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Kim MI, Lee S, Kang J, Kim J, Wu Z, Won JH, Baek S, Chung DS, Kim JY, Jung IH, Woo HY. Vertically Phase Separated Photomultiplication Organic Photodetectors with p-n Heterojunction Type Ultrafast Dynamic Characteristics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404597. [PMID: 38975985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Photomultiplication (PM)-type organic photodetectors (OPDs), which typically form a homogeneous distribution (HD) of n-type dopants in a p-type polymer host (HD PM-type OPDs), have achieved a breakthrough in device responsivity by surpassing a theoretical limit of external quantum efficiency (EQE). However, they face limitations in higher dark current and slower dynamic characteristics compared to p-n heterojunction (p-n HJ) OPDs due to inherent long lifetime of trapped electrons. To overcome this, a new PM-type OPD is developed that demonstrates ultrafast dynamic properties through a vertical phase separation (VPS) strategy between the p-type polymer and n-type acceptor, referred to as VPS PM-type OPDs. Notably, VPS PM-type OPDs show three orders of magnitude increase in -3 dB cut-off frequency (120 kHz) and over a 200-fold faster response time (rising time = 4.8 µs, falling time = 8.3 µs) compared to HD PM-type OPDs, while maintaining high EQE of 1121% and specific detectivity of 2.53 × 1013 Jones at -10 V. The VPS PM-type OPD represents a groundbreaking advancement by demonstrating the coexistence of p-n HJ and PM modes within a single photoactive layer for the first time. This innovative approach holds the potential to enhance both static and dynamic properties of OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong In Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Kang
- Light/Display Convergence R&BD Division, Cheorwon Plasma Research Institute, 7194 Geumgang-ro, Seo-myeon, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 24062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeong Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Won
- Department of Energy Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Ibrahem MA, Waris M, Miah MR, Shabani F, Canimkurbey B, Unal E, Delikanli S, Demir HV. Orientation-Dependent Photoconductivity of Quasi-2D Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies: Face-Down, Edge-Up Versus Randomly Oriented Quantum Wells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401423. [PMID: 38770984 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Here, strongly orientation-dependent lateral photoconductivity of a CdSe monolayer colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) possessing short-chain ligands is reported. A controlled liquid-air self-assembly technique is utilized to deliberately engineer the alignments of CQWs into either face-down (FO) or edge-up (EO) orientation on the substrate as opposed to randomly oriented (RO) CQWs prepared by spin-coating. Adapting planar configuration metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors, it is found that lateral conductivity spans ≈2 orders of magnitude depending on the orientation of CQWs in the film in the case of utilizing short ligands. The long native ligands of oleic acid (OA) are exchanged with short-chain ligands of 2-ethylhexane-1-thiol (EHT) to reduce the inter-platelet distance, which significantly improved the photoresponsivity from 4.16, 0.58, and 4.79 mA W-1 to 528.7, 6.17, and 94.2 mA W-1, for the MSM devices prepared with RO, FO, and EO, before and after ligands exchange, respectively. Such CQW orientation control profoundly impacts the photodetector performance also in terms of the detection speed (0.061 s/0.074 s for the FO, 0.048 s/0.060 s for the EO compared to 0.10 s/0.16 s for the RO, for the rise and decay time constants, respectively) and the detectivity (1.7 × 1010, 2.3 × 1011, and 7.5 × 1011 Jones for the FO, EO, and RO devices, respectively) which can be further tailored for the desired optoelectronic device applications. Attributed to charge transportation in colloidal films being proportional to the number of hopping steps, these findings indicate that the solution-processed orientation of CQWs provides the ability to tune the photoconductivity of CQWs with short ligands as another degree of freedom to exploit and engineer their absorptive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Ibrahem
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Laser Science and Technology Branch, Applied Sciences Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq
| | - Mohsin Waris
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Md Rumon Miah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Farzan Shabani
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Betul Canimkurbey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Serefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Central Research Laboratory, Amasya University, Amasya, 05100, Turkey
| | - Emre Unal
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Savas Delikanli
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Luminous! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Huang YC, Wang TY, Huang ZH, Santiago SRMS. Advancing Detectivity and Stability of Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors via a Facile and Efficient Cathode Interlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27576-27586. [PMID: 38722948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs) are pivotal in numerous technological applications due to their excellent responsivity within the NIR region. Polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) has conventionally been employed as an electron transport layer (hole-blocking layer) to suppress dark current (JD) and enhance charge transport. However, the limitations of PEIE in chemical stability, processing conditions, environmental impact, and absorption range have spurred the development of alternative materials. In this study, we introduced a novel solution: a hybrid of sol-gel zinc oxide (ZnO) and N,N'-bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine oxide)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDINO) as the electron transport layer for NIR-OPDs. Our fabricated OPD exhibited significantly improved responsivity, reduced internal traps, and enhanced charge transfer efficiency. The detectivity, spanning from 400 to 1100 nm, surpassed ∼5 × 1012 Jones, reaching ∼1.1 × 1012 Jones at 1000 nm, accompanied by an increased responsivity of 0.47 A/W. Also, the unpackaged OPD remarkedly demonstrated stable JD and external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 1000 h under dark storage conditions. This innovative approach not only addresses the drawbacks of conventional PEIE-based OPDs but also offers promising avenues for the development of high-performance OPDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Biochemical Technology R&D Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Sinha R. Design of Aluminum Doped ZnO/Phenyl-C-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester/Tungsten Disulfide (AZO/PCBM/WS 2) Heterojunction-Based Device for Applications in Solar Cells and Broadband Self-Powered Photodetectors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7114-7126. [PMID: 38501958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The domain related to the use of renewable energy is showing high interest among the researchers in the current days, and light energy can be considered as one of such. Solar cells are the kind of devices that use light energy in an efficient way to generate electricity. Hence, designing and developing a solar cell requires meticulous attention to get an optimum output. This work focuses on designing and optimization of aluminum dope ZnO/phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester/tungsten disulfide (AZO/PCBM/WS2) heterojunction-based device for applications in solar cells. Moreover, considering the high demand of optoelectronics like photodetectors, this work also uncovers the capabilities of the device in the applications of broadband self-powered photodetectors. The optimized values of several parameters of the device such as the thickness and doping density of the WS2 layer, the defect density of the WS2 layer, and the interface PCBM/WS2 were 2 μm, 1017 cm-3, 1014 cm-3, and 1010 cm-2, respectively. These optimal conditions facilitated in obtaining fill factor and efficiency values of 84.78 and 23.92%, respectively. Further, the photodetection performance was evaluated with the parameters like responsivity and detectivity. The maximum calculated responsivity of the device at 0 V bias was 0.63 A/W at 880 nm, whereas the maximum detectivity was 1.54 × 1013 Jones. This study also extensively focuses on the in-depth understanding of the physics associated with the movement of the charge carriers under the illuminated conditions by studying the band diagrams and the electric fields of the heterojunctions at various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500075, India
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Choi D, Kwon H, Lee H, Lee KM, Park Y, Moon H, Yoo S. Organic Phototransistor with Light-Induced Contact Modulation and Sensitivity Enhancement Using a C 60/C 70:TAPC Hybrid Channel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58673-58682. [PMID: 38051232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic phototransistors (OPTs) are attracting a significant degree of interest as devices that have the potential to play multiple roles, including light sensing, signal amplification, and switching for addressing when they are used for matrix arrays. However, it has been challenging to realize OPTs that can perform all of these roles simultaneously at a sufficient performance level because the channel materials with high carrier mobility often exhibit relatively low photoabsorption. In this work, we propose OPTs with a hybrid bilayer channel consisting of a neat C60 layer and a bulk-heterojunction layer of C70 and 1,1-bis(4-bis(4-methyl-phenyl)-amino-phenyl)-cyclohexane (TAPC) as a possible solution to this issue. While the C60 layer serves as the main carrier-transporting layer with high mobility, the C70:TAPC layer operates as a photoactive layer wherein the photogenerated carriers provide photoinduced contact modulation that leads to a significant enhancement in photosensitivity. With the optimal design maximizing the absorption, the proposed hybrid-channel OPTs show a responsivity of ca. 180 A/W, which is 4.5 times higher than that of the control OPT with a C70:TAPC single channel. The operation mechanism and the origin for the improvement are verified by an in-depth analysis of the photoinduced modulation of the channel and contact resistances of the OPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukyun Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggido 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Myung Lee
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsup Park
