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Soltani S, Webb SM, Kroll T, King-Jones K. Drosophila Evi5 is a critical regulator of intracellular iron transport via transferrin and ferritin interactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4045. [PMID: 38744835 PMCID: PMC11094094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular transport is essential for delivering cargo to intracellular destinations. Evi5 is a Rab11-GTPase-activating protein involved in endosome recycling. In humans, Evi5 is a high-risk locus for multiple sclerosis, a debilitating disease that also presents with excess iron in the CNS. In insects, the prothoracic gland (PG) requires entry of extracellular iron to synthesize steroidogenic enzyme cofactors. The mechanism of peripheral iron uptake in insect cells remains controversial. We show that Evi5-depletion in the Drosophila PG affected vesicle morphology and density, blocked endosome recycling and impaired trafficking of transferrin-1, thus disrupting heme synthesis due to reduced cellular iron concentrations. We show that ferritin delivers iron to the PG as well, and interacts physically with Evi5. Further, ferritin-injection rescued developmental delays associated with Evi5-depletion. To summarize, our findings show that Evi5 is critical for intracellular iron trafficking via transferrin-1 and ferritin, and implicate altered iron homeostasis in the etiology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Soltani
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Science, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Science, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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2
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Borsi G, Motheramgari K, Dhiman H, Baumann M, Sinkala E, Sauerland M, Riba J, Borth N. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals homogeneous transcriptome patterns and low variance in a suspension CHO-K1 and an adherent HEK293FT cell line in culture conditions. J Biotechnol 2023; 364:13-22. [PMID: 36708997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant mammalian host cell lines, in particular CHO and HEK293 cells, are used for the industrial production of therapeutic proteins. Despite their well-known genomic instability, the control mechanisms that enable cells to respond to changes in the environmental conditions are not yet fully understood, nor do we have a good understanding of the factors that lead to phenotypic shifts in long-term cultures. A contributing factor could be inherent diversity in transcriptomes within a population. In this study, we used a full-length coverage single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to investigate and compare cell-to-cell variability and the impact of standardized and homogenous culture conditions on the diversity of individual cell transcriptomes, comparing suspension CHO-K1 and adherent HEK293FT cells. Our data showed a critical batch effect from the sequencing of four 96-well plates of CHO-K1 single cells stored for different periods of time, which was and may be therefore identified as a technical variable to consider in experimental planning. Besides, in an artificial and controlled culture environment such as used in routine cell culture technology, the gene expression pattern of a given population does not reveal any marker gene capable to disclose relevant cell population substructures, both for CHO-K1 cells and for HEK293FT cells. The variation observed is primarily driven by the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Borsi
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krishna Motheramgari
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heena Dhiman
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Abstract
Vesicles mediate the trafficking of membranes/proteins in the endocytic and secretory pathways. These pathways are regulated by small GTPases of the Rab family. Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which are significantly involved in various intracellular trafficking and signaling processes in the nervous system. Rab11 is known to play a key role especially in recycling many proteins, including receptors important for signal transduction and preservation of functional activities of nerve cells. Rab11 activity is controlled by GEFs (guanine exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins), which regulate its function through modulating GTP/GDP exchange and the intrinsic GTPase activity, respectively. Rab11 is involved in the transport of several growth factor molecules important for the development and repair of neurons. Overexpression of Rab11 has been shown to significantly enhance vesicle trafficking. On the other hand, a reduced expression of Rab11 was observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. Current evidence appears to support the notion that Rab11 and its cognate proteins may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we briefly discuss the function of Rab11 and its related interaction partners in intracellular pathways that may be involved in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Jiri Novotny, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Huang S, Lai X, Yang L, Ye F, Huang C, Qiu Y, Lin S, Pu L, Wang Z, Huang W. Asporin Promotes TGF-β-induced Lung Myofibroblast Differentiation by Facilitating Rab11-dependent Recycling of TβRI. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:158-170. [PMID: 34705621 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0257oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive fibrotic lung disease with high mortality and morbidity. Asporin (ASPN), a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family, plays crucial roles in tissue injury and regeneration. However, the precise pathophysiological role of ASPN and its molecular mechanisms in IPF remain unknown. We sought to investigate the role of ASPN during the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the therapeutic potential of targeting ASPN-related signaling pathways. In our study, three microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out by bioinformatic analysis. Hub genes were selected from the protein-protein interaction network. ASPN was examined in lung tissues from pulmonary fibrosis mouse models and the role of ASPN in TGF-β/Smad signaling was determined by transfection with ASPN shRNA vectors in vitro. Biotinylation assays were conducted to measure plasma membrane TβRI and TβRI recycling after ASPN knockdown. The results showed ASPN expression was increased in the lungs of pulmonary fibrosis mouse models, and ASPN was primarily localized in α-SMA+ myofibroblasts. In vitro experiments proved that ASPN knockdown inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling and myofibroblast differentiation by regulating the stability of TβRI. Further molecular mechanisms revealed that ASPN knockdown inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling by suppressing recycling of TβRI to the cell surface in a Rab11-dependent manner and facilitated lysosome-mediated degradation of TβRI. In conclusion, our findings provide important evidence for the use of ASPN as a novel pharmacological target for treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Lai
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chanyan Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, 26469, Center for stem cell biology and tissue engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University, 26469, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lvya Pu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, 26469, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, 71068, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou, China;
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5
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Komaki K, Takano T, Sato Y, Asada A, Ikeda S, Yamada K, Wei R, Huo A, Fukuchi A, Saito T, Ando K, Murayama S, Araki W, Kametani F, Hasegawa M, Iwatsubo T, Tomomura M, Fukuda M, Hisanaga SI. Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1) regulates the endosomal localization of β-secretase BACE1. J Biochem 2021; 170:729-738. [PMID: 34523681 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1), previously called apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK), is an endosomal Ser/Thr kinase. We recently reported that LMTK1 regulates axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization and spine formation via Rab11-mediated vesicle transport. Rab11, a small GTPase regulating recycling endosome trafficking, is shown to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In fact, genome-wide association studies identified many proteins regulating vesicle transport as risk factors for LOAD. Furthermore, LMTK1 has been reported to be a risk factor for frontotemporal dementia. Then, we hypothesized that LMTK1 contributes to AD development through vesicle transport and examined the effect of LMTK1 on the cellular localization of AD-related proteins, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). The β-cleavage of APP by BACE1 is the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ generation. We found that LMTK1 accumulated BACE1, but not APP, to the perinuclear endosomal compartment, whereas the kinase-negative (kn) mutant of LMTK1A did not. The β-C-terminal fragment was prone to increase under overexpression of LMTK1A kn. Moreover, the expression level of LMTK1A was reduced in AD brains. These results suggest the possibility that LMTK1 is involved in AD development through the regulation of the proper endosomal localization of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shikito Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Anni Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Aoi Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Chiba 279-9950, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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6
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Clark BS, Miesfeld JB, Flinn MA, Collery RF, Link BA. Dynamic Polarization of Rab11a Modulates Crb2a Localization and Impacts Signaling to Regulate Retinal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608112. [PMID: 33634099 PMCID: PMC7900515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM) is the process in which pseudostratified epithelial nuclei oscillate from the apical to basal surface and in phase with the mitotic cycle. In the zebrafish retina, neuroepithelial retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) increase Notch activity with apical movement of the nuclei, and the depth of nuclear migration correlates with the probability that the next cell division will be neurogenic. This study focuses on the mechanisms underlying the relationships between IKNM, cell signaling, and neurogenesis. In particular, we have explored the role IKNM has on endosome biology within RPCs. Through genetic manipulation and live imaging in zebrafish, we find that early (Rab5-positive) and recycling (Rab11a-positive) endosomes polarize in a dynamic fashion within RPCs and with reference to nuclear position. Functional analyses suggest that dynamic polarization of recycling endosomes and their activity within the neuroepithelia modulates the subcellular localization of Crb2a, consequently affecting multiple signaling pathways that impact neurogenesis including Notch, Hippo, and Wnt activities. As nuclear migration is heterogenous and asynchronous among RPCs, Rab11a-affected signaling within the neuroepithelia is modulated in a differential manner, providing mechanistic insight to the correlation of IKNM and selection of RPCs to undergo neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Clark
