PMID: 34757417 PMCID: PMC8590161 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current melphalan-based regimens for intravitreal chemotherapy for retinoblastoma vitreous seeds are effective but toxic to the retina. Thus, alternative agents are needed. Based on the known biology of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the retinoblastoma pathway, we systematically studied whether the HDAC inhibitor belinostat is a viable, molecularly targeted alternative agent for intravitreal delivery that might provide comparable efficacy, without toxicity. Methods In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments in rabbits and in vitro cytotoxicity experiments were performed to determine the 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90). Functional toxicity by electroretinography and structural toxicity by optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and histopathology were evaluated in rabbits following three injections of belinostat 350 µg (2× IC90) or 700 µg (4× IC90), compared with melphalan 12.5 µg (rabbit equivalent of the human dose). The relative efficacy of intravitreal belinostat versus melphalan to treat WERI-Rb1 human cell xenografts in rabbit eyes was directly quantified. RNA sequencing was used to assess belinostat-induced changes in RB cell gene expression. Results The maximum nontoxic dose of belinostat was 350 µg, which caused no reductions in electroretinography parameters, retinal microvascular loss on OCT angiography, or retinal degeneration. Melphalan caused severe retinal structural and functional toxicity. Belinostat 350 µg (equivalent to 700 µg in the larger human eye) was equally effective at eradicating vitreous seeds in the rabbit xenograft model compared with melphalan (95.5% reduction for belinostat, P < 0.001; 89.4% reduction for melphalan, P < 0.001; belinostat vs. melphalan, P = 0.10). Even 700 µg belinostat (equivalent to 1400 µg in humans) caused only minimal toxicity. Widespread changes in gene expression resulted. Conclusions Molecularly targeted inhibition of HDACs with intravitreal belinostat was equally effective as standard-of-care melphalan but without retinal toxicity. Belinostat may therefore be an attractive agent to pursue clinically for intravitreal treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica V Kaczmarek
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Carley M Bogan
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Janene M Pierce
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yuankai K Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xiao Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery at Vanderbilt, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery at Vanderbilt, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Debra L Friedman
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ann Richmond
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Anthony B Daniels
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Bajbouj K, Al-Ali A, Ramakrishnan RK, Saber-Ayad M, Hamid Q. Histone Modification in NSCLC: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111701. [PMID: 34769131 PMCID: PMC8584007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in both genders, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for about 85% of all lung cancers. At the time of diagnosis, the tumour is usually locally advanced or metastatic, shaping a poor disease outcome. NSCLC includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma. Searching for novel therapeutic targets is mandated due to the modest effect of platinum-based therapy as well as the targeted therapies developed in the last decade. The latter is mainly due to the lack of mutation detection in around half of all NSCLC cases. New therapeutic modalities are also required to enhance the effect of immunotherapy in NSCLC. Identifying the molecular signature of NSCLC subtypes, including genetics and epigenetic variation, is crucial for selecting the appropriate therapy or combination of therapies. Epigenetic dysregulation has a key role in the tumourigenicity, tumour heterogeneity, and tumour resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapy. Epigenomic modulation is a potential therapeutic strategy in NSCLC that was suggested a long time ago and recently starting to attract further attention. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the most frequently studied patterns of epigenetic modification. Several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDIs), such as vorinostat and panobinostat, have shown promise in preclinical and clinical investigations on NSCLC. However, further research on HDIs in NSCLC is needed to assess their anti-tumour impact. Another modification, histone methylation, is one of the most well recognized patterns of histone modification. It can either promote or inhibit transcription at different gene loci, thus playing a rather complex role in lung cancer. Some histone methylation modifiers have demonstrated altered activities, suggesting their oncogenic or tumour-suppressive roles. In this review, patterns of histone modifications in NSCLC will be discussed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in tumour progression and metastasis, as well as in developing drug resistance. Then, we will explore the therapeutic targets emerging from studying the NSCLC epigenome, referring to the completed and ongoing clinical trials on those medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Bajbouj
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.B.); (R.K.R.); (Q.H.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Abeer Al-Ali
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Rakhee K. Ramakrishnan
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.B.); (R.K.R.); (Q.H.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.B.); (R.K.R.); (Q.H.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11559, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-6-505-7219; Fax: +971-5-558-5879
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.B.); (R.K.R.); (Q.H.)
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Xu D, Ding S, Cao M, Yu X, Wang H, Qiu D, Xu Z, Bi X, Mu Z, Li K. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Cystatin E/M Reveals Its Dual Functional Effects and Positive Regulation of Epithelial Cell in Human Tumors. Front Genet 2021; 12:733211. [PMID: 34603393 PMCID: PMC8484784 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin E/M (CST6), a representative cysteine protease inhibitor, plays both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing functions and is pursued as an epigenetically therapeutic target in special cancer types. However, a comprehensive and systematic analysis for CST6 in pan-cancer level is still lacking. In the present study, we explored the expression pattern of CST6 in multiple cancer types across ∼10,000 samples from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and ∼8,000 samples from MMDs (Merged Microarray-acquired Datasets). We found that the dynamic expression alteration of CST6 was consistent with dual function in different types of cancer. In addition, we observed that the expression of CST6 was globally regulated by the DNA methylation in its promoter region. CST6 expression was positively correlated with the epithelial cell infiltration involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation. The relationship between CST6 and tumor microenvironment was also explored. In particular, we found that CST6 serves a protective function in the process of melanoma metastasis. Finally, the clinical association analysis further revealed the dual function of CST6 in cancer, and a combination of the epithelial cell infiltration and CST6 expression could predict the prognosis for SKCM patients. In summary, this first CST6 pan-cancer study improves the understanding of the dual functional effects on CST6 in different types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shun Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaorong Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongqin Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengyang Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhonglin Mu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kongning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Cystatin M/E (Cystatin 6): A Janus-Faced Cysteine Protease Inhibitor with Both Tumor-Suppressing and Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081877. [PMID: 33919854 PMCID: PMC8070812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside its contribution in maintaining skin homeostasis and its probable involvement in fetal and placental development, cystatin M/E (also known as cystatin 6) was first described as a tumor suppressor of breast cancer. This review aims to provide an update on cystatin M/E with particular attention paid to its role during tumorigenesis. Cystatin M/E, which is related to type 2 cystatins, displays the unique property of being a dual tight-binding inhibitor of both legumain (also known as asparagine endopeptidase) and cysteine cathepsins L, V and B, while its expression level is epigenetically regulated via the methylation of the CST6 promoter region. The tumor-suppressing role of cystatin M/E was further reported in melanoma, cervical, brain, prostate, gastric and renal cancers, and cystatin M/E was proposed as a biomarker of prognostic significance. Contrariwise, cystatin M/E could have an antagonistic function, acting as a tumor promoter (e.g., oral, pancreatic cancer, thyroid and hepatocellular carcinoma). Taking into account these apparently divergent functions, there is an urgent need to decipher the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of the expression and activity of cystatin M/E associated with the safeguarding homeostasis of the proteolytic balance as well as its imbalance in cancer.
