1
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Brydegaard M, Pedales RD, Feng V, Yamoa ASD, Kouakou B, Månefjord H, Wührl L, Pylatiuk C, Amorim DDS, Meier R. Towards global insect biomonitoring with frugal methods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230103. [PMID: 38705174 PMCID: PMC11070255 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
None of the global targets for protecting nature are currently met, although humanity is critically dependent on biodiversity. A significant issue is the lack of data for most biodiverse regions of the planet where the use of frugal methods for biomonitoring would be particularly important because the available funding for monitoring is insufficient, especially in low-income countries. We here discuss how three approaches to insect biomonitoring (computer vision, lidar, DNA sequences) could be made more frugal and urge that all biomonitoring techniques should be evaluated for global suitability before becoming the default in high-income countries. This requires that techniques popular in high-income countries should undergo a phase of 'innovation through simplification' before they are implemented more broadly. We predict that techniques that acquire raw data at low cost and are suitable for analysis with AI (e.g. images, lidar-signals) will be particularly suitable for global biomonitoring, while techniques that rely heavily on patented technologies may be less promising (e.g. DNA sequences). We conclude the opinion piece by pointing out that the widespread use of AI for data analysis will require a global strategy for providing the necessary computational resources and training. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Brydegaard
- Dept. Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Dept. Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Norsk Elektro Optikk, Østensjøveien 34, 0667 Oslo, Norge
- FaunaPhotonics, Støberi Støberigade 14, 2450 København, Denmark
| | - Ronniel D. Pedales
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian Feng
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Assoumou saint-doria Yamoa
- Instrumentation, Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Felix Houphouet-Boigny Institute, BP1093 Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Benoit Kouakou
- Instrumentation, Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Felix Houphouet-Boigny Institute, BP1093 Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Hampus Månefjord
- Dept. Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lorenz Wührl
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Pylatiuk
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dalton de Souza Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Gong Y, Wang H, Luo J, Chen J, Qu Z. Research Progress of Bioinspired Structural Color in Camouflage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2564. [PMID: 38893828 PMCID: PMC11173615 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired structural color represents a burgeoning field that draws upon principles, strategies, and concepts derived from biological systems to inspire the design of novel technologies or products featuring reversible color changing mechanisms, with significant potential applications for camouflage, sensors, anticounterfeiting, etc. This mini-review focuses specifically on the research progress of bioinspired structural color in the realm of camouflage. Firstly, it discusses fundamental mechanisms of coloration in biological systems, encompassing pigmentation, structural coloration, fluorescence, and bioluminescence. Subsequently, it delineates three modulation strategies-namely, photonic crystals, film interference, and plasmonic modulation-that contribute to the development of bioinspired structural color materials or devices. Moreover, the review critically assesses the integration of bioinspired structural color materials with environmental contexts, with a particular emphasis on their application in camouflage. Finally, the paper outlines persisting challenges and suggests future development trends in the camouflage field via bioinspired structural color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China;
| | - Haibin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Jianxin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Jiwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Zhengyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
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3
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Perrin C, Coutts M, Boukari F, Ambrosetti D. Onychocytic Matricoma: A Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Pathological Analysis of 14 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:259-270. [PMID: 38513115 PMCID: PMC11027982 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Onychocytic matricoma (OCM) is a benign neoplasm of the nail matrix. Only 18 cases of this tumor have been reported in the literature to date. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of 14 patients with OCM. The most common clinical feature was longitudinal xanthopachyonychia (n = 9), followed by longitudinal leukopachyonychia (=3) and longitudinal pachymelanonychia (n = 2). The most common clinical findings identified following dermoscopy and analysis at high magnification of classical photographs were free-edge thickening of the nail plate without pitting (n = 14), longitudinal ridging (n = 7), round white clods (n = 7), white dots (n = 7), and filiform hemorrhages (n = 7), followed by oval and linear white clods (n = 5), fuzzy lateral border (n = 5), and red-purple blood clods (n = 3). Nail clipping histopathology showed a thickened nail plate with multiple, small, round-to-oval spaces. The tumor expressed immunopositivity for LEF-1. Dermoscopy of the nail plate and nail clipping histology provides useful information with regards to the differential diagnosis with subungual squamous cell carcinoma and nail melanoma. Ex vivo-in vivo correlation facilitates a better dermoscopic assessment of this unique underrecognized disease. However, the differential diagnosis between OCM and onychocytic carcinoma requires biopsy of the tumor. LEF-1 as an onychogenic marker can be used to resolve the differential diagnosis between OCM and subungual longitudinal acanthoma/seborrheic keratosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Perrin
- Dermatologists, Laboratoire Central d’Anatomie Pathologique, Nice University Hospital, University of Côte d’Azur (UCA), Nice, France
- Nail's Dermatology Consultations, Cannes, France
| | - Michael Coutts
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Maidstone Hospital, Kent, United Kingdom; and
| | - Feriel Boukari
- Department of Dermatology, Nice University Hospital, University of Côte d’Azur (UCA), Nice, France
| | - Damien Ambrosetti
- Dermatologists, Laboratoire Central d’Anatomie Pathologique, Nice University Hospital, University of Côte d’Azur (UCA), Nice, France
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4
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Wang L, Li Z, Shen S, Wong TS. Geometric design of antireflective leafhopper brochosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312700121. [PMID: 38498725 PMCID: PMC10998617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, leafhoppers cover their body surfaces with brochosomes as a protective coating. These leafhopper-produced brochosomes are hollow, buckyball-shaped, nanoscopic spheroids with through-holes distributed across their surfaces, representing a class of deployable optical materials that are rare in nature. Despite their discovery in the 1950s, it remains unknown why the sizes of brochosomes and their through-holes consistently fall within the range of hundreds of nanometers across different leafhopper species. Here, we demonstrate that the hierarchical geometries of brochosomes are engineered within a narrow size range with through-hole architecture to significantly reduce light reflection. By utilizing two-photon polymerization three-dimensional printing to fabricate high-fidelity synthetic brochosomes, we investigated the optical form-to-function relationship of brochosomes. Our results show that the diameters of brochosomes are engineered within a specific size range to maximize broadband light scattering, while the secondary through-holes are designed to function as short-wavelength, low-pass filters, further reducing light reflection. These synergistic effects enable brochosomes to achieve a substantial reduction in specular reflection, by up to approximately 80 to 94%, across a broadband wavelength range. Importantly, brochosomes represent a biological example demonstrating short-wavelength, low-pass filter functionality. Furthermore, our results indicate that the geometries of natural brochosomes may have evolved to effectively reduce reflection from ultraviolet to visible light, thereby enabling leafhoppers to evade predators whose vision spectrum encompasses both ultraviolet and visible light. Our findings offer key design insights into a class of deployable bioinspired optical materials with potential applications in omnidirectional antireflection coatings, optical encryption, and multispectral camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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5
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Hou J, Sampson W, Dumanli AG. Macromolecular crowding in chiral assembly of ellipsoidal nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054905. [PMID: 38341709 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic colloidal particles have the ability to self-assemble into cholesteric structures. We used molecular dynamics to simulate the self-assembly of ellipsoidal particles with the objective to establish a general framework to reveal the primary factors driving chiral interactions. To characterize these interactions, we introduce a characteristic parameter following the crowding factor (CF) theory. Our simulations and statistical analysis showed good agreement with the CF theory; at the early stages of the assembly process, the ellipsoidal particles go through a critical aggregation point followed by further clustering toward nematic order. Furthermore, we demonstrate that under high CF conditions, small initial clusters may induce a chiral twist, which subsequently forms a cholesteric structure with no directional preference in higher organization states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - William Sampson
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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6
