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Łasica A, Golec P, Laskus A, Zalewska M, Gędaj M, Popowska M. Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1469414. [PMID: 39391608 PMCID: PMC11464445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1469414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory periodontal diseases associated with the accumulation of dental biofilm, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, are very common and pose clinical problems for clinicians and patients. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease and when treated quickly and properly is completely reversible. Periodontitis is an advanced and irreversible disease of the periodontium with periods of exacerbations, progressions and remission. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that damages the tissues supporting the tooth in its socket, i.e., the gums, periodontal ligaments, root cementum and bone. Periodontal inflammation is most commonly triggered by bacteria present in excessive accumulations of dental plaque (biofilm) on tooth surfaces. This disease is driven by disproportionate host inflammatory immune responses induced by imbalance in the composition of oral bacteria and changes in their metabolic activities. This microbial dysbiosis favors the establishment of inflammatory conditions and ultimately results in the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Apart microbial shift and host inflammatory response, environmental factors and genetics are also important in etiology In addition to oral tissues destruction, periodontal diseases can also result in significant systemic complications. Conventional methods of periodontal disease treatment (improving oral hygiene, dental biofilm control, mechanical plaque removal, using local or systemic antimicrobial agents) are not fully effective. All this prompts the search for new methods of therapy. Advanced periodontitis with multiple abscesses is often treated with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, clindamycin, or combined therapy of amoxicillin with metronidazole. However, due to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, treatment does not always achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This review summarizes pathogenesis, current approaches in treatment, limitations of therapy and the current state of research on the possibility of application of bacteriophages and predatory bacteria to combat bacteria responsible for periodontitis. We present the current landscape of potential applications for alternative therapies for periodontitis based on phages and bacteria, and highlight the gaps in existing knowledge that need to be addressed before clinical trials utilizing these therapeutic strategies can be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Łasica
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Golec
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gędaj
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Mookherjee A, Mitra M, Sason G, Jose PA, Martinenko M, Pietrokovski S, Jurkevitch E. Flagellar stator genes control a trophic shift from obligate to facultative predation and biofilm formation in a bacterial predator. mBio 2024; 15:e0071524. [PMID: 39037271 PMCID: PMC11323537 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00715-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is considered to be obligatorily prey (host)-dependent (H-D), and thus unable to form biofilms. However, spontaneous host-independent (H-I) variants grow axenically and can form robust biofilms. A screen of 350 H-I mutants revealed that single mutations in stator genes fliL or motA were sufficient to generate flagellar motility-defective H-I strains able to adhere to surfaces but unable to develop biofilms. The variants showed large transcriptional shifts in genes related to flagella, prey-invasion, and cyclic-di-GMP (CdG), as well as large changes in CdG cellular concentration relative to the H-D parent. The introduction of the parental fliL allele resulted in a full reversion to the H-D phenotype, but we propose that specific interactions between stator proteins prevented functional complementation by fliL paralogs. In contrast, specific mutations in a pilus-associated protein (Bd0108) mutant background were necessary for biofilm formation, including secretion of extracellular DNA (eDNA), proteins, and polysaccharides matrix components. Remarkably, fliL disruption strongly reduced biofilm development. All H-I variants grew similarly without prey, showed a strain-specific reduction in predatory ability in prey suspensions, but maintained similar high efficiency in prey biofilms. Population-wide allele sequencing suggested additional routes to host independence. Thus, stator and invasion pole-dependent signaling control the H-D and the H-I biofilm-forming phenotypes, with single mutations overriding prey requirements, and enabling shifts from obligate to facultative predation, with potential consequences on community dynamics. Our findings on the facility and variety of changes leading to facultative predation also challenge the concept of Bdellovibrio and like organisms being obligate predators. IMPORTANCE The ability of bacteria to form biofilms is a central research theme in biology, medicine, and the environment. We show that cultures of the obligate (host-dependent) "solitary" predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, which cannot replicate without prey, can use various genetic routes to spontaneously yield host-independent (H-I) variants that grow axenically (as a single species, in the absence of prey) and exhibit various surface attachment phenotypes, including biofilm formation. These routes include single mutations in flagellar stator genes that affect biofilm formation, provoke motor instability and large motility defects, and disrupt cyclic-di-GMP intracellular signaling. H-I strains also exhibit reduced predatory efficiency in suspension but high efficiency in prey biofilms. These changes override the requirements for prey, enabling a shift from obligate to facultative predation, with potential consequences on community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Mookherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mohor Mitra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Sason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polpass Arul Jose
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria Martinenko
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Pietrokovski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Alexakis K, Baliou S, Ioannou P. Predatory Bacteria in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Beyond. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:684-698. [PMID: 39195003 DOI: 10.3390/idr16040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing problem worldwide, with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Given the slow production of new antimicrobials, non-antimicrobial methods for treating infections with significant AMR are required. This review examines the potential of predatory bacteria to combat infectious diseases, particularly those caused by pathogens with AMR. Predatory bacteria already have well-known applications beyond medicine, such as in the food industry, biocontrol, and wastewater treatment. Regarding their potential for use in treating infections, several in vitro studies have shown their potential in eliminating various pathogens, including those resistant to multiple antibiotics, and they also suggest minimal immune stimulation and cytotoxicity by predatory bacteria. In vivo animal studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy in reducing bacterial burden in various infection models. However, results can be inconsistent, suggesting dependence on factors like the animal model and the infecting bacteria. Until now, no clinical study in humans exists, but as experience with predatory bacteria grows, future studies including clinical studies in humans could be designed to evaluate their efficacy and safety in humans, thus leading to the potential for approval of a novel method for treating infectious diseases by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella Baliou
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petros Ioannou
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Xi Y, Pan Y, Li M, Zeng Q, Wang M. Evaluation of the application potential of Bdellovibrio sp. YBD-1 isolated from Yak faeces. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13010. [PMID: 38844489 PMCID: PMC11156984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs), obligate predatory bacteria, have highlighted the possibility of regulating bacteria and biofilms; however, yak-derived BALOs are yet to be reported. We aimed to characterize the BALOs isolated and identified from yak (Bos grunniens) feces and examine application potential. BALOs were isolated from healthy yak fecal samples, with Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as prey using the double-layer agar method, identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the specific 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene indicated that this isolate was 91% similar to the Bdellovibrio sp. NC01 reference strain and was named YBD-1. Proportion of YBD-1 lysed bacteria is 12/13. The YBD-1 showed best growth at 25-40°C, 0-0.25% (w/v) NaCl, and pH 6.5-7.5. YBD-1 significantly reduced the planktonic cells and biofilms of E.coli in co-culture compared to the E.coli group. Additionally, SEM analysis indicated that YBD-1 significantly reduced biofilm formation in E. coli. Furthermore, quantitative Real Time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression of the virulence genes fim and iroN and the genes pgaABC involved in biofilm formation went down significantly. We concluded that YBD-1 may have the potential to control bacterial growth and biofilm-associated bacterial illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Technology and Research Center of Gansu Province for Embryonic Engineering of Bovine and Sheep & Goat, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Zhang L, Guo L, Cui Z, Ju F. Exploiting predatory bacteria as biocontrol agents across ecosystems. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:398-409. [PMID: 37951768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Predatory bacteria have been increasingly known for their ubiquity in environments and great functional potentials in controlling unwanted microorganisms. Fundamental understanding of the predation mechanisms, population dynamics, and interaction patterns underlying bacterial predation is required for wise exploitation of predatory bacteria for enhancing ecoenvironmental, animal, and human health. Here, we review the recent achievements on applying predatory bacteria in different systems as biocontrol agents and living antibiotics as well as new findings in their phylogenetic diversity and predation mechanisms. We finally propose critical issues that deserve priority research and highlight the necessity to combine classic culture-based and advanced culture-independent approaches to push research frontiers of bacterial predation across ecosystems for promising biocontrol and therapy strategies towards a sustainable ecoenvironment and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingyun Guo