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8
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Bonacci T, Emanuele MJ. Dissenting degradation: Deubiquitinases in cell cycle and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:145-158. [PMID: 32201366 PMCID: PMC7502435 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery forty years ago, protein ubiquitination has been an ever-expanding field. Virtually all biological processes are controlled by the post-translational conjugation of ubiquitin onto target proteins. In addition, since ubiquitin controls substrate degradation through the action of hundreds of enzymes, many of which represent attractive therapeutic candidates, harnessing the ubiquitin system to reshape proteomes holds great promise for improving disease outcomes. Among the numerous physiological functions controlled by ubiquitin, the cell cycle is among the most critical. Indeed, the discovery that the key drivers of cell cycle progression are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) epitomizes the connection between ubiquitin signaling and proliferation. Since cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell cycle progression and proliferation, targeting the UPS to stop cancer cells from cycling and proliferating holds enormous therapeutic potential. Ubiquitination is reversible, and ubiquitin is removed from substrates by catalytic proteases termed deubiquitinases or DUBs. While ubiquitination is tightly linked to proliferation and cancer, the role of DUBs represents a layer of complexity in this landscape that remains poorly captured. Due to their ability to remodel the proteome by altering protein degradation dynamics, DUBs play an important and underappreciated role in the cell cycle and proliferation of both normal and cancer cells. Moreover, due to their enzymatic protease activity and an open ubiquitin binding pocket, DUBs are likely to be important in the future of cancer treatment, since they are among the most druggable enzymes in the UPS. In this review we summarize new and important findings linking DUBs to cell cycle and proliferation, as well as to the etiology and treatment of cancer. We also highlight new advances in developing pharmacological approaches to attack DUBs for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bonacci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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9
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Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Giorgi FM. Transcriptional network inference and master regulator analysis of the response to ribosome-inactivating proteins in leukemia cells. Toxicology 2020; 441:152531. [PMID: 32593706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene-regulatory networks reconstruction has become a very popular approach in applied biology to infer and dissect functional interactions of Transcription Factors (TFs) driving a defined phenotypic state, termed as Master Regulators (MRs). In the present work, cutting-edge bioinformatic methods were applied to re-analyze experimental data on leukemia cells (human myelogenous leukemia cell line THP-1 and acute myeloid leukemia MOLM-13 cells) treated for 6 h with two different Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), namely Shiga toxin type 1 (400 ng/mL) produced by Escherichia coli strains and the plant toxin stenodactylin (60 ng/mL), purified from the caudex of Adenia stenodactyla Harms. This analysis allowed us to identify the common early transcriptional response to 28S rRNA damage based on gene-regulatory network inference and Master Regulator Analysis (MRA). Both toxins induce a common response at 6 h which involves inflammatory mediators triggered by AP-1 family transcriptional factors and ATF3 in leukemia cells. We describe for the first time the involvement of MAFF, KLF2 and KLF6 in regulating RIP-induced apoptotic cell death, while receptor-mediated downstream signaling through ANXA1 and TLR4 is suggested for both toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Yuan Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Liu S. Reduced expression of CYLD promotes cell survival and inflammation in gefitinib-treated NSCLC PC-9 cells: Targeting CYLD may be beneficial for acquired resistance to gefitinib therapy. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1911-1918. [PMID: 32441799 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been proven to be highly effective for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, patients often evolve into acquired resistance. The secondary mutations in EGFR account for nearly half of the acquired resistance. While the remaining 50% of patients exhibit tolerance to EGFR-TKIs with unclear mechanism(s). Cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitinase, functions as a tumor suppressor to regulate cell apoptosis, proliferation, and immune response, and so on. The role of CYLD in NSCLC EGFR-TKI resistance remains elusive. Here, we found CYLD was upregulated in PC-9 cells, whereas downregulated in PC-9 acquired gefitinib-resistant (PC-9/GR) cells in response to the treatment of gefitinib, which is consistent with the results in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Overexpression of CYLD promoted a more apoptotic death ratio in PC-9/GR cells than that in PC-9 cells. In addition, silencing the expression of CYLD resulted in an increase of the expression level of interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α, which may contribute to acquired resistance of PC-9 cells to gefitinib. Taken together, our data in vitro demonstrate that PC-9/GR cells downregulated CYLD expression, enhanced subsequent CYLD-dependent antiapoptotic capacity and inflammatory response, which may provide a possible target for acquired gefitinib-resistant treatment in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Central Laboratory of Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shangquan Liu
- Central Laboratory of Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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11
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Saeed H, Sinha S, Mella C, Kuerbitz JS, Cales ML, Steele MA, Stanke J, Damron D, Safadi F, Kuerbitz SJ. Aberrant epigenetic silencing of neuronatin is a frequent event in human osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1876-1893. [PMID: 32499872 PMCID: PMC7244018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The paternally imprinted neuronatin (NNAT) gene has been identified as a target of aberrant epigenetic silencing in diverse cancers, but no association with pediatric bone cancers has been reported to date. In screening childhood cancers, we identified aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in a majority of osteosarcoma (OS) samples and in 5 of 6 human OS cell lines studied but not in normal bone-derived tissue samples. CpG island hypermethylation was associated with transcriptional silencing in human OS cells, and silencing was reversible upon treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Expression of NNAT was detectable in osteoblasts and chondrocytes of human bone, supporting a potential role in bone homeostasis. Enforced expression of NNAT in human OS cells lacking endogenous expression resulted in significant reduction in colony formation and in vitro migration compared to nonexpressor control cells. We next analyzed the effect of NNAT expression on intracellular calcium homeostasis and found that was associated with an attenuated decay of calcium levels to baseline following ATP-induced release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores. Furthermore, NNAT expression was associated with increased cytotoxicity in OS cells from thapsigargin, an inhibitor of calcium reuptake into ER and an inducer of the ER stress response. These results suggest a possible tumor suppressor role for NNAT in human osteosarcoma. Additional study is needed ascertain sensitization to ER stress-associated apoptosis as a mechanism of NNAT-dependent cytotoxicity. In that case, epigenetic modification therapy to effect NNAT transcriptional derepression may represent a therapeutic strategy potentially of benefit to a majority of osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema Saeed
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.,Current affiliation: Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sayantani Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine Mella
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kuerbitz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.,Current affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monica L Cales
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY, USA.,Current affiliation: Penn State Health St. Joseph, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Steele