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Luongo A, von Stockert AR, Scherag FD, Brandstetter T, Biesalski M, Rühe J. Controlling Fluorescent Readout in Paper-based Analytical Devices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6379-6389. [PMID: 37875260 PMCID: PMC10649804 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Paper is an ideal candidate for the development of new disposable diagnostic devices because it is a low-cost material, allows transport of the liquid on the device by capillary action, and is environmentally friendly. Today, colorimetric analysis is most often used as a detection method for rapid tests (test strips or lateral flow devices) but usually gives only qualitative results and is limited by a relatively high detection threshold. Here, we describe studies using fluorescence as a readout tool for paper-based diagnostics. We study how the optical readout is affected by light transmission, scattering, and fluorescence as a function of paper characteristics such as thickness (grammage), water content, autofluorescence, and paper type/composition. We show that paper-based fluorescence analysis allows better optical readout compared to that of nitrocellulose, which is currently the material of choice in colorimetric assays. To reduce the loss of analyte molecules (e.g., proteins) due to adsorption to the paper surface, we coat the paper fibers with a protein-repellent hydrogel. For this purpose, we use hydrophilic copolymers consisting of N,N-dimethyl acrylamide and a benzophenone-based cross-linker, which are photochemically transformed into a fiber-attached polymer hydrogel on the paper fiber surfaces in situ. We show that the combination of fluorescence detection and the use of a protein-repellent coating enables sensitive paper-based analysis. Finally, the success of the strategy is demonstrated by using a simple LFD application as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luongo
- Laboratory
for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems
Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | | | - Frank D. Scherag
- Laboratory
for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems
Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Laboratory
for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems
Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & Paper Chemistry, Technical
University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory
for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems
Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
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7
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Lin K, Chen S, Zeng Y, Ho TC, Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu F, Huang B, Chao CYH, Wang Z, Tso CY. Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity. Science 2023; 382:691-697. [PMID: 37943925 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Passive radiative cooling using nanophotonic structures is limited by its high cost and poor compatibility with existing end uses, whereas polymeric photonic alternatives lack weather resistance and effective solar reflection. We developed a cellular ceramic that can achieve highly efficient light scattering and a near-perfect solar reflectivity of 99.6%. These qualities, coupled with high thermal emissivity, allow the ceramic to provide continuous subambient cooling in an outdoor setting with a cooling power of >130 watts per square meter at noon, demonstrating energy-saving potential on a worldwide scale. The color, weather resistance, mechanical robustness, and ability to depress the Leidenfrost effect are key features ensuring the durable and versatile nature of the cooling ceramic, thereby facilitating its commercialization in various applications, particularly building construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siru Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yijun Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ho
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fayu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Yu-Hang Chao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Yan Tso
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Wang T, Xiao Y, King JL, Kats MA, Stebe KJ, Lee D. Bioinspired Switchable Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48716-48724. [PMID: 37812501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) relies on simultaneous reflection of sunlight and radiation toward cold outer space. Current designs of PDRC coatings have demonstrated potential as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional electrical air conditioning (AC). While many features of PDRC have been individually optimized in different studies, for practical impact, it is essential for a system to demonstrate excellence in all essential aspects, like the materials that nature has created. We propose a bioinspired PDRC structure templated by bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels) that possesses excellent cooling, thinness, tunability, scalability, and mechanical robustness. The unique bicontinuous disordered structure captures key features of Cyphochilus beetle scales, enabling a thin (130 μm) bijel PDRC coating to achieve high solar reflectance (≳0.97) and high longwave-infrared (LWIR) emissivity (≳0.93), resulting in a subambient temperature drop of ∼5.6 °C under direct sunlight. We further demonstrate switchable cooling inspired by the exoskeleton of the Hercules beetle and mechanical robustness in analogy to spongy bone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuzhe Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Jonathan L King
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Meiers DT, von Freymann G. Mixing rule for calculating the effective refractive index beyond the limit of small particles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32067-32081. [PMID: 37859017 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Considering light transport in disordered media, the medium is often treated as an effective medium requiring accurate evaluation of an effective refractive index. Because of its simplicity, the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) mixing rule is widely used, although its restriction to particles much smaller than the wavelength is rarely satisfied. Using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations, we show that the MG theory indeed fails for large particles. Systematic investigation of size effects reveals that the effective refractive index can be instead approximated by a quadratic polynomial whose coefficients are given by an empirical formula. Hence, a simple mixing rule is derived which clearly outperforms established mixing rules for composite media containing large particles, a common condition in natural disordered media.
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10
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Gayathri R, Suchand Sandeep CS, Vijayan C, Murukeshan VM. Lasing from Micro- and Nano-Scale Photonic Disordered Structures for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2466. [PMID: 37686974 PMCID: PMC10490388 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
A disordered photonic medium is one in which scatterers are distributed randomly. Light entering such media experiences multiple scattering events, resulting in a "random walk"-like propagation. Micro- and nano-scale structured disordered photonic media offer platforms for enhanced light-matter interaction, and in the presence of an appropriate gain medium, coherence-tunable, quasi-monochromatic lasing emission known as random lasing can be obtained. This paper discusses the fundamental physics of light propagation in micro- and nano-scale disordered structures leading to the random lasing phenomenon and related aspects. It then provides a state-of-the-art review of this topic, with special attention to recent advancements of such random lasers and their potential biomedical imaging and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gayathri
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
| | - C. S. Suchand Sandeep
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
| | - C. Vijayan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - V. M. Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
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11
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Haataja JS, Jacucci G, Parton TG, Schertel L, Vignolini S. Topological invariance in whiteness optimisation. COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS 2023; 6:137. [PMID: 38665411 PMCID: PMC11041678 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-023-01234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Maximizing the scattering of visible light within disordered nano-structured materials is essential for commercial applications such as brighteners, while also testing our fundamental understanding of light-matter interactions. The progress in the research field has been hindered by the lack of understanding how different structural features contribute to the scattering properties. Here we undertake a systematic investigation of light scattering in correlated disordered structures. We demonstrate that the scattering efficiency of disordered systems is mainly determined by topologically invariant features, such as the filling fraction and correlation length, and residual variations are largely accounted by the surface-averaged mean curvature of the systems. Optimal scattering efficiency can thus be obtained from a broad range of disordered structures, especially when structural anisotropy is included as a parameter. These results suggest that any disordered system can be optimised for whiteness and give comparable performance, which has far-reaching consequences for the industrial use of low-index materials for optical scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S. Haataja
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, FI-02150 Finland
| | - Gianni Jacucci
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
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12