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Mohamed SA, Mahmoud HE, Embaby AM, Haroun M, Sabra SA. Lactoferrin/pectin nanocomplex encapsulating ciprofloxacin and naringin as a lung targeting antibacterial nanoplatform with oxidative stress alleviating effect. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129842. [PMID: 38309386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium with adaptive metabolic abilities. It can cause hospital-acquired infections with significant mortality rates, particularly in people with already existing medical conditions. Its ability to develop resistance to common antibiotics makes managing this type of infections very challenging. Furthermore, oxidative stress is a common consequence of bacterial infection and antibiotic therapy, due to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their mode of action. In this study we aimed to alleviate oxidative stress and enhance the antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CPR) antibiotic by its co-encapsulation with naringin (NAR) within a polyelectrolyte complex (PEX). The PEX comprised of polycationic lactoferrin (LF) and polyanionic pectin (PEC). CPR/NAR-loaded PEX exhibited spherical shape with particle size of 237 ± 3.5 nm, negatively charged zeta potential (-23 ± 2.2 mV) and EE% of 61.2 ± 4.9 for CPR and 76.2 ± 3.4 % for NAR. The LF/PEC complex showed prolonged sequential release profile of CPR to limit bacterial expansion, followed by slow liberation of NAR, which mitigates excess ROS produced by CPR's mechanism of action without affecting its efficacy. Interestingly, this PEX demonstrated good hemocompatibility with no significant in vivo toxicity regarding hepatic and renal functions. In addition, infected mice administrated this nanoplatform intravenously exhibited significant CFU reduction in the lungs and kidneys, along with reduced immunoreactivity against myeloperoxidase. Moreover, this PEX was found to reduce the lungs´ oxidative stress via increasing both glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels while lowering malondialdehyde (MDA). In conclusion, CPR/NAR-loaded PEX can offer a promising targeted lung delivery strategy while enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of CPR with reduced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Mahmoud
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Medhat Haroun
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Sally A Sabra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
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Romanowski EG, Brothers KM, Calvario RC, Stella NA, Kim T, Elsayed M, Kadouri DE, Shanks RMQ. Predatory bacteria prevent the proliferation of intraocular Serratia marcescens and fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001433. [PMID: 38358321 PMCID: PMC10924457 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria is an intra-ocular infection that can rapidly progress to irreversible loss of vision. While most endophthalmitis isolates are susceptible to antibiotic therapy, the emergence of resistant bacteria necessitates alternative approaches to combat intraocular bacterial proliferation. In this study the ability of predatory bacteria to limit intraocular growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated in a New Zealand white rabbit endophthalmitis prevention model. Predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus were able to reduce proliferation of keratitis isolates of P. aeruginosa and to a lesser extent S. marcescens. However, it was not able to significantly reduce the number of intraocular S. aureus, which is not a productive prey for these predatory bacteria, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens requires active predation rather than an antimicrobial immune response. Similarly, UV-inactivated B. bacteriovorus were unable to prevent proliferation of P. aeruginosa. Together, these data indicate in vivo inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria proliferation within the intra-ocular environment by predatory bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Romanowski
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Brothers
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel C. Calvario
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Stella
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tami Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel E. Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert M. Q. Shanks
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Maraş G, Ceyhan Ö, Türe Z, Sağıroğlu P, Yıldırım Y, Şentürk M. The effect of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus containing dressing on superficial incisional surgical site infections experimentally induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. J Tissue Viability 2023; 32:541-549. [PMID: 37558561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a bacterial agent that stands out for its ability to act as a predator against gram-negative bacteria and has found application against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus against antibiotic-resistant pathogens, particularly those causing infections in surgical incision sites. A total of 6 experimental groups were created in mice, and surgical area infections were initiated with Klebsiella pneumoniae in incision sites. The effects of antibiotics and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus alone or in combination were compared to the control group. In the Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus treatment group, edema and redness were observed in all mice at 24th hours, in 20% of mice at 48th hours, and in none at the 72 nd h. A significant difference was observed in the Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus treatment groups in reducing Klebsiella pneumoniae burden in the incision area compared to antibiotics alone or Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus + antibiotics, (p < 0.001). Likewise, cytokine level determinations indicated that B. bacteriovorus applications generated a therapeutic response without inducing an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülseren Maraş
- Erciyes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Surgical Nursing, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Ceyhan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Internal Medicine Nursing, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Türe
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Sağıroğlu
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yeliz Yıldırım
- Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Hygiene and Technology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Şentürk
- Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Sciences, Veterinary Biochemistry, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Mun W, Choi SY, Upatissa S, Mitchell RJ. Predatory bacteria as potential biofilm control and eradication agents in the food industry. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1729-1743. [PMID: 37780591 PMCID: PMC10533476 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a major concern within the food industry since they have the potential to reduce productivity in situ (within the field), impact food stability and storage, and cause downstream food poisoning. Within this review, predatory bacteria as potential biofilm control and eradication agents are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the intraperiplasmic Bdellovibrio-and-like organism (BALO) grouping. After providing a brief overview of predatory bacteria and their activities, focus is given to how BALOs fulfill four attributes that are essential for biocontrol agents to be successful in the food industry: (1) Broad spectrum activity against pathogens, both plant and human; (2) Activity against biofilms; (3) Safety towards humans and animals; and (4) Compatibility with food. As predatory bacteria possess all of these characteristics, they represent a novel form of biofilm biocontrol that is ripe for use within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Mun
- School of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Seong Yeol Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Sumudu Upatissa
- School of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Robert J. Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
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Romanowski EG, Brothers KM, Calvario RC, Stella NA, Kim T, Elsayed M, Kadouri DE, Shanks RMQ. Intra-ocular Predation of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens by Predatory Bacteria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.17.558130. [PMID: 37745563 PMCID: PMC10516018 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.17.558130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria is an intra-ocular infection that can rapidly progress to irreversible loss of vision. While most endophthalmitis isolates are susceptible to antibiotic therapy, the emergence of resistant bacteria necessitates alternative approaches to combat intraocular bacterial proliferation. In this study the ability of predatory bacteria to limit intraocular growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated in a New Zealand White rabbit endophthalmitis prevention model. Predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus were able to reduce proliferation of keratitis isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens. However, it was not able to significantly reduce S. aureus, which is not a productive prey for these predatory bacteria, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa requires active predation rather than an antimicrobial immune response. Similarly, UV-inactivated B. bacteriovorus were unable to prevent proliferation of P. aeruginosa. Together, these data suggest in vivo predation of Gram-negative bacteria within the intra-ocular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Romanowski
