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Han Y, Han J, Li Z, Chen S, Liu J, Zhou R, Zhao S, Li D, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Hao J, Chai G. Identification and characterization of a novel intronic splicing mutation in CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14815. [PMID: 38922778 PMCID: PMC11194178 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-related leukoencephalopathy is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease caused by CSF1R gene mutations. This study aimed to identify and investigate the effect of a novel intronic mutation (c.1754-3C>G) of CSF1R on splicing. METHODS A novel intronic mutation was identified using whole-exome sequencing. To investigate the impact of this mutation, we employed various bioinformatics tools to analyze the transcription of the CSF1R gene and the three-dimensional structure of its encoded protein. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to validate the findings. RESULTS A novel mutation (c.1754-3C>G) in CSF1R was identified, which results in exon 13 skipping due to the disruption of the 3' splice site consensus sequence NYAG/G. This exon skipping event was further validated in the peripheral blood of the mutation carrier through RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Protein structure prediction indicated a disruption in the tyrosine kinase domain, with the truncated protein showing significant structural alterations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of intronic mis-splicing mutations in the diagnosis and management of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilai Han
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Ruxing Zhou
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Shufang Zhao
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Yinan Zhao
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research CenterBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of EducationBeijingChina
| | - Guoliang Chai
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological DisordersBeijingChina
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research CenterBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical ResearchBeijingChina
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2
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Mundt S, Greter M, Becher B. The CNS mononuclear phagocyte system in health and disease. Neuron 2022; 110:3497-3512. [PMID: 36327896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CNS-resident macrophages-including parenchymal microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs)-contribute to neuronal development and health, vascularization, and tissue integrity at steady state. Border-patrolling mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells and monocytes confer important immune functions to the CNS, protecting it from pathogenic threats including aberrant cell growth and brain malignancies. Even though we have learned much about the contribution of lymphocytes to CNS pathologies, a better understanding of differential roles of tissue-resident and -invading phagocytes is slowly emerging. In this perspective, we propose that in CNS neuroinflammatory diseases, tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) contribute to the clearing of debris and resolution of inflammation, whereas blood-borne phagocytes are drivers of immunopathology. We discuss the remaining challenges to resolve which specialized mononuclear phagocyte populations are driving or suppressing immune effector function, thereby potentially dictating the outcome of autoimmunity or brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Chitu V, Gökhan Ş, Stanley ER. Modeling CSF-1 receptor deficiency diseases - how close are we? FEBS J 2022; 289:5049-5073. [PMID: 34145972 PMCID: PMC8684558 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) in macrophage and organismal development has been extensively studied in mouse. Within the last decade, mutations in the CSF1R have been shown to cause rare diseases of both pediatric (Brain Abnormalities, Neurodegeneration, and Dysosteosclerosis, OMIM #618476) and adult (CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy, OMIM #221820) onset. Here we review the genetics, penetrance, and histopathological features of these diseases and discuss to what extent the animal models of Csf1r deficiency currently available provide systems in which to study the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
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4
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Stables J, Green EK, Sehgal A, Patkar OL, Keshvari S, Taylor I, Ashcroft ME, Grabert K, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Szymkowiak S, McColl BW, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Mueller W, Starobova H, Vetter I, Shabestari SK, Blurton-Jones MM, Summers KM, Irvine KM, Pridans C, Hume DA. A kinase-dead Csf1r mutation associated with adult-onset leukoencephalopathy has a dominant inhibitory impact on CSF1R signalling. Development 2022; 149:274819. [PMID: 35333324 PMCID: PMC9002114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in the kinase domain of the human CSF1R gene are associated with autosomal dominant adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). To model the human disease, we created a disease-associated mutation (pGlu631Lys; E631K) in the mouse Csf1r locus. Homozygous mutation (Csf1rE631K/E631K) phenocopied the Csf1r knockout, with prenatal mortality or severe postnatal growth retardation and hydrocephalus. Heterozygous mutation delayed the postnatal expansion of tissue macrophage populations in most organs. Bone marrow cells from Csf1rE631K/+mice were resistant to CSF1 stimulation in vitro, and Csf1rE631K/+ mice were unresponsive to administration of a CSF1-Fc fusion protein, which expanded tissue macrophage populations in controls. In the brain, microglial cell numbers and dendritic arborisation were reduced in Csf1rE631K/+ mice, as in patients with ALSP. The microglial phenotype is the opposite of microgliosis observed in Csf1r+/- mice. However, we found no evidence of brain pathology or impacts on motor function in aged Csf1rE631K/+ mice. We conclude that heterozygous disease-associated CSF1R mutations compromise CSF1R signalling. We speculate that leukoencephalopathy associated with dominant human CSF1R mutations requires an environmental trigger and/or epistatic interaction with common neurodegenerative disease-associated alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stables
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Emma K Green
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Isis Taylor
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Maisie E Ashcroft
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Evi Wollscheid-Lengeling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, Belvaux, L-4401, Luxembourg
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neil E Humphreys
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Werner Mueller
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hana Starobova
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences & School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences & School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
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5
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Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling in the central nervous system and the potential of its pharmacological inhibitors to halt the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:821-842. [PMID: 35290551 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)/Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, maintenance, and proliferation of macrophage lineage cells. Within the central nervous system, CSF-1R signaling primarily maintains microglial homeostasis. Microglia, being the resident macrophage and first responder to any neurological insults, plays critical importance in overall health of the human brain. Aberrant and sustained activation of microglia along with continued proliferation and release of neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokines have been reported in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, halting the neuroinflammatory pathway via targeting microglial proliferation, which depends on CSF-1R signaling, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. However, apart from regulating the microglial function, recently it has been discovered that CSF-1R has much broader role in central nervous system. These findings limit the therapeutic utility of CSF-1R inhibitors but also highlight the need for a complete understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. Moreover, it has been found that selective inhibitors of CSF-1R may be more efficient in avoiding non-specific targeting and associated side effects. Short-term depletion of microglial population in diseased conditions have also been found to be beneficial; however, the dose and therapeutic window for optimum effects may need to be standardized further.This review summarizes the present understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. We discuss the CSF-1R signaling in the context of microglia function, crosstalk between microglia and astroglia, and regulation of neuronal cell function. We also discuss a few of the neurological disorders with a focus on the utility of CSF-1R inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategy for halting the progression of neurological diseases.