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Stanke
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.,Current affiliation: Foundation Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek Damron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Fayez Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Kuerbitz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Akron Childrens Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.,Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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12
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Dahn ML, Cruickshank BM, Jackson AJ, Dean C, Holloway RW, Hall SR, Coyle KM, Maillet H, Waisman DM, Goralski KB, Giacomantonio CA, Weaver ICG, Marcato P. Decitabine Response in Breast Cancer Requires Efficient Drug Processing and Is Not Limited by Multidrug Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1110-1122. [PMID: 32156786 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA methylation is an established feature of breast cancers. DNA demethylating therapies like decitabine are proposed for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and indicators of response need to be identified. For this purpose, we characterized the effects of decitabine in a panel of 10 breast cancer cell lines and observed a range of sensitivity to decitabine that was not subtype specific. Knockdown of potential key effectors demonstrated the requirement of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) for decitabine response in breast cancer cells. In treatment-naïve breast tumors, DCK was higher in TNBCs, and DCK levels were sustained or increased post chemotherapy treatment. This suggests that limited DCK levels will not be a barrier to response in patients with TNBC treated with decitabine as a second-line treatment or in a clinical trial. Methylome analysis revealed that genome-wide, region-specific, tumor suppressor gene-specific methylation, and decitabine-induced demethylation did not predict response to decitabine. Gene set enrichment analysis of transcriptome data demonstrated that decitabine induced genes within apoptosis, cell cycle, stress, and immune pathways. Induced genes included those characterized by the viral mimicry response; however, knockdown of key effectors of the pathway did not affect decitabine sensitivity suggesting that breast cancer growth suppression by decitabine is independent of viral mimicry. Finally, taxol-resistant breast cancer cells expressing high levels of multidrug resistance transporter ABCB1 remained sensitive to decitabine, suggesting that the drug could be used as second-line treatment for chemoresistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Dahn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Ainsleigh J Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cheryl Dean
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan W Holloway
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Steven R Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Krysta M Coyle
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hillary Maillet
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kerry B Goralski
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carman A Giacomantonio
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Brain Repair Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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13
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Li R, Yin YH, Jin J, Liu X, Zhang MY, Yang YE, Qu YQ. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation-driven genes for the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma using MethylMix. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:773-786. [PMID: 32218699 PMCID: PMC7085273 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation acts as a key component in epigenetic modifications of genomic function and functions as disease-specific prognostic biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). This present study aimed to identify methylation-driven genes as prognostic biomarkers for LUSC using bioinformatics analysis. Materials and Methods: Differentially expressed RNAs were obtained using the edge R package from 502 LUSC tissues and 49 adjacent non-LUSC tissues. Differentially methylated genes were obtained using the limma R package from 504 LUSC tissues and 69 adjacent non-LUSC tissues. The methylation-driven genes were obtained using the MethylMix R package from 500 LUSC tissues with matched DNA methylation data and gene expression data and 69 non-LUSC tissues with DNA methylation data. Gene ontology and ConsensusPathDB pathway analysis were performed to analyze the functional enrichment of methylation-driven genes. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the independent effect of differentially methylated genes for predicting the prognosis of LUSC. Results: A total of 44 methylation-driven genes were obtained. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that twelve aberrant methylated genes (ATP6V0CP3, AGGF1P3, RP11-264L1.4, HIST1H4K, LINC01158, CH17-140K24.1, CTC-523E23.14, ADCYAP1, COX11P1, TRIM58, FOXD4L6, CBLN1) were entered into a Cox predictive model associated with overall survival in LUSC patients. Methylation and gene expression combined survival analysis showed that the survival rate of hypermethylation and low-expression of DQX1 and WDR61 were low. The expression of DQX1 had a significantly negatively correlated with the methylation site cg02034222. Conclusion: Methylation-driven genes DQX1 and WDR61 might be potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yun-Hong Yin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jia Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhangqiu District People's Hospital of Jinan, 250200, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi-E Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yi-Qing Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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14
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Li X, Guo M, Cai L, Du T, Liu Y, Ding HF, Wang H, Zhang J, Chen X, Yan C. Competitive ubiquitination activates the tumor suppressor p53. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1807-1818. [PMID: 31796886 PMCID: PMC7244561 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking p53 ubiquitination through disrupting its interaction with MDM2 or inhibiting the MDM2 catalytic activity is the central mechanism by which the tumor suppressor p53 is activated in response to genotoxic challenges. Although MDM2 is first characterized as the major E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, it can also catalyze the conjugation of ubiquitin moieties to other proteins (e.g., activating transcription factor 3, or ATF3). Here we report that ATF3 can act as an ubiquitin “trap” and competes with p53 for MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. While ATF3-mediated p53 stabilization required ATF3 binding to the MDM2 RING domain, we demonstrated that ATF3 ubiquitination catalyzed by MDM2 was indispensable for p53 activation in response to DNA damage. Moreover, a cancer-derived ATF3 mutant (R88G) devoid of ubiquitination failed to prevent p53 from MDM2-mediated degradation and thus was unable to activate the tumor suppressor. Therefore, we have identified a previously-unknown mechanism that can activate p53 in the genotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mengqi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lun Cai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tingting Du
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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15
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Deubiquitinating Enzymes: A Critical Regulator of Mitosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235997. [PMID: 31795161 PMCID: PMC6929034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly regulated by a large number of mitotic proteins. Dysregulation of these proteins can generate daughter cells that exhibit genomic instability and aneuploidy, and such cells can transform into tumorigenic cells. Thus, it is important for faithful mitotic progression to regulate mitotic proteins at specific locations in the cells at a given time in each phase of mitosis. Ubiquitin-dependent modifications play critical roles in this process by regulating the degradation, translocation, or signal transduction of mitotic proteins. Here, we review how ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulate the progression of mitosis. In addition, we summarize the substrates and roles of some deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) crucial for mitosis and describe how they contribute error correction during mitosis and control the transition between the mitotic phases.
