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van Waardenburg RCAM, Falany CN. Sulfotransferase 4A1 Coding Sequence and Protein Structure Are Highly Conserved in Vertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:914. [PMID: 39062693 PMCID: PMC11275347 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of sulfonate to endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, increasing their hydrophilicity and excretion from cells. To date, 13 human SULTs have been identified and classified into five families. SULT4A1 mRNA encodes two variants: (1) the wild type, encoding a 284 amino acid, ~33 kDa protein, and (2) an alternative spliced variant resulting from a 126 bp insert between exon 6 and 7, which introduces a premature stop codon that enhances nonsense-mediated decay. SULT4A1 is classified as an SULT based on sequence and structural similarities, including PAPS-domains, active-site His, and the dimerization domain; however, the catalytic pocket lid 'Loop 3' size is not conserved. SULT4A1 is uniquely expressed in the brain and localized in the cytosol and mitochondria. SULT4A1 is highly conserved, with rare intronic polymorphisms that have no outward manifestations. However, the SULT4A1 haplotype is correlated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome and schizophrenia. SULT4A1 knockdown revealed potential SULT4A1 functions in photoreceptor signaling and knockout mice display hampered neuronal development and behavior. Mouse and yeast models revealed that SULT4A1 protects the mitochondria from endogenously and exogenously induced oxidative stress and stimulates cell division, promoting dendritic spines' formation and synaptic transmission. To date, no physiological enzymatic activity has been associated with SULT4A1.
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Kurogi K, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Evolution and multiple functions of sulfonation and cytosolic sulfotransferases across species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:368-380. [PMID: 38271594 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Hashiguchi T, Kakuta Y, Kanekiyo M, Teramoto T, Fukushima T, Bamba T, Matsumoto J, Fukusaki E, Kataoka H, Suiko M. A new type of sulfation reaction: C-sulfonation for α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups by a novel sulfotransferase SULT7A1. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae097. [PMID: 38487162 PMCID: PMC10939482 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are cytosolic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfonate group to key endogenous compounds, altering the physiological functions of their substrates. SULT enzymes catalyze the O-sulfonation of hydroxy groups or N-sulfonation of amino groups of substrate compounds. In this study, we report the discovery of C-sulfonation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups mediated by a new SULT enzyme, SULT7A1, and human SULT1C4. Enzymatic assays revealed that SULT7A1 is capable of transferring the sulfonate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the α-carbon of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds, including cyclopentenone prostaglandins as representative endogenous substrates. Structural analyses of SULT7A1 suggest that the C-sulfonation reaction is catalyzed by a novel mechanism mediated by His and Cys residues in the active site. Ligand-activity assays demonstrated that sulfonated 15-deoxy prostaglandin J2 exhibits antagonist activity against the prostaglandin receptor EP2 and the prostacyclin receptor IP. Modification of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups via the new prostaglandin-sulfonating enzyme, SULT7A1, may regulate the physiological function of prostaglandins in the gut. Discovery of C-sulfonation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups will broaden the spectrum of potential substrates and physiological functions of SULTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takuyu Hashiguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miho Kanekiyo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jin Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Marchak A, Neilson KM, Majumdar HD, Yamauchi K, Klein SL, Moody SA. The sulfotransferase XB5850668.L is required to apportion embryonic ectodermal domains. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1407-1427. [PMID: 37597164 PMCID: PMC10842325 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the sulfotransferase superfamily (SULT) influence the activity of a wide range of hormones, neurotransmitters, metabolites and xenobiotics. However, their roles in developmental processes are not well characterized even though they are expressed during embryogenesis. We previously found in a microarray screen that Six1 up-regulates LOC100037047, which encodes XB5850668.L, an uncharacterized sulfotransferase. RESULTS Since Six1 is required for patterning the embryonic ectoderm into its neural plate, neural crest, preplacodal and epidermal domains, we used loss- and gain-of function assays to characterize the role of XB5850668.L during this process. Knockdown of endogenous XB5850668.L resulted in the reduction of epidermal, neural crest, cranial placode and otic vesicle gene expression domains, concomitant with neural plate expansion. Increased levels had minimal effects, but infrequently expanded neural plate and neural crest gene domains, and infrequently reduced cranial placode and otic vesicle gene domains. Mutation of two key amino acids in the sulfotransferase catalytic domain required for PAPS binding and enzymatic activity tended to reduce the effects of overexpressing the wild-type protein. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indicates that XB5850668.L is a member of the SULT2 family that plays important roles in patterning the embryonic ectoderm. Some aspects of its influence likely depend on sulfotransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marchak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karen M Neilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Himani D Majumdar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Steven L Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sato K, Yamauchi K, Ishihara A. Analysis of evolutionary and functional features of the bullfrog SULT1 family. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 342:114349. [PMID: 37495023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana sulfotransferase 1 (SULT1) family from the BLAST search tool of the public databases based on the SULT1 families of Nanorana parkeri, Xenopus laevis, and Xenopus tropicalis as queries, revealing the characteristics of the anuran SULT1 family. The results showed that the anuran SULT1 family comprises six subfamilies, four of which were related to the mammalian SULT1 subfamily. Additionally, the bullfrog has two SULT1Cc subfamily members that are consistent with the characteristics of the expanded Xenopus SULT1C subfamily. Several members of the bullfrog SULT1 family were suggested to play important roles in sulfation during metamorphosis. Among these, cDNAs encoding SULT1Cc1 and SULT1Y1 were cloned, and the sulfation activity was analyzed using recombinant proteins. The affinity for 2-naphthol and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and the enzymatic reaction rate were higher in SULT1Cc1 than in SULT1Y1. Both the enzymes showed inhibitory effect of many thyroid hormones (THs) analogs on the sulfation of 2-naphthol. The potency of sulfation activities of SULT1Cc1 and SULT1Y1 against T4 indicated their possible role in the intracellular T4 clearance during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sato
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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Öeren M, Kaempf SC, Ponting DJ, Hunt PA, Segall MD. Predicting Regioselectivity of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase Metabolism for Drugs. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37229540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a family of enzymes responsible for the sulfation of small endogenous and exogenous compounds. SULTs contribute to the conjugation phase of metabolism and share substrates with the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes. UGTs are considered to be the most important enzymes in the conjugation phase, and SULTs are an auxiliary enzyme system to them. Understanding how the regioselectivity of SULTs differs from that of UGTs is essential from the perspective of developing novel drug candidates. We present a general ligand-based SULT model trained and tested using high-quality experimental regioselectivity data. The current study suggests that, unlike other metabolic enzymes in the modification and conjugation phases, the SULT regioselectivity is not strongly influenced by the activation energy of the rate-limiting step of the catalysis. Instead, the prominent role is played by the substrate binding site of SULT. Thus, the model is trained only on steric and orientation descriptors, which mimic the binding pocket of SULT. The resulting classification model, which predicts whether a site is metabolized, achieved a Cohen's kappa of 0.71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Sylvia C Kaempf