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6
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Berdowski WM, van der Linde HC, Breur M, Oosterhof N, Beerepoot S, Sanderson L, Wijnands LI, de Jong P, Tsai-Meu-Chong E, de Valk W, de Witte M, van IJcken WFJ, Demmers J, van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M, Wolf NI, van Ham TJ. Dominant-acting CSF1R variants cause microglial depletion and altered astrocytic phenotype in zebrafish and adult-onset leukodystrophy. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:211-239. [PMID: 35713703 PMCID: PMC9288387 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, including microglia, are implicated in the pathogenesis of various CNS disorders and are possible therapeutic targets by their chemical depletion or replenishment by hematopoietic stem cell therapy. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of microglial function and the consequences of microglial depletion in the human brain is lacking. In human disease, heterozygous variants in CSF1R, encoding the Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, can lead to adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) possibly caused by microglial depletion. Here, we investigate the effects of ALSP-causing CSF1R variants on microglia and explore the consequences of microglial depletion in the brain. In intermediate- and late-stage ALSP post-mortem brain, we establish that there is an overall loss of homeostatic microglia and that this is predominantly seen in the white matter. By introducing ALSP-causing missense variants into the zebrafish genomic csf1ra locus, we show that these variants act dominant negatively on the number of microglia in vertebrate brain development. Transcriptomics and proteomics on relatively spared ALSP brain tissue validated a downregulation of microglia-associated genes and revealed elevated astrocytic proteins, possibly suggesting involvement of astrocytes in early pathogenesis. Indeed, neuropathological analysis and in vivo imaging of csf1r zebrafish models showed an astrocytic phenotype associated with enhanced, possibly compensatory, endocytosis. Together, our findings indicate that microglial depletion in zebrafish and human disease, likely as a consequence of dominant-acting pathogenic CSF1R variants, correlates with altered astrocytes. These findings underscore the unique opportunity CSF1R variants provide to gain insight into the roles of microglia in the human brain, and the need to further investigate how microglia, astrocytes, and their interactions contribute to white matter homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woutje M. Berdowski
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma C. van der Linde
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Oosterhof
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shanice Beerepoot
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie Sanderson
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve I. Wijnands
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick de Jong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Tsai-Meu-Chong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter de Valk
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek de Witte
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Hematology Department, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XCenter for Biomics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XProteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I. Wolf
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang YL, Wang FZ, Li R, Jiang J, Liu X, Xu J. Recent Advances in Basic Research for CSF1R-Microglial Encephalopathy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:792840. [PMID: 34955818 PMCID: PMC8695766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.792840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor-microglial encephalopathy is a rare rapidly progressive dementia resulting from colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) mutations, also named pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids, and pigmented glia (ALSP) and CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. CSF1R is primarily expressed in microglia and mutations normally directly lead to changes in microglial number and function. Many animal models have been constructed to explore pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies, including zebrafish, mice, and rat models which are with CSF1R monogenic mutation, biallelic or tri-allelic deletion, or CSF1R-null. Although there is no cure for patients with CSF1R-microglial encephalopathy, microglial replacement therapy has become a topical research area. This review summarizes CSF1R-related pathogenetic mutation sites and mechanisms, especially the feasibility of the microglia-original immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ze Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Harford DA, Delaney C, O'Callaghan J, Hudson N, Connolly R, Doyle S, Farrell M, Doherty CP, Cahill M, Campbell M. Decreased CSF1R Signaling and the Accumulation of Reticular Pseudo-Drusen? Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2021; 52:666-671. [PMID: 34908483 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20211101-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is caused by dominant-acting mutations in the gene colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). It is an ultra-rare leukoencephalopathy that involves demyelination of white matter and early-onset dementia. It has been well validated that mutations in the kinase region of the gene cause decreased signaling of the receptor via its two cognate ligands interleukin-34 (IL-34) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). In this article, we report a thorough analysis of retinal integrity in a 48-year-old genetically diagnosed ALSP patient. We show that although the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts are relatively preserved, the patient has visual field deficits likely due to optic radiation and/or cortical atrophy. Intriguingly, we report the appearance of inner retinal vascular leakage and the appearance of reticular pseudo-drusen (RPD)-like deposits. We propose that the early stages of RPD accumulation may be associated with an attenuated CSF-1 receptor signaling axis. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:666-671.].
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9
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Berdowski WM, Sanderson LE, van Ham TJ. The multicellular interplay of microglia in health and disease: lessons from leukodystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048925. [PMID: 34282843 PMCID: PMC8319551 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic cells crucial for developing and maintaining lifelong brain function and health through their many interactions with essentially all cellular components of the central nervous system. The frequent connection of microglia to leukodystrophies, genetic disorders of the white matter, has highlighted their involvement in the maintenance of white matter integrity. However, the mechanisms that underlie their putative roles in these processes remain largely uncharacterized. Microglia have also been gaining attention as possible therapeutic targets for many neurological conditions, increasing the demand to understand their broad spectrum of functions and the impact of their dysregulation. In this Review, we compare the pathological features of two groups of genetic leukodystrophies: those in which microglial dysfunction holds a central role, termed 'microgliopathies', and those in which lysosomal or peroxisomal defects are considered to be the primary driver. The latter are suspected to have notable microglia involvement, as some affected individuals benefit from microglia-replenishing therapy. Based on overlapping pathology, we discuss multiple ways through which aberrant microglia could lead to white matter defects and brain dysfunction. We propose that the study of leukodystrophies, and their extensively multicellular pathology, will benefit from complementing analyses of human patient material with the examination of cellular dynamics in vivo using animal models, such as zebrafish. Together, this will yield important insight into the cell biological mechanisms of microglial impact in the central nervous system, particularly in the development and maintenance of myelin, that will facilitate the development of new, and refinement of existing, therapeutic options for a range of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Arreola MA, Soni N, Crapser JD, Hohsfield LA, Elmore MRP, Matheos DP, Wood MA, Swarup V, Mortazavi A, Green KN. Microglial dyshomeostasis drives perineuronal net and synaptic loss in a CSF1R +/- mouse model of ALSP, which can be rescued via CSF1R inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1601. [PMID: 34433559 PMCID: PMC8386924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). We sought to identify the role of microglial CSF1R haploinsufficiency in mediating pathogenesis. Using an inducible Cx3cr1 CreERT2/+-Csf1r +/fl system, we found that postdevelopmental, microglia-specific Csf1r haploinsufficiency resulted in reduced expression of homeostatic microglial markers. This was associated with loss of presynaptic surrogates and the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure perineuronal nets. Similar phenotypes were observed in constitutive global Csf1r haploinsufficient mice and could be reversed/prevented by microglia elimination in adulthood. As microglial elimination is unlikely to be clinically feasible for extended durations, we treated adult CSF1R+/- mice at different disease stages with a microglia-modulating dose of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622, which prevented microglial dyshomeostasis along with synaptic- and ECM-related deficits. These data highlight microglial dyshomeostasis as a driver of pathogenesis and show that CSF1R inhibition can mitigate these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Arreola
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Neelakshi Soni
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua D Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Monica R P Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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11
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Guo L, Ikegawa S. From HDLS to BANDDOS: fast-expanding phenotypic spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in CSF1R. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1139-1144. [PMID: 34135456 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) plays key roles in the development and function of the cells in the monocyte/macrophage lineage, including microglia and osteoclasts. It is well known that mono-allelic mutations of CSF1R cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS, OMIM # 221820), an adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Recently, a more severe phenotypic spectrum has been identified in individuals with bi-allelic mutations of CSF1R. In addition to leukoencephalopathy of earlier onset than HDLS, the new disease shows brain malformations and skeletal dysplasia compatible with dysosteosclerosis (DOS), thus named "brain abnormalities, neurodegeneration, and dysosteosclerosis" (BANDDOS, OMIM # 618476). In addition, some individuals with bi-allelic missense mutations of CSF1R have been found to present with incomplete BANDDOS where skeletal dysplasia is absent. In this review, we summarize the monogenic disorders caused by mutations in CSF1R and their mutational spectra, and propose a dose-dependent model to explain the complex genotype-phenotype association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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A novel mutation in CSF1R associated with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:411-417. [PMID: 33948764 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder with high penetrance characterized by progressive cognitive and motor dysfunction. The objective of the study was to describe a new variant of the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) gene causing HDLS in a Chinese family. METHODS Physical examinations, laboratory tests, structural neuroimaging studies, and whole-exome sequence analysis were carried out. RESULTS Three patients in this family exhibited typical manifestations of HDLS, including progressive cognitive impairment, language and motor dysfunctions, and urinary and bowel incontinence. Genetic analysis identified a heterozygous missense mutation (c.2264T>C, p.L755P) in exon 17 of the CSF1R gene that cosegregated with the HDLS phenotype in an autosomal-dominant pattern. Brain MRI of the proband and her father showed diffuse white matter changes. The proband's 10-year-old son, a gene carrier, remains clinically asymptomatic at present. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a novel missense mutation, p.L755P, in the CSF1R gene within a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant HDLS and broaden the genetic spectrum of CSF1R-associated HDLS.