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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7
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Wei Z, Zhang M, Li C, Huang W, Fan Y, Guo J, Khater M, Fukuda M, Dong Z, Hu G, Wu G. Specific TBC Domain-Containing Proteins Control the ER-Golgi-Plasma Membrane Trafficking of GPCRs. Cell Rep 2020; 28:554-566.e4. [PMID: 31291588 PMCID: PMC6639060 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest superfamily of cell surface signaling proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their cell surface delivery after synthesis remain poorly understood. Here, we screen the TBC domain-containing proteins, putative Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), in the intracellular trafficking of GPCRs and identify several TBC proteins that activity-dependently regulate the anterograde transport, en route from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi or from the Golgi to the cell surface, of several prototypic GPCR members without affecting other plasma membrane proteins. We also show that TBC1D6 functions as a GAP for Rab26, physically associates with Rab26, and attenuates Rab26 interaction with GPCRs. Furthermore, both overexpression and depletion of TBC1D6 inhibit the post-Golgi traffic of GPCRs. These data demonstrate important roles of the TBC proteins in forward trafficking of nascent GPCRs and reveal regulatory mechanisms of GPCR targeting to the functional destination. Wei et al. report that several TBC proteins specifically and activity-dependently regulate ER-Golgi-plasma membrane transport of nascent GPCRs. They also show that TBC1D6 is a GAP for Rab26 and controls GPCR post-Golgi traffic. Their results reveal crucial roles of TBC proteins in and provide regulatory mechanisms of GPCR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Maoxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mostafa Khater
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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8
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Hisanaga SI, Wei R, Huo A, Tomomura M. LMTK1, a Novel Modulator of Endosomal Trafficking in Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32714146 PMCID: PMC7344150 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons extend long processes known as axons and dendrites, through which they communicate with each other. The neuronal circuits formed by the axons and dendrites are the structural basis of higher brain functions. The formation and maintenance of these processes are essential for physiological brain activities. Membrane components, both lipids, and proteins, that are required for process formation are supplied by vesicle transport. Intracellular membrane trafficking is regulated by a family of Rab small GTPases. A group of Rabs regulating endosomal trafficking has been studied mainly in nonpolarized culture cell lines, and little is known about their regulation in polarized neurons with long processes. As shown in our recent study, lemur tail (former tyrosine) kinase 1 (LMTK1), an as yet uncharacterized Ser/Thr kinase associated with Rab11-positive recycling endosomes, modulates the formation of axons, dendrites, and spines in cultured primary neurons. LMTK1 knockdown or knockout (KO) or the expression of a kinase-negative mutant stimulates the transport of endosomal vesicles in neurons, leading to the overgrowth of axons, dendrites, and spines. More recently, we found that LMTK1 regulates TBC1D9B Rab11 GAP and proposed the Cdk5/p35-LMTK1-TBC1D9B-Rab11 pathway as a signaling cascade that regulates endosomal trafficking. Here, we summarize the biochemical, cell biological, and physiological properties of LMTK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Anni Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa Campus, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Japan
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9
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Zhang M, Ma L, Liu Y, He Y, Li G, An X, Cao B. CircRNA-006258 Sponge-Adsorbs miR-574-5p to Regulate Cell Growth and Milk Synthesis via EVI5L in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070718. [PMID: 32605180 PMCID: PMC7397305 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the udder and the milk yield are closely related to the number and vitality of mammary epithelial cells. Many previous studies have proved that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are widely involved in mammary gland development and the physiological activities of lactation. Our laboratory previous sequencing data revealed that miR-574-5p was differentially expressed during the colostrum and peak lactation stages, while the molecular mechanism of the regulatory effect of miR-574-5p on goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) is unclear. In this study, the targeting relationship was detected between miR-574-5p or ecotropic viral integration site 5-like (EVI5L) and circRNA-006258. The results declared that miR-574-5p induced the down-regulation of EVI5L expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, while circRNA-006258 relieved the inhibitory effect through adsorbing miR-574-5p. EVI5L blocked the G1 phase and promoted the S phase by activating the Rab23/ITGB1/TIAM1/Rac1-TGF-β/Smad pathway in GMECs. By increasing the protein expression of Bcl2 and reducing the protein expression of Bax, EVI5L promoted cell growth and inhibited apoptosis. The activation of the PI3K/AKT–mTOR signaling pathway promoted the production of triacylglycerol (TAG) and β-casein in GMECs. The circRNA–006258/miR-574-5p/EVI5L axis could regulate the cell growth and milk synthesis of GMECs by sponge-adsorbed miR-574-5p. These results would provide scientific evidence for precision animal breeding in the industry of dairy goats.
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10
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Cai T, Zhou J, Zeng Y, Du W, Zhang Y, Liu T, Fu Y, Huang JA, Qian Q, Zhu J, Ling C, Liu Z. EVI5 is an oncogene that regulates the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:84. [PMID: 32393392 PMCID: PMC7212589 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The Ecotropic viral integration site 5 (EVI5), an important protein in regulating cell cycle, cytokinesis and cellular membrane traffic, functions as a stabilizing factor maintaining anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitor Emi1 in S/G2 phase. However, the mechanism by which EVI5 promotes malignant transformation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. In the present study, we addressed the role of EVI5 in NSCLC by regulating tumor growth, migration and invasion. Methods The expression levels of EVI5 and miR-486-5p in NSCLC tissues and cells were measured by real-time PCR. Meanwhile, EVI5 and its associated protein expression were analyzed by western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Flow cytometry was performed to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis. CCK-8 and clonogenic assays were used to analyze cell viability. Wound healing, transwell migration and matrigel invasion assays were utilized to assess the motility of tumor cells. To investigate the role of EVI5 in vivo, lung carcinoma xenograft mouse model was applied.. Results EVI5 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines when compared with that in normal tissues and cell line. Knockdown of EVI5 in vitro inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells. Further, inoculation of EVI5-deficient tumor cells into nude mice suppressed tumor proliferation and metastasis compared to control mice inoculated with unmanipulated tumor cells. These data indicated that EVI5 promote the proliferation of NSCLC cells which was consistent with our previous results. Additionally, we showed that EVI5 was directly regulated by miR-486-5p, and miR-486-5p-EVI5 axis affected the NSCLC migration and invasion through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by interacting with TGF-β receptor II and TGF-β receptor I. Conclusions Based on these results, we demonstrated a new post-transcriptional mechanism of EVI5 regulation via miR-486-5p and the protumoral function of EVI5 in NSCLC by interacting with Emi1 and/or TGF-β receptors, which provides a new insight into the targeted therapy of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jieqi Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Jianjie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Chunhua Ling
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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11
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Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Endocytic membrane trafficking in the control of centrosome function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:150-155. [PMID: 32143977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, endocytic trafficking and its regulators were thought to function almost exclusively on membrane-bound organelles and/or vesicles containing a lipid bilayer. Recent studies have demonstrated that endocytic regulatory proteins play much wider roles in trafficking regulation and influence a variety of nonendocytic pathways, including trafficking to/from mitochondria and peroxisomes. Moreover, new studies also suggest that endocytic regulators also control trafficking to and from cellular organelles that lack membranes, such as the centrosome. Although endocytic membrane trafficking (EMT) clearly impacts pathways downstream of the centrosome, such as ciliogenesis (including transport to and from cilia), mitotic spindle formation, and cytokinesis, relatively few studies have focused on the growing role for EMT more directly on centrosome biogenesis, maintenance and control throughout cell cycle, and centrosome duplication. Indeed, a growing number of endocytic regulatory proteins have been implicated in centrosome regulation, including various Rab proteins (among them Rab11) and the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. In this review, we will examine the relationship between centrosomes and EMT, focusing primarily on how EMT directly influences the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naava Naslavsky
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, United States
| | - Steve Caplan
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, United States.