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanul Moon
- Department of Semiconductor & Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Liu Q, Li L, Wu J, Wang Y, Yuan L, Jiang Z, Xiao J, Gu D, Li W, Tai H, Jiang Y. Organic photodiodes with bias-switchable photomultiplication and photovoltaic modes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6935. [PMID: 37907460 PMCID: PMC10618528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited sensitivity of photovoltaic-type photodiodes makes it indispensable to use pre-amplifier circuits for effectively extracting electrical signals, especially when detecting dim light. Additionally, the photomultiplication photodiodes with light amplification function suffer from potential damages caused by high power consumption under strong light. In this work, by adopting the synergy strategy of thermal-induced interfacial structural traps and blocking layers, we develop a dual-mode visible-near infrared organic photodiode with bias-switchable photomultiplication and photovoltaic operating modes, exhibiting high specific detectivity (~1012 Jones) and fast response speed (0.05/3.03 ms for photomultiplication-mode; 8.64/11.14 μs for photovoltaic-mode). The device also delivers disparate external quantum efficiency in two optional operating modes, showing potential in simultaneously detecting dim and strong light ranging from ~10-9 to 10-1 W cm-2. The general strategy and working mechanism are validated in different organic layers. This work offers an attractive option to develop bias-switchable multi-mode organic photodetectors for various application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Deen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Weizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
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Park SY, Labanti C, Pacalaj RA, Lee TH, Dong Y, Chin YC, Luke J, Ryu G, Minami D, Yun S, Park JI, Fang F, Park KB, Durrant JR, Kim JS. The State-of-the-Art Solution-Processed Single Component Organic Photodetectors Achieved by Strong Quenching of Intermolecular Emissive State and High Quadrupole Moment in Non-Fullerene Acceptors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306655. [PMID: 37670609 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) blend is commonly used as the photoactive layer in organic photodetectors (OPDs) to utilize the donor (D)/acceptor (A) interfacial energetic offset for exciton dissociation. However, this strategy often complicates optimization procedures, raising serious concerns over device processability, reproducibility, and stability. Herein, highly efficient OPDs fabricated with single-component organic semiconductors are demonstrated via solution-processing. The non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with strong intrinsic D/A character are used as the photoactive layer, where the emissive intermolecular charge transfer excitonic (CTE) states are formed within <1 ps, and efficient photocurrent generation is achieved via strong quenching of these CTE states by reverse bias. Y6 and IT-4F-based OPDs show excellent OPD performances, low dark current density (≈10-9 A cm-2 ), high responsivity (≥0.15 A W-1 ), high specific detectivity (>1012 Jones), and fast photo-response time (<10 µs), comparable to the state-of-the-art BHJ OPDs. Together with strong CTE state quenching by electric field, these excellent OPD performances are also attributed to the high quadrupole moments of NFA molecules, which can lead to large interfacial energetic offset for efficient CTE dissociation. This work opens a new way to realize efficient OPDs using single-component systems via solution-processing and provides important molecular design rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi Park
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chiara Labanti
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard A Pacalaj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tack Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, 46241, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Yi-Chun Chin
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gihan Ryu
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daiki Minami
- CSE team, Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 1 Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Yun
- Organic Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Park
- Organic Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Feifei Fang
- Organic Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bae Park
- Organic Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- SPECIFIC IKC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 7AX, UK
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Siddik AB, Georgitzikis E, Hermans Y, Kang J, Kim JH, Pejovic V, Lieberman I, Malinowski PE, Kadashchuk A, Genoe J, Conard T, Cheyns D, Heremans P. Interface-Engineered Organic Near-Infrared Photodetector for Imaging Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-speed low dark current near-infrared (NIR) organic photodetector (OPD) on a silicon substrate with amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) as the electron transport layer (ETL). In-depth understanding of the origin of dark current is obtained using an elaborate set of characterization techniques, including temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements, current-based deep-level transient spectroscopy (Q-DLTS), and transient photovoltage decay measurements. These characterization results are complemented by energy band structures deduced from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of trap states and a strong dependency of activation energy on the applied reverse bias voltage point to a dark current mechanism based on trap-assisted field-enhanced thermal emission (Poole-Frenkel emission). We significantly reduce this emission by introducing a thin interfacial layer between the donor: acceptor blend and the a-IGZO ETL and obtain a dark current as low as 125 pA/cm2 at an applied reverse bias of -1 V. Thanks to the use of high-mobility metal-oxide transport layers, a fast photo response time of 639 ns (rise) and 1497 ns (fall) is achieved, which, to the best of our knowledge, is among the fastest reported for NIR OPDs. Finally, we present an imager integrating the NIR OPD on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor read-out circuit, demonstrating the significance of the improved dark current characteristics in capturing high-quality sample images with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakar Siddik
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jubin Kang
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | - Vladimir Pejovic
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Andriy Kadashchuk
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Genoe
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Paul Heremans
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Cao Y, Xu X, Shen L, Zhang D, Zheng J, Gong X. Origins of the Photocurrent Multiplication Effect in the Polythiophene-Based Photodetectors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2100928. [PMID: 35170120 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The photocurrent multiplication (PM) effect has been used to boost the device performance of polymer-based photodetectors (PDs), but its origin is rarely addressed. In this study, the origins of the PM effect in polymer PDs based on the P3HT:PC71 BM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composite thin film, where P3HT is poly(3-hexylthiophene), and PC71 BM is [6,6]phenyl-C71 -butyric acid methyl ester, through both computational simulation and experimental investigation are reported. Systematic studies indicate that two key factors play an important role in the realization of the PM effect in polymer PDs. One factor is the work function of the metal electrode, and the other is the PC71 BM aggregations at the interface between the P3HT:PC71 BM BHJ composite thin film and the metal electrode. Moreover, the results from both experimental and computational simulation indicate that the values of the current density under light illumination minus the current density in the dark of polymer PDs are increased simultaneously along with the reduction of the thickness of the P3HT:PC71 BM BHJ composite thin film. The results provide an understanding of the PM effect in polymer PDs and guidance for the development of high-performance polymer PDs based on BHJ composite thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and 2) Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xinjian Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and 2) Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lening Shen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and 2) Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiong Gong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and 2) Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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10
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Weng S, Zhao M, Jiang D, Liang Q. Broadband Organic Ternary Bulk Heterojunctions Photodetector Based on Non-Fullerene Acceptor with Enhanced Flat-Spectrum Response Range from 200 to 1100 nm. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10577-10588. [PMID: 36346672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both flat-spectrum responsivity and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of bulk heterojunction organic photodetectors (BHJ OPDs) are greatly in demand and still challenging to realize from the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) regions. In this article, conjugated polymer donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and PTB7-Th are blended with a low band gap nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) IEICO-4F to form a ternary BHJ active layer, thereby forming a BHJ OPD with a broadband responsivity spectrum from UV to visible light to NIR region (200-1100 nm). Under 6 V voltage and in the range from 280 to 810 nm, the ternary BHJ OPD shows a relatively flat responsivity spectrum, and the highest responsivity is 1.348 A/W, which is 1.34 times that of the binary BHJ OPD. Specifically, the ternary BHJ OPD achieved the highest EQE at 285 nm and as high as 449.31%. In addition, the ternary OPD detectivity (D*) is 2.65 times that of the binary BHJ OPD. Therefore, ternary BHJ as an active layer provides an effective method to develop BHJ OPDs with an expanded response range, higher responsivity, improved EQE, and broadband spectrum with flat spectral response from the UV to NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun130022, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai201210, China
| | - Man Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun130022, China
| | - Dayong Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun130022, China
- Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun130022, China