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16
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de Jel MM, Schott M, Lamm S, Neuhuber W, Kuphal S, Bosserhoff AK. Loss of CYLD accelerates melanoma development and progression in the Tg(Grm1) melanoma mouse model. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:56. [PMID: 31591386 PMCID: PMC6779913 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a well-known tumor suppressor, found to be down regulated in many cancer types including breast cancer, colon carcinoma and malignant melanoma. CYLD is suppressed in human melanoma cells by the transcriptional repressor SNAIL1 leading to an increase of their proliferative, invasive and migratory potential. To gain additional insights into the distinct function of this tumor suppressor gene a new mouse model Tg(Grm1)Cyld-/- was generated. Herewith, we demonstrate that Cyld-deficiency leads to earlier melanoma onset and accelerated tumor growth and metastasis in the GRM1 melanoma mouse model. First, RNA sequencing data revealed a potential role of CYLD in the regulation of genes involved in proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Experiments using cell lines generated from both primary and metastatic melanoma tissue of Tg(Grm1) Cyld-/- and Tg(Grm1) Cyld+/+ mice confirmed that loss of CYLD enhances the proliferative and migratory potential, as well as the clonogenicity in vitro. Moreover, we could show that Cyld-knockout leads to increased vasculogenic mimicry and enhanced (lymph-) angiogenesis shown by tube formation assays, immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analyses. In summary, our findings reveal new functional aspects of CYLD in the process of (lymph-) angiogenesis and demonstrate its importance in the early process of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martha de Jel
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mandy Schott
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lamm
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhuber
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Kuphal
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Qin H, Zhu J, Zeng Y, Du W, Shen D, Lei Z, Qian Q, Huang JA, Liu Z. Aberrant promoter methylation of hOGG1 may be associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8330-8341. [PMID: 28039450 PMCID: PMC5352404 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation may epigenetically inactivate tumor suppressor genes in NSCLC. As the human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) gene promoter is frequently methylated in NSCLC, we evaluated whether genetic or epigenetic alterations of hOGG1 are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Three hOGG1 haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNP) were genotyped in PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays, and one htSNP was genotyped in a PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism assay in case-control studies of 217 NSCLC patients and 226 healthy controls. The methylation profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cell specimens from 121 NSCLC patients and 121 controls were determined through methylation-specific PCR of hOGG1. No differences in allele or genotype frequencies between NSCLC patients and controls were observed at any of the four polymorphic sites (rs159153, rs125701, rs1052133, and rs293795). However, hOGG1 methylation-positive carriers had a 2.25-fold greater risk of developing NSCLC (adjusted odds ratio: 2.247; 95% confidence interval: 1.067-4.734; P = 0.03) than methylation-free subjects. Furthermore, the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored hOGG1 expression in NSCLC cell lines. These data provide strong evidence of an association between peripheral blood mononuclear cell hOGG1 methylation and the risk of NSCLC in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Qin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jianjie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhe Lei
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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18
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Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Yang Z, Chen X, Luo J, Zhou Z, Mei X, Yu X, Shao Z, Feng Y, Fu S, Zhang Z, Wei D, Jia L, Ma J, Guo X. Targeting deubiquitinase USP28 for cancer therapy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:186. [PMID: 29415985 PMCID: PMC5833459 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important post-translational modifications, ubiquitination plays versatile roles in cancer-related pathways, and is involved in protein metabolism, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and transcription. Counteracting the activities of the E3 ligases, the deubiquitylating enzymes have been suggested as another important mechanism to modulate the ubiquitination process, and are implicated in cancer as well. In this article, we review the emerging roles of USP28 in cancer pathways as revealed by recent studies. We discuss the major mechanisms by which USP28 is involved in the cancer-related pathways, whereby USP28 regulates physiological homeostasis of ubiquitination process, DNA-damage response, and cell cycle during genotoxic stress. We further review the studies where USP28 was targeted for treating multiples cancers including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, intestinal cancers, gliomas, and bladder cancer. As a result, the clinical significance of targeting USP28 for cancer therapy merits further exploration and demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaozhi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jurui Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhirui Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Mei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhimin Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shen Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongping Wei
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinli Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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19
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Despite significant advances in the early detection and treatment of the disease, the prognosis remains poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate ranging from 15% to 20%. This poor prognosis results largely from early micrometastatic spread of cancer cells to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and partially from early recurrence after curative surgical resection. Recently, precision medicines that target potential oncogenic driver mutations have been approved to treat lung cancer. However, some lung cancer patients do not have targetable mutations, and many patients develop resistance to targeted therapy. Tumor heterogeneity and mutational density are also challenges in treating lung cancer, which underscores the need for developing alternative therapeutic strategies for treating lung cancer. Epigenetic therapy may circumvent the problems of tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance by affecting the expression of several hundred target genes. This review highlights precision medicine using an innovative approach of epigenetic priming prior to conventional standard therapy or targeted cancer therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Krizkova S, Kepinska M, Emri G, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Pokorna P, Heger Z, Adam V. An insight into the complex roles of metallothioneins in malignant diseases with emphasis on (sub)isoforms/isoforms and epigenetics phenomena. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:90-117. [PMID: 28987322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) belong to a group of small cysteine-rich proteins that are ubiquitous throughout all kingdoms. The main function of MTs is scavenging of free radicals and detoxification and homeostating of heavy metals. In humans, 16 genes localized on chromosome 16 have been identified to encode four MT isoforms labelled by numbers (MT-1-MT-4). MT-2, MT-3 and MT-4 proteins are encoded by a single gene. MT-1 comprises many (sub)isoforms. The known active MT-1 genes are MT-1A, -1B, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1M and -1X. The rest of the MT-1 genes (MT-1C, -1D, -1I, -1J and -1L) are pseudogenes. The expression and localization of individual MT (sub)isoforms and pseudogenes vary at intra-cellular level and in individual tissues. Changes in MT expression are associated with the process of carcinogenesis of various types of human malignancies, or with a more aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Hence, MT (sub)isoform profiling status could be utilized for diagnostics and therapy of tumour diseases. This review aims on a comprehensive summary of methods for analysis of MTs at (sub)isoforms levels, their expression in single tumour diseases and strategies how this knowledge can be utilized in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pokorna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wang Z, He Y, Deng W, Lang L, Yang H, Jin B, Kolhe R, Ding HF, Zhang J, Hai T, Yan C. Atf3 deficiency promotes genome instability and spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Oncogene 2017; 37:18-27. [PMID: 28869597 PMCID: PMC6179156 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking genes involving in the DNA damage response (DDR) are often tumor prone owing to genome instability caused by oncogenic challenges. Previous studies demonstrate that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a common stress sensor, can activate the tumor suppressor p53 and regulate expression of p53 target genes upon DNA damage. However, whether ATF3 contributes to the maintenance of genome stability and tumor suppression remains unknown. Here we report that Atf3-deficient (Atf3-/-) mice developed spontaneous tumors, and died significantly earlier than wild-type (Atf3+/+) mice. Consistent with these results, Atf3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) had more aberrant chromosomes and micronuclei, and were genetically unstable. Whereas we demonstrated that ATF3 activated p53 and promoted its pro-apoptotic activity in mouse thymi and small intestines, the chromosomal instability caused by Atf3 deficiency was largely dependent on the regulation of p53 by ATF3. Interestingly, loss of Atf3 also promoted spontaneous tumorigenesis in Trp53+/- mice, but did not affect tumor formation in Trp53-/- mice. Our results thus provide the first genetic evidence linking ATF3 to the suppression of the early development of cancer, and underscore the importance of ATF3 in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Y He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - W Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaboration Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Lang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Yang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - B Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - R Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H-F Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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22