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12
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Mao CG, Zhou XC, Jiang YD, Wan LJ, Tao ZZ, Guo J. The Evi5 oncogene promotes laryngeal cancer cells proliferation by stabilizing c-Myc protein. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:44. [PMID: 32047362 PMCID: PMC7006165 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ecotropic viral integration site 5 (Evi5) is recognized as a potential oncogene and a cell cycle regulator. Evi5 regulates the abundance of Emi1, an inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, to govern mitotic fidelity. Evi5 has been shown to be dysregulated in several cancer types. However, the expression and biological function of Evi5 in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are still unknown. Methods Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing was used to generate Evi5 knockout (KO) LSCC cells. The proliferation and cell cycle distribution of LSCC cells was determined. The effect of Evi5 on LSCC tumor growth in vivo was studied in a tumor xenograft model in mice. The interaction between Evi5 and c-Myc was detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. Luciferase assay was used to determine the transcriptional activity of c-Myc. Results Here, we show that Evi5 controls LSCC tumorigenesis via the stabilization of c-MYC oncogene. CRISPR-mediated knockout (KO) of Evi5 decreased the proliferation and decreased colony formation ability of LSCC cells. Knockout of Evi5 caused increased G1 phase and decreased S phase cells. In the tumor-bearing nude mice, The transplanted tumors originated from Evi5-KO TU212 cells were significantly decreased when compared with control TU212 cells. At the molecular level, we found that Evi5 interacted with c-MYC and Evi5 antagonized E3 ligase FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of c-Myc protein, and promoted c-Myc-dependent transactivation. Conclusion Given the critical role of c-Myc in tumorigenesis, our data suggest that Evi5 is a potential therapeutic target in LSCC, and inhibition of Evi5 should be a prospective strategy for LSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Mao
- 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, 1 Ren-Min Road, Jingzhou, 434020 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chun Zhou
- 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, 1 Ren-Min Road, Jingzhou, 434020 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Dao Jiang
- 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, 1 Ren-Min Road, Jingzhou, 434020 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Wan
- 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, 1 Ren-Min Road, Jingzhou, 434020 People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- 2Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- 3Department of Oncology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 10, Daling Road, Shiyan, 442008 Hubei People's Republic of China
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13
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Sorvina A, Shandala T, Wang S, Sharkey DJ, Parkinson-Lawrence E, Selemidis S, Brooks DA. CDKI-73 is a Novel Pharmacological Inhibitor of Rab11 Cargo Delivery and Innate Immune Secretion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020372. [PMID: 32033486 PMCID: PMC7072129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical for host defence against pathogen and environmental challenge and this involves the production and secretion of immune mediators, such as antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, when dysregulated, innate immunity can contribute to multifactorial diseases, including inflammatory rheumatic disorders, type 2 diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and even septic shock. During an innate immune response, antimicrobial peptides and cytokines are trafficked via Rab11 multivesicular endosomes, and then sorted into Rab11 vesicles for traffic to the plasma membrane and secretion. In this study, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKI-73 was used to determine its effect on the innate immune response, based on previously identified targets for this compound. Our results showed that CDKI-73 inhibited the delivery of Rab11 vesicles to the plasma membrane, resulting in the accumulation of large multivesicular Rab11 endosomes near the cell periphery. In addition to the effect on endosome delivery, CDKI-73 down-regulated the amount of innate immune cargo, including the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We concluded that CDKI-73 has the potential to regulate the delivery and secretion of certain innate immune cargo, which could be used to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sorvina
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Emma Parkinson-Lawrence
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Douglas A. Brooks
- Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia (E.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (D.A.B.)
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The LMTK1-TBC1D9B-Rab11A Cascade Regulates Dendritic Spine Formation via Endosome Trafficking. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9491-9502. [PMID: 31628178 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3209-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic protrusions at excitatory synapses that are critical for proper neuronal synaptic transmission. While lipid and protein membrane components are necessary for spine formation, it is largely unknown how they are recruited to developing spines. Endosomal trafficking is one mechanism that may influence this development. We recently reported that Lemur kinase 1A (LMTK1A), a membrane-bound Ser/Thr kinase, regulates trafficking of endosomes in neurons. LMTK1 has been shown to be a p35 Cdk5 activator-binding protein and a substrate for Cdk5-p35; however, its neuronal function has not been sufficiently studied. Here, we investigate the role of LMTK1 in spine formation. Depletion of LMTK1 increases spine formation, maturation, and density in primary cultured neurons and in mouse brain of either sex. Additionally, expression of kinase-negative LMTK1 stimulates spine formation in primary neurons and in vivo LMTK1 controls spine formation through Rab11, a regulator of recycling endosome trafficking. We identify TBC1D9B, a Rab11A GTPase-activating protein (Rab11A GAP), as a LMTK1 binding protein, and find that TBC1D9B mediates LMTK1 activity on Rab11A. TBC1D9B inactivates Rab11A under the control of LMTK1A. Further, by analyzing the effect of decreased TBC1D9B expression in primary neurons, we demonstrate that TBC1D9B indeed regulates spine formation. This is the first demonstration of the biological function of TBC1D9B. Together, with the regulation of LMTK1 by Cdk5-p35, we propose the Cdk5-LMTK1-TBC1D9B-Rab11A cascade as a novel signaling mechanism regulating endosomal transport for synapse formation and function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dendritic spines are postsynaptic specializations essential for synaptic transmission. However, it is not known how critical membrane components are recruited to spines for their formation. Endosomal trafficking is one such mechanism that may mediate this process. Here we investigate regulators of endosomal trafficking and their contribution to spine formation. We identify two novel factors, LMTK1 and TBC1D9B, which regulate spine formation upstream of Rab11A, a small GTPase. LMTK1 is a membrane bound Ser/Thr kinase regulated by Cdk5-p35, and TBC1D9B is a recently identified Rab11 GAP. LMTK1 controls the GAP activity of TBC1D9B on Rab11A, and TBC1D9B mediates the LMTK1 activity on Rab11A. We propose the Cdk5-LMTK1-TBC1D9B-Rab11A cascade as a novel mechanism controlling spine formation and function.
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15
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Structural determinants of Rab11 activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SH3BP5. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3772. [PMID: 30217979 PMCID: PMC6138693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Rab11 plays key roles in receptor recycling, oogenesis, autophagosome formation, and ciliogenesis. However, investigating Rab11 regulation has been hindered by limited molecular detail describing activation by cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Here, we present the structure of Rab11 bound to the GEF SH3BP5, along with detailed characterization of Rab-GEF specificity. The structure of SH3BP5 shows a coiled-coil architecture that mediates exchange through a unique Rab-GEF interaction. Furthermore, it reveals a rearrangement of the switch I region of Rab11 compared with solved Rab-GEF structures, with a constrained conformation when bound to SH3BP5. Mutation of switch I provides insights into the molecular determinants that allow for Rab11 selectivity over evolutionarily similar Rab GTPases present on Rab11-positive organelles. Moreover, we show that GEF-deficient mutants of SH3BP5 show greatly decreased Rab11 activation in cellular assays of active Rab11. Overall, our results give molecular insight into Rab11 regulation, and how Rab-GEF specificity is achieved.