| | - Qingcheng Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun130022, China
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11
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Nidhi, Das S, Nautiyal T. Impact of the Channel Thickness on the Photoresponse of Black Arsenic Mid-Infrared Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27444-27455. [PMID: 35658392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently explored black arsenic is a layered two-dimensional low-symmetry semiconducting material that, owing to its inherent narrow bandgap (∼0.31 eV) in its bulk form, is attractive for mid-infrared optoelectronics. Several studies have been conducted on its structural, charge-transport, and thermal properties for implementation in nanoelectronics. Herein, the thickness-dependent optoelectronic performance of black arsenic devices for mid-infrared wavelengths (2.0-4.0 μm) is investigated. The device was fabricated over an hBN/SiO2/Si substrate using mechanical exfoliation of black arsenic. It is observed that the optoelectronic properties of the devices vary significantly with the thickness of the black arsenic channel of the devices. A peak photoresponsivity of 244 A/W was achieved at 3.00 μm for a 60 nm-thick black arsenic channel. However, the maximum detectivity of 6.14 × 109 Jones was found for a lower thickness (∼25 nm) of black arsenic, along with an excellent (i.e., the least) noise-equivalent power of ∼89 fW/Hz1/2. Our findings reveal that the optoelectronic properties of black arsenic are excellent and can be tuned through thickness control. The promising results suggest the considerable potential of black arsenic in future opto- and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Samaresh Das
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tashi Nautiyal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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12
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Kang M, Hassan SZ, Ko SM, Choi C, Kim J, Parumala SKR, Kim YH, Jang YH, Yoon J, Jee DW, Chung DS. A Molecular-Switch-Embedded Organic Photodiode for Capturing Images against Strong Backlight. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200526. [PMID: 35233855 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When the intensity of the incident light increases, the photocurrents of organic photodiodes (OPDs) exhibit relatively early saturation, due to which OPDs cannot easily detect objects against strong backlights, such as sunlight. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a light-intensity-dependent transition of the operation mode, such that the operation mode of the OPD autonomously changes to overcome early photocurrent saturation as the incident light intensity passes the threshold intensity. The photoactive layer is doped with a strategically designed and synthesized molecular switch, 1,2-bis-(2-methyl-5-(4-cyanobiphenyl)-3-thienyl)tetrafluorobenzene (DAB). The proposed OPD exhibits a typical OPD performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of <100% and a photomultiplication behavior with an EQE of >100% under low-intensity and high-intensity light illuminations, respectively, thereby resulting in an extension of the photoresponse linearity to a light intensity of 434 mW cm-2 . This unique and reversible transition of the operation mode can be explained by the unbalanced quantum yield of photocyclization/photocycloreversion of the molecular switch. The details of the operation mechanism are discussed in conjunction with various photophysical analyses. Furthermore, they establish a prototype image sensor with an array of molecular-switch-embedded OPD pixels to demonstrate their extremely high sensitivity against strong light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Ko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh K R Parumala
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, and Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, and Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Jee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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13
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Xing S, Kublitski J, Hänisch C, Winkler LC, Li T, Kleemann H, Benduhn J, Leo K. Photomultiplication-Type Organic Photodetectors for Near-Infrared Sensing with High and Bias-Independent Specific Detectivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105113. [PMID: 34994114 PMCID: PMC8895121 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly responsive organic photodetectors allow a plethora of applications in fields like imaging, health, security monitoring, etc. Photomultiplication-type organic photodetectors (PM-OPDs) are a desirable option due to their internal amplification mechanism. However, for such devices, significant gain and low dark currents are often mutually excluded since large operation voltages often induce high shot noise. Here, a fully vacuum-processed PM-OPD is demonstrated using trap-assisted electron injection in BDP-OMe:C60 material system. By applying only -1 V, compared with the self-powered working condition, the responsivity is increased by one order of magnitude, resulting in an outstanding specific detectivity of ≈1013 Jones. Remarkably, the superior detectivity in the near-infrared region is stable and almost voltage-independent up to -10 V. Compared with two photovoltaic-type photodetectors, these PM-OPDs exhibit the great potential to be easily integrated with state-of-the-art readout electronics in terms of their high responsivity, fast response speed, and bias-independent specific detectivity. The employed vacuum fabrication process and the easy-to-adapt PM-OPD concept enable seamless upscaling of production, paving the way to a commercially relevant photodetector technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xing
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Jonas Kublitski
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Christian Hänisch
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Louis Conrad Winkler
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Tian‐yi Li
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität Dresden01187DresdenGermany
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14
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Wang Y, Kublitski J, Xing S, Dollinger F, Spoltore D, Benduhn J, Leo K. Narrowband organic photodetectors - towards miniaturized, spectroscopic sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:220-251. [PMID: 34704585 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01215k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Omnipresent quality monitoring in food products, blood-oxygen measurement in lightweight conformal wrist bands, or data-driven automated industrial production: Innovation in many fields is being empowered by sensor technology. Specifically, organic photodetectors (OPDs) promise great advances due to their beneficial properties and low-cost production. Recent research has led to rapid improvement in all performance parameters of OPDs, which are now on-par or better than their inorganic counterparts, such as silicon or indium gallium arsenide photodetectors, in several aspects. In particular, it is possible to directly design OPDs for specific wavelengths. This makes expensive and bulky optical filters obsolete and allows for miniature detector devices. In this review, recent progress of such narrowband OPDs is systematically summarized covering all aspects from narrow-photo-absorbing materials to device architecture engineering. The recent challenges for narrowband OPDs, like achieving high responsivity, low dark current, high response speed, and good dynamic range are carefully addressed. Finally, application demonstrations covering broadband and narrowband OPDs are discussed. Importantly, several exciting research perspectives, which will stimulate further research on organic-semiconductor-based photodetectors, are pointed out at the very end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Wang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jonas Kublitski
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Shen Xing
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Felix Dollinger
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Lin S, Kulkarni R, Mandavkar R, Habib MA, Burse S, Kunwar S, Lee J. Surmounting the interband threshold limit by the hot electron excitation of multi-metallic plasmonic AgAuCu NPs for UV photodetector application. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sharply improved photoresponse characteristics are demonstrated by the multi-metallic AgCu, AuCu and AgAuCu NP based UV-PDs through the superior photo carrier injection by the strong elemental composition-dependent hot electrons and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Rakesh Kulkarni
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Rutuja Mandavkar
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Md Ahasan Habib
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Shalmali Burse
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Sundar Kunwar
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
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16
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Kim J, Kang M, Lee S, So C, Chung DS. Interfacial Electrostatic-Interaction-Enhanced Photomultiplication for Ultrahigh External Quantum Efficiency of Organic Photodiodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104689. [PMID: 34677887 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A photomultiplication-type organic photodiode (PM-OPD), where an electric double layer (EDL) is strategically embedded, is demonstrated, with an exceptionally high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 2 210 000%, responsivity of 11 200 A W-1 , specific detectivity of 2.11 × 1014 Jones, and gain-bandwidth product of 1.92 × 107 Hz, as well as high reproducibility. A polymer electrolyte, poly(9,9-bis(3'-(N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammoinium-propyl-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene))dibromide is employed as a work-function-modifying layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) to construct an EDL-embedded Schottky junction with p-type polymer semiconductor, poly(3-hexylthiophene-diyl), resulting in not only advantageous tuning of the work function of ITO but also an enhancement of the electron-trapping efficiency due to electrostatic interaction between exposed cations and trapped electrons within isolated acceptor domains. The effects of the EDL on the energetics of the trapped electron states and thus on the gain generation mechanism are confirmed by numerical simulations based on the drift-diffusion approximation of charge carriers. The feasibility of the fabricated high-EQE PM-OPD especially for weak light detection is demonstrated via a pixelated prototype image sensor. It is believed that this new OPD platform opens up the possibility for the ultrahigh-sensitivity organic image sensors, while maintaining the advantageous properties of organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan So