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
- School of Chemistry, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, U.K
| | - Peter A Hunt
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Matthew D Segall
- Cambridge Innovation Park, Optibrium Limited, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
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Kurogi K, Cao Y, Segawa K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Uetrecht J, Liu MC. Sulfation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine by human SULTs and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115243. [PMID: 36084709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV infections, but its use is limited by a high incidence of severe skin rash and liver injury. 12-Hydroxynevirapine (12-OH-NVP) is the major metabolite of nevirapine. There is strong evidence that the sulfate of 12-OH-NVP is responsible for the skin rash. While several cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) have been shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP, the exact mechanism of sulfation in vivo is unclear. The current study aimed to clarify human SULT(s) and human organs that are capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP and investigate the metabolic sulfation of 12-OH-NVP using cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Enzymatic assays revealed that of the thirteen human SULTs, SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 displayed strong 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity. 1-Phenyl-1-hexanol (PHHX), which applied topically prevents the skin rash in rats, inhibited 12-OH-NVP sulfation by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1, implying the involvement of these two enzymes in the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP in vivo. Among five human organ cytosols analyzed, liver cytosol displayed the strongest 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a low but significant activity was detected with skin cytosol. Cultured HepG2 cells were shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 genes on the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 allozymes were investigated. Two SULT1A1 allozymes, Arg37Asp and Met223Val, showed no detectable 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a SULT2A1 allozyme, Met57Thr, displayed significantly higher 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Collectively, these results contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of sulfation in NVP-induced skin rash and provide clues to the possible role of SULT genetic polymorphisms in the risk of this adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yanshan Cao
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Koshi Segawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Kurogi K, Manabe Y, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of common marmoset SULT1C subfamily members that catalyze the sulfation of thyroid hormones. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2113-2120. [PMID: 34370005 PMCID: PMC8458394 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT1C subfamily is one of the most flexible gene subfamilies during mammalian evolution. The physiological functions of SULT1C enzymes still remain to be fully understood. In this study, common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a promising primate animal model, was used to investigate the functional relevance of the SULT1C subfamily. Gene database search revealed 3 intact SULT1C genes and a pseudogene in its genome. These 4 genes were named SULT1C1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3P, and SULT1C5, according to the sequence homology and gene location. Since SULT1C5 is the orthologous gene for human SULT1C2P, we propose, here, to revisit the designation of human SULT1C2P to SULT1C5P. Purified recombinant SULT1C enzymes showed sulfating activities toward a variety of xenobiotic compounds and thyroid hormones. Kinetic analysis revealed high catalytic activities of SULT1C1 and SULT1C5 for 3,3'-T2. It appears therefore that SULT1C isoforms may play a role in the thyroid hormone metabolism in common marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Manabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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9
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Truong VL, Jun M, Jeong WS. Phytochemical and Over-The-Counter Drug Interactions: Involvement of Phase I and II Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Phase III Transporters. J Med Food 2021; 24:786-805. [PMID: 34382862 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of plant-derived natural products and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is increasing on a global scale, and studies of phytochemical-OTC drug interactions are becoming more significant. The intake of dietary plants and herbs rich in phytochemicals may affect drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. These effects may lead to alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of OTC drugs when concomitantly administered. Some phytochemical-drug interactions benefit patients through enhanced efficacy, but many interactions cause adverse effects. This review discusses possible mechanisms of phytochemical-OTC drug interactions mediated by phase I and II DMEs and phase III transporters. In addition, current information is summarized for interactions between phytochemicals derived from fruits, vegetables, and herbs and OTC drugs, and counseling is provided on appropriate and safe use of OTC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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11
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Gohal SA, Rasool MI, Bairam AF, Alatwi ES, Alherz FA, Abunnaja MS, El Daibani AA, Kurogi K, Liu MC. Effects of Genetic Polymorphisms on the Sulfation of Doxorubicin by Human SULT1C4 Allozymes. J Biochem 2021; 170:419-426. [PMID: 33950190 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug widely utilized in cancer treatment. An enzyme critical to doxorubicin metabolism is the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT1C4. This study investigated the functional impact of SULT1C4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the sulfation of doxorubicin by SULT1C4 allozymes. A comprehensive database search was performed to identify various SULT1C4 SNPs. Ten nonsynonymous SULT1C4 SNPs were selected, and the corresponding cDNAs, packaged in pGEX-2TK expression vector, were generated via site-directed mutagenesis. Respective SULT1C4 allozymes were bacterially expressed and purified by affinity chromatography. Purified SULT1C4 allozymes, in comparison with the wild-type enzyme, were analyzed for sulfating activities toward doxorubicin and 4-nitrophenol, a prototype substrate. Results obtained showed clearly differential doxorubicin-sulfating activity of SULT1C4 allozymes, implying differential metabolism of doxorubicin through sulfation in individuals with distinct SULT1C4 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A Gohal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Eid S Alatwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192 Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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Sun Y, Machalz D, Wolber G, Parr MK, Bureik M. Functional Expression of All Human Sulfotransferases in Fission Yeast, Assay Development, and Structural Models for Isoforms SULT4A1 and SULT6B1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1517. [PMID: 33171978 PMCID: PMC7694633 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze phase II (conjugation) reactions of drugs and endogenous compounds. A complete set of recombinant fission yeast strains each expressing one of the 14 human SULTs was generated, including SULT4A1 and SULT6B1. Sulfation of test substrates by whole-cell biotransformation was successfully demonstrated for all enzymes for which substrates were previously known. The results proved that the intracellular production of the cofactor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) necessary for SULT activity in fission yeast is sufficiently high to support metabolite production. A modified variant of sulfotransferase assay was also developed that employs permeabilized fission yeast cells (enzyme bags). Using this approach, SULT4A1-dependent sulfation of 1-naphthol was observed. Additionally, a new and convenient SULT activity assay is presented. It is based on the sulfation of a proluciferin compound, which was catalyzed by SULT1E1, SULT2A1, SULT4A1, and SULT6B1. For the latter two enzymes this study represents the first demonstration of their enzymatic functionality. Furthermore, the first catalytically competent homology models for SULT4A1 and SULT6B1 in complex with PAPS are reported. Through mechanistic molecular modeling driven by substrate docking, we pinned down the increased activity levels of these two isoforms to optimized substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Machalz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (G.W.)