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Lemcoff T, Alus L, Haataja JS, Wagner A, Zhang G, Pavan MJ, Yallapragada VJ, Vignolini S, Oron D, Schertel L, Palmer BA. Brilliant whiteness in shrimp from ultra-thin layers of birefringent nanospheres. NATURE PHOTONICS 2023; 17:485-493. [PMID: 37287680 PMCID: PMC10241642 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question regarding light scattering is how whiteness, generated from multiple scattering, can be obtained from thin layers of materials. This challenge arises from the phenomenon of optical crowding, whereby, for scatterers packed with filling fractions higher than ~30%, reflectance is drastically reduced due to near-field coupling between the scatterers. Here we show that the extreme birefringence of isoxanthopterin nanospheres overcomes optical crowding effects, enabling multiple scattering and brilliant whiteness from ultra-thin chromatophore cells in shrimp. Strikingly, numerical simulations reveal that birefringence, originating from the spherulitic arrangement of isoxanthopterin molecules, enables intense broadband scattering almost up to the maximal packing for random spheres. This reduces the thickness of material required to produce brilliant whiteness, resulting in a photonic system that is more efficient than other biogenic or biomimetic white materials which operate in the lower refractive index medium of air. These results highlight the importance of birefringence as a structural variable to enhance the performance of such materials and could contribute to the design of biologically inspired replacements for artificial scatterers like titanium dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lotem Alus
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Present Address: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mariela J. Pavan
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin A. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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13
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Wang T, Riggleman RA, Lee D, Stebe KJ. Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels with nearly uniform sub-micrometer domains via regulated co-solvent removal. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1385-1391. [PMID: 36748227 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials possess numerous useful functions because of their high surface area and ability to modulate the transport of heat, mass, fluids, and electromagnetic waves. Unlike highly ordered structures, disordered porous structures offer the advantages of ease of fabrication and high fault tolerance. Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels) are kinetically trapped disordered biphasic materials that can be converted to porous materials with tunable features. Current methods of bijel fabrication result in domains that are micrometers or larger, and non-uniform in size, limiting their surface area, mechanical strength, and interaction with electromagnetic waves. In this work, scalable synthesis of bijels with uniform and sub-micrometer domains is achieved via a two-step solvent removal process. The resulting bijels are characterized quantitatively to verify the uniformity and sub-micrometer scale of the domains. Moreover, these bijels have structures that resemble the microstructure of the scale of the white beetle Cyphochilus. We find that such bijel films with relatively small thicknesses (<150 μm) exhibit strong solar reflectance as well as high brightness and whiteness in the visible range. Considering their scalability in manufacturing, we believe that VIPS-STRIPS bijels have great potential in large-scale applications including passive cooling, solar cells, and light emitting diodes (LEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Lauster T, Mauel A, Herrmann K, Veitengruber V, Song Q, Senker J, Retsch M. From Chitosan to Chitin: Bio-Inspired Thin Films for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206616. [PMID: 36793085 PMCID: PMC10104647 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Passive radiative daytime cooling is an emerging technology contributing to carbon-neutral heat management. Optically engineered materials with distinct absorption and emission properties in the solar and mid-infrared range are at the heart of this technology. Owing to their low emissive power of about 100 W m-2 during daytime, substantial areas need to be covered with passive cooling materials or coatings to achieve a sizeable effect on global warming. Consequently, biocompatible materials are urgently needed to develop suitable coatings with no adverse environmental impact. It is shown how chitosan films with different thicknesses can be produced from slightly acidic aqueous solutions. The conversion to their insoluble form chitin in the solid state is demonstrated and the conversion is monitored with infrared (IR) and NMR spectroscopy. In combination with a reflective backing material, the films show below-ambient temperature cooling capabilities with a suitable emissivity in the mid-IR region and low solar absorption of 3.1-6.9%, depending on the film thickness. This work highlights the potential of chitosan and chitin as widely available biocompatible polymers for passive radiative cooling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lauster
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Anika Mauel
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR CenterUniversity of Bayreuth95447Universitätsstraße 30BayreuthGermany
| | - Kai Herrmann
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Viktoria Veitengruber
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Qimeng Song
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR CenterUniversity of Bayreuth95447Universitätsstraße 30BayreuthGermany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IBavarian Polymer InstituteBayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt)University of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
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15
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Piszter G, Kertész K, Bálint Z, Biró LP. Wide-gamut structural colours on oakblue butterflies by naturally tuned photonic nanoarchitectures. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221487. [PMID: 37035285 PMCID: PMC10073902 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The iridescent structural colours of butterflies, generated by photonic nanoarchitectures, often function as species-specific sexual signals; therefore, they are reproduced precisely from generation to generation. The wing scales of oakblue hairstreak butterflies (genus Arhopala, Theclinae, Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera) contain multi-layer photonic nanoarchitectures, which can generate a wide range of structural colours, from violet to green. By scanning (SEM) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation, the colour tuning mechanism of the cover scales was explored. We revealed that the characteristic size change of structural elements in similar photonic nanoarchitectures led to different structural colours that were examined by various reflectance spectrophotometry techniques. The measured structural properties of the naturally tuned photonic nanoarchitectures were used to calculate wing reflectances, which were compared with the measurement results. We found that the simulated structural colours were systematically redshifted by 95-126 nm as compared with the measured normal-incidence reflectance results. This is attributed to the swelling of the chitinous multi-layer structures during the standard TEM sample preparation and the tilt of the cover scales, which both affect the apparent layer thicknesses in the TEM cross-sections. We proposed a simulation correction and compared the results with the layer thicknesses measured on cryogenically prepared non-embedded SEM cross-sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Piszter
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kertész
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bálint
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 13 Baross St., 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Péter Biró
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Dunning J, Patil A, D'Alba L, Bond AL, Debruyn G, Dhinojwala A, Shawkey M, Jenni L. How woodcocks produce the most brilliant white plumage patches among the birds. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220920. [PMID: 36854381 PMCID: PMC9974297 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, and when compared with diurnal birds that use contrasting plumage patches and complex feather structures to convey visual information, communication in nocturnal and crepuscular species was considered to follow acoustic and chemical channels. However, many birds that are active in low-light environments have evolved intensely white plumage patches within otherwise inconspicuous plumages. We used spectrophotometry, electron microscopy, and optical modelling to explain the mechanisms producing bright white tail feather tips of the Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola. Their diffuse reflectance was approximately 30% higher than any previously measured feather. This intense reflectance is the result of incoherent light scattering from a disordered nanostructure composed of keratin and air within the barb rami. In addition, the flattening, thickening and arrangement of those barbs create a Venetian-blind-like macrostructure that enhances the surface area for light reflection. We suggest that the woodcocks have evolved these bright white feather patches for long-range visual communication in dimly lit environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Dunning
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anvay Patil
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA,CertainTeed LLC, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerben Debruyn
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lukas Jenni
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
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17