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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17
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Kim J, Joo CW, Hassan SZ, Yu SH, Kang M, Pi JE, Kang SY, Park YS, Chung DS. Synergetic contribution of fluorinated azide for high EQE and operational stability of top-illuminated, semitransparent, photomultiplication-type organic photodiodes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3141-3148. [PMID: 34570854 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01368h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it is shown that fluorinated azide, employed as a functional additive to photomultiplication-type organic photodiodes (PM-OPDs), can not only enhance the operational stability by freezing the morphology consisting of matrix polymer/localized acceptor but also stabilize the trapped electron states such that the photomultiplication mechanism can be accelerated further, leading to exceptionally high external quantum efficiency (EQE). The consequent semitransparent OPD consisting of molybdenum oxide (MoO3)/Au/MoO3/photoactive layer/polyethyleneimine ethoxylated/indium tin oxide (ITO) rendered a maximum EQE of over 500 000% and 370 000% under bottom and top illumination, respectively. Owing to the remarkably high EQE, high specific detectivity of 5.6 × 1013 Jones and low noise-equivalent power of 5.35 × 10-15 W Hz-0.5 were also demonstrated. Furthermore, the OPD demonstrated stable performance during 20 h of continuous operation and minimal performance degradation even after the damp heat test. To fully visualize the advantages of the proposed high-EQE, top-illuminated, semitransparent OPD with spectral asymmetry between absorption and detection, a reflection-type fingerprint platform consisting of 1 OPD-1 oxide field-effect transistor complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor backplane (300 ppi) is designed and fabricated. The successful recognition of the fingerprint of one of the authors is demonstrated, which indicates the feasibility of the proposed PM-OPD for sensing weak light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Woong Joo
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Eun Pi
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Youl Kang
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Sam Park
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Enhancing sub-bandgap external quantum efficiency by photomultiplication for narrowband organic near-infrared photodetectors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4259. [PMID: 34267210 PMCID: PMC8282846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of electromagnetic signals for applications such as health, product quality monitoring or astronomy requires highly responsive and wavelength selective devices. Photomultiplication-type organic photodetectors have been shown to achieve high quantum efficiencies mainly in the visible range. Much less research has been focused on realizing near-infrared narrowband devices. Here, we demonstrate fully vacuum-processed narrow- and broadband photomultiplication-type organic photodetectors. Devices are based on enhanced hole injection leading to a maximum external quantum efficiency of almost 2000% at -10 V for the broadband device. The photomultiplicative effect is also observed in the charge-transfer state absorption region. By making use of an optical cavity device architecture, we enhance the charge-transfer response and demonstrate a wavelength tunable narrowband photomultiplication-type organic photodetector with external quantum efficiencies superior to those of pin-devices. The presented concept can further improve the performance of photodetectors based on the absorption of charge-transfer states, which were so far limited by the low external quantum efficiency provided by these devices.
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19
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Xiao Z, Xu H, Liang W, Wu B, Shi Y, Deng H, Lan Y, Long Y. Effective film surface treatment for improving external quantum efficiency of photomultiplication type organic photodetector. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211021484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple yet effective method based on methanol treatment is proposed to enhance the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the photomultiplication type organic photodetector with a structure of Glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3H:PC71BM (100:1, wt./wt.)/Al. By modifying the PEDOT:PSS film surface with methanol, the EQE of photodetector significantly improved within a broad wavelength range of 300–700 nm. The maximum EQE of 25300% occurs at the wavelength of 350 nm in the methanol-treated device under −9 V bias, which more than doubles that (11500%) of the device without treatment. In addition, as a result of the methanol treatment, the detectivity of the device improved from 3.72 × 1012 to 7.24 × 1012 Jones at −9 V under 350 nm light illumination. The large improvement is attributed to the fact that the methanol treatment can improve the electrical performance of the PEDOT:PSS by removing the insulator PSS within the film and also result in PC71BM aggregations in the active layer. The latter can enhance the tunneling hole injection by the intensified energy-level bending, which is induced by both the trapped electrons in these aggregations and accumulated ones near Al electrode. As a result, the modification of both the PEDOT:PSS layer and the active layer increases the response current, resulting in the EQE improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Xu
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Liang
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binfang Wu
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haidong Deng
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Lan
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology (NPAAC), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongbing Long
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology (NPAAC), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Solution-processed near-infrared Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 photodetectors with enhanced chalcopyrite crystallization and bandgap grading structure via potassium incorporation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7820. [PMID: 33837252 PMCID: PMC8035197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) absorber layers can potentially enable the low-cost and large-area production of highly stable electronic devices, they have rarely been applied in photodetector applications. In this work, we present a near-infrared photodetector functioning at 980 nm based on solution-processed CIGS with a potassium-induced bandgap grading structure and chalcopyrite grain growth. The incorporation of potassium in the CIGS film promotes Se uptake in the bulk of the film during the chalcogenization process, resulting in a bandgap grading structure with a wide space charge region that allows improved light absorption in the near-infrared region and charge carrier separation. Also, increasing the Se penetration in the potassium-incorporated CIGS film leads to the enhancement of chalcopyrite crystalline grain growth, increasing charge carrier mobility. Under the reverse bias condition, associated with hole tunneling from the ZnO interlayer, the increasing carrier mobility of potassium-incorporated CIGS photodetector improved photosensitivity and particularly external quantum efficiency more than 100% at low light intensity. The responsivity and detectivity of the potassium-incorporated CIGS photodetector reach 1.87 A W-1 and 6.45 [Formula: see text] 1010 Jones, respectively, and the - 3 dB bandwidth of the device extends to 10.5 kHz under 980 nm near-infrared light.
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21
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Huang CY, Wei EC, Yuan CT. Dual functional modes for nanostructured p-Cu 2O/n-Si heterojunction photodiodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:075202. [PMID: 33108767 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc50d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many applications require a photodetector (PD) with multiple functional modes. This study demonstrates a dual functional PD with a simple structure that uses a nanostructured p-Cu2O/n-Si heterojunction. This device features a self-powering characteristic for an open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.5 V and exhibits an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3780% at a reverse bias of -5 V. There is a high EQE at low reverse-bias because trapped holes cause charge to be injected from the electrode. The nanostructured p-Cu2O/n-Si heterojunction also has a high response speed (<10 ms) in the self-powered mode because there is a built-in potential within p-n junction. This study shows that a nanostructured p-Cu2O/n-Si heterojunction acts as a self-powered PD for reducing power consumption and as a photomultiplication (PM)-type PD with high internal gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
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22
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Hussain M, Jaffery SHA, Ali A, Nguyen CD, Aftab S, Riaz M, Abbas S, Hussain S, Seo Y, Jung J. NIR self-powered photodetection and gate tunable rectification behavior in 2D GeSe/MoSe 2 heterojunction diode. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3688. [PMID: 33574562 PMCID: PMC7878902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure with atomically sharp interface holds promise for future electronics and optoelectronics because of their multi-functionalities. Here we demonstrate gate-tunable rectifying behavior and self-powered photovoltaic characteristics of novel p-GeSe/n-MoSe2 van der waal heterojunction (vdW HJ). A substantial increase in rectification behavior was observed when the devices were subjected to gate bias. The highest rectification of ~ 1 × 104 was obtained at Vg = - 40 V. Remarkable rectification behavior of the p-n diode is solely attributed to the sharp interface between metal and GeSe/MoSe2. The device exhibits a high photoresponse towards NIR (850 nm). A high photoresponsivity of 465 mAW-1, an excellent EQE of 670%, a fast rise time of 180 ms, and a decay time of 360 ms were obtained. Furthermore, the diode exhibits detectivity (D) of 7.3 × 109 Jones, the normalized photocurrent to the dark current ratio (NPDR) of 1.9 × 1010 W-1, and the noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.22 × 10-13 WHz-1/2. The strong light-matter interaction stipulates that the GeSe/MoSe2 diode may open new realms in multi-functional electronics and optoelectronics applications.
