1
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Song YY, Liang D, Liu DK, Lin L, Zhang L, Yang WQ. The role of the ERK signaling pathway in promoting angiogenesis for treating ischemic diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1164166. [PMID: 37427386 PMCID: PMC10325625 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1164166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The main treatment strategy for ischemic diseases caused by conditions such as poor blood vessel formation or abnormal blood vessels involves repairing vascular damage and encouraging angiogenesis. One of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, is followed by a tertiary enzymatic cascade of MAPKs that promotes angiogenesis, cell growth, and proliferation through a phosphorylation response. The mechanism by which ERK alleviates the ischemic state is not fully understood. Significant evidence suggests that the ERK signaling pathway plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of ischemic diseases. This review briefly describes the mechanisms underlying ERK-mediated angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic diseases. Studies have shown that many drugs treat ischemic diseases by regulating the ERK signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis. The prospect of regulating the ERK signaling pathway in ischemic disorders is promising, and the development of drugs that specifically act on the ERK pathway may be a key target for promoting angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Song
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - De-Kun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qing Yang
- Innovation Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Province Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Medicine Precision Diagnosis Engineering Laboratory, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Discovery of 5-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as novel anti-cancer agents targeting Nur77. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Toksvang LN, Als-Nielsen B, Bacon C, Bertasiute R, Duarte X, Escherich G, Helgadottir EA, Johannsdottir IR, Jónsson ÓG, Kozlowski P, Langenskjöld C, Lepik K, Niinimäki R, Overgaard UM, Punab M, Räty R, Segers H, van der Sluis I, Smith OP, Strullu M, Vaitkevičienė G, Wik HS, Heyman M, Schmiegelow K. Thiopurine Enhanced ALL Maintenance (TEAM): study protocol for a randomized study to evaluate the improvement in disease-free survival by adding very low dose 6-thioguanine to 6-mercaptopurine/methotrexate-based maintenance therapy in pediatric and adult patients (0-45 years) with newly diagnosed B-cell precursor or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated according to the intermediate risk-high group of the ALLTogether1 protocol. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:483. [PMID: 35501736 PMCID: PMC9063225 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A critical challenge in current acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy is treatment intensification in order to reduce the relapse rate in the subset of patients at the highest risk of relapse. The year-long maintenance phase is essential in relapse prevention. The Thiopurine Enhanced ALL Maintenance (TEAM) trial investigates a novel strategy for ALL maintenance. Methods TEAM is a randomized phase 3 sub-protocol to the ALLTogether1 trial, which includes patients 0–45 years of age with newly diagnosed B-cell precursor or T-cell ALL, and stratified to the intermediate risk-high (IR-high) group, in 13 European countries. In the TEAM trial, the traditional methotrexate (MTX)/6-mercaptopurine (6MP) maintenance backbone (control arm) is supplemented with low dose (2.5–12.5 mg/m2/day) oral 6-thioguanine (6TG) (experimental arm), while the starting dose of 6MP is reduced from 75 to 50 mg/m2/day. A total of 778 patients will be included in TEAM during ~ 5 years. The study will close when the last included patient has been followed for 5 years from the end of induction therapy. The primary objective of the study is to significantly improve the disease-free survival (DFS) of IR-high ALL patients by adding 6TG to 6MP/MTX-based maintenance therapy. TEAM has 80% power to detect a 7% increase in 5-year DFS through a 50% reduction in relapse rate. DFS will be evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis. In addition to reducing relapse, TEAM may also reduce hepatotoxicity and hypoglycemia caused by high levels of methylated 6MP metabolites. Methotrexate/6MP metabolites will be monitored and low levels will be reported back to clinicians to identify potentially non-adherent patients. Discussion TEAM provides a novel strategy for maintenance therapy in ALL with the potential of improving DFS through reducing relapse rate. Potential risk factors that have been considered include hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/nodular regenerative hyperplasia, second cancer, infection, and osteonecrosis. Metabolite monitoring can potentially increase treatment adherence in both treatment arms. Trial registration EudraCT, 2018–001795-38. Registered 2020-05-15, Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04307576. Registered 2020-03-13, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04307576 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09522-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea Natalie Toksvang
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bodil Als-Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ruta Bertasiute
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ximo Duarte
- Instituto Português de Oncologia Lisboa Francisco Gentil Departamento de Pediatria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Riitta Niinimäki
- Oulu University Hospital and PEDEGRO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Mari Punab
- Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riikka Räty
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Segers
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marion Strullu
- Université de Paris, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Goda Vaitkevičienė
- Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Mats Heyman
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Stanulla M, Schaeffeler E, Möricke A, Buchmann S, Zimmermann M, Igel S, Schmiegelow K, Flotho C, Hartmann H, Illsinger S, Sauerbrey A, Junk SV, Schütte P, Hinze L, Lauten M, Modlich S, Kolb R, Rossig C, Schwabe G, Gnekow AK, Fleischhack G, Schlegel PG, Schünemann HJ, Kratz CP, Cario G, Schrappe M, Schwab M. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and short-term application of 6-thioguanine in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:2650-2657. [PMID: 33714975 PMCID: PMC8410596 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with 6-thioguanine (6-TG) for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with high rates of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). Nevertheless, current treatment continues to use short-term applications of 6-TG with only sparse information on toxicity. 6-TG is metabolized by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) which underlies clinically relevant genetic polymorphism. We analyzed the association between hepatic SOS reported as a serious adverse event (SAE) and short-term 6-TG application in 3983 pediatric ALL patients treated on trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 (derivation cohort) and defined the role of TPMT genotype in this relationship. We identified 17 patients (0.43%) with hepatic SOS, 13 of which with short-term exposure to 6-TG (P < 0.0001). Eight of the 13 patients were heterozygous for low-activity TPMT variants, resulting in a 22.4-fold (95% confidence interval 7.1-70.7; P ≤ 0.0001) increased risk of hepatic SOS for heterozygotes in comparison to TPMT wild-type patients. Results were supported by independent replication analysis. All patients with hepatic SOS after short-term 6-TG recovered and did not demonstrate residual symptoms. Thus, hepatic SOS is associated with short-term exposure to 6-TG during treatment of pediatric ALL and SOS risk is increased for patients with low-activity TPMT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Möricke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Swantje Buchmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svitlana Igel
