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Manikandan V, Lee NY. Reduced graphene oxide: Biofabrication and environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136934. [PMID: 36273614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis of high-quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from agro-industrial waste resources remains attractive owing to its outstanding environmental benefits. The remarkable properties of rGO include excellent morphology, uniform particle size, good optical properties, high conductivity, nontoxicity, and extraordinary chemical stability. Traditional methods for the synthesis of rGO nanomaterials involve several chemical reactions including oxidation, carbonization, toxic solvent, and pyrolysis which produce harmful byproducts. Green preparation of rGO is an emerging area of research in graphene technology which is cost-effective and sustainable in the procedure. Owing to the uniform particle rGO particle size, these smart nanomaterials have wide applicability, including in metal ions and pollutant sensing and adsorption, photocatalysis, optoelectrical devices, medical diagnosis, and drug delivery. Here we review the physicochemical properties of rGO, the biowaste sources and green methods of rGO synthesis, and the diverse applications of rGO, including in water purification and the biomedical fields. With this review, covering more than 200 research articles published on rGO in the last eight years ending in 2022, we aim to provide a quick guide for researchers seeking up-to-date information on the properties, production, and applicability of rGO, with special attention to rGO applications in water purification and the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velu Manikandan
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea.
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2
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Thapa R, Ugwumadu C, Nepal K, Trembly J, Drabold DA. Ab Initio Simulation of Amorphous Graphite. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:236402. [PMID: 35749197 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.236402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An amorphous graphite material has been predicted from molecular dynamics simulation using ab initio methods. Carbon materials reveal a strong proclivity to convert into a sp^{2} network and then layer at temperatures near 3000 K within a density range of ca. 2.2-2.8 g/cm^{3}. Each layer of amorphous graphite is a monolayer of amorphous graphene including pentagons and heptagons in addition to hexagons, and the planes are separated by about 3.1 Å. The layering transition has been studied using various structural and dynamical analyses. The transition is unique as one of partial ordering (long range order of planes and galleries, but topological disorder in the planes). The planes are quite flat, even though monolayer amorphous graphene puckers near pentagonal sites. Interplane cohesion is due partly to non-Van der Waals interactions. The structural disorder has been studied closely, especially the consequences of disorder to electronic transport. It is expected that the transition elucidated here may be salient to other layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thapa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute (NQPI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - C Ugwumadu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute (NQPI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - K Nepal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute (NQPI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - J Trembly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - D A Drabold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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3
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Majhi J, Maiti SK, Ganguly S. Enhanced current rectification in graphene nanoribbons: effects of geometries and orientations of nanopores. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:255704. [PMID: 35294939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5e6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the possibility of getting rectification operation in graphene nanoribbon (GNR). For a system to be a rectifier, it must be physically asymmetric and we induce the asymmetry in GNR by introducing nanopores. The rectification properties are discussed for differently structured nanopores. We find that shape and orientation of the nanopores are critical and sensitive to the degree of current rectification. As the choice of Fermi energy is crucial for obtaining significant current rectification, explicit dependence of Fermi energy on the degree of current rectification is also studied for a particular shape of the nanopore. Finally, the role of nanopore size and different spatial distributions of the electrostatic potential profile across the GNR are explored. The stability of the nanopores is also discussed with a possible solution. Given the simplicity of the proposed method and promising results, the present proposition may lead to a new route of getting current rectification in different kinds of materials where nanopores can be formed selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Majhi
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata-700 108, India
| | - Santanu K Maiti
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata-700 108, India
| | - Sudin Ganguly
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Techno City, Kiling Road, Baridua 9th Mile, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793 101, India
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4