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13
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Wei Y, Ma M, Lin S, Li X, Shu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Hu B, Cheng B, Duan S, Huang X, Xu H, Zhang YW, Zheng H. Proteolytic Shedding of Human Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor and its implication. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4516-4521. [PMID: 33783963 PMCID: PMC8093967 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) are trans‐membrane receptors and are expressed in the brain primarily by microglia. Mutations in these two microglia‐expressed genes associated with neurodegenerative disease have recently been grouped under the term “microgliopathy”. Several literatures have indicated that CSF1R and TREM2 encounters a stepwise shedding and TREM2 variants impair or accelerate the processing. However, whether CSF1R variant affects the shedding of CSF1R remains elusive. Here, plasmids containing human CSF1R or TREM2 were transiently transfected into the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. Using Western Blot and/or ELISA assay, we demonstrated that, similar to those of TREM2, an N‐terminal fragment (NTF) shedding of CSF1R ectodomain and a subsequent C‐terminal fragment (CTF) of CSF1R intra‐membrane were generated by a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family member and by γ‐secretase, respectively. And the shedding was inhibited by treatment with Batimastat, an ADAM inhibitor, or DAPT or compound E, a γ‐secretase inhibitor. Importantly, we show that the cleaved fragments, both extracellular domain and intracellular domain of a common disease associated I794T variant, were decreased significantly. Together, our studies demonstrate a stepwise approach of human CSF1R cleavage and contribute to understand the pathogenicity of CSF1R I794T variant in adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). These studies also suggest that the cleaved ectodomain fragment released from CSF1R may be proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for ALSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Menghui Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Banglian Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Baoying Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengshun Duan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Kındış E, Simsek-Kiper PÖ, Koşukcu C, Taşkıran EZ, Göçmen R, Utine E, Haliloğlu G, Boduroğlu K, Alikaşifoğlu M. Further expanding the mutational spectrum of brain abnormalities, neurodegeneration, and dysosteosclerosis: A rare disorder with neurologic regression and skeletal features. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1888-1896. [PMID: 33749994 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, MIM# 164770) encodes a tyrosine-kinase receptor playing an important role in development of osteoclasts and microglia. Heterozygous CSF1R variants have been known to cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS, MIM# 221820), an adult-onset leukoencephalopathy characterized by loss of motor functions and cognitive decline. Recently, a new phenotype characterized by brain abnormalities, neurodegeneration, and dysosteosclerosis (BANDDOS) with biallelic CSF1R pathogenic variants in the etiology has been described. BANDDOS differs from HDLS by early-onset neurodegenerative changes with additional structural brain abnormalities and skeletal findings resembling dysosteosclerosis (DOS). Described skeletal findings of the disease are highly variable ranging from absence of a skeletal phenotype and milder Pyle disease-like to osteopetrosis and DOS. To date, only a few patients carrying biallelic CSF1R variants have been reported. In this clinical report, we describe three siblings with variable skeletal findings along with neurological symptoms ranging from mild to severe in whom exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous splice site variant in canonical splice donor site of intron 21 adjacent to an exon, which encoding part of kinase domain of CSF1R along with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Kındış
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Can Koşukcu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Z Taşkıran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Göçmen
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Göknur Haliloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alikaşifoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Kinoshita M, Oyanagi K, Kondo Y, Ishizawa K, Ishihara K, Yoshida M, Inoue T, Mitsuyama Y, Yoshida K, Yamada M, Sekijima Y, Ikeda SI. Pathologic basis of the preferential thinning of thecorpus callosum in adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). eNeurologicalSci 2021; 22:100310. [PMID: 33553700 PMCID: PMC7844436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is an early onset dementia characterized by axonal loss in the cerebral white matter with swollen axons (spheroids). It had been reported that the preferential thinning and “focal lesions” of the corpus callosum were observed on T2-weighted MRI in ALSP patients. The present study aimed to reveal the pathologic basis of them in relation to brain lesion staging (I ~ IV: Oyanagi et al. 2017). Methods Seven autopsied brains of ALSP and five controls were neuropathologically examined. Results Even at Stage I, corpus callosum body showed evident atrophy, and the atrophy advanced with stage progression. Spheroid size and density were maximal at Stage II in both centrum semiovale and corpus callosum body, but spheroids were larger in corpus callosum body than in centrum semiovale. Microglia in the body at Stage II had a larger cytoplasm than those in centrum semiovale. But spheroids and microglia in the “focal lesions” were identical with those of centrum semiovale. Conclusion Preferential thinning of corpus callosum was considered to be formed in relation to peculiar morphological alteration of microglia there in ALSP. Instead, “focal lesions” were formed in connection with the lesions in centrum semiovale. Preferential thinning and “focal lesions” of corpus callosum in ALSP. Seven autopsied brains of ALSP and five controls were neuropathologically examined. Larger spheroids and more microglial alteration in corpus callosum than centrum semiovale. “Focal lesions” were formed in connection with the lesions in the centrum semiovale. Peculiar morphological change of microglia leads to the preferential thinning of corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, 5-11-50 Kogandori, Suwa 392-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Oyanagi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kondo
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ushioda General Hospital, 1-6-20 Yako, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0001, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Inoue
- Psychogeriatric Center, Daigo Hospital, 1270 Nagata, Mimata-chou, Kitamorokata-gun, Miyazaki 889-1911, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mitsuyama
- Psychogeriatric Center, Daigo Hospital, 1270 Nagata, Mimata-chou, Kitamorokata-gun, Miyazaki 889-1911, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshida
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamada
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ikeda
- Intractable Disease Care Center, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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16
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Patkar OL, Caruso M, Teakle N, Keshvari S, Bush SJ, Pridans C, Belmer A, Summers KM, Irvine KM, Hume DA. Analysis of homozygous and heterozygous Csf1r knockout in the rat as a model for understanding microglial function in brain development and the impacts of human CSF1R mutations. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105268. [PMID: 33450391 PMCID: PMC7941205 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human CSF1R gene have been associated with dominant and recessive forms of neurodegenerative disease. Here we describe the impacts of Csf1r mutation in the rat on development of the brain. Diffusion imaging indicated small reductions in major fiber tracts that may be associated in part with ventricular enlargement. RNA-seq profiling revealed a set of 105 microglial markers depleted in all brain regions of the Csf1rko rats. There was no evidence of region or sex-specific expression of microglia-associated transcripts. Other than the microglial signature, Csf1rko had no effect on any neuronal or region-specific transcript cluster. Expression of markers of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, dopaminergic neurons and Purkinje cells was minimally affected. However, there were defects in dendritic arborization of doublecortin-positive neurogenic precursors and expression of poly-sialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PS-NCAM) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Heterozygous Csf1rko rats had no detectable brain phenotype. We conclude that most brain developmental processes occur normally in the absence of microglia and that CSF1R haploinsufficiency is unlikely to cause leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ngari Teakle
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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17
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Munro DAD, Bradford BM, Mariani SA, Hampton DW, Vink CS, Chandran S, Hume DA, Pridans C, Priller J. CNS macrophages differentially rely on an intronic Csf1r enhancer for their development. Development 2020; 147:147/23/dev194449. [PMID: 33323375 PMCID: PMC7758622 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system hosts parenchymal macrophages, known as microglia, and non-parenchymal macrophages, collectively termed border-associated macrophages (BAMs). Microglia, but not BAMs, were reported to be absent in mice lacking a conserved Csf1r enhancer: the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE). However, it is unknown whether FIRE deficiency also impacts BAM arrival and/or maintenance. Here, we show that macrophages in the ventricular system of the brain, including Kolmer's epiplexus macrophages, are absent in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Stromal choroid plexus BAMs are also considerably reduced. During normal development, we demonstrate that intracerebroventricular macrophages arrive from embryonic day 10.5, and can traverse ventricular walls in embryonic slice cultures. In Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE embryos, the arrival of both primitive microglia and intracerebroventricular macrophages was eliminated, whereas the arrival of cephalic mesenchyme and stromal choroid plexus BAMs was only partially restricted. Our results provide new insights into the development and regulation of different CNS macrophage populations. Summary: Deletion of the fms-intronic regulatory element of Csf1r in mouse disrupts the engraftment and maintenance of central nervous system macrophages in a compartment-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Samanta A Mariani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David W Hampton
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chris S Vink