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Flotho
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Hartmann
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Illsinger
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie V Junk
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Schütte
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Hinze
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melchior Lauten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Modlich
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Rossig
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Schwabe
- Carl Thiem Hospital, Pediatric Clinics, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Astrid K Gnekow
- Pediatric Clinics, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Fleischhack
- Pediatrics III, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Gerhard Schlegel
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger J Schünemann
- Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Franca R, Braidotti S, Stocco G, Decorti G. Understanding thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms for the targeted treatment of hematologic malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1187-1198. [PMID: 34452592 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1974398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) catalyzes the S-methylation of thiopurines (mercaptopurine (MP) and tioguanine (TG)), chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Polymorphisms in TPMT gene encode diminished activity enzyme, enhancing accumulation of active metabolites, and partially explaining the inter-individual differences in patients' clinical response. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview on TPMT gene and function, and discusses the pharmacogenomic implications of TPMT variants in the prevention of severe thiopurine-induced hematological toxicities and the less known implication on TG-induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Additional genetic and non-genetic factors impairing TPMT activity are considered. Literature search was done in PubMed for English articles published since1990, and on PharmGKB. EXPERT OPINION To titrate thiopurines safely and effectively, achieve the right degree of lymphotoxic effect and avoid excessive myelosuppression, the optimal management will combine a preemptive TPMT genotyping to establish a safe initial dose with a close phenotypic monitoring of TPMT activity and/or of active metabolites during long-term treatment. Compared to current ALL protocols, replacement of TG by MP during reinduction phase in TPMT heterozygotes and novel individualized TG regimens in maintenance for TPMT wild-type subjects could be investigated to improve outcomes while avoiding risk of severe hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Franca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Braidotti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Stocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Decorti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal & Child Health (I.r.c.c.s) Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Faudone G, Bischoff-Kont I, Rachor L, Willems S, Zhubi R, Kaiser A, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Fürst R, Heering J, Merk D. Propranolol Activates the Orphan Nuclear Receptor TLX to Counteract Proliferation and Migration of Glioblastoma Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8727-8738. [PMID: 34115934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-sensing transcription factor tailless homologue (TLX, NR2E1) is an essential regulator of neuronal stem cell homeostasis with appealing therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system tumors. However, knowledge on TLX ligands is scarce, providing an obstacle to target validation and medicinal chemistry. To discover TLX ligands, we have profiled a drug fragment collection for TLX modulation and identified several structurally diverse agonists and inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor. Propranolol evolved as the strongest TLX agonist and promoted TLX-regulated gene expression in human glioblastoma cells. Structure-activity relationship elucidation of propranolol as a TLX ligand yielded a structurally related negative control compound. In functional cellular experiments, we observed an ability of propranolol to counteract glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration, while the negative control had no effect. Our results provide a collection of TLX modulators as initial chemical tools and set of lead compounds and support therapeutic potential of TLX modulation in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Iris Bischoff-Kont
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lea Rachor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rezart Zhubi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Fürst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Effects of 6-mercaptopurine in pressure overload induced right heart failure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225122. [PMID: 31714926 PMCID: PMC6850541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several antineoplastic drugs have been proposed as new compounds for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment but many have cardiotoxic side effects. The chemotherapeutic agent 6-mercaptopurine may have an effect in treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension but at the same time, its effects on the afterload adaption of the right ventricle is unpredictable due to interaction with multiple downstream signalling pathways in the cardiomyocytes. We investigated the direct cardiac effects of 6-mercaptopurine in rats with isolated right heart failure caused by pulmonary trunk banding (PTB). Methods Male Wistar rat weanlings (112±2 g) were randomized to sham operation (sham, n = 10) or PTB. The PTB animals were randomized to placebo (PTB-control, n = 10) and 6-mercaptopurine (7.5 mg/kg/day) groups with treatment start before the PTB procedure (PTB-prevention, n = 10) or two weeks after (PTB-reversal, n = 10). Right ventricular effects were evaluated by echocardiography, cardiac MRI, invasive pressure-volume measurements, and histological and molecular analyses. Results PTB increased right ventricular afterload and caused right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. 6-mercaptopurine did not improve right ventricular function nor reduce right ventricular remodelling in both prevention and reversal studies compared with placebo-treated rats. Conclusion Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine did not have any beneficial or detrimental effects on right ventricular function or remodelling. Our data suggest that treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with 6-mercaptopurine is not harmful to the failing right ventricle.