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16
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Guichard A, Jain P, Moayeri M, Schwartz R, Chin S, Zhu L, Cruz-Moreno B, Liu JZ, Aguilar B, Hollands A, Leppla SH, Nizet V, Bier E. Anthrax edema toxin disrupts distinct steps in Rab11-dependent junctional transport. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006603. [PMID: 28945820 PMCID: PMC5612732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various bacterial toxins circumvent host defenses through overproduction of cAMP. In a previous study, we showed that edema factor (EF), an adenylate cyclase from Bacillus anthracis, disrupts endocytic recycling mediated by the small GTPase Rab11. As a result, cargo proteins such as cadherins fail to reach inter-cellular junctions. In the present study, we provide further mechanistic dissection of Rab11 inhibition by EF using a combination of Drosophila and mammalian systems. EF blocks Rab11 trafficking after the GTP-loading step, preventing a constitutively active form of Rab11 from delivering cargo vesicles to the plasma membrane. Both of the primary cAMP effector pathways -PKA and Epac/Rap1- contribute to inhibition of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but act at distinct steps of the delivery process. PKA acts early, preventing Rab11 from associating with its effectors Rip11 and Sec15. In contrast, Epac functions subsequently via the small GTPase Rap1 to block fusion of recycling endosomes with the plasma membrane, and appears to be the primary effector of EF toxicity in this process. Similarly, experiments conducted in mammalian systems reveal that Epac, but not PKA, mediates the activity of EF both in cell culture and in vivo. The small GTPase Arf6, which initiates endocytic retrieval of cell adhesion components, also contributes to junctional homeostasis by counteracting Rab11-dependent delivery of cargo proteins at sites of cell-cell contact. These studies have potentially significant practical implications, since chemical inhibition of either Arf6 or Epac blocks the effect of EF in cell culture and in vivo, opening new potential therapeutic avenues for treating symptoms caused by cAMP-inducing toxins or related barrier-disrupting pathologies. Recent anthrax outbreaks in Zambia and northern Russia and biodefense preparedness highlight the need for new therapies to counteract fatal late-stage pathologies in patients infected with Bacillus anthracis. Indeed, two toxins secreted by this pathogen—edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT)—can cause death in face of effective antibiotic treatment. ET, a potent adenylate cyclase, severely impacts host cells and tissues through an overproduction of the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Previously, we identified Rab11 as a key host factor inhibited by ET. Blockade of Rab11-dependent endocytic recycling resulted in the disruption of intercellular junctions, likely contributing to life threatening vascular effusion observed in anthrax patients. Here we present a multi-system analysis of the mechanism by which EF inhibits Rab11 and exocyst-dependent trafficking. Epistasis experiments in Drosophila reveal that over-activation of the cAMP effectors PKA and Epac/Rap1 interferes with Rab11-mediated trafficking at two distinct steps. We further describe conserved roles of Epac and the small GTPase Arf6 in ET-mediated disruption of vesicular trafficking and show how chemical inhibition of either pathway greatly alleviates ET-induced edema. Thus, our study defines Epac and Arf6 as promising drug targets for the treatment of infectious diseases and other pathologies involving cAMP overload or related barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Prashant Jain
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ruth Schwartz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Chin
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Cruz-Moreno
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Z. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bernice Aguilar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hollands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Davie JJ, Faitar SL. The identification of protein domains that mediate functional interactions between Rab-GTPases and RabGAPs using 3D protein modeling. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2017; 10:47-56. [PMID: 28435300 PMCID: PMC5391865 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, time-consuming serial in vitro experimentation involving immunocytochemistry or radiolabeled materials is required to identify which of the numerous Rab-GTPases (Rab) and Rab-GTPase activating proteins (RabGAP) are capable of functional interactions. These interactions are essential for numerous cellular functions, and in silico methods of reducing in vitro trial and error would accelerate the pace of research in cell biology. We have utilized a combination of three-dimensional protein modeling and protein bioinformatics to identify domains present in Rab proteins that are predictive of their functional interaction with a specific RabGAP. The RabF2 and RabSF1 domains appear to play functional roles in mediating the interaction between Rabs and RabGAPs. Moreover, the RabSF1 domain can be used to make in silico predictions of functional Rab/RabGAP pairs. This method is expected to be a broadly applicable tool for predicting protein–protein interactions where existing crystal structures for homologs of the proteins of interest are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah J Davie
- Department of Biology and Mathematics, School of Arts, Sciences, and Education, D'Youville College, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Silviu L Faitar
- Department of Biology and Mathematics, School of Arts, Sciences, and Education, D'Youville College, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Oguchi ME, Noguchi K, Fukuda M. TBC1D12 is a novel Rab11-binding protein that modulates neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174883. [PMID: 28384198 PMCID: PMC5383037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes are generally thought to play a central role in endocytic recycling, but recent evidence has indicated that they also participate in other cellular events, including cytokinesis, autophagy, and neurite outgrowth. Rab small GTPases are key regulators in membrane trafficking, and although several Rab isoforms, e.g., Rab11, have been shown to regulate recycling endosomal trafficking, the precise mechanism by which these Rabs regulate recycling endosomes is not fully understood. In this study, we focused on a Rab-GTPase-activating protein (Rab-GAP), one of the key regulators of Rabs, and comprehensively screened 43 mammalian Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC)/Rab-GAP-domain-containing proteins (TBC proteins) for proteins that specifically localize on recycling endosomes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Four of the 43 mammalian TBC proteins screened, i.e., TBC1D11, TBC1D12, TBC1D14, and EVI5, were found to colocalize well with transferrin receptor, a well-known recycling endosome marker. We further investigated the biochemical properties of TBC1D12, a previously uncharacterized TBC protein. The results showed that TBC1D12 interacted with active Rab11 through its middle region and that it did not display Rab11-GAP activity in vitro. The recycling endosomal localization of TBC1D12 was found to depend on the expression of Rab11. We also found that TBC1D12 expression had no effect on common Rab11-dependent cellular events, e.g., transferrin recycling, in MEFs and that it promoted neurite outgrowth, a specialized Rab11-dependent cellular event, of PC12 cells independently of its GAP activity. These findings indicated that TBC1D12 is a novel Rab11-binding protein that modulates neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai E. Oguchi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenta Noguchi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hung HF, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. Methods to analyze novel liaisons between endosomes and centrosomes. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 130:47-58. [PMID: 26360027 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For some time, it has been known that recycling endosomes (REs) are organized in a nebulous "pericentrosomal" region in interphase cells. However, the collective use of previously developed methods, including centrosome isolation, live cell imaging, and electron microscopy, suggested that there is much more going on between the centrosome and the RE than previously imagined. By exploiting these approaches, we uncovered novel roles of the centrosome in RE function and, conversely, novel roles for REs in centrosome function. We first found that REs dynamically localized to the centrosome throughout the cell cycle. More specifically, we found that REs interacted with appendages of the older centriole in interphase cells to control endosome recycling, and this interaction was governed by RE-machinery including the small GTPase Rab11. We next determined that REs carry centrosome proteins to spindle poles as part of the "centrosome maturation" process. Here we discuss the methods used and materials needed to complete these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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20
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Sorvina A, Shandala T, Brooks DA. Drosophila Pkaap regulates Rab4/Rab11-dependent traffic and Rab11 exocytosis of innate immune cargo. Biol Open 2016; 5:678-88. [PMID: 27190105 PMCID: PMC4920182 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretion of immune-mediators is a critical step in the host innate immune response to pathogen invasion, and Rab GTPases have an important role in the regulation of this process. Rab4/Rab11 recycling endosomes are involved in the sorting of immune-mediators into specialist Rab11 vesicles that can traffic this cargo to the plasma membrane; however, how this sequential delivery process is regulated has yet to be fully defined. Here, we report that Drosophila Pkaap, an orthologue of the human dual-specific A-kinase-anchoring protein 2 or D-AKAP2 (also called AKAP10), appeared to have a nucleotide-dependent localisation to Rab4 and Rab11 endosomes. RNAi silencing of pkaap altered Rab4/Rab11 recycling endosome morphology, suggesting that Pkaap functions in cargo sorting and delivery in the secretory pathway. The depletion of pkaap also had a direct effect on Rab11 vesicle exocytosis and the secretion of the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin at the plasma membrane. We propose that Pkaap has a dual role in antimicrobial peptide traffic and exocytosis, making it an essential component for the secretion of inflammatory mediators and the defence of the host against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sorvina