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba Q4102, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK .,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Grabert K, Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Ozdemir DD, Stables J, Luke GA, Ryan MD, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Sandrock CJ, Rojo R, Verkasalo VA, Mueller W, Hohenstein P, Pettit AR, Pridans C, Hume DA. A Transgenic Line That Reports CSF1R Protein Expression Provides a Definitive Marker for the Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3154-3166. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Lelios I, Cansever D, Utz SG, Mildenberger W, Stifter SA, Greter M. Emerging roles of IL-34 in health and disease. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133604. [PMID: 31940023 PMCID: PMC7062519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and are present in every organ of the body. They fulfill critical roles in tissue homeostasis and development and are involved in various pathologies. An essential factor for the development, homeostasis, and function of mononuclear phagocytes is the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which has two known ligands: CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34). While CSF-1 has been extensively studied, the biology and functions of IL-34 are only now beginning to be uncovered. In this review, we discuss recent advances of IL-34 biology in health and disease with a specific focus on mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Lelios
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilay Cansever
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian G Utz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Mildenberger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian A Stifter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Kempthorne L, Yoon H, Madore C, Smith S, Wszolek ZK, Rademakers R, Kim J, Butovsky O, Dickson DW. Loss of homeostatic microglial phenotype in CSF1R-related Leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:72. [PMID: 32430064 PMCID: PMC7236286 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system, and their unique molecular signature is dependent upon CSF-1 signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of CSF-1R in survival and development of microglia in animal models, but the findings are of uncertain relevance to understanding the influence of CSF-1R on microglia in humans. Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) [also known as adult onset leukoencephalopathy with spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP)] is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting cerebral white matter, most often caused by mutations of CSF1R. Therefore, we hypothesized that the molecular profile of microglia may be affected in HDLS. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry and quantitative transcriptomic profiling revealed reduced expression of IBA-1 and P2RY12 in both white and gray matter microglia of HDLS. In contrast, there was increased expression of CD68 and CD163 in microglia in affected white matter. In addition, expression of selective and specific microglial markers, including P2RY12, CX3CR1 and CSF-1R, were reduced in affected white matter. These results suggest that microglia in white matter in HDLS lose their homeostatic phenotype. Supported by gene ontology analysis, it is likely that an inflammatory phenotype is a key pathogenic feature of microglia in vulnerable brain regions of HDLS. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism of disease pathogenesis by linking aberrant CSF-1 signaling to altered microglial phenotype. They also support the idea that HDLS may be a primary microgliopathy. We observed increased expression of CSF-2 in gray matter compared to affected white matter, which may contribute to selective vulnerability of white matter in HDLS. Our findings suggest that methods that restore the homeostatic phenotype of microglia might be considered treatment approaches in HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Kempthorne
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Smith
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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21
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Márquez-Ropero M, Benito E, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial Corpse Clearance: Lessons From Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32292406 PMCID: PMC7135884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. To prevent garbage buildup, the brain is equipped with efficient phagocytes: the microglia. Microglia are similar, but not identical to other tissue macrophages, and in this review, we will first summarize the differences in the origin, lineage and population maintenance of microglia and macrophages. Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. In summary, we will show that neuroimmunologists can learn many lessons from the well-developed field of macrophage phagocytosis biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Márquez-Ropero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Eva Benito
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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22
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Tian WT, Zhan FX, Liu Q, Luan XH, Zhang C, Shang L, Zhang BY, Pan SJ, Miao F, Hu J, Zhong P, Liu SH, Zhu ZY, Zhou HY, Sun S, Liu XL, Huang XJ, Jiang JW, Ma JF, Wang Y, Chen SF, Tang HD, Chen SD, Cao L. Clinicopathologic characterization and abnormal autophagy of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:32. [PMID: 31827782 PMCID: PMC6886209 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy, also known as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), is a rare white-matter encephalopathy characterized by motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene mutation. Few of CSF1R mutations have been functionally testified and the pathogenesis remains unknown. Methods In order to investigate clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy and explore the potential impact of CSF1R mutations, we analyzed clinical manifestations of 15 patients from 10 unrelated families and performed brain biopsy in 2 cases. Next generation sequencing was conducted for 10 probands to confirm the diagnosis. Sanger sequencing, segregation analysis and phenotypic reevaluation were utilized to substantiate findings. Functional examination of identified mutations was further explored. Results Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics were summarized. The average age at onset was 35.9 ± 6.4 years (range 24–46 years old). Younger age of onset was observed in female than male (34.2 vs. 39.2 years). The most common initial symptoms were speech dysfunction, cognitive decline and parkinsonian symptoms. One patient also had marked peripheral neuropathy. Brain biopsy of two cases showed typical pathological changes, including myelin loss, axonal spheroids, phosphorylated neurofilament and activated macrophages. Electron microscopy disclosed increased mitochondrial vacuolation and disorganized neurofilaments in ballooned axons. A total of 7 pathogenic variants (4 novel, 3 documented) were identified with autophosphorylation deficiency, among which c.2342C > T remained partial function of autophosphorylation. Western blotting disclosed the significantly lower level of c.2026C > T (p.R676*) than wild type. The level of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), a classical marker of autophagy, was significantly lower in mutants expressed cells than wild type group by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Conclusions Our findings support the loss-of-function and haploinsufficiency hypothesis in pathogenesis. Autophagy abnormality may play a role in the disease. Repairing or promoting the phosphorylation level of mutant CSF1R may shed light on therapeutic targets in the future. However, whether peripheral polyneuropathy potentially belongs to CSF1R-related spectrum deserves further study with longer follow-up and more patients enrolled. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR1800015295. Registered 21 March 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0171-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wo-Tu Tian
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Fei-Xia Zhan
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Qing Liu
- 2Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100032 China
| | - Xing-Hua Luan
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China.,3Anhui University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Huainan, 232001 Anhui Province China
| | - Liang Shang
- 2Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100032 China
| | - Ben-Yan Zhang
- 4Department of Pathology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Si-Jian Pan
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Fei Miao
- 6Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jiong Hu
- 7Department of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ping Zhong
- 8Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 234000 Anhui Province China
| | - Shi-Hua Liu
- 8Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 234000 Anhui Province China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhu
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Suya Sun
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- 9Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201406 China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jing-Wen Jiang
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jian-Fang Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ying Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shu-Fen Chen
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hui-Dong Tang
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Li Cao
- 1Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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23
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Hume DA, Gutowska‐Ding MW, Garcia‐Morales C, Kebede A, Bamidele O, Trujillo AV, Gheyas AA, Smith J. Functional evolution of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and its ligands in birds. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:237-250. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ma0519-172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute‐University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Carla Garcia‐Morales
- Department Biotecnologia Universidad Automona del Estado de Mexico Toluca Area Mexico
| | - Adebabay Kebede
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
- Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institution (ILRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Oladeji Bamidele
- African Chicken Genetic Gains Project‐Nigeria The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Adriana Vallejo Trujillo
- Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Almas A. Gheyas
- The Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Midlothian United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health University of Edinburgh Midlothian United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Midlothian United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health University of Edinburgh Midlothian United Kingdom
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24