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kimberly M Brothers
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel C Calvario
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tami Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Romanowski EG, Stella NA, Brazile BL, Lathrop KL, Franks JM, Sigal IA, Kim T, Elsayed M, Kadouri DE, Shanks RMQ. Predatory bacteria can reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced corneal perforation and proliferation in a rabbit keratitis model. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:254-261. [PMID: 37146902 PMCID: PMC11265785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is a severe ocular infection that can lead to perforation of the cornea. In this study we evaluated the role of bacterial quorum sensing in generating corneal perforation and bacterial proliferation and tested whether co-injection of the predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus could alter the clinical outcome. P. aeruginosa with lasR mutations were observed among keratitis isolates from a study collecting samples from India, so an isogenic lasR mutant strain of P. aeruginosa was included. METHODS Rabbit corneas were intracorneally infected with P. aeruginosa strain PA14 or an isogenic ΔlasR mutant and co-injected with PBS or B. bacteriovorus. After 24 h, eyes were evaluated for clinical signs of infection. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, optical coherence tomography, sectioned for histology, and corneas were homogenized for CFU enumeration and for inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS We observed that 54% of corneas infected by wild-type PA14 presented with a corneal perforation (n = 24), whereas only 4% of PA14 infected corneas that were co-infected with B. bacteriovorus perforate (n = 25). Wild-type P. aeruginosa proliferation was reduced 7-fold in the predatory bacteria treated eyes. The ΔlasR mutant was less able to proliferate compared to the wild-type, but was largely unaffected by B. bacteriovorus. CONCLUSION These studies indicate a role for bacterial quorum sensing in the ability of P. aeruginosa to proliferate and cause perforation of the rabbit cornea. Additionally, this study suggests that predatory bacteria can reduce the virulence of P. aeruginosa in an ocular prophylaxis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Romanowski
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bryn L Brazile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Franks
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tami Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Silva PHF, Oliveira LFF, Cardoso RS, Santana SI, Casarin RC, Ervolino E, Salvador SL, Palioto DB, Furlaneto FAC, Messora MR. Effects of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 on experimental periodontitis in rats. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:158-170. [PMID: 36495122 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 on experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups: control, C-HD100 (B. bacteriovorus), EP, and EP-HD100. On day 0, EP was induced by the placement of cotton ligatures around the mandibular first molars (MFMs) in the EP and EP-HD100 groups. In the C-HD100 and EP-HD100 groups, suspensions containing 1 × 109 PUF/ml of B. bacteriovorus HD100 were topically administered to the subgingival region of MFMs on days 0, 3, and 7. Animals were euthanized on day 14. Morphometrics analyses were performed in hemimandibles. The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-10, IL-1β, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and regulated on activation and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were determined by enzymatic immunoassays in gingival tissues. Beta defensin (BD)-1, BD-2, and BD-3, Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-4, and a cluster of differentiation (CD)-4, CD-8 and CD-57 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in hemimandibles. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The EP group showed greater alveolar bone loss than EP-HD100 (p < .05). The EP-HD100 group showed higher levels of MCP-1, RANTES, IL-10, and TGF-β, lower levels of TNF-α than the EP group (p < .05). No differences were observed in IL-1β, IL-6, and M-CSF levels between EP and EP-HD100 groups. The C-HD100 group had higher IL-6, TNF-α, RANTES, and MCP-1 levels than the control group (p < .05). Regarding BD, the EP-HD100 group showed a larger immunolabeling pattern for BD-1, BD-2, and BD-3 than the EP group (p < .05). No significant differences in the immunolabeling pattern were observed for TLR-2, TLR-4, CD-4, CD-8, and CD-57 between EP and EP-HD100 groups. CONCLUSION The topical use of B. bacteriovorus HD100 reduces alveolar bone loss, increases expression of BD, and modulates the cytokines levels on periodontal tissues in rats with EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Felix Silva
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Ferreira Oliveira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva Cardoso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Isaias Santana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Correa Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luiz Salvador
- Department of Clinical Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bazan Palioto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Chaves Furlaneto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel Reis Messora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Romanowski EG, Stella NA, Brazile BL, Lathrop KL, Franks J, Sigal IA, Kim T, Elsayed M, Kadouri DE, Shanks RM. Predatory Bacteria can Reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Corneal Perforation and Proliferation in a Rabbit Keratitis Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.532777. [PMID: 36993476 PMCID: PMC10055036 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is a severe ocular infection that can lead to perforation of the cornea. In this study we evaluated the role of bacterial quorum sensing in generating corneal perforation and bacterial proliferation and tested whether co-injection of the predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus could alter the clinical outcome. P. aeruginosa with lasR mutations were observed among keratitis isolates from a study collecting samples from India, so an isogenic lasR mutant strain of P. aeruginosa was included. Methods Rabbit corneas were intracorneally infected with P. aeruginosa strain PA14 or an isogenic Δ lasR mutant and co-injected with PBS or B. bacteriovorus . After 24 h, eyes were evaluated for clinical signs of infection. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, optical coherence tomography, sectioned for histology, and corneas were homogenized for CFU enumeration and for inflammatory cytokines. Results We observed that 54% of corneas infected by wild-type PA14 presented with a corneal perforation (n=24), whereas only 4% of PA14 infected corneas that were co-infected with B. bacteriovorus perforate (n=25). Wild-type P. aeruginosa proliferation was reduced 7-fold in the predatory bacteria treated eyes. The Δ lasR mutant was less able to proliferate compared to the wild-type, but was largely unaffected by B. bacteriovorus . Conclusion These studies indicate a role for bacterial quorum sensing in the ability of P. aeruginosa to proliferate and cause perforation of the rabbit cornea. Additionally, this study suggests that predatory bacteria can reduce the virulence of P. aeruginosa in an ocular prophylaxis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Romanowski
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas A. Stella
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bryn L. Brazile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kira L. Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Tami Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Daniel E. Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Robert M.Q. Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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14
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Liu Y, Zhuang B, Yuan B, Zhang H, Li J, Wang W, Li R, Du L, Ding P, Jin Y. Predatory bacterial hydrogels for topical treatment of infected wounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:315-326. [PMID: 36815028 PMCID: PMC9939299 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is becoming a considerable healthcare crisis due to the abuse of antibiotics and the substantial production of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Seawater immersion wounds usually become a mortal trouble because of the infection of Vibrio vulnificus. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, one kind of natural predatory bacteria, is recognized as a promising biological therapy against intractable bacteria. Here, we prepared a B. bacteriovorus-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/alginate hydrogel for the topical treatment of the seawater immersion wounds infected by V. vulnificus. The B. bacteriovorus-loaded hydrogel (BG) owned highly microporous structures with the mean pore size of 90 μm, improving the rapid release of B. bacteriovorus from BG when contacting the aqueous surroundings. BG showed high biosafety with no L929 cell toxicity or hemolysis. More importantly, BG exhibited excellent in vitro anti-V. vulnificus effect. The highly effective infected wound treatment effect of BG was evaluated on mouse models, revealing significant reduction of local V. vulnificus, accelerated wound contraction, and alleviated inflammation. Besides the high bacterial inhibition of BG, BG remarkably reduced inflammatory response, promoted collagen deposition, neovascularization and re-epithelization, contributing to wound healing. BG is a promising topical biological formulation against infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bochuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jingfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wanmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiteng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China,Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 88215159.