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Batra NM, Mahalingam DK, Doggali P, Nunes SP, Costa PMFJ. Investigating the thermal stability of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles using a novel graphene oxide-based transmission electron microscopy heating-membrane. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:255701. [PMID: 35148519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, graphene has been explored as a heating membrane for studying high-temperature dynamics inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) due to several limitations with the existing silicon nitride-based membrane. However, the transfer of monolayer graphene films for TEM experiments is challenging and requires many complicated steps with a minimum success rate. This work developed a novelin situheating platform by combining the graphene oxide (GO) flakes in the pre-patterned chips. The isolated GO flake was self-suspended between the metal electrodes by a simple drop-casting process. The GO was reduced and characterized using Raman and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Furthermore, a GO-based heater was used to investigate the thermal stability of gold and silica nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles evaporated non-uniformly and left an empty carbon shell, while silica disappeared uniformly by etching carbon support. We successfully demonstrated a GO flake as a heating membrane to study high temperature thermal dynamic reactions: melting/evaporation, agglomeration, Rayleigh instability, and formation/or removal of carbon in the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin M Batra
- Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institut Des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, CNRS-University of Nantes, Nantes 44300, France
| | - Dinesh K Mahalingam
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Doggali
- KAUST Catalyst Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzana P Nunes
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Hirokawa S, Teshima H, Solís-Fernández P, Ago H, Li QY, Takahashi K. Pinning in a Contact and Noncontact Manner: Direct Observation of a Three-Phase Contact Line Using Graphene Liquid Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12271-12277. [PMID: 34644074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pinning of a three-phase contact line at the nanoscale cannot be explained by conventional macroscale theories and thus requires an experimental insight to understand this phenomenon. We performed in-situ transmission electron microscopy observation of the three-phase contact lines of bubbles inside graphene liquid cells to experimentally investigate the causes of nanoscale pinning. In our observations, the three-phase contact line was not affected by the 0.6 nm-thick inhomogeneity of the graphene surface, but thicker metal nanoparticles with diameters of 2-10 nm and nanoflakes caused pinning of the gas-liquid interface. Notably, we found that flake-like objects can cause pinning that prevents the bubble overcome the flake object in a noncontact state, with a 2 nm-thick liquid film between them and the bubble. This phenomenon can be explained by the repulsive force obtained using the Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theory. We also observed that the flake temporally prevented the gas-liquid interface moving away from the flake. We discussed the physical mechanism of the attractive force-like phenomenon by considering the nanoconfinement effect of the liquid sandwiched by two graphene sheets and the hydration layer formed near the solid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Hirokawa
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideaki Teshima
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pablo Solís-Fernández
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-city, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-city, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Qin-Yi Li
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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6
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Sharma S, Paudel Jaisi B, Araby MI, Elnobi S, Ayhan ME, Kalita G, Tanemura M. The Mo catalyzed graphitization of amorphous carbon: an in situ TEM study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34377-34381. [PMID: 35529978 PMCID: PMC9073915 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the fabrication of graphene-based nano-scale interconnects, precise control over their position and proper nanoscale soldering are essential. In this work, we report the Joule heat-induced conversion of amorphous carbon to graphene in an in situ TEM setup, using Mo as a catalyst. The catalytic role of Mo during graphene formation has been less explored compared to other metals like Cu or Ni. Compared to metals like Cu, Mo is less subject to electromigration and brittleness, making it suitable for high-temperature electronics. We found that during the electromigration of Mo, amorphous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) can be converted to highly crystalline few-layered graphene. It was also found that during the graphene formation process, agglomerated Mo particles can be effectively channeled to the end of graphene by voltage-driven electromigration. An agglomerated Mo particle between the probe and graphene acted as a soldering agent, providing the prospect of the further exploration of Mo as a nanoscale soldering material. This work explores the double role of Mo: as a catalyst for graphene synthesis and as a soldering material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Sharma
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Balaram Paudel Jaisi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Mona Ibrahim Araby
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Sahar Elnobi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Muhammed Emre Ayhan
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University Konya Turkey
| | - Golap Kalita
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Masaki Tanemura
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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7