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Ferrari-Cestari M, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. Phenotypic impacts of CSF1R deficiencies in humans and model organisms. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:205-219. [PMID: 31330095 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0519-143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mϕ proliferation, differentiation, and survival are controlled by signals from the Mϕ CSF receptor (CSF1R). Mono-allelic gain-of-function mutations in CSF1R in humans are associated with an autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy and bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations with recessive skeletal dysplasia, brain disorders, and developmental anomalies. Most of the phenotypes observed in these human disease states are also observed in mice and rats with loss-of-function mutations in Csf1r or in Csf1 encoding one of its two ligands. Studies in rodent models also highlight the importance of genetic background and likely epistatic interactions between Csf1r and other loci. The impacts of Csf1r mutations on the brain are usually attributed solely to direct impacts on microglial number and function. However, analysis of hypomorphic Csf1r mutants in mice and several other lines of evidence suggest that primary hydrocephalus and loss of the physiological functions of Mϕs in the periphery contribute to the development of brain pathology. In this review, we outline the evidence that CSF1R is expressed exclusively in mononuclear phagocytes and explore the mechanisms linking CSF1R mutations to pleiotropic impacts on postnatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Yang X, Huang P, Tan Y, Xiao Q. A Novel Splicing Mutation in the CSF1R Gene in a Family With Hereditary Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy With Axonal Spheroids. Front Genet 2019; 10:491. [PMID: 31191609 PMCID: PMC6541038 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that typically presents with early-onset cognitive decline or personality change. The disease is associated with heterozygous mutations in the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) gene. CSF1R activation regulates microglial survival, proliferation, and differentiation. The different gene mutations may be related to the various clinical phenotypes. Here, we described comprehensive clinical, neuroimaging, neuropathological, and genetic analyses of a family with HDLS. A novel splicing mutation in intron 13 (c.1858+1G>T) of CSF1R was found in this family. It is located at the splice site of intron 13, resulting in a splice donor site leading to exon 13 skipping from the CSF1R mRNA. The mother and two elderly siblings of the proband had the same CSF1R mutation as the proband but showed very mild neuroimaging abnormalities and mild memory loss, which did not affect daily life, indicating very uneven penetrance and distinctly different disease progression among family members. This report provides diverse neuroimaging and clinical characteristics of a novel CSF1R mutation with different disease penetrance. The large clinical heterogeneity in the same family who all had the same mutation indicates that modifying genes and environmental factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Oosterhof N, Chang IJ, Karimiani EG, Kuil LE, Jensen DM, Daza R, Young E, Astle L, van der Linde HC, Shivaram GM, Demmers J, Latimer CS, Keene CD, Loter E, Maroofian R, van Ham TJ, Hevner RF, Bennett JT. Homozygous Mutations in CSF1R Cause a Pediatric-Onset Leukoencephalopathy and Can Result in Congenital Absence of Microglia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:936-947. [PMID: 30982608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are CNS-resident macrophages that scavenge debris and regulate immune responses. Proliferation and development of macrophages, including microglia, requires Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), a gene previously associated with a dominant adult-onset neurological condition (adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia). Here, we report two unrelated individuals with homozygous CSF1R mutations whose presentation was distinct from ALSP. Post-mortem examination of an individual with a homozygous splice mutation (c.1754-1G>C) demonstrated several structural brain anomalies, including agenesis of corpus callosum. Immunostaining demonstrated almost complete absence of microglia within this brain, suggesting that it developed in the absence of microglia. The second individual had a homozygous missense mutation (c.1929C>A [p.His643Gln]) and presented with developmental delay and epilepsy in childhood. We analyzed a zebrafish model (csf1rDM) lacking Csf1r function and found that their brains also lacked microglia and had reduced levels of CUX1, a neuronal transcription factor. CUX1+ neurons were also reduced in sections of homozygous CSF1R mutant human brain, identifying an evolutionarily conserved role for CSF1R signaling in production or maintenance of CUX1+ neurons. Since a large fraction of CUX1+ neurons project callosal axons, we speculate that microglia deficiency may contribute to agenesis of the corpus callosum via reduction in CUX1+ neurons. Our results suggest that CSF1R is required for human brain development and establish the csf1rDM fish as a model for microgliopathies. In addition, our results exemplify an under-recognized form of phenotypic expansion, in which genes associated with well-recognized, dominant conditions produce different phenotypes when biallelically mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Oosterhof
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene J Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laura E Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dana M Jensen
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ray Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Erica Young
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lee Astle
- Department of Laboratory and Pathology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Loter
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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27
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Guo L, Bertola DR, Takanohashi A, Saito A, Segawa Y, Yokota T, Ishibashi S, Nishida Y, Yamamoto GL, Franco JFDS, Honjo RS, Kim CA, Musso CM, Timmons M, Pizzino A, Taft RJ, Lajoie B, Knight MA, Fischbeck KH, Singleton AB, Ferreira CR, Wang Z, Yan L, Garbern JY, Simsek-Kiper PO, Ohashi H, Robey PG, Boyde A, Matsumoto N, Miyake N, Spranger J, Schiffmann R, Vanderver A, Nishimura G, Passos-Bueno MRDS, Simons C, Ishikawa K, Ikegawa S. Bi-allelic CSF1R Mutations Cause Skeletal Dysplasia of Dysosteosclerosis-Pyle Disease Spectrum and Degenerative Encephalopathy with Brain Malformation. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:925-935. [PMID: 30982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) plays key roles in regulating development and function of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, including microglia and osteoclasts. Mono-allelic mutations of CSF1R are known to cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), an adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Here, we report seven affected individuals from three unrelated families who had bi-allelic CSF1R mutations. In addition to early-onset HDLS-like neurological disorders, they had brain malformations and skeletal dysplasia compatible to dysosteosclerosis (DOS) or Pyle disease. We identified five CSF1R mutations that were homozygous or compound heterozygous in these affected individuals. Two of them were deep intronic mutations resulting in abnormal inclusion of intron sequences in the mRNA. Compared with Csf1r-null mice, the skeletal and neural phenotypes of the affected individuals appeared milder and variable, suggesting that at least one of the mutations in each affected individual is hypomorphic. Our results characterized a unique human skeletal phenotype caused by CSF1R deficiency and implied that bi-allelic CSF1R mutations cause a spectrum of neurological and skeletal disorders, probably depending on the residual CSF1R function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Unidade de Genética Clínica, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Asako Takanohashi
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Asuka Saito
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuko Segawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Nishida
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Unidade de Genética Clínica, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - José Francisco da Silva Franco
- Unidade de Genética Clínica, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética Clínica, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética Clínica, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Manso Musso
- Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Margaret Timmons
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Pizzino
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Illumina, Inc., 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Bryan Lajoie
- Illumina, Inc., 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Melanie A Knight
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, and Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - James Y Garbern
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Pelin O Simsek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan Boyde
- Biophysics, Oral Growth and Development, Dental Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jürgen Spranger
- Central German Competence Center for Rare Diseases (MKSE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | | | - Adeline Vanderver
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Intractable Disease Center, Saitama University Hospital, Moro 350-0495, Japan
| | | | - Cas Simons
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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28
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Kraya T, Quandt D, Pfirrmann T, Kindermann A, Lampe L, Schroeter ML, Kohlhase J, Stoevesandt D, Hoffmann K, Villavicencio-Lorini P. Functional characterization of a novel CSF1R mutation causing hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00595. [PMID: 30729751 PMCID: PMC6465730 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor is a tyrosine kinase transmembrane protein that mediates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes/macrophages and microglia. CSF1R gene mutations cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), an autosomal‐dominantly inherited microgliopathy, leading to early onset dementia with high lethality. Methods By interdisciplinary assessment of a complex neuropsychiatric condition in a 44‐year old female patient, we narrowed down the genetic diagnostic to CSF1R gene sequencing. Flow cytometric analyses of uncultivated peripheral blood monocytes were conducted sequentially to measure the cell surface CSF1 receptor and autophosphorylation levels. Monocyte subpopulations were monitored during disease progression. Results We identified a novel heterozygous deletion–insertion mutation c.2527_2530delinsGGCA, p.(Ile843_Leu844delinsGlyIle) in our patient with initial signs of HDLS. Marginally elevated cell surface CSF1 receptor levels with increased Tyr723 autophosphorylation suggest an enhanced receptor activity. Furthermore, we observed a shift in monocyte subpopulations during disease course. Conclusion Our data indicate a mutation‐related CSF1R gain‐of‐function, accompanied by an altered composition of the peripheral innate immune cells in our patient with HDLS. Since pharmacological targeting of CSF1R with tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevents disease progression in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders, a potential pharmacological benefit of CSF1R inhibition remains to be elucidated for patients with HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kraya
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Quandt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Kindermann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Leonie Lampe
- Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kohlhase
- SYNLAB Center for Human Genetics Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Stoevesandt