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (G.W.)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
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13
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El Daibani AA, Alherz FA, Abunnaja MS, Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Kurogi K, Liu MC. Impact of Human SULT1E1 Polymorphisms on the Sulfation of 17β-Estradiol, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen, and Diethylstilbestrol by SULT1E1 Allozymes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:105-118. [PMID: 33064293 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have revealed that sulfation, as mediated by the estrogen-sulfating cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT1E1, is involved in the metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OH-tamoxifen), and diethylstilbestrol in humans. It is an interesting question whether the genetic polymorphisms of SULT1E1, the gene that encodes the SULT1E1 enzyme, may impact on the metabolism of E2 and these two drug compounds through sulfation. METHODS In this study, five missense coding single nucleotide polymorphisms of the SULT1E1 gene were selected to investigate the sulfating activity of the coded SULT1E1 allozymes toward E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol. Corresponding cDNAs were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, and recombinant SULT1E1 allozymes were bacterially expressed, affinity-purified, and characterized using enzymatic assays. RESULTS Purified SULT1E1 allozymes were shown to display differential sulfating activities toward E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol. Kinetic analysis revealed further distinct Km (reflecting substrate affinity) and Vmax (reflecting catalytic activity) values of the five SULT1E1 allozymes with E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol as substrates. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings highlighted the significant differences in E2-, as well as the drug-sulfating activities of SULT1E1 allozymes, which may have implications in the differential metabolism of E2, 4OH-tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol in individuals with different SULT1E1 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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14
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Idris M, Mitchell DJ, Gordon R, Sidharthan NP, Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Interaction of the Brain-Selective Sulfotransferase SULT4A1 with Other Cytosolic Sulfotransferases: Effects on Protein Expression and Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:337-344. [PMID: 32152050 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 is a brain-selective sulfotransferase-like protein that has recently been shown to be essential for normal neuronal development in mice. In the present study, SULT4A1 was found to colocalize with SULT1A1/3 in human brain neurons. Using immunoprecipitation, SULT4A1 was shown to interact with both SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 when expressed in human cells. Mutation of the conserved dimerization motif located in the C terminus of the sulfotransferases prevented this interaction. Both ectopically expressed and endogenous SULT4A1 decreased SULT1A1/3 protein levels in neuronal cells, and this was also prevented by mutation of the dimerization motif. During differentiation of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, there was a loss in SULT1A1/3 protein but an increase in SULT4A1 protein. This resulted in an increase in the toxicity of dopamine, a substrate for SULT1A3. Inhibition of SULT4A1 using small interference RNA abrogated the loss in SULT1A1/3 and reversed dopamine toxicity. These results show a reciprocal relationship between SULT4A1 and the other sulfotransferases, suggesting that it may act as a chaperone to control the expression of SULT1A1/3 in neuronal cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The catalytically inactive sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 may regulate the function of other SULTs by interacting with them via a conserved dimerization motif. In neuron-like cells, SULT4A1 is able to modulate dopamine toxicity by interacting with SULT1A3, potentially decreasing the metabolism of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misgana Idris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deanne J Mitchell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neelima P Sidharthan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Abunnaja MS, Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Kurogi K, Liu MC. Effect of SULT2B1 genetic polymorphisms on the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone by SULT2B1b allozymes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 496:110535. [PMID: 31400397 PMCID: PMC6733586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are hydroxysteroids that serve as biosynthetic precursors for steroid hormones in human body. SULT2B1b has been reported to be critically involved in the sulfation of pregnenolone and DHEA, particularly in the sex steroid-responsive tissues. The current study was designed to investigate the impact of the genetic polymorphisms of SULT2B1 on the sulfation of DHEA and pregnenolone by SULT2B1b allozymes. Ten SULT2B1b allozymes previously prepared were shown to exhibit differential sulfating activities toward DHEA and pregnenolone in comparison to the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic studies revealed further significant changes in their substrate-binding affinity and catalytic activity toward DHEA and pregnenolone. Taken together, these results indicated clearly a profound effect of SULT2B1 genetic polymorphisms on the sulfating activity of SULT2B1b allozymes toward DHEA and pregnenolone, which may have implications in inter-individual variations in the homeostasis of these two important steroid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq.
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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16
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Uno Y, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Molecular and functional characterization of cytosolic sulfotransferases in cynomolgus macaque. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:153-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Alherz FA, Abunnaja MS, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. On the role of genetic polymorphisms in the sulfation of cholesterol by human cytosolic sulphotransferase SULT2B1b. J Biochem 2018; 164:215-221. [PMID: 29701841 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphated cholesterol, like its unsulphated counterpart, is known to be biologically active and serves a myriad of biochemical/physiological functions. Of the 13 human cytosolic sulphotransferases (SULTs), SULT2B1b has been reported as the main enzyme responsible for the sulphation of cholesterol. As such, SULT2B1b may play the role as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism. Variations in the sulphating activity of SULT2B1b may affect the sulphation of cholesterol and, consequently, the related physiological events. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the genetic polymorphisms on the sulphation of cholesterol by SULT2B1b. Ten recombinant SULT2B1b allozymes were generated, expressed, and purified. Purified SULT2B1b allozymes were shown to display differential cholesterol-sulphating activities, compared with the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic studies revealed further their distinct substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency toward cholesterol. These findings showed clearly the impact of genetic polymorphisms on the cholesterol-sulphating activity of SULT2B1b allozymes, which may underscore the differential metabolism of cholesterol in individuals with different SULT2B1b genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA
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18
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Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. The critical role of His48 in mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT2A8 for the 7α-hydroxyl sulfation of bile acids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1359-1365. [PMID: 29685090 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1464897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT2A subfamily are known to be critically involved in the homeostasis of steroids and bile acids. SULT2A8, a 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-preferring mouse SULT, has been identified as the major enzyme responsible for the mouse-specific 7-O-sulfation of bile acids. Interestingly, SULT2A8 lacks a conservative catalytic His residue at position 99th. The catalytic mechanism underlying the SULT2A8-mediated 7-O-sulfation of bile acids thus remained unclear. In this study, we performed a mutational analysis in order to gain insight into this yet-unresolved issue. Results obtained revealed two amino acid residues, His48 and Leu99, that are unique to the mouse SULT2A8, but not other SULTs, are essential for its 7-O-sulfating activity toward bile acids. These findings suggested that substitutions of two amino acids, which might have occurred during the evolution of the mouse SULT2A8 gene, endowed mouse SULT2A8 the capacity to catalyze the 7-O-sulfation of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shimohira