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Borgmann LM, Johnsen S, Santos de Oliveira C, Martins de Souza E Silva J, Li J, Kirchlechner C, Gomard G, Wiegand G, Hölscher H. Porous polymeric microparticles foamed with supercritical CO 2as scattering white pigments. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:026011. [PMID: 36731134 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acb899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commercially relevant white pigment. Nonetheless, it is widely criticized due to its energy-intensive extraction and costly disposal of harmful by-products. Furthermore, recent studies discuss its potential harm for the environment and the human health. Environment-friendly strategies for the replacement of TiO2as a white pigment can be inspired from nature. Here whiteness often originates from broadband light scattering air cavities embedded in materials with refractive indices much lower than that of TiO2. Such natural prototypes can be mimicked by introducing air-filled nano-scale cavities into commonly used polymers. Here, we demonstrate the foaming of initially transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres with non-toxic, inert, supercritical CO2. The properties of the foamed, white polymeric pigments with light scattering nano-pores are evaluated as possible replacement for TiO2pigments. For that, the inner foam structure of the particles was imaged by phase-contrast x-ray nano-computed tomography (nano-CT), the optical properties were evaluated via spectroscopic measurements, and the mechanical stability was examined by micro compression experiments. Adding a diffusion barrier surrounding the PMMA particles during foaming allows to extend the foaming process towards smaller particles. Finally, we present a basic white paint prototype as exemplary application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maren Borgmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Siegbert Johnsen
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Juliana Martins de Souza E Silva
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physics, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Kirchlechner
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Gomard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Carl Zeiss AG, Zeiss Innovation Hub, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 6, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Wiegand
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Chatterjee A, Pratakshya P, Kwansa AL, Kaimal N, Cannon AH, Sartori B, Marmiroli B, Orins H, Feng Z, Drake S, Couvrette J, Le L, Bernstorff S, Yingling YG, Gorodetsky AA. Squid Skin Cell-Inspired Refractive Index Mapping of Cells, Vesicles, and Nanostructures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:978-990. [PMID: 36692450 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fascination with the optical properties of naturally occurring systems has been driven in part by nature's ability to produce a diverse palette of vibrant colors from a relatively small number of common structural motifs. Within this context, some cephalopod species have evolved skin cells called iridophores and leucophores whose constituent ultrastructures reflect light in different ways but are composed of the same high refractive index material─a protein called reflectin. Although such natural optical systems have attracted much research interest, measuring the refractive indices of biomaterial-based structures across multiple different environments and establishing theoretical frameworks for accurately describing the obtained refractive index values has proven challenging. Herein, we employ a synergistic combination of experimental and computational methodologies to systematically map the three-dimensional refractive index distributions of model self-assembled reflectin-based structures both in vivo and in vitro. When considered together, our findings may improve understanding of squid skin cell functionality, augment existing methods for characterizing protein-based optical materials, and expand the utility of emerging holotomographic microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrouli Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Preeta Pratakshya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Albert L Kwansa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nikhil Kaimal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew H Cannon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Barbara Sartori
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Helen Orins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhijing Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samantha Drake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Justin Couvrette
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - LeAnn Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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19
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Zou W, Luo H, Yang M, Xu J, Zhao N. Biomimetic Robust All-Polymer Porous Coatings for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200695. [PMID: 36305388 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiation cooling (PDRC) has gained considerable attention as an emerging and promising cooling technology. Polymer-based porous materials are one of the important candidates for PDRC application due to their easy processing, free of inorganic particle doping, and multifunctionality. However, the mechanical properties of these porous materials, which are critical in outdoor services, have been overlooked in previous studies. Herein, a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method combined with ambient pressure drying to prepare polyethylene-polysilicate all-polymer porous coatings is developed. The coatings possess a Cyphochilus beetle-like skeleton structure with optimal skeleton size, laminated anisotropy, and high volume fraction (64 ± 1%). These structure features ensure a maximum skeleton density without optical crowding, thus enhancing light scattering and stress dispersion, and balancing optical and mechanical properties. The coatings exhibit significant mechanical robustness (only ≈70 µm thickness reduction after 1000 Taber abrasion cycles at a 750 g load without influencing optical performance), durability, optical properties (a solar reflectance of ≈95% and an average near-normal thermal emittance of ≈96%), and PDRC performance (realizing sub-ambient cooling of ≈3-6 °C at midday with different weather conditions). The work provides a new solution to improve the practicability of polymer-based porous coatings in PDRC outdoor services and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Heng Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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20
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Månefjord H, Li M, Brackmann C, Reistad N, Runemark A, Rota J, Anderson B, Zoueu JT, Merdasa A, Brydegaard M. A biophotonic platform for quantitative analysis in the spatial, spectral, polarimetric, and goniometric domains. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113709. [PMID: 36461456 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advanced instrumentation and versatile setups are needed for understanding light interaction with biological targets. Such instruments include (1) microscopes and 3D scanners for detailed spatial analysis, (2) spectral instruments for deducing molecular composition, (3) polarimeters for assessing structural properties, and (4) goniometers probing the scattering phase function of, e.g., tissue slabs. While a large selection of commercial biophotonic instruments and laboratory equipment are available, they are often bulky and expensive. Therefore, they remain inaccessible for secondary education, hobbyists, and research groups in low-income countries. This lack of equipment impedes hands-on proficiency with basic biophotonic principles and the ability to solve local problems with applied physics. We have designed, prototyped, and evaluated the low-cost Biophotonics, Imaging, Optical, Spectral, Polarimetric, Angular, and Compact Equipment (BIOSPACE) for high-quality quantitative analysis. BIOSPACE uses multiplexed light-emitting diodes with emission wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared, captured by a synchronized camera. The angles of the light source, the target, and the polarization filters are automated by low-cost mechanics and a microcomputer. This enables multi-dimensional scatter analysis of centimeter-sized biological targets. We present the construction, calibration, and evaluation of BIOSPACE. The diverse functions of BIOSPACE include small animal spectral imaging, measuring the nanometer thickness of a bark-beetle wing, acquiring the scattering phase function of a blood smear and estimating the anisotropic scattering and the extinction coefficients, and contrasting muscle fibers using polarization. We provide blueprints, component list, and software for replication by enthusiasts and educators to simplify the hands-on investigation of fundamental optical properties in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Månefjord
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Brackmann
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina Reistad
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jadranka Rota
- Biological Museum, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jeremie T Zoueu
- Laboratoire d'Instrumentation, Image et Spectroscopie, INP-HB, BP 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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21
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Measuring Photonics in Photosynthesis: Combined Micro-Fourier Image Spectroscopy and Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorimetry at the Micrometre-Scale. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030107. [PMID: 35997427 PMCID: PMC9397104 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural photonic structures are common across the biological kingdoms, serving a diversity of functionalities. The study of implications of photonic structures in plants and other phototrophic organisms is still hampered by missing methodologies for determining in situ photonic properties, particularly in the context of constantly adapting photosynthetic systems controlled by acclimation mechanisms on the cellular scale. We describe an innovative approach to determining spatial and spectral photonic properties and photosynthesis activity, employing micro-Fourier Image Spectroscopy and Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorimetry in a combined microscope setup. Using two examples from the photosynthetic realm, the dynamic Bragg-stack-like thylakoid structures of Begonia sp. and complex 2.5 D photonic crystal slabs from the diatom Coscinodiscus granii, we demonstrate how the setup can be used for measuring self-adapting photonic-photosynthetic systems and photonic properties on single-cell scales. We suggest that the setup is well-suited for the determination of photonic–photosynthetic systems in a diversity of organisms, facilitating the cellular, temporal, spectral and angular resolution of both light distribution and combined chlorophyll fluorescence determination. As the catalogue of photonic structure from photosynthetic organisms is rich and diverse in examples, a deepened study could inspire the design of novel optical- and light-harvesting technologies.