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Kumar CNS, Konrad M, Chakravadhanula VSK, Dehm S, Wang D, Wenzel W, Krupke R, Kübel C. Nanocrystalline graphene at high temperatures: insight into nanoscale processes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2485-2494. [PMID: 36132723 PMCID: PMC9419052 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During high temperature pyrolysis of polymer thin films, nanocrystalline graphene with a high defect density, active edges and various nanostructures is formed. The catalyst-free synthesis is based on the temperature assisted transformation of a polymer precursor. The processing conditions have a strong influence on the final thin film properties. However, the precise elemental processes that govern the polymer pyrolysis at high temperatures are unknown. By means of time resolved in situ transmission electron microscopy investigations we reveal that the reactivity of defects and unsaturated edges plays an integral role in the structural dynamics. Both mobile and stationary structures with varying size, shape and dynamics have been observed. During high temperature experiments, small graphene fragments (nanoflakes) are highly unstable and tend to lose atoms or small groups of atoms, while adjacent larger domains grow by addition of atoms, indicating an Ostwald-like ripening in these 2D materials, besides the mechanism of lateral merging of nanoflakes with edges. These processes are also observed in low-dose experiments with negligible electron beam influence. Based on energy barrier calculations, we propose several inherent temperature-driven mechanisms of atom rearrangement, partially involving catalyzing unsaturated sites. Our results show that the fundamentally different high temperature behavior and stability of nanocrystalline graphene in contrast to pristine graphene is caused by its reactive nature. The detailed analysis of the observed dynamics provides a pioneering overview of the relevant processes during ncg heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Shyam Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Manuel Konrad
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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8
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Li X, Zhou Y, Xu X, Wang A, Lee KR. Role of the carbon source in the transformation of amorphous carbon to graphene during rapid thermal processing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9384-9390. [PMID: 30994669 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fast transfer-free synthesis of a graphene structure can be successfully achieved by Ni-catalysed transformation of amorphous carbon (a-C) during rapid thermal processing, but the role of the a-C structure in the a-C-to-graphene transformation is still unclear. In this paper, the dependence of the transformation of a-C to graphene, the diffusion behaviour of C, and the graphene quality on the a-C structures was comparatively investigated by reactive molecular dynamics simulation and Ni was selected as a catalyst. The results demonstrated that different a-C structures affected the diffusion of C into Ni layers and the re-dissolving behaviour of the grown graphitic structures, and thus dominated the remnant number of C atoms, which played a critical role in the formation and quality of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Computational Science Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Li X, Wang A, Lee KR. Transformation of amorphous carbon to graphene on low-index Ni surfaces during rapid thermal processing: a reactive molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2271-2275. [PMID: 30444240 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06218h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of amorphous carbon to graphene on different Ni surfaces during rapid thermal processing was explored using reactive molecular dynamics simulation. Due to the difference in activation energy, Ni surfaces affected the diffusion behavior of C into Ni and thus modulated the remnant number of C atoms, dominating the formation and quality of graphene, which accorded with the developed empirical equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Computational Science Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lin TY, Chen YL, Chang CF, Huang GM, Huang CW, Hsieh CY, Lo YC, Lu KC, Wu WW, Chen LJ. In Situ Investigation of Defect-Free Copper Nanowire Growth. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:778-784. [PMID: 29369633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and placement of high purity nanometals, such as one-dimensional copper (Cu) nanowires, for interconnection in integrated devices have been among the most important technological developments in recent years. Structural stability and oxidation prevention have been the key issues, and the defect control in Cu nanowire growth has been found to be important. Here, we report the synthesis of defect-free single-crystalline Cu nanowires by controlling the surface-assisted heterogeneous nucleation of Cu atomic layering on the graphite-like loop of an amorphous carbon (a-C) lacey film surface. Without a metal-catalyst or induced defects, the high quality Cu nanowires formed with high aspect ratio and high growth rate of 578 nm/s. The dynamic study of the growth of heterogeneous nanowires was conducted in situ with a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. The study illuminates the new mechanism by heterogeneous nucleation control and laying the groundwork for better understanding of heterosurface-assisted nucleation of defect-free Cu nanowire on a-C lacey film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Long Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fu Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Min Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Hsieh
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Nanotechnology Research Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute , Hsinchu 310, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Juann Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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11
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Wang JF, He DN. In situ growth of heterostructured Sn/SnO nanospheres embedded in crumpled graphene as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15307-15311. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterostructured Sn/SnO core–shell nanospheres embedded in graphene have been prepared by heating tin oleate coated on the surface of sodium carbonate crystals, and they exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology