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Li J, Li WX, Bai C, Song Y. Particulate matter-induced epigenetic changes and lung cancer. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 11:539-546. [PMID: 26403658 PMCID: PMC7310573 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cigarette smoking is the well-known risk factor for lung cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) exposure, is associated with increased lung cancer risk and mortality independent of cigarette smoking. METHODS English-language publications focusing on PM, epigenetic changes, and lung cancer were reviewed. The epigenome serves as an interface between the environment and the genome. PM is one of the environmental factors that can cause epigenetic changes. The epigenome serves as an interface between the environment and the genome. Some of the epigenetic changes lead to increased disease susceptibility and progression. In cardiovascular disease and asthma, the association between PM exposure and the disease specific epigenetic changes has been identified. In lung cancer, the epigenetic changes in DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA expression are commonly found, but the specific link between PM exposure and lung cancer remains incompletely understood. RESULTS The results of epidemiological studies indicate the important effects of PM exposure on lung cancer. PM2.5 is consistently associated with the increased lung cancer risk and mortality. Based on the epidemiological associations between PM exposure and lung cancer, PM-induced epigenetic changes may play important roles in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. CONCLUSION In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of epigenetic changes associated with PM exposure and lung cancer. Better understanding of the link between PM exposure and lung cancer at the epigenomic level by comprehensive comparison approach may identify lung cancer early detection biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Willis X Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Çalışkan C, Pehlivan M, Yüce Z, Sercan O. Dishevelled proteins and CYLD reciprocally regulate each other in CML cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 44:391-397. [PMID: 28840581 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins are activated by Wnt pathway stimulation and have crucial roles in the regulation of β-catenin destruction complex. CYLD is a tumor suppressor and a deubiquitination enzyme. CYLD negatively regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by deubiquitinating Dvl proteins. Loss of function and mutations of CYLD were linked to different types of solid tumors. Loss of function in CYLD is associated with Dvl hyper ubiquitination, resulting in the transmission of Wnt signaling to downstream effectors. β-catenin upregulation is observed during disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Deregulated Dvl signaling may be a reason for β-catenin activation in CML; and CYLD may contribute to Dvl deregulation. First, we evaluated mRNA expression in three CML cell lines and mRNA expression of the CYLD gene was found to be present in all (K562, MEG01, KU812). Unlike solid tumors sequencing revealed no mutations in the coding sequences of the CYLD gene. DVL genes were silenced by using a pool of siRNA oligonucleotides and gene expression differences in CYLD was determined by RT-PCR and western blot. CYLD protein expression decreased after Dvl silencing. An opposite approach of overexpressing Dvl proteins resulted in upregulated CYLD expression. While previous reports have described CYLD as a regulator of DVL proteins; our data suggests the presence of a more complicated reciprocal regulatory mechanism in CML cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Çalışkan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology, Izmir Institute of Technology, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melek Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.,Vocational School of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yüce
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ogun Sercan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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Ma Y, Chen Y, Petersen I. Expression and epigenetic regulation of cystatin B in lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1568-1574. [PMID: 29037838 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulated expression of cystatin B (CSTB) has been implicated in various cancers. The aims of this study were to analyze the CSTB expression and investigate the epigenetic regulation of CSTB in lung and colon cancer cell lines, and also evaluate the clinical outcome of CSTB in primary lung and colorectal tumors. METHODS CSTB expression in lung and colon cancer cell lines was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. Epigenetic regulation of CSTB was examined by demethylation, deacetylation tests and bisulfite sequencing (BS). In primary lung and colorectal tumors, the protein expression of CSTB was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray. RESULTS CSTB was downregulated in lung cancer cell lines on mRNA and protein levels compared to human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). In colon cancer cell lines, CSTB was weakly expressed in Caco2, CX2 and HCT-16 and highly expressed in HT-29, WiDr, SW480 and HRT-18 on mRNA level compared to normal colonic fibroblast cells CCD33Co. After treatment with demethylation agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, increased CSTB mRNA expression was found in 7 out of 11 lung cancer cell lines including H226, H157, H2170, H1299, COLO677, A549 and H1975, while no obvious alteration was found in colon cancer cell lines. No DNA methylation could be found in the selected CpG islands in two types of cancer cell lines by bisulfite sequencing. In primary tumors, CSTB expression was significantly and inversely correlated with lung tumor stage (pN) and tumor grade (p=0.022 and 0.047, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival curve revealed a tendency that lung tumors with high CSTB expression had a more favourable prognosis (p=0.062). In colorectal tumors, CSTB was not linked to any clinicopathological parameters including age, size of tumor, lymph node metastasis and tumor grading. CONCLUSIONS CSTB might be a potential prognostic marker for patients with primary lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Ma
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
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25
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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in mammary epithelial cells upregulates the expression of tumor suppressor Cyld to mediate growth inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 82:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Galoian K, Patel P. Epigenetic control of cancer by neuropeptides. Biomed Rep 2016; 6:3-7. [PMID: 28123699 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides act as neurohormones, neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. Neuropeptides maintain physiological homeostasis and are paramount in molecular mechanisms of disease progression and regulation, including in cancer. Neuropeptides, by their definition, originate and are secreted from the neuronal cells, they are able to signal to neighboring cells or are released into the blood flow, if they act as neurohormones. The majority of neuropeptides exert their functions through G protein-coupled receptors, with certain exceptions. Although previous studies indicate that neuropeptides function in supporting proliferation of malignant cells in many types of solid tumor, the antitumorigenic action of the neuropeptides and their receptors, for example, in gastric cancers and chondrosarcoma, were also reported. It is known that epigenetically modified chromatin regulates molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression and malignant progression. The epigenetic modifications are genetically heritable, although they do not cause changes in DNA sequence. DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression are subject to those modifications. While there is substantial data on epigenetic regulation of neuropeptides, the epigenetic control of cancer by neuropeptides is considered to be uncharted territory. The aim of the current review is to describe the involvement of neuropeptides in the epigenetic machinery of cancer based on data obtained from our laboratory and from other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Galoian
- Department of Orthopedics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Parthik Patel
- Department of Orthopedics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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28
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CYLD Promotes TNF- α-Induced Cell Necrosis Mediated by RIP-1 in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1542786. [PMID: 27738385 PMCID: PMC5055988 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1542786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitination enzyme and contributes to the degradation of ubiquitin chains on RIP1. The aim of the present study is to investigate the levels of CYLD in lung cancer patients and explore the molecular mechanism of CYLD in the lung cancer pathogenesis. The levels of CYLD were detected in human lung cancer tissues and the paired paracarcinoma tissues by real-time PCR and western blotting analysis. The proliferation of human lung cancer cells was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and necrosis were determined by FACS assay. The results demonstrated that low levels of CYLD were detected in clinical lung carcinoma specimens. Three pairs of siRNA were used to knock down the endogenous CYLD in lung cancer cells. Knockdown of CYLD promoted cell proliferation of lung cancer cells. Otherwise overexpression of CYLD induced TNF-α-induced cell death in A549 cells and H460 cells. Moreover, CYLD-overexpressed lung cancer cells were treated with 10 μM of z-VAD-fmk for 12 hours and the result revealed that TNF-α-induced cell necrosis was significantly enhanced. Additionally, TNF-α-induced cell necrosis in CYLD-overexpressed H460 cells was mediated by receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP-1) kinase. Our findings suggested that CYLD was a potential target for the therapy of human lung cancers.