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Grants
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- 20172010106080 The Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea
- This research was supported by the Nano Material Technology Development Program, Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of science, ICT
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hussain
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Syed Hassan Abbas Jaffery
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Cong Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Engineering, Simon Faster University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sohail Abbas
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ripah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jongwan Jung
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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23
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Liu MY, Wang J, Yang KX, Liu M, Zhao ZJ, Zhang FJ. Broadband photomultiplication organic photodetectors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2923-2929. [PMID: 33480933 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Broadband photomultiplication organic photodetectors (PMOPDs) can be achieved with a double-layered active layer prepared from IEICO-4F : PBDB-T blend solutions with different weight ratios (1 : 1 or 3 : 100, wt/wt). The response range of the double-layered PMOPDs covers from 310 nm to 930 nm, determined by the photon harvesting range of the IEICO-4F : PBDB-T (1 : 1, wt/wt) layer. The IEICO-4F : PBDB-T (3 : 100, wt/wt) layer was used as a PM layer in the double-layered PMOPDs, achieving external quantum efficiency (EQE) more than 100% based on the work mechanism of trap-assisted hole tunneling injection. The trapped electrons in PBDB-T/IEICO-4F/PBDB-T near the Al electrode will makeinterfacial-band-bending to narrow the injection barrier, resulting in hole-tunneling-injection from the external circuit. The polymer PBDB-T can provide an efficient charge transport channel for the injected hole from the external circuit. The specific detectivity (D*) and responsivity (R) of the double-layered PMOPDs are 1.05 ± 0.03 × 1012 Jones and 0.94 ± 0.03 A W-1 at 810 nm under a -10 V bias, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Liu
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taishan University, 271000, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Kai-Xuan Yang
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Zi-Jin Zhao
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
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24
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Chow PCY, Someya T. Organic Photodetectors for Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902045. [PMID: 31373081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable such that they can be conformally attached onto the human body. Photodetectors that are available in today's market are based on rigid inorganic crystalline materials and they have limited mechanical flexibility. In contrast, photodetectors based on organic polymers and molecules have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent mechanical softness, ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, good light sensing performance, and biocompatibility. Here, the recent advances of organic photodetectors in terms of both optoelectronic and mechanical properties are outlined and discussed, and their application in wearable electronics including health monitoring sensors, artificial vision, and self-powering integrated devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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25
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Xu C, Yang K, Zhao F, Wang K, Zhang X, Zhang F. Photomultiplication Type Broad Response Organic Photodetectors with One Absorber Layer and One Multiplication Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:366-373. [PMID: 31870156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Broad response organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a photomultiplication (PM) effect are achieved with one absorber layer and one multiplication layer. The response range of the PM-OPDs is primarily determined by materials in the absorber layer, and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the PM-OPDs is mainly controlled by the multiplication layer. Here, double-layered PM-OPDs were designed with an ITO/ZnO/PM6:Y6/PC71BM:P3HT (100:5, w/w)/Au structure, where PM6:Y6 is employed as an absorber layer and PC71BM:P3HT is used as a multiplication layer. The optimal PM-OPDs exhibit a broad response covering 350-950 nm. Meanwhile, the optimal PM-OPDs exhibit the largest EQE value of ∼1200% and a maximum specific detectivity (D*) of ∼6.8 × 10-12 cm Hz1/2 W-1 under a 10 V bias. This double-layered approach may be a smart strategy for realizing PM-OPDs with an easily adjustable response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Taishan University , 271021 Taian , Shandong Province , China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kaixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Fenggui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou , Henan Province , China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
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26
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Zhao Z, Li C, Shen L, Zhang X, Zhang F. Photomultiplication type organic photodetectors based on electron tunneling injection. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1091-1099. [PMID: 31845951 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09926c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photomultiplication (PM) type organic photodetectors (OPDs) based on electron tunneling injection are achieved with a specific structure of ITO/ZnO/PC71BM:P3HT (100 : 5, wt/wt)/Au and can work well under forward and reverse bias. A rather low dark current density of the PM type OPDs is obtained due to the large electron injection barrier of 0.7 eV from the ITO electrode or 1.1 eV from the Au electrode, as well as the absence of continuous hole transport channels in the active layers. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectral shape of PM type OPDs can be easily adjusted by altering the bias polarity and active layer thickness, which can be well explained by the trapped hole distribution near the ITO and Au electrodes, respectively. The PM type OPDs with 400 nm active layers exhibit the maximum EQE of 3900% and 4900% under 5 V and -5 V bias, respectively. This work firstly achieves PM type OPDs with electron-only transport properties, which has great potential to well match with other organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, China.
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27
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Lan Z, Lei Y, Chan WKE, Chen S, Luo D, Zhu F. Near-infrared and visible light dual-mode organic photodetectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw8065. [PMID: 32064330 PMCID: PMC6994203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a dual-mode organic photodetector (OPD) that has a trilayer visible light absorber/optical spacer/near-infrared (NIR) light absorber configuration. In the presence of NIR light, photocurrent is produced in the NIR light-absorbing layer due to the trap-assisted charge injection at the organic/cathode interface at a reverse bias. In the presence of visible light, photocurrent is produced in the visible light-absorbing layer, enabled by the trap-assisted charge injection at the anode/organic interface at a forward bias. A high responsivity of >10 A/W is obtained in both short and long wavelengths. The dual-mode OPD exhibits an NIR light response operated at a reverse bias and a visible light response operated at a forward bias, with a high specific detectivity of ~1013 Jones in both NIR and visible light ranges. A bias-switchable spectral response OPD offers an attractive option for applications in environmental pollution detection, bioimaging process, wellness, and security monitoring in two distinct bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojue Lan
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanlian Lei
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Kin Edward Chan
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Mone M, Yang K, Murto P, Zhang F, Wang E. Low-gap zinc porphyrin as an efficient dopant for photomultiplication type photodetectors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12769-12772. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A porphyrin molecule, Por4IC, facilitates a photomultiplication effect in blend with P3HT, giving rise to a high external quantum efficiency of 22 182% and a specific detectivity of 4.4 × 1012 Jones at 355 nm and at −15 V bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Mone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Kaixuan Yang
- School of Science
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Petri Murto
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Fujun Zhang
- School of Science
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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29
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Ren H, Chen J, Li Y, Tang J. Recent Progress in Organic Photodetectors and their Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2002418. [PMID: 33437578 PMCID: PMC7788634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted continuous attention due to their outstanding advantages, such as tunability of detecting wavelength, low-cost manufacturing, compatibility with lightweight and flexible devices, as well as ease of processing. Enormous efforts on performance improvement and application of OPDs have been devoted in the past decades. In this Review, recent advances in device architectures and operation mechanisms of phototransistor, photoconductor, and photodiode based OPDs are reviewed with a focus on the strategies aiming at performance improvement. The application of OPDs in spectrally selective detection, wearable devices, and integrated optoelectronics are also discussed. Furthermore, some future prospects on the research challenges and new opportunities of OPDs are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- School of Physics and Electronics ScienceMinistry of Education Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Engineering Research CenterEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jing‐De Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Qing Li
- School of Physics and Electronics ScienceMinistry of Education Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Engineering Research CenterEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Xin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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30
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Bera KP, Haider G, Huang YT, Roy PK, Paul Inbaraj CR, Liao YM, Lin HI, Lu CH, Shen C, Shih WY, Shih WH, Chen YF. Graphene Sandwich Stable Perovskite Quantum-Dot Light-Emissive Ultrasensitive and Ultrafast Broadband Vertical Phototransistors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12540-12552. [PMID: 31617700 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-functional devices that can simultaneously detect light and emit light have a tremendous appeal for multiple applications, including displays, sensors, defense, and high-speed optical communication. Despite the tremendous efforts of scientists, the progress of integration of a phototransistor, where the built-in electric field separates the photogenerated excitons, and a light-emitting diode, where the radiative recombination can be enhanced by band offset, into a single device remains a challenge. Combining the superior properties of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) and graphene, here we report a light-emissive, ultrasensitive, ultrafast, and broadband vertical phototransistor that can simultaneously act as an efficient photodetector and light emitter within a single device. The estimated value of the external quantum efficiency of the vertical phototransistor is ∼1.2 × 1010% with a photoresponsivity of >109 A W-1 and a response time of <50 μs, which exceed all the presently reported vertical phototransistor devices. We also demonstrate that the modulation of the Dirac point of graphene efficiently tunes both amplitude and polarity of the photocurrent. The device exhibits a green emission having a quantum efficiency of 5.6%. The moisture-insensitive and environmentally stable, light-emissive, ultrafast, and ultrasensitive broadband phototransistor creates a useful route for dual-functional optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Bera