- Shanghai 200241
- China
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Dan-Nong He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology
- Shanghai 200241
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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12
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Fan Y, Robertson AW, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Zhang X, Browning ND, Zheng H, Rümmeli MH, Warner JH. Electrical Breakdown of Suspended Mono- and Few-Layer Tungsten Disulfide via Sulfur Depletion Identified by in Situ Atomic Imaging. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9435-9444. [PMID: 28829575 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The high-bias and breakdown behavior of suspended mono- and few-layer WS2 was explored by in situ aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. The suspended WS2 devices were found to undergo irreversible breakdown at sufficiently high biases due to vaporization of the WS2. Simultaneous to the removal of WS2 was the accompanying formation of few-layer graphene decorated with W and WS2 nanoparticles, with the carbon source attributed to organic residues present on the WS2 surface. The breakdown of few-layer WS2 resulted in the formation of faceted S-depleted WS2 tendrils along the vaporization boundary, which were found to exhibit lattice contraction indicative of S depletion, alongside pure W phases incorporated into the structure, with the interfaces imaged at atomic resolution. The combination of observing the graphitization of the amorphous carbon surface residue, W nanoparticles, and S-depleted WS2 phases following the high-bias WS2 disintegration all indicate a thermal Joule heating breakdown mechanism over an avalanche process, with WS2 destruction promoted by preferential S emission. The observation of graphene formation and the role the thin amorphous carbon layer has in the prebreakdown behavior of the device demonstrate the importance of employing encapsulated heterostructure device architectures that exclude residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Robertson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Physical & Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yingqiu Zhou
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Qu Chen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Physical & Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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13
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Shyam Kumar CN, Chakravadhanula VSK, Riaz A, Dehm S, Wang D, Mu X, Flavel B, Krupke R, Kübel C. Understanding the graphitization and growth of free-standing nanocrystalline graphene using in situ transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:12835-12842. [PMID: 28799608 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03276e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphitization of polymers is an effective way to synthesize nanocrystalline graphene on different substrates with tunable shape, thickness and properties. The catalyst free synthesis results in crystallite sizes on the order of a few nanometers, significantly smaller than commonly prepared polycrystalline graphene. Even though this method provides the flexibility of graphitizing polymer films on different substrates, substrate free graphitization of freestanding polymer layers has not been studied yet. We report for the first time the thermally induced graphitization and domain growth of free-standing nanocrystalline graphene thin films using in situ TEM techniques. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) techniques were used to analyze the graphitization and the evolution of nanocrystalline domains at different temperatures by characterizing the crystallinity and domain size, further supported by ex situ Raman spectroscopy. The graphitization was comparable to the substrate supported heating and the temperature dependence of graphitization was analyzed. In addition, the in situ analysis of the graphitization enabled direct imaging of some of the growth processes taking place at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Shyam Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
AbstractGraphene-based materials are extensively studied, due to their excellent properties and their wide range of possible applications. Attention has recently been paid to three-dimensional-like graphenic structures, such as crumpled graphene sheets and graphenic foams: these kinds of materials can combine the properties of graphene associating high surface area and porosity, what is particularly interesting for energy or catalysis applications. Most of the synthesis methods leading to such structures are based on graphite oxide exfoliation and re-assembly, but in this work we focus on the preparation of graphenic foams by a solvothermal-based process. We performed a solvothermal reaction between ethanol and sodium at 220°C, during 72 h, under 200 bar, followed by a pyrolysis under nitrogen flow. An extended study of the influence of the temperature (800°C–900°C) of pyrolysis evidences an unexpected strong effect of this parameter on the characteristics of the materials. The optimal conditions provide multi-layer graphene (10 layers) foam with a surface area of 2000 m2·g−1. This work is an important step for the understanding of the mechanisms of the thermal treatment. Post-treatments in different experimental conditions are performed in order to modulate the structure and properties of the graphenic foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Speyer
- Institut Français du Pétrole et des Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360Solaize, France
| | - Océane Louppe
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS – Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 70239, 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Fontana
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS – Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 70239, 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Cahen