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22
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Pattelli L, Mazzamuto G. Experimental imaging and Monte Carlo modeling of ultrafast pulse propagation in thin scattering slabs. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:083020. [PMID: 35655345 PMCID: PMC9162504 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.083020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Most radiative transport problems in turbid media are typically associated with mm or cm scales, leading to typical time scales in the range of hundreds of ps or more. In certain cases, however, much thinner layers can also be relevant, which can dramatically alter the overall transport properties of a scattering medium. Studying scattering in these thin layers requires ultrafast detection techniques and adaptations to the common Monte Carlo (MC) approach. AIM We aim to discuss a few relevant aspects for the simulation of light transport in thin scattering membranes, and compare the obtained numerical results with experimental measurements based on an all-optical gating technique. APPROACH A thin membrane with controlled scattering properties based on polymer-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles is fabricated for experimental validation. Transmittance measurements are compared against a custom open-source MC implementation including specific pulse profiles for tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses. RESULTS Experimental transmittance data of ultrafast pulses through a thin scattering sample are compared with MC simulations in the spatiotemporal domain to retrieve its scattering properties. The results show good agreement also at short distances and time scales. CONCLUSIONS When simulating light transport in scattering membranes with thicknesses in the orders of tens of micrometer, care has to be taken when describing the temporal, spatial, and divergence profiles of the source term, as well as the possible truncation of step length distributions, which could be introduced by simple strategies for the generation of random exponentially distributed variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pattelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Torino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mazzamuto
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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23
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Datta B, Spero EF, Martin-Martinez FJ, Ortiz C. Socially-Directed Development of Materials for Structural Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2100939. [PMID: 35373398 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancing a socially-directed approach to materials research and development is an imperative to address contemporary challenges and mitigate future detrimental environmental and social impacts. This paper reviews, synergizes, and identifies cross-disciplinary opportunities at the intersection of materials science and engineering with humanistic social sciences fields. Such integrated knowledge and methodologies foster a contextual understanding of materials technologies embedded within, and impacting broader societal systems, thus informing decision making upstream and throughout the entire research and development process toward more socially responsible outcomes. Technological advances in the development of structural color, which arises due to the incoherent and coherent scattering of micro-and nanoscale features and possesses a vast design space, are considered in this context. Specific areas of discussion include material culture, narratives, and visual perception, material waste and use, environmental and social life cycle assessment, and stakeholder and community engagement. A case study of the technical and social implications of bio-based cellulose (as a source for structurally colored products) is provided. Socially-directed research and development of materials for structural color hold significant capacity for improved planetary and societal impact across industries such as aerospace, consumer products, displays and sensors, paints and dyes, and food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Datta
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ellan F Spero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Francisco J Martin-Martinez
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
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Parisotto A, Steiner U, Cabras AA, Van Dam MH, Wilts BD. Pachyrhynchus Weevils Use 3D Photonic Crystals with Varying Degrees of Order to Create Diverse and Brilliant Displays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200592. [PMID: 35426236 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brilliant appearance of Easter Egg weevils, genus Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), originates from complex dielectric nanostructures within their elytral scales and elytra. Previous work, investigating singular members of the Pachyrhynchus showed the presence of either quasi-ordered or ordered 3D photonic crystals based on the single diamond ( Fd3¯m ) symmetry in their scales. However, little is known about the diversity of the structural coloration mechanisms within the family. Here, the optical properties within Pachyrhynchus are investigated by systematically identifying their spectral and structural characteristics. Four principal traits that vary their appearance are identified and the evolutionary history of these traits to identify ecological trends are reconstructed. The results indicate that the coloration mechanisms across the Easter Egg weevils are diverse and highly plastic across closely related species with features appearing at multiple independent times across their phylogeny. This work lays a foundation for a better understanding of the various forms of quasi-ordered and ordered diamond photonic crystal within arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parisotto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Analyn Anzano Cabras
- Coleoptera Research Center, Institute for Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Matina, Davao City, 8000, Philippines
| | - Matthew H Van Dam
- Entomology Department, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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Aubry G, Fuchs N, Skipetrov S, Scheffold F. Transport properties of optically thin solid dielectrics from frequency correlations of randomly scattered light. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1439-1441. [PMID: 35290333 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-dependent intensity correlation function measurements can be employed to determine the optical turbidity of solid disordered dielectrics. Here we demonstrate a speckle frequency correlation experiment with a focused beam and using an area detector. We show how to apply frequency correlation measurements to optically thin solid samples with the aim of determining the light diffusion coefficient and transport mean free path ℓ*. To give a practical example, we extract the optical transport mean free path of PTFE (Teflon) slabs, with a thickness of L = 0.4-3.5 mm, covering optical densities L/ℓ* ∼ 4-15.
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Dolinko A, Borgmann L, Lutz C, Curticean ER, Wacker I, Vidal MS, Szischik C, Donie Y, Inchaussandague M, Skigin D, Hölscher H, Tubaro P, Barreira A. Analysis of the optical properties of the silvery spots on the wings of the Gulf Fritillary, Dione vanillae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19341. [PMID: 34588495 PMCID: PMC8481520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral face of the wings of the butterfly Dione vanillae is covered with bright and shiny silvery spots. These areas contain densely packed ground- and coverscales with a bright metallic appearance reflecting more than 50% of light uniformly over the visible range. Our analysis shows that this optically attractive feature is caused by the inner microstructure of the scales located in these areas. Electron microscopy of cross sections through the scales shows that upper and lower lamina, supporting trabeculae, and topping ridges can be approximated by a 'circus tent'-like geometry. By simulating its optical properties, we show that a moderate disorder of this geometry is important for the uniform reflection of light resulting in the silvery appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Dolinko
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Borgmann
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Lutz
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ernest Ronald Curticean
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Sol Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela Szischik
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yidenekachew Donie
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Inchaussandague
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Skigin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Pablo Tubaro
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Barreira
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Politi Y, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Barth FG. The spider cuticle: a remarkable material toolbox for functional diversity. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200332. [PMID: 34334021 PMCID: PMC8326826 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered systems are typically based on a large variety of materials differing in composition and processing to provide the desired functionality. Nature, however, has evolved materials that are used for a wide range of functional challenges with minimal compositional changes. The exoskeletal cuticle of spiders, as well as of other arthropods such as insects and crustaceans, is based on a combination of chitin, protein, water and small amounts of organic cross-linkers or minerals. Spiders use it to obtain mechanical support structures and lever systems for locomotion, protection from adverse environmental influences, tools for piercing, cutting and interlocking, auxiliary structures for the transmission and filtering of sensory information, structural colours, transparent lenses for light manipulation and more. This paper illustrates the 'design space' of a single type of composite with varying internal architecture and its remarkable capability to serve a diversity of functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Politi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich G. Barth
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hou J, Aydemir BE, Dumanli AG. Understanding the structural diversity of chitins as a versatile biomaterial. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200331. [PMID: 34334022 PMCID: PMC8326827 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has adopted many different structural conformations using a combination of different natural processes like biopolymerization, crystallization and non-equilibrium self-assembly. This leads to a number of striking physical effects like complex light scattering and polarization as well as unique mechanical properties. In doing so, chitin uses a fine balance between the highly ordered chain conformations in the nanofibrils and random disordered structures. In this opinion piece, we discuss the structural hierarchy of chitin, its crystalline states and the natural biosynthesis processes to create such specific structures and diversity. Among the examples we explored, the unified question arises from the generation of completely different bioarchitectures like the Christmas tree-like nanostructures, gyroids or helicoidal geometries using similar dynamic non-equilibrium growth processes. Understanding the in vivo development of such structures from gene expressions, enzymatic activities as well as the chemical matrix employed in different stages of the biosynthesis will allow us to shift the material design paradigms. Certainly, the complexity of the biology requires a collaborative and multi-disciplinary research effort. For the future's advanced technologies, using chitin will ultimately drive many innovations and alternatives using biomimicry in materials science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Berk Emre Aydemir
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Yang Z, Zhang J. Bioinspired Radiative Cooling Structure with Randomly Stacked Fibers for Efficient All-Day Passive Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43387-43395. [PMID: 34468118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Without the help of compression-based cooling systems, natural creatures have to make use of other things to decrease their body temperature to survive under thermally harsh conditions. This work finds that the silkworm cocoon of Bombyx mori protects pupae from the rapid temperature fluctuations via the randomly stacked silk fibers, which possess high solar reflectance and thermal emittance for thermal regulation. Inspired by this microstructure, the melt-blown polypropylene (MB-PP) with randomly stacked fibers is fabricated by a large-scale melt-blown fabrication method. For enhancing the thermal emittance of MB-PP, the surface-modified MB-PP (SMB-PP) is obtained by constructing the poly(dimethylsiloxane) film on the MB-PP. As the reason for its high solar reflectance (∼95%) and thermal emittance (∼0.82), the SMB-PP displays subambient temperature drops of 4 °C in the daytime and 5 °C in the nighttime, respectively. Moreover, building energy simulation indicates that the SMB-PP could save ∼132 GJ (∼58.1% of the baseline energy consumption) for 1 year in the contiguous United States. Overall, the bioinspired structures offer a novel pathway out of cooling buildings, showing great promising application prospects in zero-energy buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
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Cuticular modified air sacs underlie white coloration in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:881. [PMID: 34272466 PMCID: PMC8285419 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the ultrastructure and development of the white patches on thorax and head of Bactrocera oleae are analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Based on these analyses and measurements of patch reflectance spectra, we infer that white patches are due to modified air sacs under transparent cuticle. These air sacs show internal arborisations with beads in an empty space, constituting a three-dimensional photonic solid responsible for light scattering. The white patches also show UV-induced blue autofluorescence due to the air sac resilin content. To the best of our knowledge, this research describes a specialized function for air sacs and the first observation of structural color produced by tracheal structures located under transparent cuticles in insects. Sexual dimorphism in the spectral emission also lays a structural basis for further investigations on the biological role of white patches in B. oleae.