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Shen J, Zhu X, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Yan G, Wang Z, Sun L, Zhang Q. Nur77 promotes embryo adhesion by transcriptionally regulating HOXA10 expression. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 66:50-58. [PMID: 31574241 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1671536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Shen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Science Isotope Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Zhu N, Zhang GX, Yi B, Guo ZF, Jang S, Yin Y, Yang F, Summer R, Sun J. Nur77 limits endothelial barrier disruption to LPS in the mouse lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L615-L624. [PMID: 31461311 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00425.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor implicated in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes, including the maintenance of systemic blood vessel homeostasis. Although Nur77 is known to be expressed in the lung, its role in regulating pulmonary vascular functions remains entirely unknown. In this study, we found that Nur77 is expressed at high levels in the lung, and its expression is markedly upregulated in response to LPS administration. While the pulmonary vasculature of mice that lacked Nur77 appeared to function normally under homeostatic conditions, we observed a dramatic decrease in its barrier functions after exposure to LPS, as demonstrated by an increase in serum proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a reduction in the expression of endothelial junctional proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and β-catenin. Similarly, we found that siRNA knockdown of Nur77 in lung microvascular endothelial cells also reduced VE-cadherin and β-catenin expression and increased the quantity of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran transporting across LPS-injured endothelial monolayers. Consistent with Nur77 playing a vascular protective role, we found that adenoviral-mediated overexpression of Nur77 both enhanced expression of VE-cadherin and β-catenin and augmented endothelial barrier protection to LPS in cultured cells. Mechanistically, Nur77 appeared to mediate its protective effects, at least in part, by binding to β-catenin and preventing its degradation. Our findings demonstrate a key role for Nur77 in the maintenance of lung endothelial barrier protection to LPS and suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at augmenting Nur77 levels might be effective in treating a wide variety of inflammatory vascular diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan-Xin Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bing Yi
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhi-Fu Guo
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Soohwa Jang
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongqiang Yin
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ross Summer
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine and The Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Koenis DS, Medzikovic L, Vos M, Beldman TJ, van Loenen PB, van Tiel CM, Hamers AAJ, Otermin Rubio I, de Waard V, de Vries CJM. Nur77 variants solely comprising the amino-terminal domain activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and affect bone marrow homeostasis in mice and humans. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15070-15083. [PMID: 30111591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting via homologous recombination can occasionally result in incomplete disruption of the targeted gene. Here, we show that a widely used Nur77-deficient transgenic mouse model expresses a truncated protein encoding for part of the N-terminal domain of nuclear receptor Nur77. This truncated Nur77 protein is absent in a newly developed Nur77-deficient mouse strain generated using Cre-Lox recombination. Comparison of these two mouse strains using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and colony-forming assays shows that homologous recombination-derived Nur77-deficient mice, but not WT or Cre-Lox-derived Nur77-deficient mice, suffer from liver immune cell infiltrates, loss of splenic architecture, and increased numbers of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and splenic colony-forming cells with age. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the truncated Nur77 N-terminal domain protein maintains the stability and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a transcription factor known to regulate bone marrow homeostasis. Additionally, a previously discovered, but uncharacterized, human Nur77 transcript variant that encodes solely for its N-terminal domain, designated TR3β, can also stabilize and activate HIF-1α. Meta-analysis of publicly available microarray data sets shows that TR3β is highly expressed in human bone marrow cells and acute myeloid leukemia samples. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that a transgenic mouse model commonly used to study the biological function of Nur77 has several major drawbacks, while simultaneously identifying the importance of nongenomic Nur77 activity in the regulation of bone marrow homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duco S Koenis
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lejla Medzikovic
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Vos
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J Beldman
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter B van Loenen
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia M van Tiel
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A J Hamers
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iker Otermin Rubio
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, K1-113, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Tel-Karthaus N, Kers-Rebel ED, Looman MW, Ichinose H, de Vries CJ, Ansems M. Nuclear Receptor Nur77 Deficiency Alters Dendritic Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1797. [PMID: 30123220 PMCID: PMC6085422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Proper function of DCs is crucial to elicit an effective immune response against pathogens and to induce antitumor immunity. Different members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors have been reported to affect proper function of immune cells. Nur77 is a member of the NR4A subfamily of orphan NRs that is expressed and has a function within the immune system. We now show that Nur77 is expressed in different murine DCs subsets in vitro and ex vivo, in human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and in freshly isolated human BDCA1+ DCs, but its expression is dispensable for DC development in the spleen and lymph nodes. We show, by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nur77 in human moDCs and by using Nur77-/- murine DCs, that Nur77-deficient DCs have enhanced inflammatory responses leading to increased T cell proliferation. Treatment of human moDCs with 6-mercaptopurine, an activator of Nur77, leads to diminished DC activation resulting in an impaired capacity to induce IFNγ production by allogeneic T cells. Altogether, our data show a yet unexplored role for Nur77 in modifying the activation status of murine and human DCs. Ultimately, targeting Nur77 may prove to be efficacious in boosting or diminishing the activation status of DCs and may lead to the development of improved DC-based immunotherapies in, respectively, cancer treatment or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tel-Karthaus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther D Kers-Rebel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike W Looman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Carlie J de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Ansems
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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6-mercaptopurine promotes energetic failure in proliferating T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43048-43060. [PMID: 28574837 PMCID: PMC5522126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) inhibits de novo purine synthesis and acts as an antiproliferative agent by interfering with protein, DNA and RNA synthesis and promoting apoptosis. Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for tumor progression to foster cancer cells growth and proliferation, and is regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as the oncogenes Myc and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). We hypothesized that 6-MP impacts metabolic remodeling through its action on nucleotide synthesis. The aim of our study is to provide a comprehensive characterization of the metabolic changes induced by 6-MP in leukemic T cells. Our results indicate that exposition to 6-MP rapidly reduces intracellular ATP concentration, leading to the activation of AMPK. In turn, mTOR, an AMPK target, was inhibited, and the expression of HIF-1α and Myc was reduced upon 6-MP incubation. As a consequence of these inhibitions, glucose and glutamine fluxes were strongly decreased. Notably, no difference was observed on glucose uptake upon exposition to 6-MP. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into how 6-MP profoundly impacts cellular energetic metabolism by reducing ATP production and decreasing glycolytic and glutaminolytic fluxes, and how 6-MP modifies human leukemic T cells metabolism with potential antiproliferative effects.