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29
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Kotantaki P, Mosialos G. The expression of tumor suppressor gene Cyld is upregulated by histone deacetylace inhibitors in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:465-468. [PMID: 27570065 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that exerts a tumor suppressive function. Its downregulation or inactivation has been associated with the development of several types of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC cells display significantly lower Cyld expression compared to primary human hepatocytes, and Cyld downregulation can contribute to apoptotic resistance of HCC cells. Little is known about the mechanism of Cyld downregulation in human HCC cells. In the present study we explored the possible regulation of Cyld expression by histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human HCC cell lines. We demonstrated that the HDAC inhibitors suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, sodium butyrate, and trichostatin A induced the upregulation of both mRNA and protein levels of CYLD in two different HCC cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7. Our results demonstrate the involvement of HDACs in the downregulation of Cyld expression in HCC cells and support and may improve the use of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panorea Kotantaki
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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30
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Trichostatin A Enhances the Apoptotic Potential of Palladium Nanoparticles in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081354. [PMID: 27548148 PMCID: PMC5000750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer ranks seventh overall among all types of cancer in women. Although several treatments, including radiation, surgery and chemotherapy, are available to eradicate or reduce the size of cancer, many cancers eventually relapse. Thus, it is essential to identify possible alternative therapeutic approaches for cancer. We sought to identify alternative and effective therapeutic approaches, by first synthesizing palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), using a novel biomolecule called saponin. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized by several analytical techniques. They were significantly spherical in shape, with an average size of 5 nm. Recently, PdNPs gained much interest in various therapies of cancer cells. Similarly, histone deacetylase inhibitors are known to play a vital role in anti-proliferative activity, gene expression, cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in various cancer cells. Therefore, we selected trichostatin A (TSA) and PdNPs and studied their combined effect on apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Cells treated with either TSA or PdNPs showed a dose-dependent effect on cell viability. The combinatorial effect, tested with 50 nM TSA and 50 nMPdNPs, had a more dramatic inhibitory effect on cell viability, than either TSA or PdNPs alone. The combination of TSA and PdNPs had a more pronounced effect on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase-3/9 activity and expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. Our data show a strong synergistic interaction between TSA and PdNPs in cervical cancer cells. The combinatorial treatment increased the therapeutic potential and demonstrated relevant targeted therapy for cervical cancer. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence for the combinatory effect and cytotoxicity mechanism of TSA and PdNPs in cervical cancer cells.
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Yang X, Wang C, Xu C, Yan Z, Wei C, Guan K, Ma S, Cao Y, Liu L, Zou D, He X, Zhang B, Ma Q, Zheng Z. miR-526a regulates apoptotic cell growth in human carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Aberrant Hypermethylation at Sites -86 to 226 of DAB2 Gene in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:425-31. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Schworer SA, Smirnova II, Kurbatova I, Bagina U, Churova M, Fowler T, Roy AL, Degterev A, Poltorak A. Toll-like receptor-mediated down-regulation of the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) protects macrophages from necroptosis in wild-derived mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14422-33. [PMID: 24706750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system initiates the production of proinflammatory cytokines but can also lead to programmed host cell death. Necroptosis, a caspase-independent cell death pathway, can contribute to the host defense against pathogens or cause damage to host tissues. Receptor-interacting protein (RIP1) is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates inflammatory and necroptotic responses. To investigate the mechanisms of RIP1-mediated activation of immune cells, we established a genetic screen on the basis of RIP1-mediated necroptosis in wild-derived MOLF/EiJ mice, which diverged from classical laboratory mice over a million years ago. When compared with C57BL/6, MOLF/EiJ macrophages were resistant to RIP1-mediated necroptosis induced by Toll-like receptors. Using a forward genetic approach in a backcross panel of mice, we identified cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitinase known to act directly on RIP1 and promote necroptosis in TNF receptor signaling, as the gene conferring the trait. We demonstrate that CYLD is required for Toll-like receptor-induced necroptosis and describe a novel mechanism by which CYLD is down-regulated at the transcriptional level in MOLF/EiJ macrophages to confer protection from necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Schworer
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | - Irina Kurbatova
- the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and
| | - Uliana Bagina
- the Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia
| | - Maria Churova
- the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and
| | - Trent Fowler
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and
| | - Ananda L Roy
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and
| | - Alexander Poltorak
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
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Ponti G, Ruini C, Girolomoni G, Pellacani G, Farnetani F, Pastorino L, Ghiorzo P, Witkowski AM, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Tomasi A, Loschi P, Nasti S. Brooke–Spiegler syndrome tumor spectrum beyond the skin: a patient carrying germline R936X CYLD mutation and a somatic CYLD mutation in Brenner tumor. Future Oncol 2014; 10:345-50. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Brooke–Spiegler syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by a predisposition to the development of skin appendage neoplasms and the major and minor salivary glands neoplasms. The role of the CYLD mutation in visceral neoplasms is still unclear, except for the parathyroid tumor. We report the case of a 46-year-old patient with multiple cylindromas and trichoepitheliomas, a Brenner tumor of the ovary and a negative family history for Brooke–Spiegler phenotype. Genetic analysis revealed R936X germline mutation in the proband, but not in the patient’s relatives. The same somatic mutation was found in the Brenner tumor, together with a novel missense CYLD mutation (D889N), which has never been reported in the literature. A founder effect for R936X has been hypothesized due to its high prevalence; surprisingly, in our case, this mutation seems to be recognized as a de novo mutation. Future studies involving a greater number of cases, through the clinical analysis of the familial tumor spectrum and the associated molecular pathways, are necessary to understand possible genotype/phenotype correlations and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ponti
- Department of Diagnostic & Clinical Medicine & Public Health, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristel Ruini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Farnetani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa & Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa & Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Bianchi-Scarrà
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa & Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Tomasi
- Department of Diagnostic & Clinical Medicine & Public Health, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Loschi
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sabina Nasti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa & Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Neuronatin gene: Imprinted and misfolded: Studies in Lafora disease, diabetes and cancer may implicate NNAT-aggregates as a common downstream participant in neuronal loss. Genomics 2013; 103:183-8. [PMID: 24345642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuronatin (NNAT) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved mammalian gene involved in brain development. Its mRNA isoforms, chromosomal location, genomic DNA structure and regulation have been characterized. More recently there has been rapid progress in the understanding of its function in physiology and human disease. In particular there is fairly direct evidence implicating neuronatin in the causation of Lafora disease and diabetes. Neuronatin protein has a strong predisposition to misfold and form cellular aggregates that cause cell death by apoptosis. Aggregation of Neuronatin within cortical neurons and resulting cell death is the hallmark of Lafora disease, a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Under high glucose conditions simulating diabetes, neuronatin protein also accumulates and destroys pancreatic beta cells. The neuronatin gene is imprinted and only the paternal allele is normally expressed in the adult. However, changes in DNA methylation may cause the maternal allele to lose imprinting and trigger cell proliferation and metastasis. Neuronatin has also been shown to be translated peripherally within the dendrites of neurons, a finding of relevance in synaptic plasticity. The current understanding of the function of neuronatin raises the possibility that this gene may participate in the common downstream mechanisms associated with aberrant neuronal growth and death. A better understanding of these mechanisms may open new therapeutic targets to help modify the progression of devastating neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and anterior horn cell disease.