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- c Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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19
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Leung AWY, Backstrom I, Bally MB. Sulfonation, an underexploited area: from skeletal development to infectious diseases and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55811-55827. [PMID: 27322429 PMCID: PMC5342455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. Sulfonation is ubiquitous in all tissues and widespread in nature (plants, animals, and microorganisms). Although sulfoconjugates were discovered over a century ago when, in 1875, Baumann isolated phenyl sulfate in the urine of a patient given phenol as an antiseptic, the significance of sulfonation and its roles in human diseases have been underappreciated until recent years. Here, we provide a current overview of the significance of sulfonation reactions in a variety of biological functions and medical conditions (with emphasis on cancer). We also discuss research areas that warrant further attention if we are to fully understand how deficiencies in sulfonation could impact human health which, in turn, could help define treatments to effect improvements in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Quiñones-Pérez B, VanNoy GE, Towne MC, Shen Y, Singh MN, Agrawal PB, Smith SE. Three-generation family with novel contiguous gene deletion on chromosome 2p22 associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:560-569. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Quiñones-Pérez
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Division of General Pediatrics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Grace E. VanNoy
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Meghan C. Towne
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yiping Shen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Michael N. Singh
- Department of Cardiology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Division of Newborn Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sharon E. Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
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21
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Kurogi K, Shimohira T, Kouriki-Nagatomo H, Zhang G, Miller ER, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Human Cytosolic Sulphotransferase SULT1C3: genomic analysis and functional characterization of splice variant SULT1C3a and SULT1C3d. J Biochem 2017; 162:403-414. [PMID: 28992322 PMCID: PMC5892403 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic sulphotransferase SULT1C3 remained the most poorly understood human SULT. The SULT1C3 gene has been shown to contain alternative exons 7 and 8, raising the question concerning their evolutionary origin and implying the generation of multiple SULT1C3 variants. Two SULT1C3 splice variants, SULT1C3a and SULT1C3d, were investigated to verify the impact of alternative C-terminal sequences on their sulphating activity. Sequence homology and gene location analyses were performed to verify the orthology of the SULT1C3 gene. The SULT1C3 gene appears to be present only in humans and other primates, but alternative exons 7b and 8b share high degrees of homology with corresponding regions of rodent SULT1C1 genes, implying their evolutionary origin being from a defunct human SULT1C1 gene. Purified recombinant SULT1C3a and SULT1C3d were analyzed for sulphating activities toward a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. While SULT1C3a displayed weaker activities and strict substrate specificity toward hydroxyl-chlorinated biphenyls, SULT1C3d exhibited broader substrate specificity toward bile acids and thyroid hormones as well as hydroxyl-chlorinated biphenyls. Molecular docking simulation suggested that Tyr249 and Met257 may play an important role in substrate recognition by SULT1C3d. Alternative splicing of exons 7 and 8 sequences resulted in differential catalytic properties of SULT1C3 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shimohira
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Haruna Kouriki-Nagatomo
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ethan R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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22
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Alherz FA, Almarghalani DA, Hussein NA, Kurogi K, Liu MC. A reappraisal of the 6-O-desmethylnaproxen-sulfating activity of the human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:647-651. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to obtain a comprehensive account of the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) that are capable of sulfating 6-O-desmethylnaproxen (O-DMN), a major metabolite of naproxen. Of the 13 known human SULTs tested, 7 (SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1C2, SULT1C4, and SULT1E1) displayed O-DMN-sulfating activity, when analyzed using an elevated substrate concentration (500 μmol·L−1) together with 14 μmol·L−1 of the sulfate donor, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS). At 10 μmol·L−1 O-DMN concentration, however, only SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 displayed detectable activity, with the former being nearly 2 orders of magnitude more active than the latter. A pH-dependence study indicated that SULT1A1 exhibited a broad pH optimum spanning pH 5.5–7. Kinetic parameters of the sulfation of O-DMN by SULT1A1 were determined. The production and release of sulfated O-DMN was demonstrated using cultured human HepG2 hepatoma cells and Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells. Moreover, assays using human organ specimens revealed that the O-DMN-sulfating activities present in the cytosols of liver and small intestine (at 502.5 and 497.2 pmol·min−1·(mg protein)−1, respectively) were much higher than those detected for the cytosols of lung and kidney. Taken together, these results provided relevant information concerning the sulfation of O-DMN both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A. Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Daniyah A. Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Noor A. Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Hashiguchi T, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Regioselective production of sulfated polyphenols using human cytosolic sulfotransferase-expressing Escherichia coli cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:84-90. [PMID: 28286122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols present in fruits and vegetables have been reported to manifest beneficial health effects on humans. Polyphenol metabolites including their sulfated derivatives have been shown to be biologically active. Primarily due to the difficulty in preparing regiospecific sulfated polyphenols for detailed investigations, the exact functions of sulfated polyphenols, however, remain unclear. The current study aimed to develop a procedure for the regioselective production of sulfated polyphenols using Escherichia coli cells expressing human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). Two regioisomers of sulfated genistein were produced by E. coli cells expressing human SULT1A3, SULT1C4, or SULT1E1, and purified using Diaion HP20 resin, followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Structural analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that E. coli cells expressing SULT1A3 preferentially produced genistein 4'-sulfate, whereas E. coli cells expressing SULT1C4 preferentially produced genistein 7-sulfate. To improve the bioproductivity, the effects of several factors including the concentrations of glucose and SO42-, and growth temperature were investigated. The bioproduction procedure established in this study will be valuable for the production of regioselective sulfated polyphenols for use in future studies on their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shimohira
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takuyu Hashiguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Saengtienchai A, Ikenaka Y, Bortey-Sam N, Jermnark U, Mizukawa H, Kawai YK, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M. The African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris): Low phase I and phase II metabolism activities. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 190:38-47. [PMID: 27544300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The African hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris, is a spiny mammal that has become popular as an exotic pet in many countries. To elucidate the ability of hedgehogs to metabolize xenobiotics, the animals were exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pyrene. The in vivo exposure study indicated that pyrene was biotransformed to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, such as pyrene-1-glucuronide, pyrene-1-sulfate, and pyrenediol-sulfate, and excreted in the urine. Pyrene-1-glucuronide was the main metabolite, and limited sulfate conjugate excretion was observed. The main products excreted in feces were 1-hydroxypyrene and pyrene. Based on the results of the in vivo exposure study, in vitro enzymatic kinetic experiments were performed using various substrates and compared to rats and pigs. The enzyme efficiencies of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and warfarin 4'-, 6-, and 8-hydroxylation activity in hedgehogs were lower than those of rats. Furthermore, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in hedgehogs also had a lower Km value than that in pigs. Interestingly, the enzyme efficiencies of sulfation activity toward 1-hydroxypyrene and β-estradiol in hedgehogs were significantly lower than those in pigs. These observations suggested that phenol and estrogen sulfotransferases may have limited roles in xenobiotic metabolism in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksorn Saengtienchai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Usuma Jermnark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, ,Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Suiko M, Kurogi K, Hashiguchi T, Sakakibara Y, Liu MC. Updated perspectives on the cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) and SULT-mediated sulfation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:63-72. [PMID: 27649811 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1222266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase II detoxifying enzymes that mediate the sulfate conjugation of numerous xenobiotic molecules. While the research on the SULTs has lagged behind the research on Phase I cytochrome P-450 enzymes and other Phase II conjugating enzymes, it has gained more momentum in recent years. This review aims to summarize information obtained in several fronts of the research on the SULTs, including the range of the SULTs in different life forms, concerted actions of the SULTs and other Phase II enzymes, insights into the structure-function relationships of the SULTs, regulation of SULT expression and activity, developmental expression of SULTs, as well as the use of a zebrafish model for studying the developmental pharmacology/toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Suiko
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Takuyu Hashiguchi
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- b Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
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Dubaisi S, Fang H, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Transcriptional Regulation of Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1C3 by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in LS180 Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:562-569. [PMID: 27565680 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C3 (SULT1C3) is the least characterized of the three human SULT1C subfamily members. Originally identified as an orphan SULT by computational analysis of the human genome, we recently reported that SULT1C3 is expressed in human intestine and LS180 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and is upregulated by agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and γ To determine the mechanism responsible for PPAR-mediated upregulation, we prepared reporter plasmids containing fragments of the SULT1C3 5'-flanking region. During initial attempts to amplify a 2.8-kb fragment from different sources of human genomic DNA, a 1.9-kb fragment was sometimes coamplified with the expected 2.8-kb fragment. Comparison of the 1.9-kb fragment sequence to the published SULT1C3 5'-flanking sequence revealed an 863-nt deletion (nt -146 to -1008 relative to the transcription start site). Transfection analysis in LS180 cells demonstrated that PPARα, δ, and γ agonist treatments induced luciferase expression from a reporter plasmid containing the 2.8-kb but not the 1.9-kb fragment. The PPAR agonists also activated a 1-kb reporter containing the 863-nt deletion region. Computational analysis identified three peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) within the 863-nt region and serial deletions and site-directed mutations indicated that the most distal PPRE (at nt -769) was essential for obtaining PPAR-mediated transcriptional activation. Although agonists of all three PPARs could activate SULT1C3 transcription, RNA interference analysis indicated the predominance of PPARγ These data demonstrate that the PPARγ regulatory network includes SULT1C3 and imply that this enzyme contributes to the control of such PPARγ-regulated intestinal processes as growth, differentiation, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dubaisi
- Department of Pharmacology (S.D.) and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (H.F., T.A.K, M.R.-M.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hailin Fang
- Department of Pharmacology (S.D.) and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (H.F., T.A.K, M.R.-M.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Department of Pharmacology (S.D.) and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (H.F., T.A.K, M.R.-M.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Department of Pharmacology (S.D.) and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (H.F., T.A.K, M.R.-M.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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27
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Zhao M, Wang S, Li F, Dong D, Wu B. Arylsulfatase B Mediates the Sulfonation-Transport Interplay in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells Overexpressing Sulfotransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1441-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN, Richert L, Vos JC. Inter-donor variability of phase I/phase II metabolism of three reference drugs in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes in suspension and monolayer. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Coughtrie MWH. Function and organization of the human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) family. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:2-7. [PMID: 27174136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sulfuryl transfer reaction is of fundamental biological importance. One of the most important manifestations of this process are the reactions catalyzed by members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily. These enzymes transfer the sulfuryl moiety from the universal donor PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to a wide variety of substrates with hydroxyl- or amino-groups. Normally a detoxification reaction this facilitates the elimination of a multitude of xenobiotics, although for some molecules sulfation is a bioactivation step. In addition, sulfation plays a key role in endocrine and other signalling pathways since many steroids, sterols, thyroid hormones and catecholamines exist primarily as sulfate conjugates in humans. This article summarizes much of our current knowledge of the organization and function of the human cytosolic sulfotransferases and highlights some of the important interspecies differences that have implications for, among other things, drug development and chemical safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W H Coughtrie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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30
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PharmGKB summary: pathways of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:416-26. [PMID: 26049587 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Rižner TL. The Important Roles of Steroid Sulfatase and Sulfotransferases in Gynecological Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 26924986 PMCID: PMC4757672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological diseases such as endometriosis, adenomyosis and uterine fibroids, and gynecological cancers including endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer, affect a large proportion of women. These diseases are estrogen dependent, and their progression often depends on local estrogen formation. In peripheral tissues, estrogens can be formed from the inactive precursors dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and estrone sulfate. Sulfatase and sulfotransferases have pivotal roles in these processes, where sulfatase hydrolyzes estrone sulfate to estrone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone, and sulfotransferases catalyze the reverse reactions. Further activation of estrone to the most potent estrogen, estradiol, is catalyzed by 17-ketosteroid reductases, while estradiol can also be formed from dehydroepiandrosterone by the sequential actions of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ4-isomerase, aromatase, and 17-ketosteroid reductase. This review introduces the sulfatase and sulfotransferase enzymes, in terms of their structures and reaction mechanisms, and the regulation and different transcripts of their genes, together with the importance of their currently known single nucleotide polymorphisms. Data on expression of sulfatase and sulfotransferases in gynecological diseases are also reviewed. There are often unchanged mRNA and protein levels in diseased tissue, with higher sulfatase activities in cancerous endometrium, ovarian cancer cell lines, and adenomyosis. This can be indicative of a disturbed balance between the sulfatase and sulfotransferases enzymes, defining the potential for sulfatase as a drug target for treatment of gynecological diseases. Finally, clinical trials with sulfatase inhibitors are discussed, where two inhibitors have already concluded phase II trials, although so far with no convincing clinical outcomes for patients with endometrial cancer and endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
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32