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14
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Ruiter MS, Pesce M. Mechanotransduction in Coronary Vein Graft Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:20. [PMID: 29594150 PMCID: PMC5861212 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous saphenous veins are the most commonly used conduits in revascularization of the ischemic heart by coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but are subject to vein graft failure. The current mini review aims to provide an overview of the role of mechanotransduction signalling underlying vein graft failure to further our understanding of the disease progression and to improve future clinical treatment. Firstly, limitation of damage during vein harvest and engraftment can improve outcome. In addition, cell cycle inhibition, stimulation of Nur77 and external grafting could form interesting therapeutic options. Moreover, the Hippo pathway, with the YAP/TAZ complex as the main effector, is emerging as an important node controlling conversion of mechanical signals into cellular responses. This includes endothelial cell inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation/migration, and monocyte attachment/infiltration. The combined effects of expression levels and nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation make YAP/TAZ interesting novel targets in the prevention and treatment of vein graft disease. Pharmacological, molecular and/or mechanical conditioning of saphenous vein segments between harvest and grafting may potentiate targeted and specific treatment to improve long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Steven Ruiter
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
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15
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Pallet N, Fernández-Ramos AA, Loriot MA. Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Metabolism of T Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Ruiter MS, Doornbos A, de Waard V, de Winter RJ, Attevelt NJM, Steendam R, de Vries CJM. Long-term effect of stents eluting 6-mercaptopurine in porcine coronary arteries. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:20. [PMID: 27916002 PMCID: PMC5137209 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-eluting stents (DES) have dramatically reduced restenosis rates compared to bare metal stents and are widely used in coronary artery angioplasty. The anti-proliferative nature of the drugs reduces smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation effectively, but unfortunately also negatively affects endothelialization of stent struts, necessitating prolonged dual anti-platelet therapy. Cell-type specific therapy may prevent this complication, giving rise to safer stents that do not require additional medication. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a drug with demonstrated cell-type specific effects on vascular cells both in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting proliferation of SMCs while promoting survival of endothelial cells. In rabbits, we demonstrated that DES locally releasing 6-MP during 4 weeks reduced in-stent stenosis by inhibiting SMC proliferation and reducing inflammation, without negatively affecting endothelialization of the stent surface. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 6-MP-eluting stents are similarly effective in preventing stenosis in porcine coronary arteries after 3 months, in order to assess the eligibility for human application. Methods 6-MP-eluting and polymer-only control stents (both n = 7) were implanted in porcine coronary arteries after local balloon injury to assess the effect of 6-MP on vascular lesion formation. Three months after implantation, stented coronary arteries were harvested and analyzed. Results Morphometric analyses revealed that stents were implanted reproducibly and with limited injury to the vessel wall. Unexpectedly, both in-stent stenosis (6-MP: 41.1 ± 10.3 %; control: 29.6 ± 5.9 %) and inflammation (6-MP: 2.14 ± 0.51; control: 1.43 ± 0.45) were similar between the groups after 3 months. Conclusion In conclusion, although 6-MP was previously found to potently inhibit SMC proliferation, reduce inflammation and promote endothelial cell survival, thereby effectively reducing in-stent restenosis in rabbits, stents containing 300 μg 6-MP did not reduce stenosis and inflammation in porcine coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs S Ruiter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Present address: Unit of Tissue Engineering, Monzino Cardiologic Center, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J M Attevelt
- Central Laboratory Animal Research Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Nie X, Tan J, Dai Y, Mao W, Chen Y, Qin G, Li G, Shen C, Zhao J, Chen J. Nur77 downregulation triggers pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in mice with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via the Axin2-β-catenin signaling pathway. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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The effect of immunosuppressive molecules on T-cell metabolic reprogramming. Biochimie 2016; 127:23-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Huang HY, Chang HF, Tsai MJ, Chen JS, Wang MJ. 6-Mercaptopurine attenuates tumor necrosis factor-α production in microglia through Nur77-mediated transrepression and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling-mediated translational regulation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:78. [PMID: 27075886 PMCID: PMC4831152 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases often involves the microglial activation and associated inflammatory processes. Activated microglia release pro-inflammatory factors that may be neurotoxic. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a well-established immunosuppressive drug. Common understanding of their immunosuppressive properties is largely limited to peripheral immune cells. However, the effect of 6-MP in the central nervous system, especially in microglia in the context of neuroinflammation is, as yet, unclear. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key cytokine of the immune system that initiates and promotes neuroinflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 6-MP on TNF-α production by microglia to discern the molecular mechanisms of this modulation. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce an inflammatory response in cultured primary microglia or murine BV-2 microglial cells. Released TNF-α was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Signaling molecules were analyzed by western blotting, and activation of NF-κB was measured by ELISA-based DNA binding analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis was performed to examine NF-κB p65 and coactivator p300 enrichments and histone modifications at the endogenous TNF-α promoter. Results Treatment of LPS-activated microglia with 6-MP significantly attenuated TNF-α production. In 6-MP pretreated microglia, LPS-induced MAPK signaling, IκB-α degradation, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and in vitro p65 DNA binding activity were not impaired. However, 6-MP suppressed transactivation activity of NF-κB and TNF-α promoter by inhibiting phosphorylation and acetylation of p65 on Ser276 and Lys310, respectively. ChIP analyses revealed that 6-MP dampened LPS-induced histone H3 acetylation of chromatin surrounding the TNF-α promoter, ultimately leading to a decrease in p65/coactivator-mediated transcription of TNF-α gene. Furthermore, 6-MP enhanced orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 expression. Using RNA interference approach, we further demonstrated that Nur77 upregulation contribute to 6-MP-mediated inhibitory effect on TNF-α production. Additionally, 6-MP also impeded TNF-α mRNA translation through prevention of LPS-activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascades. Conclusions These results suggest that 6-MP might have a therapeutic potential in neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders through downregulation of microglia-mediated inflammatory processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0543-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Si Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