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15
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Summers JK, Kreft JU. The role of mathematical modelling in understanding prokaryotic predation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037407. [PMID: 36643414 PMCID: PMC9835096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance impacting both human and animal health, novel means of treating resistant infections are urgently needed. Bacteriophages and predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus have been proposed as suitable candidates for this role. Microbes also play a key environmental role as producers or recyclers of nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, and predators have the capacity to be keystone species within microbial communities. To date, many studies have looked at the mechanisms of action of prokaryotic predators, their safety in in vivo models and their role and effectiveness under specific conditions. Mathematical models however allow researchers to investigate a wider range of scenarios, including aspects of predation that would be difficult, expensive, or time-consuming to investigate experimentally. We review here a history of modelling in prokaryote predation, from simple Lotka-Volterra models, through increasing levels of complexity, including multiple prey and predator species, and environmental and spatial factors. We consider how models have helped address questions around the mechanisms of action of predators and have allowed researchers to make predictions of the dynamics of predator-prey systems. We examine what models can tell us about qualitative and quantitative commonalities or differences between bacterial predators and bacteriophage or protists. We also highlight how models can address real-world situations such as the likely effectiveness of predators in removing prey species and their potential effects in shaping ecosystems. Finally, we look at research questions that are still to be addressed where models could be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kimberley Summers
- Wellington Lab, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Kreft Lab, Institute of Microbiology and Infection and Centre for Computational Biology and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Ulrich Kreft
- Kreft Lab, Institute of Microbiology and Infection and Centre for Computational Biology and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Tajabadi FH, Karimian SM, Mohsenipour Z, Mohammadi S, Salehi M, Sattarzadeh M, Fakhari S, Momeni M, Dahmardehei M, Feizabadi MM. Biocontrol Treatment: Application of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 against Burn Wound Infection Caused by Pseudomonas aeroginosa in Mice. Burns 2022:S0305-4179(22)00230-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Cavallaro A, Rhoads WJ, Huwiler SG, Stachler E, Hammes F. Potential probiotic approaches to control Legionella in engineered aquatic ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6604835. [PMID: 35679082 PMCID: PMC9333994 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens belonging to the genus Legionella are among the most reported waterborne-associated pathogens in industrialized countries. Legionella colonize a variety of engineered aquatic ecosystems and persist in biofilms where they interact with a multitude of other resident microorganisms. In this review, we assess how some of these interactions could be used to develop a biological-driven “probiotic” control approach against Legionella. We focus on: (i) mechanisms limiting the ability of Legionella to establish and replicate within some of their natural protozoan hosts; (ii) exploitative and interference competitive interactions between Legionella and other microorganisms; and (iii) the potential of predatory bacteria and phages against Legionella. This field is still emergent, and we therefore specifically highlight research for future investigations, and propose perspectives on the feasibility and public acceptance of a potential probiotic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cavallaro
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J Rhoads
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simona G Huwiler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elyse Stachler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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18
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Mindt BC, DiGiandomenico A. Microbiome Modulation as a Novel Strategy to Treat and Prevent Respiratory Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040474. [PMID: 35453224 PMCID: PMC9029693 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic lower airway disease still represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. With the steady rise of multidrug-resistant respiratory pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, we are rapidly approaching the advent of a post-antibiotic era. In addition, potentially detrimental novel variants of respiratory viruses continuously emerge with the most prominent recent example being severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To this end, alternative preventive and therapeutic intervention strategies will be critical to combat airway infections in the future. Chronic respiratory diseases are associated with alterations in the lung and gut microbiome, which is thought to contribute to disease progression and increased susceptibility to infection with respiratory pathogens. In this review we will focus on how modulating and harnessing the microbiome may pose a novel strategy to prevent and treat pulmonary infections as well as chronic respiratory disease.
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19
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Splenic T lymphocytes induce the formation of immunosuppressive neutrophils through IFN-γ in sepsis. Inflamm Res 2021; 71:81-91. [PMID: 34841450 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many advances in treatment, the prognosis of patients with sepsis still remains poor. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the first line of defense against infection. This study aimed to reveal the reason and mechanism of the production of PD-L1+ PMNs in sepsis. METHODS Cecal ligation and perforation mouse model was established to simulate sepsis. And PMNs were treated for 4 h, 12 h with or without 100 ng/mL (IFN-γ) for further gene sequencing. PD-L1, PD-1, Ly6G, and CD3 were detected by multiplexed immunofluorescence. In addition, expression of PD-L1 and function of PMNs were assessed by flow cytometry. Serum and cell culture supernatant were measured with ELISA assays. Western blot was used to verify the JAK2/STAT1 pathway. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that PMNs are the main immune cells with high expression of PD-L1 during sepsis, and these cells, therefore, play a critical role in immunosuppression. In vivo studies demonstrated a specific interaction between PD-L1+ PMNs and PD-1+ T cells. In vitro studies further demonstrated that IFN-γ induced the production of PD-L1+ PMNs through the JAK2/STAT1 pathway. In addition, Fedratinib, an inhibitor of Jak2, was shown to significantly reduce the expression of PD-L1 in neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that secretion of IFN-γ by splenic T lymphocytes induces the production of PD-L1 + PMNs through the JAK2/STAT1 pathway in sepsis.