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Nano-Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program , Academia Sinica , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Golam Haider
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Pradip Kumar Roy
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Christy Roshini Paul Inbaraj
- Nano-Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program , Academia Sinica , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Nano-Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program , Academia Sinica , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Lin
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Chun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Wan Y Shih
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Wei-Heng Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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31
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Wu YL, Fukuda K, Yokota T, Someya T. A Highly Responsive Organic Image Sensor Based on a Two-Terminal Organic Photodetector with Photomultiplication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903687. [PMID: 31495992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly responsive organic image sensors are crucial for medical imaging applications. To enhance the pixelwise photoresponse in an organic image sensor, the integration of an organic photodetector with amplifiers, or the use of a highly responsive organic photodetector without an additional amplifying component, is required. The use of vertically stacked, two-terminal organic photodetectors with photomultiplication is a promising approach for highly responsive organic image sensors owing to their simple two-terminal structure and intrinsically large responsivity. However, there are no demonstrations of an imaging sensor array using organic photomultiplication photodetectors. The main obstacle to a sensor array is the weak-light sensitivity, which is limited by a relatively large dark current. Herein, a highly responsive organic image sensor based on monolithic, vertically stacked two-terminal pixels is presented. This is achieved using pixels of a vertically stacked diode-type organic photodetector with photomultiplication. Furthermore, applying an optimized injection electrode and additionally stacked rectifying layers, this two-terminal device simultaneously demonstrates a high responsivity (>40 A W-1 ), low dark current, and high rectification under illumination. An organic image sensor based on this device with an extremely simple architecture exhibits a high pixel photoresponse, demonstrating a weak-light imaging capability even at 1 µW cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Miao J, Du M, Fang Y, Zhang F. Acceptor-free photomultiplication-type organic photodetectors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16406-16413. [PMID: 31441487 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of organic photodetectors (OPDs) is prepared with two donor materials as active layers, with the only difference being the weight ratio of the two donors (one polymer and one small molecule). The OPDs work according to a photodiode model with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of less than 10% at -10 V when the weight ratio of the two materials is 1 : 1 (wt/wt). The EQE of an OPD with P3HT:DRCN5T (100 : 2, wt/wt) as the active layer reaches 1400% at -10 V, exhibiting the photomultiplication (PM) phenomenon. The EQE values of PM-type OPDs can be markedly improved along with a bias increase, and the champion EQE reaches 10 600% at -20 V. The small number of small molecules can be used as electron traps due to the different lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the two donors, and photogenerated electrons can be trapped in the small molecules surrounded by P3HT. The trapped electrons near the Al electrode can induce interfacial band bending for efficient hole tunneling injection from an external circuit. This work provides a new strategy for realizing acceptor-free PM-type OPDs, which may inspire us to further develop organic electronic devices with single type organic semiconducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Miao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.
| | - Mingde Du
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ying Fang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.
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Miao J, Du M, Fang Y, Zhang X, Zhang F. Photomultiplication type all-polymer photodetectors with single carrier transport property. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Neethipathi DK, Ryu HS, Jang MS, Yoon S, Sim KM, Woo HY, Chung DS. High-Performance Photomultiplication Photodiode with a 70 nm-Thick Active Layer Assisted by IDIC as an Efficient Molecular Sensitizer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21211-21217. [PMID: 31141329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, a smart strategy for decreasing the active layer thickness of the organic photodiode down to 70 nm is demonstrated by utilizing a trap-assisted photomultiplication mechanism with the optimized chemical composition. Despite the presence of a high dark current, dramatically enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) via photomultiplication can allow significantly reduced active layer thickness, yielding high detectivity comparable to that of conventional Si. To achieve this, a spatially confined and electrically isolated optical sensitizer, 2,2'-((2 Z,2' Z)-((4,4,9,9-tetrahexyl-4,9-dihydro- s-indaceno[1,2- b:5,6- b']dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (IDIC) was introduced strategically between a hole transport active layer and a cathode. A nonfullerene acceptor, IDIC, turned out to be a much more efficient sensitizer than the conventional fullerene-based acceptors, as confirmed by the effective lowering of the Schottky barrier under illumination, as well as the highest EQE exceeding 130 000%. Due to its favorable electronic structure as well as two-dimensional molecular structure, a high detectivity over 1012 Jones was successfully demonstrated while maintaining the active layer thickness as 70 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepan Kumar Neethipathi
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sook Ryu
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Jang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Sim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Kim H, Kim Y. Multistacked Detectors with Transparency-Controlled Polymer:Nonfullerene Bulk Heterojunction Sensing Layers for Visible Light Communications. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3611-3618. [PMID: 31459575 PMCID: PMC6648562 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report multistacked organic photodiodes (OPDs) for potential light-fidelity (Li-Fi) detectors in visible light communications. The multistacked detectors were fabricated by integrating semitransparent inverted-type OPDs with polymer:nonfullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers. The thickness of BHJ sensing layers in the inverted-type OPDs was controlled to 30, 60, and 100 nm for top, middle, and bottom cells in the multistacked detectors, respectively, while 30 nm thick metal (silver) electrodes were used for securing both electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Results showed that each OPD cell in the multistacked detectors could deliver exact current signals upon illumination with a modulated white light from inorganic light-emitting diode lamp. The current signal from each OPD cell was linearly decreased as the modulation frequency of white light increased, supporting a stable operation of the multistacked detectors. Finally, the present multistacked detectors were able to exactly detect the programmed Li-Fi signals with a particular digitized information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyong Lee
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications
(KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical
Engineering, and Research Institute of Environmental Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications
(KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical
Engineering, and Research Institute of Environmental Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications
(KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical
Engineering, and Research Institute of Environmental Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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36
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Hany R, Cremona M, Strassel K. Recent advances with optical upconverters made from all-organic and hybrid materials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:497-510. [PMID: 31191760 PMCID: PMC6542176 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1610057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in near-infrared (NIR) imaging is explained by the increasing number of applications in this spectral range, which includes process monitoring and medical imaging. NIR-to-visible optical upconverters made by integrating a NIR photosensitive unit with a visible emitting unit convert incident NIR light to visible light, allowing imaging of a NIR scene directly with the naked eye. Optical upconverters made entirely from organic and hybrid materials - which include colloidal quantum dots, and metal-halide perovskites - enable low-cost and pixel-free NIR imaging. These devices have emerged as a promising addition to current NIR imagers based on inorganic semiconductor photodiode arrays interconnected with read-out integrated circuitry. Here, we review the recent progress in the field of optical upconverters made from organic and hybrid materials, explain their functionality and characterization, and identify open challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hany
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- CONTACT Roland Hany Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, CH-8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cremona
- Optoelectronic Molecular Laboratory, Physics Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen Strassel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Zheng E, Zhang X, Esopi MR, Cai C, Zhou B, Lin YY, Yu Q. Narrowband Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Nanocomposite Thin Films with High Gain and Low Driving Voltage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41552-41561. [PMID: 30383357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Narrowband ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are highly desired in multiple areas. Photodetectors based on organic-inorganic nanocomposites offer high sensitivity, widely adjustable response range, light weight, and low-temperature solution processibility. However, the broad absorption range of organic and inorganic semiconductor materials makes it difficult to achieve a narrowband detection feature for nanocomposite photodetectors. In this work, nanocomposite thin films containing the wide band gap conjugated polymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)- alt- co-(bithiophene)] (F8T2) blended with wide band gap ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) serve as the active layers of the photodetectors. Narrowband UV photodetectors with high gain and low driving voltage are demonstrated by adopting a symmetric device structure, controlling the active layer composition and microstructure, and manipulating the light penetration depth in the active layer. The fabricated photodetector exhibits a high external quantum efficiency of 782% at 358 nm under a low forward bias of 3 V with the full-width at half-maximum of 16 nm. Combined with a low dark current, a high specific detectivity of 8.45 × 1012 Jones is achieved. The impacts of the F8T2:ZnO NPs weight ratio and the device structure on the UV-selectivity and the device performance are investigated and discussed. Our method offers a pathway to design and fabricate narrowband UV photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Monica R Esopi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Beiying Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Yi-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Qiuming Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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38