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Jacucci G, Schertel L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Vignolini S. Light Management with Natural Materials: From Whiteness to Transparency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001215. [PMID: 32700346 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of structuring material at the nanoscale is essential to control light-matter interactions and therefore fabricate next-generation paints and coatings. In this context, nature can serve not only as a source of inspiration for the design of such novel optical structures, but also as a primary source of materials. Here, some of the strategies used in nature to optimize light-matter interaction are reviewed and some of the recent progress in the production of optical materials made solely of plant-derived building blocks is highlighted. In nature, nano- to micrometer-sized structured materials made from biopolymers are at the origin of most of the light-transport effects. How natural photonic systems manage light scattering and what can be learned from plants and animals to produce photonic materials from biopolymers are discussed. Tuning the light-scattering properties via structural variations allows a wide range of appearances to be obtained, from whiteness to transparency, using the same renewable and biodegradable building blocks. Here, various transparent and white cellulose-based materials produced so far are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Jacucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yating Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Evo-devo of wing colour patterns in beetles. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:97-102. [PMID: 33744509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insects have evolved tremendously diverse wing colour patterns that fulfil ecologically vital functions, including intraspecific sexual signalling, mimesis, mimicry, and detering predators. Beetles, which form the most species-rich order Coleoptera, have amazingly diverse wing colour patterns; however, the molecular mechanisms that give rise to these patterns remain poorly understood. Recently, the gene pannier (pnr), which encodes a transcription factor of the GATA family, was identified as an essential player in the wing patterning of the multi-coloured Asian ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. Here we review recent progress in understanding the molecular underpinnings of wing colour pattern formation in H. axyridis.
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Gummaluri VS, Gayathri R, Vijayan C, Matham MV. Bio-inspired wrinkle microstructures for random lasing governed by surface roughness. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1033-1036. [PMID: 33649650 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for fabricating bio-inspired scattering substrates based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for spatially incoherent random lasing is presented. The leaves of monstera and piper sarmentosum plants are used to mold PDMS polymer to form wrinkle-like scattering substrates, which are then used with a liquid gain medium for random lasing. Scattering is attributed to the surface roughness (Sa) of the samples. The rougher sample with 5.2 µm Sa shows a two-mode stable lasing with a 2 nm linewidth and a lower threshold fluence of 0.2mJ/cm2 compared to the sample with smaller Sa (3.6 µm) with a linewidth of 5 nm and a threshold fluence of 0.5mJ/cm2. The waveguide theory substantiates the results of incoherent random lasing through a relation between the microstructure feature size and the mean free path. Power Fourier transform analysis is used to deduce the resonant cavity length of 180 µm in the rougher sample, and the observed variations in cavity length with Sa validate the optical feedback. PDMS being hydrophobic, the scattering substrate can be reused by wiping off the gain medium. This Letter paves the way for facile fabrication methods of bio-inspired random lasers for sensing and imaging applications.
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Does Structural Color Exist in True Fungi? J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020141. [PMID: 33669274 PMCID: PMC7920071 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural color occurs by the interaction of light with regular structures and so generates colors by completely different optical mechanisms to dyes and pigments. Structural color is found throughout the tree of life but has not, to date, been reported in the fungi. Here we give an overview of structural color across the tree of life and provide a brief guide aimed at stimulating the search for this phenomenon in fungi.
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Dou S, Xu H, Zhao J, Zhang K, Li N, Lin Y, Pan L, Li Y. Bioinspired Microstructured Materials for Optical and Thermal Regulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000697. [PMID: 32686250 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise optical and thermal regulatory systems are found in nature, specifically in the microstructures on organisms' surfaces. In fact, the interaction between light and matter through these microstructures is of great significance to the evolution and survival of organisms. Furthermore, the optical regulation by these biological microstructures is engineered owing to natural selection. Herein, the role that microstructures play in enhancing optical performance or creating new optical properties in nature is summarized, with a focus on the regulation mechanisms of the solar and infrared spectra emanating from the microstructures and their role in the field of thermal radiation. The causes of the unique optical phenomena are discussed, focusing on prevailing characteristics such as high absorption, high transmission, adjustable reflection, adjustable absorption, and dynamic infrared radiative design. On this basis, the comprehensive control performance of light and heat integrated by this bioinspired microstructure is introduced in detail and a solution strategy for the development of low-energy, environmentally friendly, intelligent thermal control instruments is discussed. In order to develop such an instrument, a microstructural design foundation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiupeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yipeng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lei Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Yao Li
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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36
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Mouchet SR, Luke S, McDonald LT, Vukusic P. Optical costs and benefits of disorder in biological photonic crystals. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:9-48. [PMID: 33000817 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photonic structures in ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered forms have evolved across many different animal and plant systems. They can produce complex and often functional optical responses through coherent and incoherent scattering processes, often too, in combination with broadband or narrowband absorbing pigmentation. Interestingly, these systems appear highly tolerant of faults in their photonic structures, with imperfections in their structural order appearing not to impact, discernibly, the systems' optical signatures. The extent to which any such biological system deviates from presenting perfect structural order can dictate the optical properties of that system and, thereby, the optical properties that system delivers. However, the nature and extent of the optical costs and benefits of imperfect order in biological systems demands further elucidation. Here, we identify the extent to which biological photonic systems are tolerant of defects and imperfections. Certainly, it is clear that often significant inherent variations in the photonic structures of these systems, for instance a relatively broad distribution of lattice constants, can consistently produce what appear to be effective visual appearances and optical performances. In this article, we review previously investigated biological photonic systems that present ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered structures. We discuss the form and nature of the optical behaviour of these structures, focusing particularly on the associated optical costs and benefits surrounding the extent to which their structures deviate from what might be considered ideal systems. Then, through detailed analyses of some well-known 1D and 2D structurally coloured systems, we analyse one of the common manifestations of imperfect order, namely, the extent and nature of positional disorder in the systems' spatial distribution of layers and scattering centres. We use these findings to inform optical modelling that presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the optical costs and benefits of such positional disorder among ordered and quasi-ordered 1D and 2D photonic systems. As deviation from perfectly ordered structures invariably limits the performance of technology-oriented synthetic photonic processes, we suggest that the use of bio-inspired fault tolerance principles would add value to applied photonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien R Mouchet
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. and Department of Physics, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Luke T McDonald
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Pete Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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Caligiuri V, Tedeschi G, Palei M, Miscuglio M, Martin-Garcia B, Guzman-Puyol S, Hedayati MK, Kristensen A, Athanassiou A, Cingolani R, Sorger VJ, Salerno M, Bonaccorso F, Krahne R, Heredia-Guerrero JA. Biodegradable and Insoluble Cellulose Photonic Crystals and Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9502-9511. [PMID: 32559065 PMCID: PMC8008445 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of plastic with eco-friendly and biodegradable materials is one of the most stringent environmental challenges. In this respect, cellulose stands out as a biodegradable polymer. However, a significant challenge is to obtain biodegradable materials for high-end photonics that are robust in humid environments. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of high-quality micro- and nanoscale photonic and plasmonic structures via replica molding using pure cellulose and a blended version with nonedible agro-wastes. Both materials are biodegradable in soil and seawater according to the ISO 17556 standard. The pure cellulose films are transparent in the vis-NIR spectrum, having a refractive index similar to glass. The microstructured photonic crystals show high-quality diffractive properties that are maintained under extended exposure to water. Nanostructuring the cellulose transforms it to a biodegradable metasurface manifesting bright structural colors. A subsequent deposition of Ag endowed the metasurface with plasmonic properties used to produce plasmonic colors and for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Caligiuri