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20
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Mookherjee A, Jurkevitch E. Interactions between Bdellovibrio and like organisms and bacteria in biofilms: beyond predator-prey dynamics. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:998-1011. [PMID: 34816563 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) prey on Gram-negative bacteria in the planktonic phase as well as in biofilms, with the ability to reduce prey populations by orders of magnitude. During the last few years, evidence has mounted for a significant ecological role for BALOs, with important implications for our understanding of microbial community dynamics as well as for applications against pathogens, including drug-resistant pathogens, in medicine, agriculture and aquaculture, and in industrial settings for various uses. However, our understanding of biofilm predation by BALOs is still very fragmentary, including gaps in their effect on biofilm structure, on prey resistance, and on evolutionary outcomes of both predators and prey. Furthermore, their impact on biofilms has been shown to reach beyond predation, as they are reported to reduce biofilm structures of non-prey cells (including Gram-positive bacteria). Here, we review the available literature on BALOs in biofilms, extending known aspects to potential mechanisms employed by the predators to grow in biofilms. Within that context, we discuss the potential ecological significance and potential future utilization of the predatory and enzymatic possibilities offered by BALOs in medical, agricultural and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Mookherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Cui M, Zheng M, Wiraja C, Chew SWT, Mishra A, Mayandi V, Lakshminarayanan R, Xu C. Ocular Delivery of Predatory Bacteria with Cryomicroneedles Against Eye Infection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102327. [PMID: 34494724 PMCID: PMC8564459 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of potent antibiotic alternatives with rapid bactericidal properties is of great importance in addressing the current antibiotic crisis. One representative example is the topical delivery of predatory bacteria to treat ocular bacterial infections. However, there is a lack of suitable methods for the delivery of predatory bacteria into ocular tissue. This work introduces cryomicroneedles (cryoMN) for the ocular delivery of predatory Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (B. bacteriovorus) bacteria. The cryoMN patches are prepared by freezing B. bacteriovorus containing a cryoprotectant medium in a microneedle template. The viability of B. bacteriovorus in cryoMNs remains above 80% as found in long-term storage studies, and they successfully impede the growth of gram-negative bacteria in vitro or in a rodent eye infection model. The infection is significantly relieved by nearly six times through 2.5 days of treatment without substantial effects on the cornea thickness and morphology. This approach represents the safe and efficient delivery of new class of antimicrobial armamentarium to otherwise impermeable ocular surface and opens up new avenues for the treatment of ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cui
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloonHong Kong SARChina
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Mengjia Zheng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloonHong Kong SARChina
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Sharon Wan Ting Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Arti Mishra
- Ocular Infections & Anti‐Microbials Research GroupSingapore Eye Research InstituteThe Academia20 College Road, Discovery TowerSingapore169856Singapore
| | - Venkatesh Mayandi
- Ocular Infections & Anti‐Microbials Research GroupSingapore Eye Research InstituteThe Academia20 College Road, Discovery TowerSingapore169856Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Ocular Infections & Anti‐Microbials Research GroupSingapore Eye Research InstituteThe Academia20 College Road, Discovery TowerSingapore169856Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical ProgramDuke‐NUS Graduate Medical School8 College RoadSingapore169857Singapore
- Department of PharmacyNational University of Singapore18 Science DriveSingapore117543Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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22
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Novick RP. Antibacterial particles and predatory bacteria as alternatives to antibacterial chemicals in the era of antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:109-116. [PMID: 34688038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the subset of antibacterial agents whose action involves one-on-one targeting of infecting bacteria. These agents target individual bacteria and their efficacy is based on particle numbers in contrast to chemical agents such as antibiotics, whose efficacy is based on minimal inhibitory concentrations. Four extant members of this class are predatory bacteria, functional (plaque-forming) phages, and engineered particulate systems, phagemids (plasmids that contain a phage packaging signal) and antibacterial drones (ABDs) that package chromosomal island DNA carrying antibacterial genes. We differentiate the natural predators, phages and predatory bacteria, from the engineered delivery vehicles, phagemids and ABDs, because the latter are much more versatile and can largely bypass the historical warfare that informs the predator-prey interactions.
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23
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Hoshiko Y, Nishiyama Y, Moriya T, Kadokami K, López-Jácome LE, Hirano R, García-Contreras R, Maeda T. Quinolone Signals Related to Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal-Quorum Sensing Inhibits the Predatory Activity of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722579. [PMID: 34566925 PMCID: PMC8461301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is one of the predatory bacteria; therefore, it can act as a novel “living antibiotic,” unlike the current antibiotics. Here the predation of Escherichia coli by B. bacteriovorus was inhibited in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated whether P. aeruginosa-induced predation inhibition is associated with bacterial quorum sensing (QS). Each las, rhl, or pqs QS mutant in P. aeruginosa was used to check the predatory activity of E. coli cells using B. bacteriovorus. As a result, the predatory activity of B. bacteriovorus increased in a mutant pqs QS system, whereas wild-type PA14 inhibited the predatory activity. Moreover, the addition of 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) or the analog triggered the low predatory activity of B. bacteriovorus and killed B. bacteriovorus cells. Therefore, a defensive action of P. aeruginosa against B. bacteriovorus is activated by the pqs QS system, which produces some quinolone compounds such as HHQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hoshiko
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshito Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tae Moriya
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Luis Esaú López-Jácome
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Infectology, National Institute of Rehabilitation Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ryutaro Hirano
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Toshinari Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
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24
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Kern L, Abdeen SK, Kolodziejczyk AA, Elinav E. Commensal inter-bacterial interactions shaping the microbiota. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:158-171. [PMID: 34365152 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms of different kingdoms, impacts host physiology and disease. Within this ecosystem, inter-bacterial interactions and their impacts on microbiota community structure and the eukaryotic host remain insufficiently explored. Microbiota-related inter-bacterial interactions range from symbiotic interactions, involving exchange of nutrients, enzymes, and genetic material; competition for nutrients and space, mediated by biophysical alterations and secretion of toxins and anti-microbials; to predation of overpopulating bacteria. Collectively, these understudied interactions hold important clues as to forces shaping microbiota diversity, niche formation, and responses to signals perceived from the host, incoming pathogens and the environment. In this review, we highlight the roles and mechanisms of selected inter-bacterial interactions in the microbiota, and their potential impacts on the host and pathogenic infection. We discuss challenges in mechanistically decoding these complex interactions, and prospects of harnessing them as future targets for rational microbiota modification in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Kern
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Suhaib K Abdeen
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel; Cancer-Microbiota Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens from the Ocular Surface by Predatory Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070810. [PMID: 34356731 PMCID: PMC8300752 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously demonstrated that predatory bacteria are able to efficiently eliminate Gram-negative pathogens including antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated bacteria. In this proof-of-concept study we evaluated whether two species of predatory bacteria, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus, were able to alter the survival of Gram-negative pathogens on the ocular surface. Clinical keratitis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAC) and Serratia marcescens (strain K904) were applied to the ocular surface of NZW rabbits followed by application of predatory bacteria. At time intervals, surviving pathogenic bacteria were enumerated. In addition, B. bacteriovorus and S. marcescens were applied to porcine organ culture corneas under contact lenses, and the ocular surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ocular surface epithelial layer of porcine corneas exposed to S. marcescens, but not B. bacteriovorus was damaged. Using this model, neither pathogen could survive on the rabbit ocular surface for longer than 24 h. M. aeruginosavorus correlated with a more rapid clearance of P. aeruginosa but not S. marcescens from rabbit eyes. This study supports previous evidence that predatory bacteria are well tolerated by the cornea, but suggest that predatory bacteria do not considerably change the ability of the ocular surface to clear the tested Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from the ocular surface.