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS – Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 70239, 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Claire Hérold
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS – Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 70239, 54506Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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16
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Wang H, Yu G. Direct CVD Graphene Growth on Semiconductors and Dielectrics for Transfer-Free Device Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4956-4975. [PMID: 27122247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is the most broadly discussed and studied two-dimensional material because of its preeminent physical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Until now, metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been widely employed for the scalable production of high-quality graphene. However, in order to incorporate the graphene into electronic devices, a transfer process from metal substrates to targeted substrates is inevitable. This process usually results in contamination, wrinkling, and breakage of graphene samples - undesirable in graphene-based technology and not compatible with industrial production. Therefore, direct graphene growth on desired semiconductor and dielectric substrates is considered as an effective alternative. Over the past years, there have been intensive investigations to realize direct graphene growth using CVD methods without the catalytic role of metals. Owing to the low catalytic activity of non-metal substrates for carbon precursor decomposition and graphene growth, several strategies have been designed to facilitate and engineer graphene fabrication on semiconductors and insulators. Here, those developed strategies for direct CVD graphene growth on semiconductors and dielectrics for transfer-free fabrication of electronic devices are reviewed. By employing these methods, various graphene-related structures can be directly prepared on desired substrates and exhibit excellent performance, providing versatile routes for varied graphene-based materials fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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17
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Chen S, Xiong W, Zhou YS, Lu YF, Zeng XC. An ab initio study of the nickel-catalyzed transformation of amorphous carbon into graphene in rapid thermal processing. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9746-55. [PMID: 27117235 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08614k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are employed to investigate the chemical mechanism underlying the Ni-catalyzed transformation of amorphous carbon (a-C) into graphene in the rapid thermal processing (RTP) experiment to directly grow graphene on various dielectric surfaces via the evaporation of surplus Ni and C at 1100 °C (below the melting point of bulk Ni). It is found that the a-C-to-graphene transformation entails the metal-induced crystallization and layer exchange mechanism, rather than the conventional dissolution/precipitation mechanism typically involved in Ni-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene. The multi-layer graphene can be tuned by changing the relative thicknesses of deposited a-C and Ni thin films. Our AIMD simulations suggest that the easy evaporation of surplus Ni with excess C is likely attributed to the formation of a viscous-liquid-like Ni-C solution within the temperature range of 900-1800 K and to the faster diffusion of C atoms than that of Ni atoms above 600 K. Even at room temperature, sp(3)-C atoms in a-C are quickly converted to sp(2)-C atoms in the course of the simulation, and the graphitic C formation can occur at low temperature. When the temperature is as high as 1200 K, the grown graphitic structures reversely dissolve into Ni. Because the rate of temperature increase is considerably faster in the AIMD simulations than in realistic experiments, defects in the grown graphitic structures are kinetically trapped. In this kinetic growth stage, the carbon structures grown from sp(3)-carbon or from sp(2)-carbon exhibit marked differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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18
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Zhao Q, Ma Q, Pan F, Wang Z, Yang B, Zhang J, Zhang J. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets as metal-free catalyst with excellent oxygen reduction performance in alkaline and acidic media. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Direct fabrication of 3D graphene on nanoporous anodic alumina by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19822. [PMID: 26805546 PMCID: PMC4726322 DOI: 10.1038/srep19822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High surface area electrode materials are of interest for a wide range of potential applications such as super-capacitors and electrochemical cells. This paper describes a fabrication method of three-dimensional (3D) graphene conformally coated on nanoporous insulating substrate with uniform nanopore size. 3D graphene films were formed by controlled graphitization of diamond-like amorphous carbon precursor films, deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). Plasma-assisted graphitization was found to produce better quality graphene than a simple thermal graphitization process. The resulting 3D graphene/amorphous carbon/alumina structure has a very high surface area, good electrical conductivity and exhibits excellent chemically stability, providing a good material platform for electrochemical applications. Consequently very large electrochemical capacitance values, as high as 2.1 mF for a sample of 10 mm3, were achieved. The electrochemical capacitance of the material exhibits a dependence on bias voltage, a phenomenon observed by other groups when studying graphene quantum capacitance. The plasma-assisted graphitization, which dominates the graphitization process, is analyzed and discussed in detail.