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Abstract
Many viruses exploit specific arms of the endomembrane system. The unique composition of each arm prompts the development of remarkably specific interactions between viruses and sub-organelles. This review focuses on the viral–host interactions occurring on the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and mediated by its regulatory Ras-related in brain (Rab) GTPase Rab11. This protein regulates trafficking from the ERC and the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Such transport comprises intricate networks of proteins/lipids operating sequentially from the membrane of origin up to the cell surface. Rab11 is also emerging as a critical factor in an increasing number of infections by major animal viruses, including pathogens that provoke human disease. Understanding the interplay between the ERC and viruses is a milestone in human health. Rab11 has been associated with several steps of the viral lifecycles by unclear processes that use sophisticated diversified host machinery. For this reason, we first explore the state-of-the-art on processes regulating membrane composition and trafficking. Subsequently, this review outlines viral interactions with the ERC, highlighting current knowledge on viral-host binding partners. Finally, using examples from the few mechanistic studies available we emphasize how ERC functions are adjusted during infection to remodel cytoskeleton dynamics, innate immunity and membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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22
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Didonna A, Isobe N, Caillier SJ, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Hauser SL, Baranzini SE, Patsopoulos NA, Oksenberg JR. A non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with multiple sclerosis risk affects the EVI5 interactome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7151-8. [PMID: 26433934 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the characterization of genetic loci associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, the ubiquitous linkage disequilibrium operating across the genome has stalled efforts to distinguish causative variants from proxy single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we have identified through fine mapping and meta-analysis EVI5 as the most plausible disease risk gene within the 1p22.1 locus. We further show that an exonic SNP associated with risk induces changes in superficial hydrophobicity patterns of the coiled-coil domain of EVI5, which, in turns, affects the EVI5 interactome. Immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutated EVI5 followed by mass spectrometry generated a roster of disease-specific interactors functionally linked to lipid metabolism. Among the exclusive binding partners of the risk variant, we describe the novel interaction with sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1)-a key enzyme for the creation of the sphingosine-1 phosphate gradient, which is relevant to the pathogenic process and therapeutic management of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolaos A Patsopoulos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Institute for the Neurosciences and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
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23
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Gallo LI, Liao Y, Ruiz WG, Clayton DR, Li M, Liu YJ, Jiang Y, Fukuda M, Apodaca G, Yin XM. TBC1D9B functions as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab11a in polarized MDCK cells. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3779-97. [PMID: 25232007 PMCID: PMC4230784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab11a is a key modulator of vesicular trafficking processes, but there is limited information about the GEFs and GAPs that regulate its GTP-GDP cycle. TBC1D9B is identified as a Rab11a GAP in MDCK cells, where it regulates the Rab11a-dependent basolateral-to-apical transcytotic pathway. Rab11a is a key modulator of vesicular trafficking processes, but there is limited information about the guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that regulate its GTP-GDP cycle. We observed that in the presence of Mg2+ (2.5 mM), TBC1D9B interacted via its Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC) domain with Rab11a, Rab11b, and Rab4a in a nucleotide-dependent manner. However, only Rab11a was a substrate for TBC1D9B-stimulated GTP hydrolysis. At limiting Mg2+ concentrations (<0.5 mM), Rab8a was an additional substrate for this GAP. In polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, endogenous TBC1D9B colocalized with Rab11a-positive recycling endosomes but less so with EEA1-positive early endosomes, transferrin-positive recycling endosomes, or late endosomes. Overexpression of TBC1D9B, but not an inactive mutant, decreased the rate of basolateral-to-apical IgA transcytosis—a Rab11a-dependent pathway—and shRNA-mediated depletion of TBC1D9B increased the rate of this process. In contrast, TBC1D9B had no effect on two Rab11a-independent pathways—basolateral recycling of the transferrin receptor or degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Finally, expression of TBC1D9B decreased the amount of active Rab11a in the cell and concomitantly disrupted the interaction between Rab11a and its effector, Sec15A. We conclude that TBC1D9B is a Rab11a GAP that regulates basolateral-to-apical transcytosis in polarized MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana I Gallo
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yong Liao
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Min Li
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yu Jiang
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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24
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Rao N, Song F, Jhamb D, Wang M, Milner DJ, Price NM, Belecky-Adams TL, Palakal MJ, Cameron JA, Li B, Chen X, Stocum DL. Proteomic analysis of fibroblastema formation in regenerating hind limbs of Xenopus laevis froglets and comparison to axolotl. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 25063185 PMCID: PMC4222900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background To gain insight into what differences might restrict the capacity for limb regeneration in Xenopus froglets, we used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/double mass spectrometry to characterize protein expression during fibroblastema formation in the amputated froglet hindlimb, and compared the results to those obtained previously for blastema formation in the axolotl limb. Results Comparison of the Xenopus fibroblastema and axolotl blastema revealed several similarities and significant differences in proteomic profiles. The most significant similarity was the strong parallel down regulation of muscle proteins and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Regenerating Xenopus limbs differed significantly from axolotl regenerating limbs in several ways: deficiency in the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol signaling pathway, down regulation of Wnt signaling, up regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteins involved in chondrocyte differentiation, lack of expression of a key cell cycle protein, ecotropic viral integration site 5 (EVI5), that blocks mitosis in the axolotl, and the expression of several patterning proteins not seen in the axolotl that may dorsalize the fibroblastema. Conclusions We have characterized global protein expression during fibroblastema formation after amputation of the Xenopus froglet hindlimb and identified several differences that lead to signaling deficiency, failure to retard mitosis, premature chondrocyte differentiation, and failure of dorsoventral axial asymmetry. These differences point to possible interventions to improve blastema formation and pattern formation in the froglet limb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David L Stocum
- Department of Biology, and Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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25
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Welz T, Wellbourne-Wood J, Kerkhoff E. Orchestration of cell surface proteins by Rab11. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:407-15. [PMID: 24675420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The organization of cells into interconnected structures such as animal tissues requires a sophisticated system directing receptors and adhesion proteins to the cell surface. The Rab11 small G proteins (Rab11a, b, and Rab25) of the Ras superfamily are master regulators of the surface expression of receptors and adhesion proteins. Acting as a molecular switch, Rab11 builds distinct molecular machinery such as motor protein complexes and the exocyst to transport proteins to the cell surface. Recent evidence reveals Rab11 localization at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), post-Golgi vesicles, and the recycling endosome, placing it at the intersection between the endocytic and exocytic trafficking pathways. We review Rab11 in various cellular contexts, and discuss its regulation and mechanisms by which Rab11 couples with effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Welz
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joel Wellbourne-Wood
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Kerkhoff
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany.