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20
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Tenga A, Beard JA, Takwi A, Wang YM, Chen T. Regulation of Nuclear Receptor Nur77 by miR-124. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148433. [PMID: 26840408 PMCID: PMC4739595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Nur77 is commonly upregulated in adult cancers and has oncogenic functions. Nur77 is an immediate-early response gene that acts as a transcription factor to promote proliferation and protect cells from apoptosis. Conversely, Nur77 can translocate to the mitochondria and induce apoptosis upon treatment with various cytotoxic agents. Because Nur77 is upregulated in cancer and may have a role in cancer progression, it is of interest to understand the mechanism controlling its expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for inhibiting translation of their target genes by binding to the 3'UTR and either degrading the mRNA or preventing it from being translated into protein, thereby making these non-coding endogenous RNAs vital regulators of every cellular process. Several miRNAs have been predicted to target Nur77; however, strong evidence showing the regulation of Nur77 by any miRNA is lacking. In this study, we used a luciferase reporter assay containing the 3'UTR of Nur77 to screen 296 miRNAs and found that miR-124, which is the most abundant miRNA in the brain and has a role in promoting neuronal differentiation, caused the greatest reduction in luciferase activity. Interestingly, we discovered an inverse relationship in Daoy medulloblastoma cells and undifferentiated granule neuron precursors in which Nur77 is upregulated and miR-124 is downregulated. Exogenous expression to further elevate Nur77 levels in Daoy cells increased proliferation and viability, but knocking down Nur77 via siRNA resulted in the opposite phenotype. Importantly, exogenous expression of miR-124 reduced Nur77 expression, cell viability, proliferation, and tumor spheroid size in 3D culture. In all, we have discovered miR-124 to be downregulated in instances of medulloblastoma in which Nur77 is upregulated, resulting in a proliferative state that abets cancer progression. This study provides evidence for increasing miR-124 expression as a potential therapy for cancers with elevated levels of Nur77.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Medulloblastoma/genetics
- Medulloblastoma/metabolism
- Medulloblastoma/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Tenga
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jordan A. Beard
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Apana Takwi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Ruiter MS, van Tiel CM, Doornbos A, Marinković G, Strang AC, Attevelt NJM, de Waard V, de Winter RJ, Steendam R, de Vries CJM. Stents Eluting 6-Mercaptopurine Reduce Neointima Formation and Inflammation while Enhancing Strut Coverage in Rabbits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138459. [PMID: 26389595 PMCID: PMC4577071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) has dramatically reduced restenosis rates compared with bare metal stents, but in-stent thrombosis remains a safety concern, necessitating prolonged dual anti-platelet therapy. The drug 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) has been shown to have beneficial effects in a cell-specific fashion on smooth muscle cells (SMC), endothelial cells and macrophages. We generated and analyzed a novel bioresorbable polymer coated DES, releasing 6-MP into the vessel wall, to reduce restenosis by inhibiting SMC proliferation and decreasing inflammation, without negatively affecting endothelialization of the stent surface. Methods Stents spray-coated with a bioresorbable polymer containing 0, 30 or 300 μg 6-MP were implanted in the iliac arteries of 17 male New Zealand White rabbits. Animals were euthanized for stent harvest 1 week after implantation for evaluation of cellular stent coverage and after 4 weeks for morphometric analyses of the lesions. Results Four weeks after implantation, the high dose of 6-MP attenuated restenosis with 16% compared to controls. Reduced neointima formation could at least partly be explained by an almost 2-fold induction of the cell cycle inhibiting kinase p27Kip1. Additionally, inflammation score, the quantification of RAM11-positive cells in the vessel wall, was significantly reduced in the high dose group with 23% compared to the control group. Evaluation with scanning electron microscopy showed 6-MP did not inhibit strut coverage 1 week after implantation. Conclusion We demonstrate that novel stents coated with a bioresorbable polymer coating eluting 6-MP inhibit restenosis and attenuate inflammation, while stimulating endothelial coverage. The 6-MP-eluting stents demonstrate that inhibition of restenosis without leaving uncovered metal is feasible, bringing stents without risk of late thrombosis one step closer to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs S. Ruiter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia M. van Tiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Goran Marinković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart C. Strang
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J. M. Attevelt
- Central Laboratory Animal Research Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J. de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J. M. de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wang WJ, Wang Y, Hou PP, Li FW, Zhou B, Chen HZ, Bian XL, Cai QX, Xing YZ, He JP, Zhang H, Huang PQ, Lin T, Wu Q. Induction of Autophagic Death in Cancer Cells by Agonizing TR3 and Attenuating Akt2 Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1040-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The interplay of NR4A receptors and the oncogene-tumor suppressor networks in cancer. Cell Signal 2014; 27:257-66. [PMID: 25446259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) subfamily 4 group A (NR4A) is a family of three highly homologous orphan nuclear receptors that have multiple physiological and pathological roles, including some in cancer. These NRs are reportedly dysregulated in multiple cancer types, with many studies demonstrating pro-oncogenic roles for NR4A1 (Nur77) and NR4A2 (Nurr1). Additionally, NR4A1 and NR4A3 (Nor-1) are described as tumor suppressors in leukemia. The dysregulation and functions of the NR4A members are due to many factors, including transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications. These various levels of intracellular regulation result from the signaling cross-talk of the NR4A members with various signaling pathways, many of which are relevant to cancer and likely explain the family members' functions in oncogenesis and tumor suppression. In this review, we discuss the multiple functions of the NR4A receptors in cancer and summarize a growing body of scientific literature that describes the interconnectedness of the NR4A receptors with various oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways.