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Sebbane F, Lemaître N. Antibiotic Therapy of Plague: A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:724. [PMID: 34065940 PMCID: PMC8151713 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague-a deadly disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis-is still an international public health concern. There are three main clinical forms: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pulmonary plague. In all three forms, the symptoms appear suddenly and progress very rapidly. Early antibiotic therapy is essential for countering the disease. Several classes of antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, rifamycin, and β-lactams) are active in vitro against the majority of Y. pestis strains and have demonstrated efficacy in various animal models. However, some discrepancies have been reported. Hence, health authorities have approved and recommended several drugs for prophylactic or curative use. Only monotherapy is currently recommended; combination therapy has not shown any benefits in preclinical studies or case reports. Concerns about the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Y. pestis have led to the development of new classes of antibiotics and other therapeutics (e.g., LpxC inhibitors, cationic peptides, antivirulence drugs, predatory bacteria, phages, immunotherapy, host-directed therapy, and nutritional immunity). It is difficult to know which of the currently available treatments or therapeutics in development will be most effective for a given form of plague. This is due to the lack of standardization in preclinical studies, conflicting data from case reports, and the small number of clinical trials performed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Lemaître
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, UR 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
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27
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Cavallo FM, Jordana L, Friedrich AW, Glasner C, van Dijl JM. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: a potential 'living antibiotic' to control bacterial pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:630-646. [PMID: 33934682 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1908956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a small Deltaproteobacterium which, since its discovery, has distinguished itself for the unique ability to prey on other Gram-negative bacteria. The studies on this particular "predatory bacterium", have gained momentum in response to the rising problem of antibiotic resistance, because it could be applied as a potential probiotic and antibiotic agent. Hereby, we present recent advances in the study of B. bacteriovorus, comprehending fundamental aspects of its biology, obligatory intracellular life cycle, predation resistance, and potential applications. Furthermore, we discuss studies that pave the road towards the use of B. bacteriovorus as a "living antibiotic" in human therapy, focussing on its interaction with biofilms, the host immune response, predation susceptibility and in vivo application models. The available data imply that it will be possible to upgrade this predator bacterium from a predominantly academic interest to an instrument that could confront antibiotic resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Cavallo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorea Jordana
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corinna Glasner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Atterbury RJ, Tyson J. Predatory bacteria as living antibiotics - where are we now? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33465024 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health and economic crisis. With too few antibiotics in development to meet current and anticipated needs, there is a critical need for new therapies to treat Gram-negative infections. One potential approach is the use of living predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (small Gram-negative bacteria that naturally invade and kill Gram-negative pathogens of humans, animals and plants). Moving toward the use of Bdellovibrio as a 'living antibiotic' demands the investigation and characterization of these bacterial predators in biologically relevant systems. We review the fundamental science supporting the feasibility of predatory bacteria as alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jess Tyson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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29
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Pérez J, Contreras-Moreno FJ, Marcos-Torres FJ, Moraleda-Muñoz A, Muñoz-Dorado J. The antibiotic crisis: How bacterial predators can help. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2547-2555. [PMID: 33033577 PMCID: PMC7522538 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of antimicrobials in the past century represented one of the most important advances in public health. Unfortunately, the massive use of these compounds in medicine and other human activities has promoted the selection of pathogens that are resistant to one or several antibiotics. The current antibiotic crisis is creating an urgent need for research into new biological weapons with the ability to kill these superbugs. Although a proper solution requires this problem to be addressed in a variety of ways, the use of bacterial predators is emerging as an excellent strategy, especially when used as whole cell therapeutic agents, as a source of new antimicrobial agents by awakening silent metabolic pathways in axenic cultures, or as biocontrol agents. Moreover, studies on their prey are uncovering mechanisms of resistance that can be shared by pathogens, representing new targets for novel antimicrobial agents. In this review we discuss potential of the studies on predator-prey interaction to provide alternative solutions to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Key Words
- AR, antibiotic resistance
- ARB, antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- ARG, antibiotic-resistant gene
- Antibiotic crisis
- BALOs
- BALOs, Bdellovibrio and like organisms
- BGC, biosynthetic gene cluster
- Bacterial predators
- HGT, horizontal gene transfer
- MDRB, multi-drug resistant bacteria
- Myxobacteria
- NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase
- OMV, outer membrane vesicle
- OSMAC, one strain many compounds
- PKS, polyketide synthase
- SM, secondary metabolite
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José Muñoz-Dorado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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30
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Bonfiglio G, Neroni B, Radocchia G, Marazzato M, Pantanella F, Schippa S. Insight into the Possible Use of the Predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as a Probiotic. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2252. [PMID: 32731403 PMCID: PMC7468853 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem that coexists with the human organism in the intestinal tract. The members of this ecosystem live together in a balance between them and the host, contributing to its healthy state. Stress, aging, and antibiotic therapies are the principal factors affecting the gut microbiota composition, breaking the mutualistic relationship among microbes and resulting in the overgrowth of potential pathogens. This condition, called dysbiosis, has been linked to several chronic pathologies. In this review, we propose the use of the predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as a possible probiotic to prevent or counteract dysbiotic outcomes and look at the findings of previous research.