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26
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Hehnly H, Doxsey S. Rab11 endosomes contribute to mitotic spindle organization and orientation. Dev Cell 2014; 28:497-507. [PMID: 24561039 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During interphase, Rab11-GTPase-containing endosomes recycle endocytic cargo. However, little is known about Rab11 endosomes in mitosis. Here, we show that Rab11 localizes to the mitotic spindle and regulates dynein-dependent endosome localization at poles. We found that mitotic recycling endosomes bind γ-TuRC components and associate with tubulin in vitro. Rab11 depletion or dominant-negative Rab11 expression disrupts astral microtubules, delays mitosis, and redistributes spindle pole proteins. Reciprocally, constitutively active Rab11 increases astral microtubules, restores γ-tubulin spindle pole localization, and generates robust spindles. This suggests a role for Rab11 activity in spindle pole maturation during mitosis. Rab11 depletion causes misorientation of the mitotic spindle and the plane of cell division. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the organization of astral microtubules and the mitotic spindle through Rab11-dependent control of spindle pole assembly and function. We propose that Rab11 and its associated endosomes cocontribute to these processes through retrograde transport to poles by dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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27
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Keil R, Hatzfeld M. The armadillo protein p0071 is involved in Rab11-dependent recycling. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:60-71. [PMID: 24163434 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
p0071 is an intercellular junction protein of the p120 catenin family. We have identified Rab11a as a novel interaction partner of p0071. p0071 interacted preferentially with active Rab11a. Knockdown experiments revealed an interdependent regulation of both proteins. On the one hand, p0071 depletion induced a perinuclear accumulation of Rab11, suggesting a role of p0071 in the anterograde transport of Rab11 from the pericentrosomal region to the plasma membrane but not in retrograde transport. p0071 as well as Rab11 depletion increased transferrin receptor recycling indicating that p0071-induced Rab11 mislocalization interfered with Rab11 function and shifted recycling from the slow Rab11-dependent pathway to the fast Rab4-dependent pathway. When p0071 or Rab11 depletion was combined with a Rab4 knockdown the effect was reversed. On the other hand, Rab11a depletion increased p0071 recycling to cell contacts thereby identifying p0071 as a Rab11 cargo protein. This correlated with increased intercellular adhesion. Thus, we propose that p0071 has a key role in regulating recycling through the Rab11-dependent perinuclear recycling compartment, and links the regulation of adherens junctions to recycling to allow dynamic modulation of intercellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle, Germany
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28
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Lall P, Horgan CP, Oda S, Franklin E, Sultana A, Hanscom SR, McCaffrey MW, Khan AR. Structural and functional analysis of FIP2 binding to the endosome-localised Rab25 GTPase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2679-90. [PMID: 24056041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rab small GTPases are the master regulators of intracellular trafficking in eukaryotes. They mediate spatial and temporal recruitment of effector proteins to distinct cellular compartments through GTP-induced changes in their conformation. Despite numerous structural studies, the molecular basis for Rab/effector specificity and subsequent biological activity remains poorly understood. Rab25, also known as Rab11c, which is epithelial-specific, has been heavily implicated in ovarian cancer development and independently appears to act as a tumour suppressor in the context of a distinct subset of carcinomas. Here, we show that Rab25 associates with FIP2 and can recruit this effector protein to endosomal membranes. We report the crystal structure of Rab25 in complex with the C-terminal region of FIP2, which consists of a central dimeric FIP2 coiled-coil that mediates a heterotetrameric Rab25-(FIP2)2-Rab25 complex. Thermodynamic analyses show that, despite a relatively conserved interface, FIP2 binds to Rab25 with an approximate 3-fold weaker affinity than to Rab11a. Reduced affinity is mainly associated with lower enthalpic gains for Rab25:FIP2 complex formation, and can be attributed to subtle differences in the conformations of switch 1 and switch 2. These cellular, structural and thermodynamic studies provide insight into the Rab11/Rab25 subfamily of small GTPases that regulate endosomal trafficking pathways in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lall
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Heber-Katz E, Zhang Y, Bedelbaeva K, Song F, Chen X, Stocum DL. Cell cycle regulation and regeneration. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 367:253-76. [PMID: 23263201 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of ear punch holes in the MRL mouse and amputated limbs of the axolotl show a number of similarities. A large proportion of the fibroblasts of the uninjured MRL mouse ear are arrested in G2 of the cell cycle, and enter nerve-dependent mitosis after injury to form a ring-shaped blastema that regenerates the ear tissue. Multiple cell types contribute to the establishment of the regeneration blastema of the urodele limb by dedifferentiation, and there is substantial reason to believe that the cells of this early blastema are also arrested in G2, and enter mitosis under the influence of nerve-dependent factors supplied by the apical epidermal cap. Molecular analysis reveals other parallels, such as; (1) the upregulation of Evi5, a centrosomal protein that prevents mitosis by stabilizing Emi1, a protein that inhibits the degradation of cyclins by the anaphase promoting complex and (2) the expression of sodium channels by the epidermis. A central feature in the entry into the cell cycle by MRL ear fibroblasts is a natural downregulation of p21, and knockout of p21 in wild-type mice confers regenerative capacity on non-regenerating ear tissue. Whether the same is true for entry into the cell cycle in regenerating urodele limbs is presently unknown.
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30
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The jaw of the worm: GTPase-activating protein EAT-17 regulates grinder formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2013; 195:115-25. [PMID: 23792950 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive transport of cellular materials is essential for cell survival. Although multiple small GTPase Rab proteins are required for the process, few regulators of Rabs are known. Here we report that EAT-17, a novel GTPase-activating protein (GAP), regulates RAB-6.2 function in grinder formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We identified EAT-17 as a novel RabGAP that interacts with RAB-6.2, a protein that presumably regulates vesicle trafficking between Golgi, the endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane to form a functional grinder. EAT-17 has a canonical GAP domain that is critical for its function. RNA interference against 25 confirmed and/or predicted RABs in C. elegans shows that RNAi against rab-6.2 produces a phenotype identical to eat-17. A directed yeast two-hybrid screen using EAT-17 as bait and each of the 25 RAB proteins as prey identifies RAB-6.2 as the interacting partner of EAT-17, confirming that RAB-6.2 is a specific substrate of EAT-17. Additionally, deletion mutants of rab-6.2 show grinder defects identical to those of eat-17 loss-of-function mutants, and both RAB-6.2 and EAT-17 are expressed in the terminal bulb of the pharynx where the grinder is located. Collectively, these results suggest that EAT-17 is a specific GTPase-activating protein for RAB-6.2. Based on the conserved function of Rab6 in vesicular transport, we propose that EAT-17 regulates the turnover rate of RAB-6.2 activity in cargo trafficking for grinder formation.
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31
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Lim YS, Tang BL. The Evi5 family in cellular physiology and pathology. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1703-10. [PMID: 23669355 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ecotropic viral integration site 5 (Evi5) and Evi5-like (Evi5L) belong to a small subfamily of the Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing proteins with enigmatically divergent roles as modulators of cell cycle progression, cytokinesis, and cellular membrane traffic. First recognized as a potential oncogene and a cell cycle regulator, Evi5 acts as a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) for Rab11 in cytokinesis. On the other hand, its homologue Evi5L has Rab-GAP activity towards Rab10 as well as Rab23, and has been implicated in primary cilia formation. Recent genetic susceptibility analysis points to Evi5 as an important factor in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. We discuss below the myriad of cellular functions exhibited by the Evi5 family members, and their associations with disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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32
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Abstract
Comprising over 60 members, Rab proteins constitute the largest branch of the Ras superfamily of low-molecular-mass G-proteins. This protein family have been primarily implicated in various aspects of intracellular membrane trafficking processes. On the basis of distinct subfamily-specific sequence motifs, many Rabs have been grouped into subfamilies. The Rab11 GTPase subfamily comprises three members: Rab11a, Rab11b and Rab25/Rab11c, which, between them, have been demonstrated to bind more than 30 proteins. In the present paper, we review the function of the Rab11 subfamily. We describe their localization and primary functional roles within the cell and their implication, to date, in disease processes. We also summarize the protein machinery currently known to regulate or mediate their functions and the cargo molecules which they have been shown to transport.
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33
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Laflamme C, Assaker G, Ramel D, Dorn JF, She D, Maddox PS, Emery G. Evi5 promotes collective cell migration through its Rab-GAP activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:57-67. [PMID: 22778279 PMCID: PMC3392932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila Evi5 is a Rab-GAP that acts on the membrane-trafficking mediator Rab11 to promote guidance receptor polarization during border cell migration. Membrane trafficking has well-defined roles during cell migration. However, its regulation is poorly characterized. In this paper, we describe the first screen for putative Rab–GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) during collective cell migration of Drosophila melanogaster border cells (BCs), identify the uncharacterized Drosophila protein Evi5 as an essential membrane trafficking regulator, and describe the molecular mechanism by which Evi5 regulates BC migration. Evi5 requires its Rab-GAP activity to fulfill its functions during migration and acts as a GAP protein for Rab11. Both loss and gain of Evi5 function blocked BC migration by disrupting the Rab11-dependent polarization of active guidance receptors. Altogether, our findings deepen our understanding of the molecular machinery regulating endocytosis and subsequently cell signaling during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Laflamme
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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34
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Hehnly H, Chen CT, Powers CM, Liu HL, Doxsey S. The centrosome regulates the Rab11- dependent recycling endosome pathway at appendages of the mother centriole. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1944-50. [PMID: 22981775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recycling endosome localizes to a pericentrosomal region via microtubule-dependent transport. We previously showed that Sec15, an effector of the recycling endosome component, Rab11-GTPase, interacts with the mother centriole appendage protein, centriolin, suggesting an interaction between endosomes and centrosomes. Here we show that the recycling endosome associates with the appendages of the mother (older) centriole. We show that two mother centriole appendage proteins, centriolin and cenexin/ODF2, regulate association of the endosome components Rab11, the Rab11 GTP-activating protein Evi5, and the exocyst at the mother centriole. Development of an in vitro method for reconstituting endosome protein complexes onto isolated membrane-free centrosomes demonstrates that purified GTP-Rab11 but not GDP-Rab11 binds to mother centriole appendages in the absence of membranes. Moreover, centriolin depletion displaces the centrosomal Rab11 GAP, Evi5, and increases mother-centriole-associated Rab11; depletion of Evi5 also increases centrosomal Rab11. This indicates that centriolin localizes Evi5 to centriolar appendages to turn off centrosomal Rab11 activity. Finally, centriolin depletion disrupts recycling endosome organization and function, suggesting a role for mother centriole proteins in the regulation of Rab11 localization and activity at the mother centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, Suite 206, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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35
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Illuminating the functional and structural repertoire of human TBC/RABGAPs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:67-73. [PMID: 22251903 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing RAB-specific GTPase-activating proteins (TBC/RABGAPs) are characterized by the presence of highly conserved TBC domains and act as negative regulators of RABs. The importance of TBC/RABGAPs in the regulation of specific intracellular trafficking routes is now emerging, as is their role in different diseases. Importantly, TBC/RABGAPs act as key regulatory nodes, integrating signalling between RABs and other small GTPases and ensuring the appropriate retrieval, transport and delivery of different intracellular vesicles.