- Department of Radiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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A novel mutation in the CSF1R gene causes hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1287-1290. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Song WM, Colonna M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1048-1058. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Pridans C, Raper A, Davis GM, Alves J, Sauter KA, Lefevre L, Regan T, Meek S, Sutherland L, Thomson AJ, Clohisey S, Bush SJ, Rojo R, Lisowski ZM, Wallace R, Grabert K, Upton KR, Tsai YT, Brown D, Smith LB, Summers KM, Mabbott NA, Piccardo P, Cheeseman MT, Burdon T, Hume DA. Pleiotropic Impacts of Macrophage and Microglial Deficiency on Development in Rats with Targeted Mutation of the Csf1r Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2683-2699. [PMID: 30249809 PMCID: PMC6196293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have produced Csf1r-deficient rats by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Consistent with the role of Csf1r in macrophage differentiation, there was a loss of peripheral blood monocytes, microglia in the brain, epidermal Langerhans cells, splenic marginal zone macrophages, bone-associated macrophages and osteoclasts, and peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages of splenic red pulp, liver, lung, and gut were less affected. The pleiotropic impacts of the loss of macrophages on development of multiple organ systems in rats were distinct from those reported in mice. Csf1r-/- rats survived well into adulthood with postnatal growth retardation, distinct skeletal and bone marrow abnormalities, infertility, and loss of visceral adipose tissue. Gene expression analysis in spleen revealed selective loss of transcripts associated with the marginal zone and, in brain regions, the loss of known and candidate novel microglia-associated transcripts. Despite the complete absence of microglia, there was little overt phenotype in brain, aside from reduced myelination and increased expression of dopamine receptor-associated transcripts in striatum. The results highlight the redundant and nonredundant functions of CSF1R signaling and of macrophages in development, organogenesis, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; .,The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Alves
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Thomson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,New World Laboratories, Laval, Quebec H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Rojo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R Upton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Brown
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2309, Australia; and
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; .,Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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32
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Prodrugs for colon-restricted delivery: Design, synthesis, and in vivo evaluation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203567. [PMID: 30192846 PMCID: PMC6128612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to restrict low molecular weight compounds to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may enable an enhanced therapeutic index for molecular targets known to be associated with systemic toxicity. Using a triazolopyrazine CSF1R inhibitor scaffold, a broad range of prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for enhanced delivery to the colon in mice. Subsequently, the preferred cyclodextrin prodrug moiety was appended to a number of CSF1R inhibitory active parent molecules, enabling GI-restricted delivery. Evaluation of a cyclodextrin prodrug in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model resulted in enhanced GI tissue levels of active parent. At a dose where no significant depletion of systemic monocytes were detected, the degree of pharmacodynamic effect-measured as reduction in macrophages in the colon-was inferior to that observed with a systemically available positive control. This suggests that a suitable therapeutic index cannot be achieved with CSF1R inhibition by using GI-restricted delivery in mice. However, these efforts provide a comprehensive frame-work in which to pursue additional gut-restricted delivery strategies for future GI targets.
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Abstract
Microglia are a subset of tissue macrophages that constitute the major immune cell type of the central nervous system. These cells have long been known to change their morphology and functions in response to various neurological insults. Recently, a plethora of unbiased transcriptomics studies have revealed that across a broad spectrum of neurodegeneration-like disease models, microglia adopt a similar activation signature and perform similar functions. Despite these commonalities in response, the role of microglia has been described as both positive and negative in different murine disease models. In humans, genetic association studies have revealed strong connections between microglia genes and various neurodegenerative diseases, and mechanistic investigations of these mutations have added another layer of complexity. Here, we provide an overview of studies that have built a case for a common microglial response to neurodegeneration and discuss pathways that may be important to initiate and sustain this response; delineate the multifaceted functions of activated microglia spanning different diseases; and discuss insights from studying genes associated with disease in humans. We argue that strong evidence causally links activated microglia function to neurodegeneration and discuss what seems to be a conflict between mouse models and human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur M Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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34
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Adams SJ, Kirk A, Auer RN. Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP): Integrating the literature on hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) and pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD). J Clin Neurosci 2017; 48:42-49. [PMID: 29122458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is a progressive degenerative white matter disorder. ALSP was previously recognized as two distinct entities, hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) and pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD). However, recent identification of mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene, which regulates mononuclear cell lineages including microglia, have provided genetic and mechanistic evidence that POLD and HDLS should be regarded as a single clinicopathologic entity. We describe two illustrative cases of ALSP which presented with neuropsychiatric symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, and motor and gait disturbances. Antemortem diagnoses of autopsy-confirmed ALSP vary significantly, and include primary progressive multiple sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer disease, atypical cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), corticobasal syndrome, and atypical Parkinson disease, suggesting that ALSP may be significantly underdiagnosed. This article presents a systematic review of ALSP in the context of two illustrative cases to help integrate the literature on HDLS and POLD. Consistent use of the term ALSP is suggested for clarity in the literature going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Adams
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Andrew Kirk
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Roland N Auer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada.
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35
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Oyanagi K, Kinoshita M, Suzuki‐Kouyama E, Inoue T, Nakahara A, Tokiwai M, Arai N, Satoh J, Aoki N, Jinnai K, Yazawa I, Arai K, Ishihara K, Kawamura M, Ishizawa K, Hasegawa K, Yagisita S, Amano N, Yoshida K, Terada S, Yoshida M, Akiyama H, Mitsuyama Y, Ikeda S. Adult onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and Nasu-Hakola disease: lesion staging and dynamic changes of axons and microglial subsets. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:748-769. [PMID: 27608278 PMCID: PMC8029200 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brains of 10 Japanese patients with adult onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) encompassing hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) and pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD) and eight Japanese patients with Nasu-Hakola disease (N-HD) and five age-matched Japanese controls were examined neuropathologically with special reference to lesion staging and dynamic changes of microglial subsets. In both diseases, the pathognomonic neuropathological features included spherically swollen axons (spheroids and globules), axon loss and changes of microglia in the white matter. In ALSP, four lesion stages based on the degree of axon loss were discernible: Stage I, patchy axon loss in the cerebral white matter without atrophy; Stage II, large patchy areas of axon loss with slight atrophy of the cerebral white matter and slight dilatation of the lateral ventricles; Stage III, extensive axon loss in the cerebral white matter and dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles without remarkable axon loss in the brainstem and cerebellum; Stage IV, devastated cerebral white matter with marked dilatation of the ventricles and axon loss in the brainstem and/or cerebellum. Internal capsule and pontine base were relatively well preserved in the N-HD, even at Stage IV, and the swollen axons were larger with a higher density in the ALSP. Microglial cells immunopositive for CD68, CD163 or CD204 were far more obvious in ALSP, than in N-HD, and the shape and density of the cells changed in each stage. With progression of the stage, clinical symptoms became worse to apathetic state, and epilepsy was frequently observed in patients at Stages III and IV in both diseases. From these findings, it is concluded that (i) shape, density and subsets of microglia change dynamically along the passage of stages and (ii) increase of IBA-1-, CD68-, CD163- and CD204-immunopositive cells precedes loss of axons in ALSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomitsu Oyanagi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease ResearchShinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
- Brain Research LaboratoryHatsuishi HospitalChibaJapan
| | | | - Emi Suzuki‐Kouyama
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease ResearchShinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
| | | | - Asa Nakahara
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease ResearchShinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
- Department of PathologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Mika Tokiwai
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain Disease ResearchShinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
- Present address:
Present address of Mika Tokiwai: Department of Laboratory MedicineShinshu University HospitalNaganoJapan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinfomatics and Molecular NeuropathologyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
- Psychiatric CenterYokohama City University Medical CenterKanagawaJapan
| | - Kenji Jinnai
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Hyogo‐Chuo‐HospitalHyogoJapan
| | - Ikuru Yazawa
- Laboratory of Research ResourcesResearch Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyAichiJapan
| | - Kimihito Arai
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Chiba‐East HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Kenji Ishihara
- Department of NeurologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Internal MedicineUshioda General HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | - Mitsuru Kawamura
- Department of NeurologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Departments of Neurology and PathologySaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Kazuko Hasegawa
- Department of NeurologySagamihara National HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Naoji Amano
- Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
- Present address:
Present address of Naoji Amano: Okaya Municipal HospitalNaganoJapan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshida
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Brain Disease ResearchShinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
| | - Seishi Terada
- Department of NeuropsychiatryOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical UniversityAichiJapan
| | | | | | - Shu‐ichi Ikeda
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology)Shinshu University School of MedicineNaganoJapan