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Zhou X, Wang S, Sun H, Wu B. Sulfonation of raloxifene in HEK293 cells overexpressing SULT1A3: Involvement of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) in excretion of sulfate metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Efflux transport of chrysin and apigenin sulfates in HEK293 cells overexpressing SULT1A3: The role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4). Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Sun H, Wang X, Zhou X, Lu D, Ma Z, Wu B. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Controls Efflux Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates in Sulfotransferase 1A3–Overexpressing Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1430-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Chen BH, Wang CC, Hou YH, Mao YC, Yang YS. Mechanism of sulfotransferase pharmacogenetics in altered xenobiotic metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1053-71. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1045486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Yamamoto A, Liu MY, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Saeki Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulphation of acetaminophen by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases: a systematic analysis. J Biochem 2015; 158:497-504. [PMID: 26067475 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphation is known to be critically involved in the metabolism of acetaminophen in vivo. This study aimed to systematically identify the major human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzyme(s) responsible for the sulphation of acetaminophen. A systematic analysis showed that three of the twelve human SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A3 and SULT1C4, displayed the strongest sulphating activity towards acetaminophen. The pH dependence of the sulphation of acetaminophen by each of these three SULTs was examined. Kinetic parameters of these three SULTs in catalysing acetaminophen sulphation were determined. Moreover, sulphation of acetaminophen was shown to occur in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells under the metabolic setting. Of the four human organ samples tested, liver and intestine cytosols displayed considerably higher acetaminophen-sulphating activity than those of lung and kidney. Collectively, these results provided useful information concerning the biochemical basis underlying the metabolism of acetaminophen in vivo previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Yuichi Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA;
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Tibbs ZE, Falany CN. Dimeric human sulfotransferase 1B1 displays cofactor-dependent subunit communication. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00147. [PMID: 26236487 PMCID: PMC4492763 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are dimeric enzymes that catalyze the transformation of hydrophobic drugs and hormones into hydrophilic sulfate esters thereby providing the body with an important pathway for regulating small molecule activity and excretion. While SULT dimerization is highly conserved, the necessity for the interaction has not been established. To perform its function, a SULT must efficiently bind the universal sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and release the byproduct, 3', 5'-diphosphoadenosine (PAP), following catalysis. We hypothesize this efficient binding and release of PAPS/PAP may be connected to SULT dimerization. To allow for the visualization of dynamic protein interactions critical for addressing this hypothesis and to generate kinetically testable hypotheses, molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) of hSULT1B1 were performed with PAPS and PAP bound to each dimer subunit in various combinations. The results suggest the dimer subunits may possess the capability of communicating with one another in a manner dependent on the presence of the cofactor. PAP or PAPS binding to a single side of the dimer results in decreased backbone flexibility of both the bound and unbound subunits, implying the dimer subunits may not act independently. Further, binding of PAP to one subunit of the dimer and PAPS to the other caused increased flexibility in the subunit bound to the inactive cofactor (PAP). These results suggest SULT dimerization may be important in maintaining cofactor binding/release properties of SULTs and provide hypothetical explanations for SULT half-site reactivity and substrate inhibition, which can be analyzed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Tibbs
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019
| | - Charles N Falany
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019
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38
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Tibbs ZE, Rohn-Glowacki KJ, Crittenden F, Guidry AL, Falany CN. Structural plasticity in the human cytosolic sulfotransferase dimer and its role in substrate selectivity and catalysis. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:3-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Sidorenko VS, Attaluri S, Zaitseva I, Iden CR, Dickman KG, Johnson F, Grollman AP. Bioactivation of the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1814-22. [PMID: 24743514 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aristolochic acids are potent human carcinogens; the role of phase II metabolism in their bioactivation is unclear. Accordingly, we tested the ability of the partially reduced metabolites, N-hydroxyaristolactams (AL-NOHs), and their N-O-sulfonated and N-O-acetylated derivatives to react with DNA to form aristolactam-DNA adducts. AL-NOHs displayed little or no activity in this regard while the sulfo- and acetyl compounds readily form DNA adducts, as detected by (32)P-post-labeling analysis. Mouse hepatic and renal cytosols stimulated binding of AL-NOHs to DNA in the presence of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) but not of acetyl-CoA. Using Time of Flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, N-hydroxyaristolactam I formed the sulfated compound in the presence of PAPS and certain human sulfotransferases, SULT1B1 >>> SULT1A2 > SULT1A1 >>> SULT1A3. The same pattern of SULT reactivity was observed when N-hydroxyaristolactam I was incubated with these enzymes and PAPS and the reaction was monitored by formation of aristolactam-DNA adducts. In the presence of human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, the ability of aristolochic acid I to bind DNA covalently was increased significantly by addition of PAPS and SULT1B1. We conclude from these studies that AL-NOHs, formed following partial nitroreduction of aristolochic acids, serve as substrates for SULT1B1, producing N-sulfated esters, which, in turn, are converted to highly active species that react with DNA and, potentially, cellular proteins, resulting in the genotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with ingestion of aristolochic acids by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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40
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Kojima M, Degawa M. Sex Differences in the Constitutive Gene Expression of Sulfotransferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in the Pig Liver: Androgen-mediated Regulation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:192-7. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Rondini EA, Tibbs ZE, Falany CN, Runge-Morris M, Kocarek TA. Expression of the orphan cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT1C3 in human intestine: characterization of the transcript variant and implications for function. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:352-60. [PMID: 24335392 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystolic sulfotransferse 1C3 (SULT1C3) gene was identified by computational analysis of the human genome and suggested to contain duplications of its last two exons (7a/b and 8a/b). Although the SULT1C3 isoform containing the more downstream exons 7b and 8b (SULT1C3d) has been expressed in Escherichia coli, crystallized, and characterized for activity, there is currently no evidence that SULT1C3 is expressed in any human tissue. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, we detected SULT1C3 mRNA in the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (LS180), colon, and small intestine, but the amplified fragment contained the more upstream exons 7a and 8a. 3'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) confirmed that the SULT1C3 transcript expressed in LS180 cells contained exons 7a/8a, whereas 5'-RACE identified a noncoding exon 1. Full-length SULT1C3 transcript containing exons 7a/8a was amplified from LS180 and intestinal RNA, and in vitro transcription-translation of the cloned cDNA indicated that translation primarily began at the first of three in-frame ATG codons. Since SULT1C3 containing exons 7a/8a (SULT1C3a) would differ by 30 amino acids from SULT1C3d containing exons 7b/8b, we considered the functional implications of expressing one or the other isoform by generating structural models based on the reported crystal structure for SULT1C3d. Comparison of the structures indicated that five of the residues forming the substrate-binding pocket differed between the two isoforms, resulting in a change in both electron density and charge distribution along the inner wall of the substrate-binding pocket. These data indicate that SULT1C3 is expressed in human intestine but suggest that the expressed isoform is likely to differ functionally from the isoform that has been previously characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Duniec-Dmuchowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (Z.D.-D., E.A.R., M.R.-M., T.A.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, (Z.E.T., C.N.F.)