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36
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El-Osta MA, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Hannun YA. Delayed phosphorylation of classical protein kinase C (PKC) substrates requires PKC internalization and formation of the pericentrion in a phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19340-53. [PMID: 21478146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.152330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously demonstrated that sustained activation (30-60 min) of protein kinase C (PKC) results in translocation of PKC α and βII to the pericentrion, a dynamic subset of the recycling compartment whose formation is dependent on PKC and phospholipase D (PLD). Here we investigated whether the formation of the pericentrion modulates the ability of PKC to phosphorylate substrates, especially if it reduces substrate phosphorylation by sequestering PKC. Surprisingly, using an antibody that detects phosphosubstrates of classical PKCs, the results showed that the majority of PKC phosphosubstrates are phosphorylated with delayed kinetics, correlating with the time frame of PKC translocation to the pericentrion. Substrate phosphorylation was blocked by PLD inhibitors and was not observed in response to activation of a PKC βII mutant (F663D) that is defective in interaction with PLD and in internalization. Phosphorylation was also inhibited by blocking clathrin-dependent endocytosis, demonstrating a requirement for endocytosis for the PKC-dependent major phosphorylation effects. Serotonin receptor activation by serotonin showed a similar response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, implicating a potential role of delayed kinetics in G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Evaluation of candidate substrates revealed that the phosphorylation of the PKC substrate p70S6K kinase behaved in a similar manner. Gradient-based fractionation revealed that the majority of these PKC substrates reside within the pericentrion-enriched fractions and not in the plasma membrane. Finally, proteomic analysis of the pericentrion-enriched fractions revealed several proteins as known PKC substrates and/or proteins involved in endocytic trafficking. These results reveal an important role for PKC internalization and for the pericentrion as key determinants/amplifiers of PKC action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A El-Osta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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37
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Stocum DL, Cameron JA. Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:943-68. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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38
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Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Hartung HP, Zettl UK. Animal models of multiple sclerosis--potentials and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:386-404. [PMID: 20558237 PMCID: PMC7117060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different types of EAE have been developed in order to investigate pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the heterogenic human disease. Generally, investigations in EAE are more suitable for the analysis of immunogenetic elements (major histocompatibility complex restriction and candidate risk genes) and for the study of histopathological features (inflammation, demyelination and degeneration) of the disease than for screening of new treatments. Recent studies in new EAE models, especially in transgenic ones, have in connection with new analytical techniques such as microarray assays provided a deeper insight into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms of EAE and potentially of MS. For example, it was possible to better delineate the role of soluble pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukins 1, 12 and 23), anti-inflammatory (transforming growth factor-β and interleukins 4, 10, 27 and 35) and neurotrophic factors (ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Also, the regulatory and effector functions of distinct immune cell subpopulations such as CD4+ Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th17 cells, CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells, CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2, B cells and γδ+ T cells have been disclosed in more detail. The new insights may help to identify novel targets for the treatment of MS. However, translation of the experimental results into the clinical practice requires prudence and great caution.
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Key Words
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- at-eae, adoptive transfer eae
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- bdnf, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- cd, cluster of differentiation
- cns, central nervous system
- cntf, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- ig, immunoglobulin
- il, interleukin
- ifn, interferon
- ivig, intravenous immunoglobulin
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- mp, methylprednisolone
- mri, magnetic resonance imaging
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- nk, natural killer
- odc, oligodendrocyte
- qtl, quantitative trait locus
- plp, proteolipid protein
- tc, cytotoxic t cell
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- animal model
- autoimmunity
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- immunogenetics
- immunomodulatory therapy
- multiple sclerosis
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Gene Expression Profiling
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Microarray Analysis
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
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Takano T, Tsutsumi K, Saito T, Asada A, Tomomura M, Fukuda M, Hisanaga SI. AATYK1A phosphorylation by Cdk5 regulates the recycling endosome pathway. Genes Cells 2010; 15:783-97. [PMID: 20553326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of recycling endosomes (REs) is regulated by the small GTPase, Rab11A; however, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase 1A (AATYK1A) is a Ser/Thr kinase expressed highly in brain. We have recently shown that AATYK1A localizes to Rab11A-positive RE and is phosphorylated at Ser34 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Here, we have investigated a role of AATYK1A and its phosphorylation in recycling endosomal trafficking using Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. AATYK1A localizes predominantly to Rab11A-positive pericentrosomal endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). Phosphorylation at Ser34 of AATYK1A disrupts its accumulation in the pericentrosomal ERC. Consistently, phosphorylation-mimic mutant (AATYK1A-S34D) did not accumulate in the ERC and additionally attenuated ERC formation. ERC formation suppression can be reversed by constitutively active Rab11A-Q70L, suggesting a functional link between AATYK1A phosphorylation and Rab11A activity. Although no direct interaction between AATYK1A and Rab11A could be detected, the exchange of guanine nucleotides bound to Rab11A was significantly reduced in the presence of the phosphorylation-mimic AATYK1A-S34D. Together, our results reveal a regulatory role for AATYK1A in the formation of pericentrosomal ERC. They furthermore indicate that Cdk5 can disrupt ERC formation via Ser34 phosphorylation of AATYK1A. Finally, our data suggest a mechanism by which AATYK1A signaling couples Cdk5 to Rab11A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Japan.