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20
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Abstract
Natural graphite is labelled as a supply risk material due to rapidly increasing demand and limited reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teawon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science & Technology
- Pohang
- South Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- Carbon Convergence Materials Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Wanju-gun
- South Korea
| | - Kun-Hong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science & Technology
- Pohang
- South Korea
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21
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Bointon TH, Barnes MD, Russo S, Craciun MF. High Quality Monolayer Graphene Synthesized by Resistive Heating Cold Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4200-6. [PMID: 26053564 PMCID: PMC4744682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The growth of graphene using resistive‐heating cold‐wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is demonstrated. This technique is 100 times faster and 99% lower cost than standard CVD. A study of Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrical magneto‐transport measurements shows that cold‐wall CVD graphene is of comparable quality to natural graphene. Finally, the first transparent flexible graphene capacitive touch‐sensor is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Bointon
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Matthew D Barnes
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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22
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He K, Robertson AW, Gong C, Allen CS, Xu Q, Zandbergen H, Grossman JC, Kirkland AI, Warner JH. Controlled formation of closed-edge nanopores in graphene. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11602-11610. [PMID: 26088477 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dangling bonds at the edge of a nanopore in monolayer graphene make it susceptible to back-filling at low temperatures from atmospheric hydrocarbons, leading to potential instability for nanopore applications, such as DNA sequencing. We show that closed edge nanopores in bilayer graphene are robust to back-filling under atmospheric conditions for days. A controlled method for closed edge nanopore formation starting from monolayer graphene is reported using an in situ heating holder and electron beam irradiation within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Tailoring of closed-edge nanopore sizes is demonstrated from 1.4-7.4 nm. These results should provide mechanisms for improving the stability of nanopores in graphene for a wide range of applications involving mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang He
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
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23
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Yousefi E, Ghorbani M, Dolati A, Yashiro H, Outokesh M. Preparation of new titanium nitride-carbon nanocomposites in supercritical benzene and their oxygen reduction activity in alkaline medium. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Bachmatiuk A, Zhao J, Gorantla SM, Martinez IGG, Wiedermann J, Lee C, Eckert J, Rummeli MH. Low voltage transmission electron microscopy of graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:515-42. [PMID: 25408379 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The initial isolation of graphene in 2004 spawned massive interest in this two-dimensional pure sp(2) carbon structure due to its incredible electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermal effects. This in turn led to the rapid development of various characterization tools for graphene. Examples include Raman spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. However, the one tool with the greatest prowess for characterizing and studying graphene is the transmission electron microscope. State-of-the-art (scanning) transmission electron microscopes enable one to image graphene with atomic resolution, and also to conduct various other characterizations simultaneously. The advent of aberration correctors was timely in that it allowed transmission electron microscopes to operate with reduced acceleration voltages, so that damage to graphene is avoided while still providing atomic resolution. In this comprehensive review, a brief introduction is provided to the technical aspects of transmission electron microscopes relevant to graphene. The reader is then introduced to different specimen preparation techniques for graphene. The different characterization approaches in both transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are then discussed, along with the different aspects of electron diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The use of graphene for other electron microscopy approaches such as in-situ investigations is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Bachmatiuk
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; IFW Dresden, Institute of Complex Materials, P.O. Box 270116, D-01171, Dresden, Germany; Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