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31
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Loubet P, Ranfaing J, Dinh A, Dunyach-Remy C, Bernard L, Bruyère F, Lavigne JP, Sotto A. Alternative Therapeutic Options to Antibiotics for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1509. [PMID: 32719668 PMCID: PMC7350282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) mainly caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), are common bacterial infections. Many individuals suffer from chronically recurring UTIs, sometimes requiring long-term prophylactic antibiotic regimens. The global emergence of multi-drug resistant uropathogens in the last decade underlines the need for alternative non-antibiotic therapeutic and preventative strategies against UTIs. The research on non-antibiotic therapeutic options in UTIs has focused on the following phases of the pathogenesis: colonization, adherence of pathogens to uroepithelial cell receptors and invasion. In this review, we discuss vaccines, small compounds, nutraceuticals, immunomodulating agents, probiotics and bacteriophages, highlighting the challenges each of these approaches face. Most of these treatments show interesting but only preliminary results. Lactobacillus-containing products and cranberry products in conjunction with propolis have shown the most robust results to date and appear to be the most promising new alternative to currently used antibiotics. Larger efficacy clinical trials as well as studies on the interplay between non-antibiotic therapies, uropathogens and the host immune system are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Loubet
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jérémy Ranfaing
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Aurélien Dinh
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Louis Bernard
- PRES Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- PRES Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,Service d'Urologie, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
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32
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Bratanis E, Andersson T, Lood R, Bukowska-Faniband E. Biotechnological Potential of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms and Their Secreted Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:662. [PMID: 32351487 PMCID: PMC7174725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) are obligate predatory bacteria that selectively prey on a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant human pathogens. Due to their unique lifestyle, they have been long recognized as a potential therapeutic and biocontrol agent. Research on BALOs has rapidly grown over the recent decade, resulting in many publications concerning molecular details of bacterial predation as well as applications thereof in medicine and biotechnology. This review summarizes the current knowledge on biotechnological potential of obligate predatory bacteria and their secreted enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tilde Andersson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewa Bukowska-Faniband
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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33
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Peng X, Cao J, Xie B, Duan M, Zhao J. Evaluation of degradation behavior over tetracycline hydrochloride by microbial electrochemical technology: Performance, kinetics, and microbial communities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109869. [PMID: 31683047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), as a typical antibiotic-pollutant, is desired to enhance its removal from public environment, due to its toxicity and persistence. Microbial electrochemical technology (MET) is a series complex microorganisms-driven processes with characteristics of simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. The study was presented to evaluate the TCH removal behavior and power generation performance through the co-metabolism under constant glucose with different TCH concentrations using MET. It was found that the TCH removal efficiency arrived at 40% during the first 6 h, when TCH concentrations ranged from 1 to 50 mg/L. It was interesting that TCH degradation rate increased to a maximum of 4.15 × 10-2 h-1 with its concentrations varying from 1 to 20 mg/L, however, the further increase to 50 mg/L in TCH concentration resulted in a reverse 66% reduction. In the meantime, the generated bioelectricity declared a similar fluctuation trend with a maximum power density of 600 mW/m2 under the condition of 20 mg/L TCH co-degradation with glucose. What's more, the TCH inhibition effect fitted well with Haldane's model, indicating that the microbial electrochemical system had a better potency toward TCH toxicity than that reported (EC50 = 2.2 mg/L). Thauera as mainly functional aromatics-degrading bacteria and Bdellovibrio against bacterial pathogens, only existed in the mixed cultures with TCH and glucose, indicating extremely remarkable changes in bacterial community with TCH addition. In summary, a new approach for the anaerobic biodegradation of TCH was explored through co-metabolism with glucose using MET. The results should be useful for antibiotics wastewater disposal of containing TCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Peng
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Junrui Cao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Baolong Xie
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Mengshan Duan
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
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Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium that can kill a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including many human pathogens. Given the global rise of antibiotic resistance and dearth of new antibiotics discovered in the past 30 years, this predator has potential as an alternative to traditional antibiotics. For many years, B. bacteriovorus research was hampered by a lack of genetic tools, and the genetic mechanisms of predation have only recently begun to be established. Here, we comprehensively identify and characterize predator genes required for killing bacterial prey, as well as genes that interfere in this process, which may allow us to design better therapeutic predators. Based on our study, we and other researchers may ultimately be able to genetically engineer strains that have improved killing rates, target specific species of prey, or preferentially target prey in the planktonic or biofilm state. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a bacterial predator capable of killing and replicating inside most Gram-negative bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Despite growing interest in this organism as a potential therapeutic, many of its genes remain uncharacterized. Here, we perform a high-throughput genetic screen with B. bacteriovorus using transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) to explore the genetic requirements of predation. Two hundred one genes were deemed essential for growth in the absence of prey, whereas over 100 genes were found to be specifically required for predative growth on the human pathogens Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in both planktonic and biofilm states. To further this work, we created an ordered-knockout library in B. bacteriovorus and developed new high-throughput techniques to characterize the mutants by their stage of deficiency in the predator life cycle. Using microscopy and flow cytometry, we confirmed 10 mutants defective in prey attachment and eight mutants defective in prey rounding. The majority of these genes are hypothetical and previously uncharacterized. Finally, we propose new nomenclature to group B. bacteriovorus mutants into classes based on their stage of predation defect. These results contribute to our basic understanding of bacterial predation and may be useful for harnessing B. bacteriovorus to kill harmful pathogens in the clinical setting.
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35
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Predatory bacteria can protect SKH-1 mice from a lethal plague challenge. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7225. [PMID: 31076594 PMCID: PMC6510791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, novel ways to treat bacterial infections are required and the use of predatory bacteria may be one such approach. Bdellovibrio species have been shown in vitro to predate on a wide range of other Gram-negative bacteria, including CDC category A/B pathogens such as Yersinia pestis. The data reported here show that treatment of SKH-1 mice with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 provided significant protection from a lethal challenge of Yersinia pestis CO92. This is the first report of protection conferred by predation in vivo against a systemic pathogen challenge. However, this protective effect was not observed in a preliminary study with Balb/c mice. Therefore the effects of the predatory bacteria are complex and may be dependent on immune status/genetics of the host. Overall, predatory bacteria may have utility as a therapeutic modality but further work is required to understand the predator-host interaction.