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Johnson BA, Wang J, Taylor EM, Caillier SJ, Herbert J, Khan OA, Cross AH, De Jager PL, Gourraud PAF, Cree BCA, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Multiple sclerosis susceptibility alleles in African Americans. Genes Immun 2010; 11:343-50. [PMID: 19865102 PMCID: PMC2880217 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by complex genetics and multifaceted gene-environment interactions. Compared to whites, African Americans have a lower risk for developing MS, but African Americans with MS have a greater risk of disability. These differences between African Americans and whites may represent differences in genetic susceptibility and/or environmental factors. SNPs from 12 candidate genes have recently been identified and validated with MS risk in white populations. We performed a replication study using 918 cases and 656 unrelated controls to test whether these candidate genes are also associated with MS risk in African Americans. CD6, CLEC16a, EVI5, GPC5, and TYK2 contained SNPs that are associated with MS risk in the African American data set. EVI5 showed the strongest association outside the major histocompatibility complex (rs10735781, OR=1.233, 95% CI=1.06-1.43, P-value=0.006). In addition, RGS1 seems to affect age of onset whereas TNFRSF1A seems to be associated with disease progression. None of the tested variants showed results that were statistically inconsistent with the effects established in whites. The results are consistent with shared disease genetic mechanisms among individuals of European and African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Peralta ER, Martin BC, Edinger AL. Differential effects of TBC1D15 and mammalian Vps39 on Rab7 activation state, lysosomal morphology, and growth factor dependence. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16814-21. [PMID: 20363736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab7 promotes fusion events between late endosomes and lysosomes. Rab7 activity is regulated by extrinsic signals, most likely via effects on its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) or GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Based on their homology to the yeast proteins that regulate the Ypt7 GTP binding state, TBC1D15, and mammalian Vps39 (mVps39) have been suggested to function as the Rab7 GAP and GEF, respectively. We developed an effector pull-down assay to test this model. TBC1D15 functioned as a Rab7 GAP in cells, reducing Rab7 binding to its effector protein RILP, fragmenting the lysosome, and conferring resistance to growth factor withdrawal-induced cell death. In a cellular context, TBC1D15 GAP activity was selective for Rab7. TBC1D15 overexpression did not inhibit transferrin internalization or recycling, Rab7-independent processes that require Rab4, Rab5, and Rab11 activation. TBC1D15 was thus renamed Rab7-GAP. Contrary to expectations for a Rab7 GEF, mVps39 induced lysosomal clustering without increasing Rab7 GTP binding. Moreover, a dominant-negative mVps39 mutant fragmented the lysosome and promoted growth factor independence without decreasing Rab7-GTP levels. These findings suggest that a protein other than mVps39 serves as the Rab7 GEF. In summary, although only TBC1D15/Rab7-GAP altered Rab7-GTP levels, both Rab7-GAP and mVps39 regulate lysosomal morphology and play a role in maintaining growth factor dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigen R Peralta
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
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Rao N, Jhamb D, Milner DJ, Li B, Song F, Wang M, Voss SR, Palakal M, King MW, Saranjami B, Nye HLD, Cameron JA, Stocum DL. Proteomic analysis of blastema formation in regenerating axolotl limbs. BMC Biol 2009; 7:83. [PMID: 19948009 PMCID: PMC2794268 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following amputation, urodele salamander limbs reprogram somatic cells to form a blastema that self-organizes into the missing limb parts to restore the structure and function of the limb. To help understand the molecular basis of blastema formation, we used quantitative label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods to analyze changes in the proteome that occurred 1, 4 and 7 days post amputation (dpa) through the mid-tibia/fibula of axolotl hind limbs. RESULTS We identified 309 unique proteins with significant fold change relative to controls (0 dpa), representing 10 biological process categories: (1) signaling, (2) Ca2+ binding and translocation, (3) transcription, (4) translation, (5) cytoskeleton, (6) extracellular matrix (ECM), (7) metabolism, (8) cell protection, (9) degradation, and (10) cell cycle. In all, 43 proteins exhibited exceptionally high fold changes. Of these, the ecotropic viral integrative factor 5 (EVI5), a cell cycle-related oncoprotein that prevents cells from entering the mitotic phase of the cell cycle prematurely, was of special interest because its fold change was exceptionally high throughout blastema formation. CONCLUSION Our data were consistent with previous studies indicating the importance of inositol triphosphate and Ca2+ signaling in initiating the ECM and cytoskeletal remodeling characteristic of histolysis and cell dedifferentiation. In addition, the data suggested that blastema formation requires several mechanisms to avoid apoptosis, including reduced metabolism, differential regulation of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, and initiation of an unfolded protein response (UPR). Since there is virtually no mitosis during blastema formation, we propose that high levels of EVI5 function to arrest dedifferentiated cells somewhere in the G1/S/G2 phases of the cell cycle until they have accumulated under the wound epidermis and enter mitosis in response to neural and epidermal factors. Our findings indicate the general value of quantitative proteomic analysis in understanding the regeneration of complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Rao
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Deepali Jhamb
- School of Informatics and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Derek J Milner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering Theme, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bingbing Li
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fengyu Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Center, University of Kentucky at Lexington, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mathew Palakal
- School of Informatics and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael W King
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Behnaz Saranjami
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holly LD Nye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering Theme, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jo Ann Cameron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering Theme, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David L Stocum
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Gorska MM, Liang Q, Karim Z, Alam R. Uncoordinated 119 protein controls trafficking of Lck via the Rab11 endosome and is critical for immunological synapse formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1675-84. [PMID: 19592652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells through the TCR is essential for development of the adaptive immune response. TCR does not have any enzymatic activity and relies on the plasma membrane-associated lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) for initiation of signaling. Here we uncover a mechanism that is responsible for plasma membrane targeting of Lck. We show that Lck is transported to the membrane via a specific endosomal compartment. The transport depends on the adaptor protein Uncoordinated 119 (Unc119), on the GTPase rat brain 11 (Rab11), and on the actin cytoskeleton. Unc119 regulates the activation of Rab11. Consequently, Unc119 orchestrates the recruitment of the actin-based motor protein, myosin 5B, and the organization of multiprotein complexes on endosomes. The Unc119-regulated pathway is essential for immunological synapse formation and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Lee MTG, Mishra A, Lambright DG. Structural mechanisms for regulation of membrane traffic by rab GTPases. Traffic 2009; 10:1377-89. [PMID: 19522756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In all eukaryotic organisms, Rab GTPases function as critical regulators of membrane traffic, organelle biogenesis and maturation, and related cellular processes. The numerous Rab proteins have distinctive yet overlapping subcellular distributions throughout the endomembrane system. Intensive investigation has clarified the underlying molecular and structural mechanisms for several ubiquitous Rab proteins that control membrane traffic between tubular-vesicular organelles in the exocytic, endocytic and recycling pathways. In this review, we focus on structural insights that inform our current understanding of the organization of the Rab family as well as the mechanisms for membrane targeting and activation, interaction with effectors, deactivation and specificity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tse Gabe Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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45
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A proteomic approach to characterizing ciglitazone-induced cancer cell differentiation in Hep-G2 cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:615-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sklan EH, Serrano RL, Einav S, Pfeffer SR, Lambright DG, Glenn JS. TBC1D20 is a Rab1 GTPase-activating protein that mediates hepatitis C virus replication. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36354-61. [PMID: 17901050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705221200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other viruses, productive hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection depends on certain critical host factors. We have recently shown that an interaction between HCV nonstructural protein NS5A and a host protein, TBC1D20, is necessary for efficient HCV replication. TBC1D20 contains a TBC (Tre-2, Bub2, and Cdc16) domain present in most known Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The latter are master regulators of vesicular membrane transport, as they control the activity of membrane-associated Rab proteins. To better understand the role of the NS5A-TBC1D20 interaction in the HCV life cycle, we used a biochemical screen to identify the TBC1D20 Rab substrate. TBC1D20 was found to be the first known GAP for Rab1, which is implicated in the regulation of anterograde traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Mutation of amino acids implicated in Rab GTPase activation by other TBC domain-containing GAPs abrogated the ability of TBC1D20 to activate Rab1 GTPase. Overexpression of TBC1D20 blocked the transport of exogenous vesicular stomatitis virus G protein from the endoplasmic reticulum, validating the involvement of TBC1D20 in this pathway. Rab1 depletion significantly decreased HCV RNA levels, suggesting a role for Rab1 in HCV replication. These results highlight a novel mechanism by which viruses can hijack host cell machinery and suggest an attractive model whereby the NS5A-TBC1D20 interaction may promote viral membrane-associated RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella H Sklan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5187, USA
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Verschuren EW, Ban KH, Masek MA, Lehman NL, Jackson PK. Loss of Emi1-dependent anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome inhibition deregulates E2F target expression and elicits DNA damage-induced senescence. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7955-65. [PMID: 17875940 PMCID: PMC2169152 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00908-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitor Emi1 is required for the accumulation of APC/C substrates crucial for DNA synthesis and mitotic entry. We show that in vivo Emi1 expression correlates with the proliferative status of the cellular compartment and that cells lacking Emi1 undergo cellular senescence. Emi1 depletion leads to strong decreases in E2F target mRNA and APC/C substrate protein abundances. However, cyclin E mRNA and cyclin E protein levels and associated kinase activities are increased. Cells lacking Emi1 undergo DNA damage, likely explained by replication stress upon deregulated cyclin E- and A-associated kinase activities. Inhibition of ATM kinase prevents induction of senescence, implying that senescence is a consequence of DNA damage. Surprisingly, no senescence or no extensive amount of senescence is evident upon depletion of the Emi1-stabilizing factor Evi5 or Pin1, respectively. Our data suggest that maintenance of a protein stabilization/mRNA expression positive-feedback circuit fueled by Emi1 is required for accurate cell cycle progression, maintenance of DNA integrity, and prevention of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy W Verschuren
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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