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Tripathy A, Pramanik S, Cho J, Santhosh J, Osman NAA. Role of morphological structure, doping, and coating of different materials in the sensing characteristics of humidity sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:16343-422. [PMID: 25256110 PMCID: PMC4208179 DOI: 10.3390/s140916343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The humidity sensing characteristics of different sensing materials are important properties in order to monitor different products or events in a wide range of industrial sectors, research and development laboratories as well as daily life. The primary aim of this study is to compare the sensing characteristics, including impedance or resistance, capacitance, hysteresis, recovery and response times, and stability with respect to relative humidity, frequency, and temperature, of different materials. Various materials, including ceramics, semiconductors, and polymers, used for sensing relative humidity have been reviewed. Correlations of the different electrical characteristics of different doped sensor materials as the most unique feature of a material have been noted. The electrical properties of different sensor materials are found to change significantly with the morphological changes, doping concentration of different materials and film thickness of the substrate. Various applications and scopes are pointed out in the review article. We extensively reviewed almost all main kinds of relative humidity sensors and how their electrical characteristics vary with different doping concentrations, film thickness and basic sensing materials. Based on statistical tests, the zinc oxide-based sensing material is best for humidity sensor design since it shows extremely low hysteresis loss, minimum response and recovery times and excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Tripathy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sumit Pramanik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Jongman Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Jayasree Santhosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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26
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Liu Q, Duan Y, Zhao Q, Pan F, Zhang B, Zhang J. Direct synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets with high surface area and excellent oxygen reduction performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8238-45. [PMID: 24945900 DOI: 10.1021/la404995y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (NCN) have become a fascinating carbon-based material for advanced energy storage and conversion devices, but its easy, cheap, and environmentally friendly synthesis is still a grand challenge. Herein we directly synthesized porous NCN material via the facile pyrolysis of chitosan and urea without the requirement of any catalyst or post-treatment. As-prepared material exhibits a very large BET surface area of ~1510 m(2) g(-1) and a high ratio of graphitic/pyridinic nitrogen structure (2.69 at. % graphitic N and 1.20 at. % pyridinic N). Moreover, compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst, NCN displays excellent electrocatalytic activity, better long-term stability, and methanol tolerance ability toward the oxygen reduction reaction, indicating a promising metal-free alternative to Pt-based cathode catalysts in alkaline fuel cells. This scalable fabrication method supplies a low-cost, high-efficiency metal-free oxygen reduction electrocatalyst and also suggests an economic and sustainable route from biomass-based molecules to value-added nanocarbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
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27
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Lee JK, Lee S, Kim YI, Kim JG, Min BK, Lee KI, Park Y, John P. The seeded growth of graphene. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5682. [PMID: 25022816 PMCID: PMC4097362 DOI: 10.1038/srep05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the seeded growth of graphene under a plasma chemical vapor deposition condition. First, we fabricate graphene nanopowders (~5 nm) by ball-milling commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes. The graphene nanoparticles were subsequently subject to a direct current plasma generated in a 100 Torr 10%CH4 - 90%H2 gas mixture. The plasma growth enlarged, over one hour, the nuclei to graphene sheets larger than one hundred nm2 in area. Characterization by electron and X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images provide evidence for the presence of monolayer graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kap Lee
- Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Sohyung Lee
- 1] Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea [2] Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Kim
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Min
- Center for Spintronics Research, KIST, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Yeungnam University, Daegu 712-749, Korea
| | - Yeseul Park
- Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Phillip John
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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28
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Ogawa Y, Komatsu K, Kawahara K, Tsuji M, Tsukagoshi K, Ago H. Structure and transport properties of the interface between CVD-grown graphene domains. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:7288-7294. [PMID: 24847777 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene, graphene domains grown on a Cu surface merge together and form a uniform graphene sheet. For high-performance electronics and other applications, it is important to understand the interfacial structure of the merged domains, as well as their influence on the physical properties of graphene. We synthesized large hexagonal graphene domains with controlled orientations on a heteroepitaxial Cu film and studied the structure and properties of the interfaces between the domains mainly merged with the same angle. Although the merged domains have various interfaces with/without wrinkles and/or increased defect-related Raman D-band intensity, the intra-domain transport showed higher carrier mobility reaching 20,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) on SiO2 at 280 K (the mean value was 7200 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) than that measured for inter-domain areas, 6400 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (mean value 2000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)). The temperature dependence of the mobility suggests that impurity scattering dominates at the interface even for the merged domains with the same orientation. This study highlights the importance of domain interfaces, especially on the carrier transport properties, in CVD-grown graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Ogawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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29
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Sorkin A, Su H. Phase Diagram of Solid-Phase Transformation in Amorphous Carbon Nanorods. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9163-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Sorkin
- School
of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Haibin Su
- School
of Materials Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Institute
of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
View, Singapore 639673
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30
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Abstract
Graphene is an ultrathin, impervious membrane. The controlled introduction of nanoscale pores in graphene would lead to applications that involve water purification, chemical separation, and DNA sequencing. However, graphene nanopores are unstable against filling by carbon adatoms. Here, using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and density-functional calculations, we report that Si atoms stabilize graphene nanopores by bridging the dangling bonds around the perimeter of the hole. Si-passivated pores remain intact even under intense electron beam irradiation, and they were observed several months after the sample fabrication, demonstrating that these structures are intrinsically robust and stable against carbon filling. Theoretical calculations reveal the underlying mechanism for this stabilization effect: Si atoms bond strongly to the graphene edge, and their preference for tetrahedral coordination forces C adatoms to form dendrites sticking out of the graphene plane, instead of filling the nanopore. Our results provide a novel way to develop stable nanopores, which is a major step toward reliable graphene-based molecular translocation devices.
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31
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Fu W, Du FH, Su J, Li XH, Wei X, Ye TN, Wang KX, Chen JS. In situ catalytic growth of large-area multilayered graphene/MoS2 heterostructures. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4673. [PMID: 24728289 PMCID: PMC3985074 DOI: 10.1038/srep04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stacking various two-dimensional atomic crystals on top of each other is a feasible approach to create unique multilayered heterostructures with desired properties. Herein for the first time, we present a controlled preparation of large-area graphene/MoS2 heterostructures via a simple heating procedure on Mo-oleate complex coated sodium sulfate under N2 atmosphere. Through a direct in situ catalytic reaction, graphene layer has been uniformly grown on the MoS2 film formed by the reaction of Mo species with S pecies, which is from the carbothermal reduction of sodium sulfate. Due to the excellent graphene “painting” on MoS2 atomic layers, the significantly shortened lithium ion diffusion distance and the markedly enhanced electronic conductivity, these multilayered graphene/MoS2 heterostructures exhibit high specific capacity, unprecedented rate performance and outstanding cycling stability, especially at a high current density, when used as an anode material for lithium batteries. This work provides a simple but efficient route for the controlled fabrication of large-area multilayered graphene/metal sulfide heterostructures with promising applications in battery manufacture, electronics or catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- 1] School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China [2]
| | - Fei-Hu Du
- 1] School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China [2]
| | - Juan Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tian-Nan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai-Xue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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32
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A cheap and quickly adaptable in situ electrical contacting TEM sample holder design. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 139:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Niu T, Zhou M, Zhang J, Feng Y, Chen W. Growth Intermediates for CVD Graphene on Cu(111): Carbon Clusters and Defective Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8409-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403583s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
117543, Singapore
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3,
117542, Singapore
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3,
117542, Singapore
| | - Yuanping Feng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3,
117542, Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3,
117542, Singapore
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