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Petta V, Gkiozos I, Strimpakos A, Syrigos K. Histones and lung cancer: are the histone deacetylases a promising therapeutic target? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:935-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nestheide S, Bridge JA, Barnes M, Frayer R, Sumegi J. Pharmacologic inhibition of epigenetic modification reveals targets of aberrant promoter methylation in Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1437-46. [PMID: 23508900 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma (ES), a highly aggressive tumor of children and young adults, is characterized most commonly by an 11;22 chromosomal translocation that fuses EWSR1 located at 22q12 with FLI1, coding for a member of the ETS family of transcription factors. Although genetic changes in ES have been extensively researched, our understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in this neoplasm is limited. PROCEDURE In an effort to improve our knowledge in the role of epigenetic changes in ES we evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic effect of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) and identified epigenetically silenced genes by pharmacologic unmasking of DNA methylation coupled with genome-wide expression profiling. RESULTS Comparisons between untreated and 5-Aza-dC treated ES cell lines (n = 5) identified 208 probe sets with at least twofold difference in expression (P ≤ 0.05). The 208 probe sets represented 145 upregulated and 31 down-regulated genes. Of the 145 genes upregulated after 5-Aza-dC treatment, four: were further characterized. ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT were found to be hypermethylated and transcriptionally down-regulated in ES cell lines. Further studies revealed that ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT were often hypermethylated in primary ES tumors. Transfection-mediated reexpression of ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT in ES cell lines resulted in decreased growth in culture. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated epigenetically modified genes in ES cell lines and primary tumors and suggested that epigenetic dysregulation may contribute to disease pathogenesis in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnagay Nestheide
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Blood and Cancer Research Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Liang GY, Lu SX, Xu G, Liu XD, Li J, Zhang DS. Expression of metallothionein and Nrf2 pathway genes in lung cancer and cancer-surrounding tissues. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:199. [PMID: 23947958 PMCID: PMC3765715 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (Nrf)2 and metallothionein have been implicated in carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of Nrf2 and of Nrf2-targeted genes (NQO1 and GCLC) and the genes for the metallothionein (MT) isoforms (MT-1A and MT-2A) in human lung cancer and cancer-surrounding tissues. Methods Surgically removed lung cancer samples (n = 80) and cancer-surrounding tissues (n = 38) were collected from Zunyi Medical College Hospital, China. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and used for real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of interested genes. Results Expression of the Nrf2-targed genes NQO1 and GCLC tended to be higher (30 to 60%) in lung cancers, but was not significantly different from that in peri-cancer tissues. By contrast, expression of the genes for M)-1A, MT-2A, and the metal transcription factor MTF-1 were three-fold to four-fold lower in lung cancers. Conclusion In surgical samples of lung cancer, MT expression was generally downregulated, whereas Nrf2 expression tended to be upregulated. These changes could play an integral role in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-You Liang
- Affliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors facilitate partner preference formation in female prairie voles. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:919-24. [PMID: 23727821 PMCID: PMC3703824 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), mating induces enduring pair-bonds initiated by partner preference formation and regulated by a variety of neurotransmitters including oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine. Here we examined potential epigenetic mechanisms mediating pair-bond regulation. We show that the histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate and TrichoStatin A (TSA) facilitate partner preference formation in female prairie voles in the absence of mating. This was associated with a specific up-regulation of oxytocin (OTR) and vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aR) in the nucleus accumbens, through an increase in histone acetylation at their respective promoter. Furthermore, TSA-facilitated partner preference was prevented by OTR or V1aR blockade in the nucleus accumbens. Importantly, mating-induced partner preference triggered the same epigenetic regulation of OTR and V1aR gene promoters as TSA. These observations thus indicate that TSA and mating facilitate partner preference through epigenetic events, providing the first direct evidence for an epigenetic regulation of pair-bonding.
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Doherty R, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Epigenetic regulation of the innate immune response to LPS in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:102-10. [PMID: 23764468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression could help explain variation in responses to infection and differences in disease susceptibility in cattle. The aim of this study was to examine epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of LPS-induced innate immune gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from five healthy calves. Firstly, epigenetic enzyme gene expression (histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)) was measured after LPS stimulation. Secondly, the effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) on histone H3 acetylation and on innate immune gene expression was also measured. Results showed differential expression of HDAC6, HDAC7 and DNMT3A genes in response to LPS in cells from all animals, while TSA significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL2 and IFNG) expression (P<0.05), presumably by histone acetylation. These results suggest an important role for the HDAC family of enzymes in the regulation of bovine innate immune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Doherty
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co, Meath, Ireland
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Chen L, Wei T, Si X, Wang Q, Li Y, Leng Y, Deng A, Chen J, Wang G, Zhu S, Kang J. Lysine acetyltransferase GCN5 potentiates the growth of non-small cell lung cancer via promotion of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 expression. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14510-14521. [PMID: 23543735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.458737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysine acetyltransferases play crucial but complex roles in cancer development. GCN5 is a lysine acetyltransferase that generally regulates gene expression, but its role in cancer development remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that GCN5 is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer tissues and that its expression correlates with tumor size. We found that the expression of GCN5 promotes cell growth and the G1/S phase transition in multiple lung cancer cell lines. Further study revealed that GCN5 regulates the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1. Our reporter assays indicated that the expression of GCN5 enhances the activities of the E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 promoters. ChIP experiments suggested that GCN5 binds directly to these promoters and increases the extent of histone acetylation within these regions. Mechanistic studies suggested that GCN5 interacts with E2F1 and is recruited by E2F1 to the E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 promoters. The function of GCN5 in lung cancer cells is abrogated by the knockdown of E2F1. Finally, we confirmed that GCN5 regulates the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 and potentiates lung cancer cell growth in a mouse tumor model. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GCN5 specifically potentiates lung cancer growth by directly promoting the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 in an E2F1-dependent manner. Our study identifies a specific and novel function of GCN5 in lung cancer development and suggests that the GCN5-E2F1 interaction represents a potential target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Tingyi Wei
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Xiaoxing Si
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Ye Leng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Anmei Deng
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092.
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research at School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, No. 1239 Si-ping Road, Shanghai 200092.