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Rondini EA, Fang H, Runge-Morris M, Kocarek TA. Regulation of human cytosolic sulfotransferases 1C2 and 1C3 by nuclear signaling pathways in LS180 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:361-8. [PMID: 24335393 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfate conjugation of a myriad of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Among the 13 human SULTs, little is known regarding regulation of the SULT1C subfamily. We evaluated the effects of a panel of transcription factor activators on levels of SULT1C mRNA (1C2 and 1C3) and protein (1C2) in LS180 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with 3-[3-[N-(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino]propyloxy]phenylacetic acid hydrochloride [GW3965, liver X receptor (LXR) activator], 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-(3'-carboxy-2-chlorostilben-4-yl)oxymethyl-5-isopropylisoxazole [GW4064, farnesoid X receptor (FXR)], or rifampicin [pregnane X receptor (PXR)] moderately (≤2-fold) increased both SULT1C2 and SULT1C3 mRNA levels. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3, vitamin D receptor (VDR)] selectively upregulated SULT1C2, whereas ciprofibrate [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)], rosiglitazone (PPARγ), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)] selectively increased SULT1C3 mRNA levels. SULT1C2 protein content was strongly increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment and moderately increased by GW3965, GW4064, and rifampicin. To evaluate SULT1C2 transcriptional regulation, treatment effects were determined on reporter activity from transfected constructs containing ∼10 kb of the SULT1C2 gene. Treatment with GW3965, GW4064, or 1,25(OH)2D3 increased reporter activity ∼2-, 5-, and 5.5-fold, respectively, from a construct containing mostly intron 1 of the SULT1C2 gene. Expression of AhR, LXRα, LXRβ, PPARα, PPARγ, PXR, and VDR was confirmed in LS180 cells using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; however, FXR expression was negligible, suggesting that GW4064 increased SULT1C expression through an FXR-independent mechanism. Collectively, our findings are the first to characterize the regulation of human SULT1C2 and SULT1C3 expression by several transcription factor activators. Further, we determined that responsive regions for LXR and VDR are likely contained within intron 1 of the SULT1C2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Runge-Morris M, Kocarek TA. Expression of the sulfotransferase 1C family: implications for xenobiotic toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:450-9. [PMID: 24028175 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The SULT1C enzymes are a relatively under-studied branch of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) multigene family. Concrete information about SULT1C tissue-specific expression, substrate preference, role in physiology and regulation is just emerging in the literature. The role of SULT1Cs in normal physiology is uncertain, but SULT1C-catalyzed sulfonation of thyroid hormones may be a mechanism to titrate the pre-receptor levels of biologically active thyroid hormone in target tissues. Both rat and human cytosolic SULT1Cs are most noted for their ability to bioactivate potent procarcinogens such as N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. This implicates a possible role for the SULT1Cs as modulators of environmental carcinogen exposure and determinants of neoplastic transformation. In humans, the SULT1Cs are likely to function physiologically in cell proliferation and organogenesis pathways during development, as SULT1Cs appear to be preferentially expressed during fetal life. In recent years, the SULT1C nomenclature as presented in the literature has undergone major changes in response to updated genomic information. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the SULT1Cs and to clarify perspectives on SULT1C species differences, tissue-specific expression, nomenclature and role in pathophysiology. The ultimate goal is to understand the undiscovered impact of SULT1C expression on hormone homeostasis and xenobiotic toxicity during human development and as a prelude to disease development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA
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Dainat J, Paganini J, Pontarotti P, Gouret P. GLADX: an automated approach to analyze the lineage-specific loss and pseudogenization of genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38792. [PMID: 22723889 PMCID: PMC3377690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-established ancestral gene can usually be found, in one or multiple copies, in different descendant species. Sometimes during the course of evolution, all the representatives of a well-established ancestral gene disappear in specific lineages; such gene losses may occur in the genome by deletion of a DNA fragment or by pseudogenization. The loss of an entire gene family in a given lineage may reflect an important phenomenon, and could be due either to adaptation, or to a relaxation of selection that leads to neutral evolution. Therefore, the lineage-specific gene loss analyses are important to improve the understanding of the evolutionary history of genes and genomes. In order to perform this kind of study from the increasing number of complete genome sequences available, we developed a unique new software module called GLADX in the DAGOBAH framework, based on a comparative genomic approach. The software is able to automatically detect, for all the species of a phylum, the presence/absence of a representative of a well-established ancestral gene, and by systematic steps of re-annotation, confirm losses, detect and analyze pseudogenes and find novel genes. The approach is based on the use of highly reliable gene phylogenies, of protein predictions and on the analysis of genomic mutations. All the evidence associated to evolutionary approach provides accurate information for building an overall view of the evolution of a given gene in a selected phylum. The reliability of GLADX has been successfully tested on a benchmark analysis of 14 reported cases. It is the first tool that is able to fully automatically study the lineage-specific losses and pseudogenizations. GLADX is available at http://ioda.univ-provence.fr/IodaSite/gladx/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dainat
- Aix-Marseille Université Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologogie, Probabilités (LATP) UMR-CNRS 7353 équipe Evolution Biologique & Modélisation, Marseille, France.
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Enzymatic sulfation of tocopherols and tocopherol metabolites by human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1951-6. [PMID: 21979065 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are essential micronutrients for mammals widely known as potent lipid-soluble antioxidants that are present in cell membranes. Recent studies have demonstrated that most of the carboxychromanol (CEHC), a tocopherol metabolite, in the plasma exists primarily in sulfate- and glucuronide-conjugated forms. To gain insight into the enzymatic sulfation of tocopherols and their metabolites, a systematic investigation was performed using all 14 known human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). The results showed that the members of the SULT1 family displayed stronger sulfating activities toward tocopherols and their metabolites. These enzymes showed a substrate preference for γ-tocopherol over α-tocopherol and for γ-CEHC over other CEHCs. Using A549 human lung epithelial cells in a metabolic labeling study, a similar trend in the sulfation of tocopherols and CEHCs was observed. Collectively, the results obtained indicate that SULT-mediated enzymatic sulfation of tocopherols and their metabolites is a significant pathway for regulation of the homeostasis and physiological functions of these important compounds.