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Huo Y, Yi B, Chen M, Wang N, Chen P, Guo C, Sun J. Induction of Nur77 by hyperoside inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:590-8. [PMID: 25316569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor that belongs to the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) subfamily, which has been implicated in a variety of biological events, such as cell apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and metabolism. Activation of Nur77 has recently been shown to be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study is to identify novel natural Nur77 activators and investigate their roles in preventing vascular diseases. By measuring Nur77 expression using quantitative RT-PCR, we screened active ingredients extracted from Chinese herb medicines with beneficial cardiovascular effects. Hyperoside (quercetin 3-D-galactoside) was identified as one of the potent activators for inducing Nur77 expression and activating its transcriptional activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We demonstrated that hyperoside, in a time and dose dependent manner, markedly increased the expression of Nur77 in rat VSMCs, with an EC50 of ∼0.83 μM. Mechanistically, we found that hyperoside significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase and its downstream target cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), both of which contributed to the hyperoside-induced Nur77 expression in rat VSMCs. Moreover, through activation of Nur77 receptor, hyperoside markedly inhibited both vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and the carotid artery ligation-induced neointimal formation in vivo. These findings demonstrate that hyperoside is a potent natural activator of Nur77 receptor, which can be potentially used for prevention and treatment of occlusive vascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Primers
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Quercetin/analogs & derivatives
- Quercetin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 368G, Philadelphia 19107, USA
| | - Bing Yi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 368G, Philadelphia 19107, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 368G, Philadelphia 19107, USA
| | - Nadan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 368G, Philadelphia 19107, USA
| | - Pengguo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room 368G, Philadelphia 19107, USA.
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25
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Qin Q, Chen M, Yi B, You X, Yang P, Sun J. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 is a novel negative regulator of endothelin-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 77:20-8. [PMID: 25284689 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) produced by vascular endothelial cells plays essential roles in the regulation of vascular tone and development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to identify novel regulators implicated in the regulation of ET-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). By using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we show that either ectopic expression of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 or pharmacological activation of Nur77 by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) substantially inhibits ET-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), under both basal and thrombin-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, thrombin-stimulated ET expression is significantly augmented in both Nur77 knockdown ECs and aort from Nur77 knockout mice, suggesting that Nur77 is a negative regulator of ET-1 expression. Inhibition of ET-1 expression by Nur77 occurs at gene transcriptional levels, since Nur77 potently inhibits ET-1 promoter activity, without affecting ET-1 mRNA stability. As shown in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Nur77 overexpression markedly inhibits both basal and thrombin-stimulated transcriptional activity of AP-1. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Nur77 specially interacts with c-Jun and inhibits AP-1 dependent c-Jun promoter activity, which leads to a decreased expression of c-Jun, a critical component involved in both AP-1 transcriptional activity and ET-1 expression in ECs. These findings demonstrate that Nur77 is a novel negative regulator of ET-1 expression in vascular ECs through an inhibitory interaction with the c-Jun/AP-1 pathway. Activation of Nur77 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy for preventing certain cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary artery hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bing Yi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xiaohua You
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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26
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Niu G, Lu L, Gan J, Zhang D, Liu J, Huang G. Dual roles of orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77/NGFI-B in mediating cell survival and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:219-58. [PMID: 25376494 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a transcriptional factor, Nur77 has sparked interests across different research fields in recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated the functional complexity of Nur77 in mediating survival/apoptosis in a variety of cells, including tumor cells. Conflicting observations also exist in clinical reports, in that TR3 behaves like an oncogene in tumors of the GI tract, lung, and breast, that is negatively associated with tumor stage and patient prognosis; while functions as a tumor suppressor gene in malignancies of the hematological and lymphatic system, skin, and ovary whose malfunction results in carcinogenesis. This chapter summarizes the apparent opposing effects of Nur77 on cells and explicates the mechanisms that determine the functional preference of Nur77. We conclude that in addition to cell type and agent context, other factors such as cellular localization, signaling pathway, and posttranslational modification also determine the final effects of Nur77 on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengming Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Main Library, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of orphan nuclear receptors are amplified and prognostic for some human cancers. However, the specific roles of these orphan nuclear receptors in tumor progression and their utility as drug targets are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the direct and indirect involvement of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer as well as their therapeutic potential in a variety of human cancers. Furthermore, we contrast the role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer with the known roles of estrogen receptor and androgen receptor in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Baek
- School of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea;
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28
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Marinković G, Hibender S, Hoogenboezem M, van Broekhoven A, Girigorie AF, Bleeker N, Hamers AA, Stap J, van Buul JD, de Vries CJ, de Waard V. Immunosuppressive Drug Azathioprine Reduces Aneurysm Progression Through Inhibition of Rac1 and c-Jun-Terminal-N-Kinase in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2380-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Marinković
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijntje Hibender