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Mateen S, Raina K, Agarwal C, Chan D, Agarwal R. Silibinin synergizes with histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in upregulating E-cadherin expression together with inhibition of migration and invasion of human non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:206-14. [PMID: 23461975 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancers in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phase are characterized by loss of cell adhesion, repression of E-cadherin, and increased cell mobility. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) differs in basal level of E-cadherin; predominantly exhibiting silenced expression due to epigenetic-related modifications. Accordingly, effective treatments are needed to modulate these epigenetic events that in turn can positively regulate E-cadherin levels. Herein, we investigated silibinin, a natural flavonolignan with anticancer efficacy against lung cancer, either alone or in combination with epigenetic therapies to modulate E-cadherin expression in a panel of NSCLC cell lines. Silibinin combined with HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A [TSA; 7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienamide] or DNMT inhibitor 5'-Aza-deoxycytidine (Aza) significantly restored E-cadherin levels in NSCLC cells harboring epigenetically silenced E-cadherin expression. These combination treatments also strongly decreased the invasion/migration of these cells, which further emphasized the biologic significance of E-cadherin restoration. Treatment of NSCLC cells, with basal E-cadherin levels, by silibinin further increased the E-cadherin expression and inhibited their migratory and invasive potential. Additional studies showed that silibinin alone as well as in combination with TSA or Aza downmodulate the expression of Zeb1, which is a major transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin. Overall these findings demonstrate the potential of combinatorial treatments of silibinin with HDAC or DNMT inhibitor to modulate EMT events in NSCLC cell lines, leading to a significant inhibition in their migratory and invasive potentials. These results are highly significant, since loss of E-cadherin and metastatic spread of the disease via EMT is associated with poor prognosis and high mortalities in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Mateen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Mokarram P, Zamani M, Kavousipour S, Naghibalhossaini F, Irajie C, Moradi Sarabi M, Hosseini SV. Different patterns of DNA methylation of the two distinct O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MGMT) promoter regions in colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3851-7. [PMID: 23271133 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Colorectal cancer incidence differs widely among different geographic regions. In addition to mutational changes, epigenetic mechanisms also play important roles in the pathogenesis of CRCs. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O(6)-MGMT) is a DNA repair protein and in the absence of MGMT activity, G-to-A transition may accumulate in the specific genes such as K-ras and p53. To identify which CpG sites are critical for its downregulation, we analyzed the methylation status of the MGMT gene promoter in two sites in CRC patients. Then we compared the frequency of their methylation changes with the results of our previously reported K-ras gene mutation, APC2 and p16 methylation. MGMT methylation was examined in 92 tumor samples. A methylation specific PCR (MSP) method was performed for two loci of MGMT gene which described as MGMT-A and MGMT-B. The prevalence of MGMT-A, and MGMT-B methylation was 49/91 (53.8%), and 83/92 (90.2%), respectively. We detected high frequency of MGMT-B but not MGMT-A methylation in tumor tissues with APC2 methylation. Our results showed that MGMT-B methylation is significantly associated with K-ras gene mutation rather than MGMT-A (p = 0.04). Simultaneously, an inverse correlation was found between p16 and MGMT-B methylation simultaneously (p = 0.02). Our study indicated that hypermethylation of the specific locus near the MGMT start codon is critical for cancer progression. MGMT-B assessment that is associated with K-ras mutation can have a prognostic value in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hernandez JM, Siegel EM, Riggs B, Eschrich S, Elahi A, Qu X, Ajidahun A, Berglund A, Coppola D, Grady WM, Giuliano AR, Shibata D. DNA methylation profiling across the spectrum of HPV-associated anal squamous neoplasia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50533. [PMID: 23226306 PMCID: PMC3511539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in host tumor genome DNA methylation patterns are among the molecular alterations associated with HPV-related carcinogenesis. However, there is little known about the epigenetic changes associated specifically with the development of anal squamous cell cancer (SCC). We sought to characterize broad methylation profiles across the spectrum of anal squamous neoplasia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twenty-nine formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples from 24 patients were evaluated and included adjacent histologically normal anal mucosa (NM; n = 3), SCC-in situ (SCC-IS; n = 11) and invasive SCC (n = 15). Thirteen women and 11 men with a median age of 44 years (range 26-81) were included in the study. Using the SFP(10) LiPA HPV-typing system, HPV was detected in at least one tissue from all patients with 93% (27/29) being positive for high-risk HPV types and 14 (93%) of 15 invasive SCC tissues testing positive for HPV 16. Bisulfite-modified DNA was interrogated for methylation at 1,505 CpG loci representing 807 genes using the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Array. When comparing the progression from normal anal mucosa and SCC-IS to invasive SCC, 22 CpG loci representing 20 genes demonstrated significant differential methylation (p<0.01). The majority of differentially methylated gene targets occurred at or close to specific chromosomal locations such as previously described HPV methylation "hotspots" and viral integration sites. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a panel of differentially methlylated CpG loci across the spectrum of HPV-associated squamous neoplasia of the anus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported application of large-scale high throughput methylation analysis for the study of anal neoplasia. Our findings support further investigations into the role of host-genome methylation in HPV-associated anal carcinogenesis with implications towards enhanced diagnosis and screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Hernandez
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Siegel
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bridget Riggs
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven Eschrich
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abul Elahi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaotao Qu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abidemi Ajidahun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - William M. Grady
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Heller G, Babinsky VN, Ziegler B, Weinzierl M, Noll C, Altenberger C, Müllauer L, Dekan G, Grin Y, Lang G, End-Pfützenreuter A, Steiner I, Zehetmayer S, Döme B, Arns BM, Fong KM, Wright CM, Yang IA, Klepetko W, Posch M, Zielinski CC, Zöchbauer-Müller S. Genome-wide CpG island methylation analyses in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:513-21. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Brzeziańska E, Dutkowska A, Antczak A. The significance of epigenetic alterations in lung carcinogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:309-25. [PMID: 23086271 PMCID: PMC3518808 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is recognized as a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and its frequency is still increasing. The prognosis in lung cancer is poor and limited by the difficulties of diagnosis at early stage of disease, when it is amenable to surgery treatment. Therefore, the advance in identification of lung cancer genetic and epigenetic markers with diagnostic and/or prognostic values becomes an important tool for future molecular oncology and personalized therapy. As in case of other tumors, aberrant epigenetic landscape has been documented also in lung cancer, both at early and late stage of carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of specific genes, mainly tumor suppressor genes, as well as hypomethylation of oncogenes and retrotransposons, associated with histopathological subtypes of lung cancer, has been found. Epigenetic aberrations of histone proteins and, especially, the lower global levels of histone modifications have been associated with poorer clinical outcome in lung cancer. The recently discovered role of epigenetic modifications of microRNA expression in tumors has been also proven in lung carcinogenesis. The identified epigenetic events in lung cancer contribute to its specific epigenotype and correlated phenotypic features. So far, some of them have been suggested to be cancer biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis, and risk assessment. As epigenetic aberrations are reversible, their correction has emerged as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Brzeziańska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
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Song X, Lu F, Liu RY, Lei Z, Zhao J, Zhou Q, Zhang HT. Association between the ATF3 gene and non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3:217-223. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2011.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Nikolaou K, Tsagaratou A, Eftychi C, Kollias G, Mosialos G, Talianidis I. Inactivation of the deubiquitinase CYLD in hepatocytes causes apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:738-50. [PMID: 22698400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD) inhibits the NFκB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation pathways by deubiquitinating upstream regulatory factors. Here we show that liver-specific disruption of CYLD triggers hepatocyte cell death in the periportal area via spontaneous and chronic activation of TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). This is followed by hepatic stellate cell and Kupffer cell activation, which promotes progressive fibrosis, inflammation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, and expansion of hepatocyte apoptosis toward the central veins. At later stages, compensatory proliferation results in the development of cancer foci featuring re-expression of oncofetal hepatic and stem cell-specific genes. The results demonstrate that, in the liver, CYLD acts as an important regulator of hepatocyte homeostasis, protecting cells from spontaneous apoptosis by preventing uncontrolled TAK1 and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Nikolaou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece
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Křepela E, Roušalová I, Moravčíková E, Procházka J. DNA methylation downregulates expression of several apoptosis-associated and tumor suppressor genes in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Lung Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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