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Brand W, Boersma MG, Bik H, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Vervoort J, Barron D, Meinl W, Glatt H, Williamson G, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Phase II metabolism of hesperetin by individual UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases and rat and human tissue samples. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:617-25. [PMID: 20056724 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase II metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) is the predominant metabolic pathway during the first-pass metabolism of hesperetin (4'-methoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone). In the present study, we have determined the kinetics for glucuronidation and sulfonation of hesperetin by 12 individual UGT and 12 individual SULT enzymes as well as by human or rat small intestinal, colonic, and hepatic microsomal and cytosolic fractions. Results demonstrate that hesperetin is conjugated at positions 7 and 3' and that major enzyme-specific differences in kinetics and regioselectivity for the UGT and SULT catalyzed conjugations exist. UGT1A9, UGT1A1, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A3 are the major enzymes catalyzing hesperetin glucuronidation, the latter only producing 7-O-glucuronide, whereas UGT1A7 produced mainly 3'-O-glucuronide. Furthermore, UGT1A6 and UGT2B4 only produce hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide, whereas UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15 conjugate both positions. SULT1A2 and SULT1A1 catalyze preferably and most efficiently the formation of hesperetin 3'-O-sulfate, and SULT1C4 catalyzes preferably and most efficiently the formation of hesperetin 7-O-sulfate. Based on expression levels SULT1A3 and SULT1B1 also will probably play a role in the sulfo-conjugation of hesperetin in vivo. The results help to explain discrepancies in metabolite patterns determined in tissues or systems with different expression of UGTs and SULTs, e.g., hepatic and intestinal fractions or Caco-2 cells. The incubations with rat and human tissue samples support an important role for intestinal cells during first-pass metabolism in the formation of hesperetin 3'-O-glucuronide and 7-O-glucuronide, which appear to be the major hesperetin metabolites found in vivo.
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Pasqualini JR, Chetrite GS. Recent advances on the action of estrogens and progestogens in normal and pathological human endometrium. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2010; 2:155-75. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHormonal control in the development of the normal endometrium is of the utmost importance. It is well established that the two main hormones involved in this process are estradiol and progesterone, which are also implicated in the pathological conditions concerning endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. There are two types of endometrial carcinoma: type I which represents 80%–90% is hormone-dependent, whereas the remainder is type II and is hormone-independent. The endometrial tissue contains all the enzymatic systems in the formation and transformation of the various hormones, including aromatases, sulfatases, sulfotransferases, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, hydroxylases, and glucuronidases. It is interesting to note that increased sulfatase activity is correlated with severity of endometriosis. An increased sulfatase/sulfotransferase ratio represents a poor prognosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Treatment with hormone replacement therapy (estrogens+progestogens), as well as with tibolone, is most effective in protecting this tissue by climacteric alterations, owing to the significant decrease of ovarian hormones. In conclusion, enzymatic control can open appealing perspectives to protect this organ from possible pathological alterations.
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Riches Z, Stanley EL, Bloomer JC, Coughtrie MWH. Quantitative evaluation of the expression and activity of five major sulfotransferases (SULTs) in human tissues: the SULT "pie". Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2255-61. [PMID: 19679676 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of the major human sulfotransferases (SULTs) involved in xenobiotic detoxification in a range of human tissues (i.e., SULT "pies") are not available in a form allowing comparison between tissues and individuals. Here we have determined, by quantitative immunoblotting, expression levels for the five principal human SULTs-SULT1A1, SULT1A3/4, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1-and determined the kinetic properties toward probe substrates, where available, for these enzymes in cytosol samples from a bank of adult human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung. We produced new isoform-selective antibodies against SULT1B1 and SULT2A1, which were used alongside antibodies against SULT1A3 and SULT1A1 previously produced in our laboratory or available commercially (SULT1E1). Expression levels were derived using purified recombinant enzymes to construct standard curves for each individual isoform and immunoblot. Substantial intertissue and interindividual differences in expression were observed. SULT1A1 was the major enzyme (>50% of total, range 420-4900 ng/mg cytosol protein) in the liver, followed by SULT2A1, SULT1B1, and SULT1E1. SULT1A3 was completely absent from this tissue. In contrast, the small intestine contained the largest overall amount of SULT of any of the tissues, with SULT1B1 the major enzyme (36%), closely followed by SULT1A3 (31%), and SULT1A1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1 more minor forms (19, 8, and 6% of total, respectively). The kidney and lung contained low levels of SULT. We provide a unique data set that will add value to the study of the role and contribution of sulfation to drug and xenobiotic metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Riches
- Division of Medical Sciences, Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Regulation of sulfotransferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene expression by the PPARs. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:728941. [PMID: 19680455 PMCID: PMC2724710 DOI: 10.1155/2009/728941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During phase II metabolism, a substrate is rendered more hydrophilic through the covalent attachment of an endogenous molecule. The cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) families of enzymes account for the majority of phase II metabolism in humans and animals. In general, phase II metabolism is considered to be a detoxication process, as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates are more amenable to excretion and elimination than are the parent substrates. However, certain products of phase II metabolism (e.g., unstable sulfate conjugates) are genotoxic. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are particularly important regulators of SULT and UGT gene transcription. In metabolically active tissues, increasing evidence supports a major role for lipid-sensing transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in the regulation of rodent and human SULT and UGT gene expression. This review summarizes current information regarding the regulation of these two major classes of phase II metabolizing enzyme by PPARs.
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Takahashi S, Sakakibara Y, Mishiro E, Kouriki H, Nobe R, Kurogi K, Yasuda S, Liu MC, Suiko M. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel mouse SULT6 cytosolic sulfotransferase. J Biochem 2009; 146:399-405. [PMID: 19505954 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By searching the mouse EST database, we identified a novel mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) cDNA (RIKEN cDNA 2410078J06). Sequence analysis revealed that this new SULT belongs to the cytosolic SULT6 gene family. The recombinant form of this newly identified SULT, designated SULT6B1, was expressed using the pGEX-4T-1 glutathione S-transferase fusion system and purified from transformed BL21 Escherichia coli cells. Purified mouse SULT6B1 exhibited sulfonating activity toward thyroxine and bithionol among a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds tested as substrates. pH optimum of purified mouse SULT6B1 was determined to be 8.0. Tissue-specific expression of mouse and human SULT6B1 was examined by RT-PCR. While human SULT6B1 was specifically expressed in kidney and testis, mouse SULT6B1 was detected in brain, heart, kidney, thymus, lung, liver and testis. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the role of SULT6B1 in the metabolism of thyroxine and possibly some xenobiotics in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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