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Shi L, Liang Q, Wang W, Zhang Y, Li G, Ji T, Hao Y, Cui Y. Research Progress in Organic Photomultiplication Photodetectors. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090713. [PMID: 30208639 PMCID: PMC6165393 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic photomultiplication photodetectors have attracted considerable research interest due to their extremely high external quantum efficiency and corresponding high detectivity. Significant progress has been made in the aspects of their structural design and performance improvement in the past few years. There are two types of organic photomultiplication photodetectors, which are made of organic small molecular compounds and polymers. In this paper, the research progress in each type of organic photomultiplication photodetectors based on the trap assisted carrier tunneling effect is reviewed in detail. In addition, other mechanisms for the photomultiplication processes in organic devices are introduced. Finally, the paper is summarized and the prospects of future research into organic photomultiplication photodetectors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Qiangbing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yuying Hao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yanxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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39
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Zhang X, Zheng E, Esopi MR, Cai C, Yu Q. Flexible Narrowband Ultraviolet Photodetectors with Photomultiplication Based on Wide Band Gap Conjugated Polymer and Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24064-24074. [PMID: 29938490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and flexible ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) have wide applications and have attracted more attention. PDs using organic and inorganic nanocomposites as active layers with a photodiode configuration could achieve photomultiplication and narrowband photoresponse via the control of microstructure and thickness of active layers. Here, we fabricated flexible UV PDs on indium tin oxide-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates with a nanocomposite active layer composed of ZnO nanoparticles blended with a wide band gap conjugated polymer, poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)- alt- co-(bithiophene)] (F8T2). As a result of the wavelength-dependent penetration depth of light in the active layer, the fabricated flexible UV PDs showed two narrow response peaks at 360 and 510 nm under reverse biases in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra with full width at half maximum (FWHM) less than 20 nm. Both responses exhibited greater than 100% EQE, indicating a photomultiplication effect, whereas the UV response at 360 nm was 10 times stronger under -15 V bias. The fabricated flexible UV PDs were bent under both tensile and compressive stress to a curvature of 2.1 cm-1, each with 50 repetitions. The peak specific detectivity ( D*) only decreased by about 5% in total, the FWHM was well retained below 20 nm and the response speed remained almost constant after two types of bending, demonstrating mechanical flexibility and photoresponse stability of the fabricated flexible UV PDs. The photodiode configuration with nanocomposite active layers offers a promising route to make flexible and conformable narrowband, photomultiplication-type photodetectors for modern applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Erjin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Monica R Esopi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Qiuming Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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40
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Di Maria F, Lodola F, Zucchetti E, Benfenati F, Lanzani G. The evolution of artificial light actuators in living systems: from planar to nanostructured interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4757-4780. [PMID: 29663003 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Artificially enhancing light sensitivity in living cells allows control of neuronal paths or vital functions avoiding the wiring associated with the use of stimulation electrodes. Many possible strategies can be adopted for reaching this goal, including the direct photoexcitation of biological matter, the genetic modification of cells or the use of opto-bio interfaces. In this review we describe different light actuators based on both inorganic and organic semiconductors, from planar abiotic/biotic interfaces to nanoparticles, that allow transduction of a light signal into a signal which in turn affects the biological activity of the hosting system. In particular, we will focus on the application of thiophene-based materials which, thanks to their unique chemical-physical properties, geometrical adaptability, great biocompatibility and stability, have allowed the development of a new generation of fully organic light actuators for in vivo applications.
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41
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Xu X, Kwon H, Gawlik B, Mohammadi Estakhri N, Alù A, Sreenivasan SV, Dodabalapur A. Enhanced Photoresponse in Metasurface-Integrated Organic Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3362-3367. [PMID: 29709192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate metasurface-enhanced photoresponse in organic photodetectors. We have designed and integrated a metasurface with broadband functionality into an organic photodetector, with the goal of significantly increasing the absorption of light and generated photocurrent from 560 up to 690 nm. We discuss how the metasurface can be integrated with the fabrication of an organic photodiode. Our results show large gains in responsivity from 1.5× to 2× between 560 and 690 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Hoyeong Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Brian Gawlik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - S V Sreenivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ananth Dodabalapur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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42
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Murto P, Genene Z, Benavides CM, Xu X, Sharma A, Pan X, Schmidt O, Brabec CJ, Andersson MR, Tedde SF, Mammo W, Wang E. High Performance All-Polymer Photodetector Comprising a Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Structured Indacenodithiophene-Bithieno[3,4- c]Pyrroletetrone Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:395-400. [PMID: 35619351 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of an acceptor polymer PIDT-2TPD, comprising indacenodithiophene (IDT) as the electron-rich unit and an interconnected bithieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,4',6,6'-tetrone (2TPD) as the electron-deficient unit, and its application for all-polymer photodetectors is reported. The optical, electrochemical, charge transport, and device properties of a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PIDT-2TPD are studied. The blend shows strong complementary absorption and balanced electron and hole mobility, which are desired properties for a photoactive layer. The device exhibits dark current density in the order of 10-5 mA/cm2, external quantum efficiency broadly above 30%, and nearly planar detectivity over the entire visible spectral range (maximum of 1.1 × 1012 Jones at 610 nm) under -5 V bias. These results indicate that PIDT-2TPD is a highly functional new type of acceptor and further motivate the use of 2TPD as a building block for other n-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Murto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zewdneh Genene
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33658, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Cindy Montenegro Benavides
- Siemens Healthineers, Technology Center, Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department für Material Science, i-MEET, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, B8 allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Xun Pan
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Siemens Healthineers, Technology Center, Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department für Material Science, i-MEET, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- ZAE Bayern, Renewable Energies, Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Sandro F. Tedde
- Siemens Healthineers, Technology Center, Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wendimagegn Mammo
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33658, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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43
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Seo JW, Kim JH, Kim M, Jin SM, Lee SH, Cho C, Lee E, Yoo S, Park JY, Lee JY. Columnar-Structured Low-Concentration Donor Molecules in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:929-936. [PMID: 31457939 PMCID: PMC6641345 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the arrangement of donor molecules in vacuum-deposited bulk heterojunction (BHJ) 1,1-bis-(4-bis(4-methyl-phenyl)-amino-phenyl)-cyclohexane (TAPC):C70-based organic solar cells (OSCs). Even a low dose of donors (∼10%) forms columnar structures that provide pathways for efficient hole transport in the BHJ layer; however, these structures disappear at donor concentrations below 10%, generating disconnected and isolated hole pathways. The formation of columnar donor structures is confirmed by the contrast of the contact potential difference, measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy, and by the trap-assisted charge injection at low donor concentrations. The mobility of electrons and holes is well balanced in OSCs owing to the preservation of the hole mobility at such low donor concentrations, consequently maximizing the internal quantum efficiency of the OSCs. A high power conversion efficiency of 6.24% was achieved in inverted TAPC:C70 (1:9) OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Seo
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Kim
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Jin
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Cho
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- Graduate
School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability
(EEWS), Graphene Research Center, KI for NanoCentury, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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44