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amber van Broekhoven
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arginell F. Girigorie
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Bleeker
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A.J. Hamers
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D. van Buul
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J.M. de Vries
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (G.M., S.H., A.v.B., A.F.G., N.B., A.A.J.H., C.J.M.d.V., V.d.W.), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (M.H., J.D.v.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Abstract
Long-term memory formation requires transcription and protein synthesis. Over the past few decades, a great amount of knowledge has been gained regarding the molecular players that regulate the transcriptional program linked to memory consolidation. Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be essential for the regulation of neuronal gene expression, and histone acetylation has been one of the most studied and best characterized. In this review, we summarize the lines of evidence that have shown the relevance of histone acetylation in memory in both physiological and pathological conditions. Great advances have been made in identifying the writers and erasers of histone acetylation marks during learning. However, the identities of the upstream regulators and downstream targets that mediate the effect of changes in histone acetylation during memory consolidation remain restricted to a handful of molecules. We outline a general model by which corepressors and coactivators regulate histone acetylation during memory storage and discuss how the recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have the potential to radically change our understanding of how epigenetic control operates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Duszka K, Bogner-Strauss JG, Hackl H, Rieder D, Neuhold C, Prokesch A, Trajanoski Z, Krogsdam AM. Nr4a1 is required for fasting-induced down-regulation of Pparγ2 in white adipose tissue. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 27:135-49. [PMID: 23250487 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the nuclear receptor gene, Nur77 (Nr4a1), is induced in white adipose tissue (WAT) in response to β-adrenergic stimulation and fasting. Recently, Nur77 has been shown to play a gene regulatory role in the fasting response of several other major metabolic tissues. Here we investigated the effects of Nur77 on the WAT transcriptome after fasting. For this purpose, we performed gene expression profiling of WAT from wild-type and Nur77(-/-) mice submitted to prolonged fasting. Results revealed Nur77-dependent changes in expression profiles of 135 transcripts, many involved in insulin signaling, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Network analysis identified the deregulated genes Pparγ2 and Nur77 as central hubs and closely connected in the network, indicating overlapping biological function. We further assayed the expression level of Pparγ2 in a bigger cohort of fasted mice and found a significant Nur77-dependent down-regulation of Pparγ2 in the wild-type mice (P = 0.021, n = 10). Consistently, the expression of several known Pparγ2 targets, found among the Nur77-regulated genes (i.e. G0s2, Grp81, Fabp4, and Adipoq), were up-regulated in WAT of fasted Nur77(-/-) mice. Finally, we show with chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays that the Pparγ2 promoter is a direct target of Nurr-related 77-kDa protein (Nur77)-dependent repressive regulation and that the N-terminal domain of Nur77 is required for this regulation. In conclusion, we present data implicating Nur77 as a mediator of fasting-induced Pparγ2 regulation in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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Balasubramanian S, Jansen M, Valerius MT, Humphreys BD, Strom TB. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 promotes acute kidney injury and renal epithelial apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:674-86. [PMID: 22343121 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nur77 and its family members Nurr1 and Nor-1 are inducible orphan nuclear receptors that orchestrate cellular responses to diverse extracellular signals. In epithelia, Nur77 can act as a potent proapoptotic molecule in response to cellular stress, suggesting a possible role for this nuclear receptor in the tissue response to injury. Here, we found that Nur77 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis after AKI. Injury of proximal tubular epithelial cells rapidly and strongly induced Nur77, Nor-1, and Nurr1 both in vitro and in vivo. After renal ischemia-reperfusion, Nurr77-deficient mice exhibited less apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells and better renal function than wild-type mice. Nur77-mediated renal injury involved a conformational change of Bcl2 and an increase in the protein levels of proapoptotic Bcl-xS. Ligand-activated retinoic acid receptors repressed Nur77 induction and function. Pretreatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid before renal ischemia-reperfusion blunted the induction of Nur77, conferred protection of renal function, attenuated renal histologic injury, and reduced the expression of epithelial-derived proinflammatory cytokines. Retinoic acid also inhibited hypoxia-mediated induction of proinflammatory cytokines in cultured renal epithelial cells. Results obtained from proximal tubule cultures derived from Nur77-deficient mice suggested that the inhibition of Nur77 expression mediated the renoprotective effects of retinoic acid. In summary, Nur77 promotes epithelial apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury, and retinoic acid-mediated inhibition of Nur77 expression is a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithri Balasubramanian
- Department of Medicine, The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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32
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Kang SA, Na H, Kang HJ, Kim SH, Lee MH, Lee MO. Regulation of Nur77 protein turnover through acetylation and deacetylation induced by p300 and HDAC1. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:867-73. [PMID: 20438716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the roles of Nur77, an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, in the control of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and glucose metabolism, are well recognized, the molecular mechanism regulating the activity and expression of Nur77 is not fully understood. Acetylation of transcription factors has emerged recently as a major post-translational modification that regulates protein stability and transcriptional activity. Here, we examined whether Nur77 is acetylated, and we characterized potential associated factors. First, Nur77 was found to be an acetylated protein when examined by immunoprecipitation and western blotting using acetyl protein-specific antibodies. Second, expression of p300, which possesses histone acetyltransferase activity, enhanced the acetylation and protein stability of Nur77. Treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A, also increased Nur77 acetylation. Among the several types of HDACs, HDAC1 was found as the major enzyme affecting protein level of Nur77. HDAC1 decreased the acetylation level, protein level, and transcriptional activity of Nur77. Interestingly, overexpression of Nur77 induced expression of both p300 and HDAC1. Finally, the expression of Nur77 increased along with that of p300, but decreased with induction of HDAC1 after treatment with epithelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, or 6-mercaptopurine, suggesting that the self-control of the acetylation status contributes to the transient induction of Nur77 protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate that acetylation of Nur77 is modulated by p300 and HDAC1, and suggest that acetylation is an important post-translational modification for the rapid turnover of Nur77 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX Institute, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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33