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36
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Transcriptional mechanisms that control expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor locus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2161-2182. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage depends upon signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) receptor (CSF1R). CSF1R is expressed by embryonic macrophages and induced early in adult hematopoiesis, upon commitment of multipotent progenitors to the myeloid lineage. Transcriptional activation of CSF1R requires interaction between members of the E26 transformation-specific family of transcription factors (Ets) (notably PU.1), C/EBP, RUNX, AP-1/ATF, interferon regulatory factor (IRF), STAT, KLF, REL, FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/ranslocated in liposarcoma) families, and conserved regulatory elements within the mouse and human CSF1R locus. One element, the Fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE), within intron 2, is conserved functionally across all the amniotes. Lineage commitment in multipotent progenitors also requires down-regulation of specific transcription factors such as MYB, FLI1, basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like (BATF3), GATA-1, and PAX5 that contribute to differentiation of alternative lineages and repress CSF1R transcription. Many of these transcription factors regulate each other, interact at the protein level, and are themselves downstream targets of CSF1R signaling. Control of CSF1R transcription involves feed–forward and feedback signaling in which CSF1R is both a target and a participant; and dysregulation of CSF1R expression and/or function is associated with numerous pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the regulatory network behind CSF1R expression during differentiation and development of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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37
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Autozygosity reveals recessive mutations and novel mechanisms in dominant genes: implications in variant interpretation. Genet Med 2017; 19:1144-1150. [PMID: 28383543 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to describe recessive alleles in strictly dominant genes. Identifying recessive mutations in genes for which only dominant disease or risk alleles have been reported can expand our understanding of the medical relevance of these genes both phenotypically and mechanistically. The Saudi population is enriched for autozygosity, which enhances the homozygous occurrence of alleles, including pathogenic alleles in genes that have been associated only with a dominant inheritance pattern. METHODS Exome sequencing of patients from consanguineous families with likely recessive phenotypes was performed. In one family, the genotype of the deceased children was inferred from their parents due to lack of available samples. RESULTS We describe the identification of 11 recessive variants (5 of which are reported here for the first time) in 11 genes for which only dominant disease or risk alleles have been reported. The observed phenotypes for these recessive variants were novel (e.g., FBN2-related myopathy and CSF1R-related brain malformation and osteopetrosis), typical (e.g., ACTG2-related visceral myopathy), or an apparently healthy state (e.g., PDE11A), consistent with the corresponding mouse knockout phenotypes. CONCLUSION Our results show that, in the era of genomic sequencing and "reverse phenotyping," recessive variants in dominant genes should not be dismissed based on perceived "incompatibility" with the patient's phenotype before careful consideration.Genet Med advance online publication 06 April 2017.
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38
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Stabile C, Taglia I, Battisti C, Bianchi S, Federico A. Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS): update on molecular genetics. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1565-9. [PMID: 27338940 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by giant neuroaxonal swellings (spheroids) within the cerebral white matter (WM). Symptoms are variable and can include cognitive, mental and motor dysfunctions. Patients carry mutations in the protein kinase domain of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) which is a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for microglia development. To date, more than 50 pathogenic variants have been reported in patients with HDLS, including missense, frameshift and non-sense mutations, but also deletions and splice-site mutations, all located in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, encoded by exons 12-22. The aim of this paper is to review the literature data about the molecular genetic pattern of HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stabile
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Taglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Battisti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Unit Clinical Neurology and Neurometabolic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. .,Unit Clinical Neurology and Neurometabolic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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39
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Kawakami I, Iseki E, Kasanuki K, Minegishi M, Sato K, Hino H, Shibuya K, Fujisawa K, Higashi S, Akiyama H, Furuta A, Takanashi M, Li Y, Hattori N, Mitsuyama Y, Arai H. A family with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids caused by a novel c.2442+2T>C mutation in the CSF1R gene. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:349-55. [PMID: 27423618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical phenotypes of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), a familial progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the white matter of the brain, are heterogenous and may include behavioral and personality changes, memory impairment, parkinsonism, seizure, and spasticity. Thus, HDLS is frequently unrecognized and misdiagnosed. Heterozygous mutations located within the kinase domain of the gene encoding the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), a cell surface receptor with key roles in development and innate immunity, have been shown in HDLS. These different gene mutations may be related to the various clinical phenotypes. We report here a newly identified family with HDLS harboring a mutation in the CSF1R gene. We examined clinical and neuropathological features in three members of this family. These patients presented with affective incontinence, memory impairment, and executive dysfunction at onset, and revealed nonfluent aphasia, parkinsonism, and seizure as the disease progressed. We identified a novel CSF1R splice site mutation (c.2442+2T>C) in intron 18 for two of the patients. MRI of these patients revealed progressive, frontotemporal-predominant, confluent leukoencephalopathy. We also observed severe myelin loss, axonal degeneration, and abundant axonal spheroids, astrocytes, and microglia in the cerebral white matter, consistent with HDLS neuropathological features. Additionally, we identified atypical neuropathological findings for HDLS, including neuronal loss and gliosis with ballooned neurons and central chromatolysis in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This report provides further evidence for the clinical and neuropathological heterogeneity of HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ito Kawakami
- PET/CT Dementia Research Center, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan; Yokohama Hoyu Hospital, Psychiatry, Yokohama 241-0812, Japan; Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Eizo Iseki
- PET/CT Dementia Research Center, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Koji Kasanuki
- PET/CT Dementia Research Center, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Michiko Minegishi
- PET/CT Dementia Research Center, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sato
- PET/CT Dementia Research Center, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hino
- Yokohama Hoyu Hospital, Psychiatry, Yokohama 241-0812, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Higashi
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuta
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mitsuyama
- Daigo Hospital, Psychogeriatric Center, Miyazaki 889-1911, Japan
| | - Heii Arai
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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40
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Lynch DS, Jaunmuktane Z, Sheerin UM, Phadke R, Brandner S, Milonas I, Dean A, Bajaj N, McNicholas N, Costello D, Cronin S, McGuigan C, Rossor M, Fox N, Murphy E, Chataway J, Houlden H. Hereditary leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids: a spectrum of phenotypes from CNS vasculitis to parkinsonism in an adult onset leukodystrophy series. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:512-9. [PMID: 25935893 PMCID: PMC4853550 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids (HDLS) is a hereditary, adult onset leukodystrophy which is characterised by the presence of axonal loss, axonal spheroids and variably present pigmented macrophages on pathological examination. It most frequently presents in adulthood with dementia and personality change. HDLS has recently been found to be caused by mutations in the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) gene. METHODS In this study, we sequenced the CSF1R gene in a cohort of 48 patients from the UK, Greece and Ireland with adult onset leukodystrophy of unknown cause. RESULTS Five pathogenic mutations were found, including three novel mutations. The presentations ranged from suspected central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis to extrapyramidal to cognitive phenotypes. The case histories and imaging are presented here, in addition to neuropathological findings from two cases with novel mutations. CONCLUSION We estimate that CSF1R mutations account for 10% of idiopathic adult onset leukodystrophies and that genetic testing for CSF1R mutations is essential in adult patients presenting with undefined CNS vasculitis or a leukodystrophy with prominent neuropsychiatric signs or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lynch
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK The Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, London UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Una-Marie Sheerin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rahul Phadke
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ionnis Milonas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrew Dean
- Department of Neuropathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Neurology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nuala McNicholas
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Costello
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Cronin
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chris McGuigan
- University College Dublin, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Rossor
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Nick Fox
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Dementia Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Elaine Murphy
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Department of Neuroinflammation, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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41