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Wang H, Xing S, Zheng Y, Kong J, Yu J, Taylor AD. Three-Phase Morphology Evolution in Sequentially Solution-Processed Polymer Photodetector: Toward Low Dark Current and High Photodetectivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3856-3864. [PMID: 29338189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequentially solution-processed polymer photodetectors (SSP PPDs) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) are fabricated by depositing the top layers of PC71BM from an appropriate cosolvent of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP)/o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) onto the predeposited bottom layers of P3HT. By adjusting the ratio of 2-CP/ODCB in the top PC71BM layers, the resulting SSP PPD shows a decreased dark current and an increased photocurrent, leading to a maximum detectivity of 1.23 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 550 nm. This value is 5.3-fold higher than that of the conventional bulk heterojunction PPD. Morphology studies reveal that the PC71BM partially penetrates the predeposited P3HT layer during the spin-coating process, resulting in an optimal three-phase morphology with one well-mixed interdiffusion P3HT/PC71BM phase in the middle of the bulk and two pure phases of P3HT and PC71BM at the two electrode sides. We show that the pure phases form high Schottky barriers (>2.0 eV) at the active layer/electrodes interface and efficiently block unfavorable reverse charge carrier injection by significantly decreasing the dark current. The interdiffussion phase enlarges the donor-acceptor interfacial area leading to a large photocurrent. We also reveal that the improved performance of SSP PPDs is also due to the enhanced optical absorption, improved P3HT crystallinity, increased charge carrier mobilities, and suppressed bimolecular recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jaemin Kong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - André D Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
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45
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Jang MS, Yoon S, Sim KM, Cho J, Chung DS. Spatial Confinement of the Optical Sensitizer to Realize a Thin Film Organic Photodetector with High Detectivity and Thermal Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:8-12. [PMID: 29235350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A thin film planar heterojunction organic photodetector (PHJ-OPD) is demonstrated. Different from a conventional sensitizer-doped photodetector, the limited spatial distribution of sensitizer in a PHJ-OPD enables significantly reduced thickness of the active layer without allowing the formation of unnecessary trap sites and electron percolation pathways. As a result, peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 120 700% and detectivity over 1013 Jones are demonstrated with thin active layer thickness of 150 nm, which can be a significant benefit for high-resolution image sensor application. Furthermore, the operating voltage can be decreased to -5 V while maintaining high detectivity over 1012 Jones. Remarkable thermal stability is also observed with minor change in detectivity for 2 h of continuous operation at 60 °C due to morphological robustness of PHJ. This work opens up a possibility of using a thin film PHJ-OPD as a key unit of high-resolution image sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Jang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Sim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwhan Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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46
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Liu Z, Niu S, Wang N. Oleylamine-functionalized graphene oxide as an electron block layer towards high-performance and photostable fullerene-free polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16293-16304. [PMID: 29048086 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oleylamine-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) has a shallower energy level of conduction band (ECB) and a deeper energy level of the valence band (EVB) as compared to common hole extraction layer (HEL) materials, which make the electron block layer (EBL). Photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and current density-voltage (J-V) curves with a large reverse bias voltage range obtained under dark conditions are used to determine whether GO layers play important roles in blocking the electron transport to the MoO3/Ag composite anode and prevent MoO3 diffusion into a photoactive layer under light illumination. Moreover, GO inserted between a photoactive layer and an HEL enhances charge carrier transport and collection and avoids the monomolecular recombination between the photoactive layer and HEL. Photovoltaic parameters and photostability measurements of inverted and forward PSCs have shown that upon introduction of GO, the performance and photostability of PSCs are improved. On adding GO to PSCs, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases approximately 5% and 4% and reduces the decay ratio to approximately 50% and 65% of the initial value for the inverted and forward PSCs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
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47
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Ahmadi M, Wu T, Hu B. A Review on Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605242. [PMID: 28910505 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The last eight years (2009-2017) have seen an explosive growth of interest in organic-inorganic halide perovskites in the research communities of photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. In addition, recent advancements have demonstrated that this type of perovskite has a great potential in the technology of light-signal detection with a comparable performance to commercially available crystalline Si and III-V photodetectors. The contemporary growth of state-of-the-art multifunctional perovskites in the field of light-signal detection has benefited from its outstanding intrinsic optoelectronic properties, including photoinduced polarization, high drift mobilities, and effective charge collection, which are excellent for this application. Photoactive perovskite semiconductors combine effective light absorption, allowing detection of a wide range of electromagnetic waves from ultraviolet and visible, to the near-infrared region, with low-cost solution processability and good photon yield. This class of semiconductor might empower breakthrough photodetector technology in the field of imaging, optical communications, and biomedical sensing. Therefore, here, the focus is specifically on the critical understanding of materials synthesis, design, and engineering for the next-stage development of perovskite photodetectors and highlighting the current challenges in the field, which need to be further studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
- College of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
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48
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Caranzi L, Pace G, Sassi M, Beverina L, Caironi M. Transparent and Highly Responsive Phototransistors Based on a Solution-Processed, Nanometers-Thick Active Layer, Embedding a High-Mobility Electron-Transporting Polymer and a Hole-Trapping Molecule. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28785-28794. [PMID: 28753023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are suitable for light sensing devices showing unique features such as low cost, large area, and flexibility. Moreover, transparent photodetectors are interesting for smart interfaces, windows, and display-integrated electronics. The ease of depositing ultrathin organic films with simple techniques enables low light absorbing active layers, resulting in the realization of transparent devices. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to obtain high efficiency organic photodetectors and phototransistors based on transparent active layers with a visible transmittance higher than 90%. The photoactive layer is composed of two phases, each a few nanometers thick. First, an acceptor polymer, which is a good electron-transporting material, on top of which a small molecule donor material is deposited, forming noncontinuous domains. The small molecule phase acts as a trap for holes, thus inducing a high photoconductive gain, resulting in a high photoresponsivity. The organic transparent detectors proposed here can reach very high external quantum efficiency and responsivity values, which in the case of the phototransistors can be as high as ∼74000% and 340 A W-1 at 570 nm respectively, despite an absorber total thickness below 10 nm. Moreover, frequency dependent 2D photocurrent mapping allows discrimination between the contribution of a fast but inefficient and highly spatially localized photoinduced injection mechanism at the electrodes, and the onset of a slower and spatially extended photoconductive process, leading to high responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caranzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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49
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Nie R, Deng X, Feng L, Hu G, Wang Y, Yu G, Xu J. Highly Sensitive and Broadband Organic Photodetectors with Fast Speed Gain and Large Linear Dynamic Range at Low Forward Bias. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603260. [PMID: 28464458 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors with high photoelectronic gain generally require a high negative working voltage and a very low environment temperature. They also exhibit low response speed and narrow linear dynamic range (LDR). Here, an organic photodiode is demonstrated, which shows a large amount of photon to electron multiplication at room temperature with highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared region of 5.02 × 103 % (29.55 A W-1 ) under a very low positive voltage of 1.0 V, accompanied with a fast response speed and a high LDR from 10-7 to 101 mW cm-2 . At a relatively high positive bias of 10 V, the EQE is up to 1.59 × 105 % (936.05 A W-1 ). Inversely, no gain is found at negative bias. The gain behavior is exactly similar to a bipolar phototransistor, which is attributed to the photoinduced release of accumulated carriers. The devices at a low voltage exhibit a normalized detectivity (D*) over 1014 Jones by actual measurements, which is about two or three order of magnitudes higher than that of the highest existing photodetectors. These pave a new way for realization of high sensitive detectors with fast response toward the single photon detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riming Nie
- Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xianyu Deng
- Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guiguang Hu
- Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yu
- Cbrite Inc. 421 Pine Avenue, Goleta, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Materials Science and Technology Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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50
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Wang W, Zhang F, Du M, Li L, Zhang M, Wang K, Wang Y, Hu B, Fang Y, Huang J. Highly Narrowband Photomultiplication Type Organic Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1995-2002. [PMID: 28165247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Filterless narrowband response organic photodetectors (OPDs) present a great challenge due to the broad absorption range of organic semiconducting materials. The reported narrowband response OPDs also suffer from low external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the desired response window and low rejection ratio. Here, we report highly narrowband photomultiplication (PM) type OPDs based on P3HT:PC71BM (100:1, wt/wt) as active layer without an optical filter. The full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of the PM-type OPDs can be well retained less than 30 nm under different biases. Meanwhile, the champion EQE and rejection ratio approach 53 500% and 2020 at -60 V bias, respectively. The small fwhm should be attributed to the sharp absorption edge of active layer with small amount of PC71BM. The PM phenomenon is attributed to hole tunneling injection from the external circuit assisted by trapped electron in PC71BM near the Al electrode under light illumination. These highly narrowband PM-type OPDs should have great potential applications in sensitively detecting specific wavelength light and be blind to light outside of the desired response window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingde Du
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, United States
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ying Fang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, United States
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