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- CNR
Nanotec, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giacomo Tedeschi
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Milan Palei
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mario Miscuglio
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Beatriz Martin-Garcia
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Susana Guzman-Puyol
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- IHSM
La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Anders Kristensen
- Department
of Health Technology, Technical University
of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Volker J. Sorger
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Marco Salerno
- Materials
Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Srl., Via Albisola 121, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- IHSM
La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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38
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Ladouce M, Barakat T, Su BL, Deparis O, Mouchet SR. Scattering of ultraviolet light by avian eggshells. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:63-80. [PMID: 32719833 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eggshells are essential for the reproduction of birds since the optical properties of shells may have an impact on biological functions such as heating and UV protection, recognition by parents or camouflage. Whereas ultraviolet reflection by some bird eggshells has been recently described, its physical origin remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a porous structure in eggshells. Using Mie scattering modelling, we found it was most likely responsible for reflectance peaks (intensities of ca. 20-50%) observed in the near-UV range. These peaks were observed by spectrophotometric measurements from eggshells of several breeds of hen, one breed of duck and one breed of quail. This optical response was interpreted in terms of the distinct visual perception of hens and humans: eggshells appearing achromatic for humans proved to be chromatic for hens. Fluorescence emission from these eggs was also characterised and attributed to the presence of protoporphyrin IX and biliverdin IXα in the shells. Electron microscopy observations revealed the presence of pores within the so-called calcified shell part (i.e., at depths between ca. 20 μm and ca. 240 μm from the eggshell's outer surface). Mercury intrusion porosimetry allowed us to quantify the pore size distribution. Simulations of the UV response of this porous structure using Mie scattering theory as well as an effective approach accounting for multiple scattering indicate that these pores are responsible for the backscattering peaks observed in the UV range, in the case of beige hen eggshells. Due to the similarities between the pore size distributions observed for beige hen eggshells and other investigated poultry eggshells, we expect Mie backscattering to be the origin of the UV response of the eggshells of many other bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Ladouce
- Department of Physics, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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39
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Eklund A, Zhang H, Zeng H, Priimagi A, Ikkala O. Fast Switching of Bright Whiteness in Channeled Hydrogel Networks. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000754. [PMID: 32684907 PMCID: PMC7357574 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Beside pigment absorption and reflection by periodic photonic structures, natural species often use light scattering to achieve whiteness. Synthetic hydrogels offer opportunities in stimuli-responsive materials and devices; however, they are not conventionally considered as ideal materials to achieve high whiteness by scattering due to the ill-defined porosities and the low refractive index contrast between the polymer and water. Herein, a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel network with percolated empty channels (ch-PNIPAm) is demonstrated to possess switchable bright whiteness upon temperature changes, obtained by removing the physical agarose gel in a semi-interpenetrating network of agarose and PNIPAm. The hydrogel is highly transparent at room temperature and becomes brightly white above 35 °C. Compared to conventional PNIPAm, the ch-PNIPAm hydrogel exhibits 80% higher reflectance at 800 nm and 18 times faster phase transition kinetics. The nanoscopic channels in the ch-PNIPAm facilitate water diffusion upon phase transition, thus enabling the formation of smaller pores and enhanced whiteness in the gel. Furthermore, fast photothermally triggered response down to tens of milliseconds can be achieved. This unique property of the ch-PNIPAm hydrogel to efficiently scatter visible light can be potentially used for, e.g., smart windows, optical switches, and, as demonstrated in this report, thermoresponsive color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Eklund
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
| | - Hao Zeng
- Smart Photonic MaterialsFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic MaterialsFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI 02150Finland
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40
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Yang M, Zou W, Guo J, Qian Z, Luo H, Yang S, Zhao N, Pattelli L, Xu J, Wiersma DS. Bioinspired "Skin" with Cooperative Thermo-Optical Effect for Daytime Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25286-25293. [PMID: 32378874 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energy-saving cooling materials with strong operability are desirable for sustainable thermal management. Inspired by the cooperative thermo-optical effect in the fur of a polar bear, we develop a flexible, superhydrophobic, and reusable cooling "skin" by laminating a poly(dimethylsiloxane) film with a highly scattering polyethylene aerogel. Owing to its high porosity (97.9%) and tailored pore size of 3.8 ± 1.4 μm, it can achieve superior solar reflectance (R̅sun ∼ 0.96) and high transparency to irradiated thermal energy (τ̅PE,MIR ∼ 0.8) at a thickness of 2.7 mm. Combined with the low thermal conductivity (0.032 W m-1 K-1) of the aerogel, the cooling skin exerts midday sub-ambient temperature drops of 5-6 °C in a metropolitan environment, with an estimated limit of 14 °C under ideal service conditions. Our generalized bilayer approach can be easily applied to different types of emitters, bridging the gap between night-time and daytime radiative cooling and paving the way for more cost-effective and scalable cooling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Heng Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shijia Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lorenzo Pattelli
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, P. R. China
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Turin 10135, Italy
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41
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X-ray nano-tomography of complete scales from the ultra-white beetles Lepidiota stigma and Cyphochilus. Sci Data 2020; 7:163. [PMID: 32472045 PMCID: PMC7260169 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution X-ray nano-tomography experiments are often limited to a few tens of micrometer size volumes due to detector size. It is possible, through the use of multiple overlapping tomography scans, to produce a large area scan which can encompass a sample in its entirety. Mounting and positioning regions to be scanned is highly challenging and normally requires focused ion beam approaches. In this work we have imaged intact beetle scale cells mounted on the tip of a needle using a micromanipulator stage. Here we show X-ray holotomography data for single ultra-white scales from the beetles Lepidiota stigma (L. stigma) and Cyphochilus which exhibit the most effective scattering of white light in the literature. The final thresholded matrices represent a scan area of 25 × 70 × 362.5 µm and 25 × 67.5 × 235µm while maintaining a pixel resolution of 25 nm. This tomographic approach allowed the internal structure of the scales to be captured completely intact and undistorted by the sectioning required for traditional microscopy techniques. Measurement(s) | chitin • scale | Technology Type(s) | computed tomography • x-ray holotomography | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Lepidiota • Cyphochilus |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12251450
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42
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Tang Y, Wu K, Yu S, Chen J, Ding X, Rao L, Li Z. Bioinspired high-scattering polymer films fabricated by polymerization-induced phase separation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2918-2921. [PMID: 32412501 DOI: 10.1364/ol.390639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the porous scale of the bright white beetle Cyphochilus, a polymerization-induced phase separation method is proposed to fabricate bioinspired high-scattering polymer films with porous structures. With an optimized formulation, the porous films with a mean pore size of ∼200nm feature a broadband reflectance of ∼71% at a thickness of 16 µm and are measured to have a transport mean free path of ∼3µm. The porous films with high reflectivity enable the application on light-emitting diodes and have great potential in other similar optoelectronic fields.
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43
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Yu S, Yu J, Chen J, Ding X, Li J, Rao L, Tang Y, Li Z. Numerical study on the scattering property of porous polymer structures via supercritical CO 2 microcellular foaming. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:4533-4541. [PMID: 32400438 DOI: 10.1364/ao.391449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disordered porous polymer structures have gained tremendous attention due to their wide applications in various fields. As a simple yet versatile technique, supercritical CO2 microcellular foaming has been proposed to fabricate highly scattering porous polymer films, which have been used to enhance the efficiency of quantum dots (QDs) films. In the foaming process, numerous enclosed pores are generated, which induce significant scattering, underpinning the efficiency enhancement in optoelectronic devices. However, the scattering property of foamed porous structures has still not been well investigated, and effective guidelines for engineering the porous structures are still not available. In this work, we use Mie scattering theory and ray-tracing simulation to analyze the optical property of a single pore, pore assembly, and porous film. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the scattering scheme in the porous QD films leads to a large enhancement of excitation light absorption and QD emission extraction. It is envisioned that our work will contribute to the engineering guidelines of porous structures and boost the application of porous structures in similar fields.