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Chitu V, Gokhan Ş, Nandi S, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Emerging Roles for CSF-1 Receptor and its Ligands in the Nervous System. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:378-393. [PMID: 27083478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) kinase regulates tissue macrophage homeostasis, osteoclastogenesis, and Paneth cell development. However, recent studies in mice have revealed that CSF-1R signaling directly controls the development and maintenance of microglia, and cell autonomously regulates neuronal differentiation and survival. While the CSF-1R-cognate ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34) compete for binding to the CSF-1R, they are expressed in a largely non-overlapping manner by mature neurons. The recent identification of a dominantly inherited, adult-onset, progressive dementia associated with inactivating mutations in the CSF-1R highlights the importance of CSF-1R signaling in the brain. We review the roles of the CSF-1R and its ligands in microglial and neural development and function, and their relevance to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gokhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sayan Nandi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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42
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Ueda S, Yamashita H, Hikiami R, Sawamoto N, Yoshida K, Takahashi R. A novel A792D mutation in the CSF1R gene causes hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids characterized by slow progression. eNeurologicalSci 2015; 1:7-9. [PMID: 29479570 PMCID: PMC5852683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is an autosomal dominant white matter disease that causes adult-onset cognitive impairment. The clinical manifestations are a variable combination of personality and behavioral changes, cognitive decline, parkinsonism, spasticity, and epilepsy. In 2012, mutations in the gene encoding colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) were identified as the cause of HDLS. As the numbers of reported mutations are limited, the understanding of whole pathogenesis needs accumulation of disease-causing mutations with detailed clinical descriptions. We describe a Japanese family with autosomal dominant adult-onset cognitive impairment and characteristic white matter lesions. Genetic testing revealed a novel p.A792D mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of CSF1R in two affected family members. The symptom profile of the present cases mostly matched the previously reported cases, with the notable exceptions of late-onset and long disease duration. We describe a Japanese family of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS). We identify a novel p.A792D mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of CSF1R in two affected family members. The present cases showed relatively slow-progressive courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiho Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Hikiami
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshida
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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43
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Robinson JL, Suh E, Wood EM, Lee EB, Coslett HB, Raible K, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM. Common neuropathological features underlie distinct clinical presentations in three siblings with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids caused by CSF1R p.Arg782His. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:42. [PMID: 26141825 PMCID: PMC4491242 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) presents with a variety of clinical phenotypes including motor impairments such as gait dysfunction, rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia as well as cognitive deficits including personality changes and dementia. In recent years, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor gene (CSF1R) has been identified as the primary genetic cause of HDLS. We describe the clinical and neuropathological features in three siblings with HDLS and the CSF1R p.Arg782His (c.2345G > A) pathogenic mutation. Each case had varied motor symptoms and clinical features, but all included slowed movements, poor balance, memory impairment and frontal deficits. Neuroimaging with magnetic resonance imaging revealed atrophy and increased signal in the deep white matter. Abundant white matter spheroids and CD68-positive macrophages were the predominant pathologies in these cases. Similar to other cases reported in the literature, the three cases described here had varied clinical phenotypes with a pronounced, but heterogeneous distribution of axonal spheroids and distinct microglia morphology. Our findings underscore the critical importance of genetic testing for establishing a clinical and pathological diagnosis of HDLS.
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44
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Hume DA, Freeman TC. Transcriptomic analysis of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation and activation. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:74-84. [PMID: 25319328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages differentiate from progenitor cells under the influence of colony-stimulating factors. Genome-scale data have enabled the identification of the sets of genes that are associated with specific functions and the mechanisms by which thousands of genes are regulated in response to pathogen challenge. In large datasets, it is possible to identify large sets of genes that are coregulated with the transcription factors that regulate them. They include macrophage-specific genes, interferon-responsive genes, early inflammatory genes, and those associated with endocytosis. Such analyses can also extract macrophage-associated signatures from large cancer tissue datasets. However, cluster analysis provides no support for a signature that distinguishes macrophages from antigen-presenting dendritic cells, nor the classification of macrophage activation states as classical versus alternative, or M1 versus M2. Although there has been a focus on a small subset of lineage-enriched transcription factors, such as PU.1, more than half of the transcription factors in the genome can be expressed in macrophage lineage cells under some state of activation, and they interact in a complex network. The network architecture is conserved across species, but many of the target genes evolve rapidly and differ between mouse and human. The data and publication deluge related to macrophage biology require the development of new analytical tools and ways of presenting information in an accessible form.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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45
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Pathologic staging of white matter lesions in adult-onset leukoencephalopathy/leukodystrophy with axonal spheroids. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:233-40. [PMID: 25668567 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologic features of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy/leukodystrophy with axonal spheroids (ALAS) are variable, and this has led to different hypotheses as to whether primarily demyelination or axonopathy may underlie this disorder. Typical ALAS pathology is rarely accompanied by focal multiple sclerosis (MS)-like plaques. In ALAS pathology accompanied by focal multiple sclerosis (MS)-like plaques cases, the pathologic features cannot be distinguished from those of progressive MS with diffusely abnormal white matter. To clarify these issues, we examined neuropathologic features in 159 representative samples from 5 ALAS cases (3 men and 2 women aged 39-61 years) and in 95 representative samples from 3 chronic MS cases (1 man and 2 women aged 50-73 years). The white matter abnormalities in ALAS cases were characterized by 3 evolving stages: 1) white matter with numerous spheroids in a background of well-myelinated fibers; 2) moderate loss of myelinated fibers with sparse to moderate number of spheroids; and 3) leukodystrophy-like pattern of confluent axonal and myelin loss. The application of this staging system suggests that myelin loss in ALAS is preceded by axonopathy. In progressive MS cases, the diffusely abnormal white matter pathology could be attributed to both primary demyelination and axonopathy. Some cases with predominant axonopathy are difficult to distinguish from cases with ALAS.
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46
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Sullivan AR, Pixley FJ. CSF-1R signaling in health and disease: a focus on the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:149-59. [PMID: 24912655 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), also known as macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), is the primary growth factor regulating survival, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. It is also a potent chemokine for macrophages and monocytes. Signaling via the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is necessary for the production of almost all tissue resident macrophage populations and these macrophages participate, via trophic mechanisms, in the normal development and homeostasis of tissues and organs in which they reside, including the mammary gland. The drawback of this close interaction between macrophages and parenchymal cells is that dysregulation of macrophage trophic functions assists in the development and progression of many cancers, including breast cancer. Furthermore, tumour cells secrete CSF-1 to attract more macrophages to the tumour microenvironment where CSF-1R signaling frequently drives the behaviour of these tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to promote tumour progression and metastasis. Evidence is mounting that treated tumours secrete more CSF-1 and the increased recruitment of TAMs limits treatment efficacy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of the CSF-1R to inhibit TAM function is likely to enhance tumour response and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of cancer, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Renee Sullivan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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47
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Hoffmann S, Murrell J, Harms L, Miller K, Meisel A, Brosch T, Scheel M, Ghetti B, Goebel HH, Stenzel W. Enlarging the nosological spectrum of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS). Brain Pathol 2014; 24:452-8. [PMID: 24428556 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) is an autosomal dominant disease clinically characterized by cognitive decline, personality changes, motor impairment, parkinsonism and seizures. Recently, mutations in the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) gene have been shown to be associated with HDLS. We report clinical, neuropathological and molecular genetic findings of patients from a new family with a mutation in the CSF1R gene. Disease onset was earlier and disease progression was more rapid compared with previously reported patients. Psychiatric symptoms including personality changes, alcohol abuse and severe depression were the first symptoms in male patients. In the index, female patient, the initial symptom was cognitive decline. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral, confluent white matter lesions in the cerebrum. Stereotactic biopsy revealed loss of myelin and microglial activation as well as macrophage infiltration of the parenchyma. Numerous axonal swellings and spheroids were present. Ultrastructural analysis revealed pigment-containing macrophages. Axonal swellings were detected by electron microscopy not only in the central nervous system (CNS) but also in skin nerves. We identified a heterozygous mutation (c.2330G>A, p.R777Q) in the CSF1R gene. Through this report, we aim to enlarge the nosological spectrum of HDLS, providing new clinical descriptions as well as novel neuropathological findings from the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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