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Pols TWH, Bonta PI, Pires NMM, Otermin I, Vos M, de Vries MR, van Eijk M, Roelofsen J, Havekes LM, Quax PHA, van Kuilenburg ABP, de Waard V, Pannekoek H, de Vries CJM. 6-mercaptopurine inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e*3-leiden transgenic mice through atheroprotective actions on monocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1591-7. [PMID: 20413732 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.205674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), the active metabolite of the immunosuppressive prodrug azathioprine, is commonly used in autoimmune diseases and transplant recipients, who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Here, we aimed to gain knowledge on the action of 6-MP in atherosclerosis, with a focus on monocytes and macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that 6-MP induces apoptosis of THP-1 monocytes, involving decreased expression of the intrinsic antiapoptotic factors B-cell CLL/Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl-x(L)). In addition, we show that 6-MP decreases expression of the monocyte adhesion molecules platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and inhibits monocyte adhesion. Screening of a panel of cytokines relevant to atherosclerosis revealed that 6-MP robustly inhibits monocyte chemoattractant chemokine-1 (MCP-1) expression in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, local delivery of 6-MP to the vessel wall, using a drug-eluting cuff, attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice (P<0.05). In line with our in vitro data, this inhibition of atherosclerosis by 6-MP was accompanied with decreased lesion monocyte chemoattractant chemokine-1 levels, enhanced vascular apoptosis, and reduced macrophage content. CONCLUSIONS We report novel, previously unrecognized atheroprotective actions of 6-MP in cultured monocytes/macrophages and in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, providing further insight into the effect of the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs W H Pols
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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34
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The hypoxia-inducible factor 1/NOR-1 axis regulates the survival response of endothelial cells to hypoxia. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5828-42. [PMID: 19720740 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00945-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces apoptosis but also triggers adaptive mechanisms to ensure cell survival. Here we show that the prosurvival effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in endothelial cells are mediated by neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR-1). The overexpression of NOR-1 decreased the rate of endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis in cultures exposed to hypoxia, while the inhibition of NOR-1 increased cell apoptosis. Hypoxia upregulated NOR-1 mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Blocking antibodies against VEGF or SU5614 (a VEGF receptor 2 inhibitor) did not prevent hypoxia-induced NOR-1 expression, suggesting that NOR-1 is not induced by the autocrine secretion of VEGF in response to hypoxia. The reduction of HIF-1 alpha protein levels by small interfering RNAs, or by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway or mTOR, significantly counteracted hypoxia-induced NOR-1 upregulation. Intracellular Ca(2+) was involved in hypoxia-induced PI3K/Akt activation and in the downstream NOR-1 upregulation. A hypoxia response element mediated the transcriptional activation of NOR-1 induced by hypoxia as we show by transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, the attenuation of NOR-1 expression reduced both basal and hypoxia-induced cIAP2 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2) mRNA levels, while NOR-1 overexpression upregulated cIAP2. Therefore, NOR-1 is a downstream effector of HIF-1 signaling involved in the survival response of endothelial cells to hypoxia.
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35
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Kim EJ, Yoo YG, Yang WK, Lim YS, Na TY, Lee IK, Lee MO. Transcriptional activation of HIF-1 by RORalpha and its role in hypoxia signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1796-802. [PMID: 18658046 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.171546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is primarily involved in the adapting of cells to changes in oxygen levels, which is essential for normal vascular function. Recently, physiological roles for retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORalpha) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we have investigated the potential roles of RORalpha in the hypoxia signaling pathway in connection with activation of HIF-1alpha. METHODS AND RESULTS Under hypoxic conditions, expression of RORalpha was induced. When RORalpha was introduced exogenously, protein level as well as transcriptional activity of HIF-1alpha was enhanced. Putative ligands of RORalpha, such as melatonin and cholesterol sulfate, induced transcriptional activity for HIF-1alpha, which was abolished by RNA interference against RORalpha. RORalpha was physically associated with HIF-1alpha through DNA binding domain, which was required to the RORalpha-induced stabilization and transcriptional activation of HIF-1alpha. Finally, either infection with adenovirus encoding RORalpha or treatment with ROR ligands enhanced the formation of capillary tubes by human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a new insight for the function of RORalpha in amplification of hypoxia signaling and suggest a potential application of RORalpha ligands for the therapy of hypoxia-associated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The nuclear orphan receptors Nur77 (NR4A1), Nurr1 (NR4A2) and NOR-1 (NR4A3) are known to be involved in T-cell apoptosis, brain development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we review our current understanding of the NR4A nuclear receptors in processes that are relevant to vascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS NR4A nuclear receptors have recently been described to play a role in metabolism by regulating gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, energy expenditure, and adipogenesis. The function of NR4A nuclear receptors has also extensively been investigated in cells crucial in vascular lesion formation, such as macrophages, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. SUMMARY The involvement of NR4A nuclear receptors in both metabolism and in processes in the vessel wall supports a substantial role for NR4A nuclear receptors in the development of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs W H Pols
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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