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44
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Xiong R, Luan J, Kang S, Ye C, Singamaneni S, Tsukruk VV. Biopolymeric photonic structures: design, fabrication, and emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:983-1031. [PMID: 31960001 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs01007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological photonic structures can precisely control light propagation, scattering, and emission via hierarchical structures and diverse chemistry, enabling biophotonic applications for transparency, camouflaging, protection, mimicking and signaling. Corresponding natural polymers are promising building blocks for constructing synthetic multifunctional photonic structures owing to their renewability, biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, ambient processing conditions, and diverse surface chemistry. In this review, we provide a summary of the light phenomena in biophotonic structures found in nature, the selection of corresponding biopolymers for synthetic photonic structures, the fabrication strategies for flexible photonics, and corresponding emerging photonic-related applications. We introduce various photonic structures, including multi-layered, opal, and chiral structures, as well as photonic networks in contrast to traditionally considered light absorption and structural photonics. Next, we summarize the bottom-up and top-down fabrication approaches and physical properties of organized biopolymers and highlight the advantages of biopolymers as building blocks for realizing unique bioenabled photonic structures. Furthermore, we consider the integration of synthetic optically active nanocomponents into organized hierarchical biopolymer frameworks for added optical functionalities, such as enhanced iridescence and chiral photoluminescence. Finally, we present an outlook on current trends in biophotonic materials design and fabrication, including current issues, critical needs, as well as promising emerging photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA.
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45
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Palmer BA, Yallapragada VJ, Schiffmann N, Wormser EM, Elad N, Aflalo ED, Sagi A, Weiner S, Addadi L, Oron D. A highly reflective biogenic photonic material from core-shell birefringent nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:138-144. [PMID: 31932761 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular natural optical phenomena are produced by highly reflective assemblies of organic crystals. Here we show how the tapetum reflector in a shrimp eye is constructed from arrays of spherical isoxanthopterin nanoparticles and relate the particle properties to their optical function. The nanoparticles are composed of single-crystal isoxanthopterin nanoplates arranged in concentric lamellae around a hollow core. The spherulitic birefringence of the nanoparticles, which originates from the radial alignment of the plates, results in a significant enhancement of the back-scattering. This enables the organism to maximize the reflectivity of the ultrathin tapetum, which functions to increase the eye's sensitivity and preserve visual acuity. The particle size, core/shell ratio and packing are also controlled to optimize the intensity and spectral properties of the tapetum back-scattering. This system offers inspiration for the design of photonic crystals constructed from spherically symmetric birefringent particles for use in ultrathin reflectors and as non-iridescent pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Nathan Schiffmann
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Merary Wormser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Elad
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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46
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Yu S, Chen J, Liang G, Ding X, Tang Y, Li Z. White hairy layer on the Boehmeria nivea leaf-inspiration for reflective coatings. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 15:016003. [PMID: 31652429 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whiteness is an intriguing property in some creature surfaces and usually originates from broadband multi-scattering by the refined structures. In this article, we report that Boehmeria nivea, a widely distributed tropical and subtropical plant, has a highly reflective layer on the lower surface of the leaf. Morphological characterization demonstrates that the layer consists of numerous wrinkled micro-filaments, forming a disordered porous network to efficiently scatter visible light. Moreover, the white layer is shown to exhibit a protection function by reflecting incident light when exposed to high radiation. The reflective layer can slightly improve the absorption by the leaves when light is incident on the upper surface of the leaves. In addition, the porous layer shows hydrophobicity. To mimic the white layer, a well-established electrospinning process is used to fabricate porous polymeric membranes, consisting of nano-wrinkled filaments with micro-sized diameter. Finally, the artificial membranes are demonstrated to have a light-shielding function in a photo-chromic experiment and a light-management ability for quantum dot film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surface Functional Structure Manufacturing of Guangdong High Education Institutes, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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47
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Animal Eyes: Filtering Out the Background. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R938-R941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Burg SL, Washington A, Coles DM, Bianco A, McLoughlin D, Mykhaylyk OO, Villanova J, Dennison AJC, Hill CJ, Vukusic P, Doak S, Martin SJ, Hutchings M, Parnell SR, Vasilev C, Clarke N, Ryan AJ, Furnass W, Croucher M, Dalgliesh RM, Prevost S, Dattani R, Parker A, Jones RAL, Fairclough JPA, Parnell AJ. Liquid–liquid phase separation morphologies in ultra-white beetle scales and a synthetic equivalent. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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49
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Mouchet SR, Verstraete C, Mara D, Van Cleuvenbergen S, Finlayson ED, Van Deun R, Deparis O, Verbiest T, Maes B, Vukusic P, Kolaric B. Nonlinear optical spectroscopy and two-photon excited fluorescence spectroscopy reveal the excited states of fluorophores embedded in a beetle's elytra. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180052. [PMID: 30603071 PMCID: PMC6304011 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon illumination by ultraviolet light, many animal species emit light through fluorescence processes arising from fluorophores embedded within their biological tissues. Fluorescence studies in living organisms are however relatively scarce and so far limited to the linear regime. Multiphoton excitation fluorescence analyses as well as nonlinear optical techniques offer unique possibilities to investigate the effects of the local environment on the excited states of fluorophores. Herein, these techniques are applied for the first time to study of the naturally controlled fluorescence in insects. The case of the male Hoplia coerulea beetle is investigated because the scales covering the beetle's elytra are known to possess an internal photonic structure with embedded fluorophores, which controls both the beetle's coloration and the fluorescence emission. An intense two-photon excitation fluorescence signal is observed, the intensity of which changes upon contact with water. A third-harmonic generation signal is also detected, the intensity of which depends on the light polarization state. The analysis of these nonlinear optical and fluorescent responses unveils the multi-excited states character of the fluorophore molecules embedded in the beetle's elytra. The role of form anisotropy in the photonic structure, which causes additional tailoring of the beetle's optical responses, is demonstrated by circularly polarized light and nonlinear optical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien R. Mouchet
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
- Department of Physics and Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Verstraete
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dimitrije Mara
- L–Luminescent Lanthanide Lab, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Cleuvenbergen
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ewan D. Finlayson
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Rik Van Deun
- L–Luminescent Lanthanide Lab, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Deparis
- Department of Physics and Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Maes
- Micro- and Nanophotonic Materials Group, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pete Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Branko Kolaric
- Micro- and Nanophotonic Materials Group, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Photonics, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Old World Labs, 1357 N. Great Neck Road Suite 104, Virginia Beach, VA 23454, USA
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50
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Jacucci G, Onelli OD, De Luca A, Bertolotti J, Sapienza R, Vignolini S. Coherent backscattering of light by an anisotropic biological network. Interface Focus 2018; 9:20180050. [PMID: 30603070 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scattering strength of a random medium relies on the geometry and spatial distribution of its components as well as on their refractive index. Anisotropy can, therefore, play a major role in the optimization of the scattering efficiency in both biological and synthetic materials. In this study, we show that, by exploiting the coherent backscattering phenomenon, it is possible to characterize the optical anisotropy in Cyphochilus beetle scales without the need to change their orientation or their thickness. For this reason, such a static and easily accessible experimental approach is particularly suitable for the study of biological specimens. Moreover, estimation of the anisotropy in Cyphochilus beetle scales might provide inspiration for improving the scattering strength of artificial white materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Jacucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Olimpia D Onelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Pietro Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bertolotti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Riccardo Sapienza
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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