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36
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Bratanis E, Lood R. A Novel Broad-Spectrum Elastase-Like Serine Protease From the Predatory Bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Facilitates Elucidation of Site-Specific IgA Glycosylation Pattern. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:971. [PMID: 31130941 PMCID: PMC6510308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in predatory bacteria due to their ability to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria has also highlighted their inherent plethora of hydrolytic enzymes, and their potential as natural sources of novel therapeutic agents and biotechnological tools. Here, we have identified and characterized a novel protease from the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: BspE (Bdellovibrio elastase-like serine protease). Mapping preferential sites of proteolytic activity showed a single proteolytic cleavage site of native plasma IgA (pIgA) in the Fc-tail; as well as in the secretory component (SC) of secretory IgA (SIgA). Proteolysis of other native immunoglobulins and plasma proteins was either absent (IgG1 and 2, IgM, albumin and orosomucoid) or unspecific with multiple cleavage sites (IgG3 and 4, IgE, IgD). BspE displayed a broad activity against most amino acid bonds in shorter peptides and denatured proteins, with a slight preference for hydrolysis C-terminal of Y, V, F, S, L, R, P, E, and K. BspE autoproteolysis results in numerous cleavage products sustaining activity for more than 6 h. The enzymatic activity remained stable at pH 5.0-9.0 but was drastically reduced in the presence of MnCl2 and completely inhibited by ZnCl2. The hydrolysis of pIgA was subsequently utilized for the specific glycan characterization of the released pIgA Fc-tail (Asn459). Besides contributing to the basic knowledge of Bdellovibrio biology and proteases, we propose that BspE could be used as a potential tool to investigate the importance, and biological function of the pIgA Fc-tail. IMPORTANCE Antibodies are well-established as key components of the immune system, and the importance of antibody glycosylation is steadily gaining recognition. Modifications of antibodies by glycosylation creates a vast repertoire of antibody glycovariants with distinctive and diverse functions in the immune system. Most of the available information regarding antibody glycosylation is based on studies with IgG, which have contributed greatly to the advance of therapeutic antibody treatments. However, much is still unknown regarding the importance of glycosylation and the Fc-structure for the remaining antibody classes. Such research has proven to be technically challenging and demonstrates a need for novel tools to facilitate such investigations. Here we have identified and characterized a novel protease from B. bacteriovorus, facilitating the study of plasma IgA by cleaving the Fc-tail, including the Asn459 N-glycan. This further highlights the potential of B. bacteriovorus as a source to identify potential novel biotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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37
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Silva PHF, Oliveira LFF, Cardoso RS, Ricoldi MST, Figueiredo LC, Salvador SL, Palioto DB, Furlaneto FAC, Messora MR. The impact of predatory bacteria on experimental periodontitis. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1053-1063. [PMID: 30828815 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of topical administration of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 on experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into groups C (control), EP, C-HD100, and EP-HD100. At day 0, animals of groups EP and EP-HD100 received cotton ligatures around mandibular first molars (MFM). In groups C-HD100 and EP-HD100, 1 mL of suspensions containing B. bacteriovorus HD100 was topically administered in the subgingival region of MFMs at days 0, 3, and 7. Animals were euthanized at day 14. Gingival tissue, hemimandibles, and oral biofilm were collected. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Group EP-HD100 presented greater bone volume and lower connective tissue attachment loss (CTAL) than group EP (P < 0.05). Group EP-HD100 presented greater proportions of Actinomyces and Streptococcus-like species and lower proportions of Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium polymorphum, Eikenella corrodens, Eubacterium nodatum, Campylobacter gracilis, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Veillonella parvula-like species than group EP. Group EP-HD100 presented greater levels of osteoprotegerin and gene expression of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-10, and forkhead box P3 than group EP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Topical use of B. bacteriovorus HD100 promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss and CTAL in rats with EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H F Silva
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz F F Oliveira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Renata S Cardoso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Milla S T Ricoldi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Luciene C Figueiredo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Salvador
- Department of Clinical Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela B Palioto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia A C Furlaneto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
| | - Michel R Messora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto / SP, Brazil
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Engulfment, persistence and fate of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus predators inside human phagocytic cells informs their future therapeutic potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4293. [PMID: 30862785 PMCID: PMC6414686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In assessing the potential of predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, to become live therapeutic agents against bacterial infections, it is crucial to understand and quantify Bdellovibrio host cell interactions at a molecular level. Here, we quantify the interactions of live B. bacteriovorus with human phagocytic cells, determining the uptake mechanisms, persistence, associated cytokine responses and intracellular trafficking of the non-growing B. bacteriovorus in PMA-differentiated U937 cells. B. bacteriovorus are engulfed by U937 cells and persist for 24 h without affecting host cell viability and can be observed microscopically and recovered and cultured post-uptake. The uptake of predators is passive and depends on the dynamics of the host cell cytoskeleton; the engulfed predators are eventually trafficked through the phagolysosomal pathway of degradation. We have also studied the prevalence of B. bacteriovorus specific antibodies in the general human population. Together, these results quantify a period of viable persistence and the ultimate fate of B. bacteriovorus inside phagocytic cells. They provide new knowledge on predator availability inside hosts, plus potential longevity and therefore potential efficacy as a treatment in humans and open up future fields of work testing if predators can prey on host-engulfed pathogenic bacteria.
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Susceptibility of Virulent Yersinia pestis Bacteria to Predator Bacteria in the Lungs of Mice. Microorganisms 2018; 7:microorganisms7010002. [PMID: 30577606 PMCID: PMC6351954 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacterial infections are a serious threat to global public health. Changes in treatment modalities and prudent use of antibiotics can assist in reducing the threat, but new approaches are also required for untreatable cases. The use of predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibriobacteriovorus, is among the novel approaches being considered as possible therapeutics for antibiotic resistant and/or unidentified bacterial infections. Previous studies have examined the feasibility of using predatory bacteria to reduce colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lungs of rats exposed to lethal doses of Klebsiella pneumoniae; here we apply the approach to the Tier 1 select agent Yersinia pestis, and show that three doses of B. bacteriovorus introduced every six hours reduces the number of CFUs of Y. pestis in the lungs of inoculated mice by 86% after 24 h of infection. These experiments further demonstrate that predatory bacteria may serve to combat Gram negative bacterial infections, including those considered potential bioweapon agents, in the future.
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40
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Garcia CJ, Pericleous A, Elsayed M, Tran M, Gupta S, Callaghan JD, Stella NA, Franks JM, Thibodeau PH, Shanks RMQ, Kadouri DE. Serralysin family metalloproteases protects Serratia marcescens from predation by the predatory bacteria Micavibrio aeruginosavorus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14025. [PMID: 30232396 PMCID: PMC6145908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micavibrio aeruginosavorus is an obligate Gram-negative predatory bacterial species that feeds on other Gram-negative bacteria by attaching to the surface of its prey and feeding on the prey's cellular contents. In this study, Serratia marcescens with defined mutations in genes for extracellular cell structural components and secreted factors were used in predation experiments to identify structures that influence predation. No change was measured in the ability of the predator to prey on S. marcescens flagella, fimbria, surface layer, prodigiosin and phospholipase-A mutants. However, higher predation was measured on S. marcescens metalloprotease mutants. Complementation of the metalloprotease gene, prtS, into the protease mutant, as well as exogenous addition of purified serralysin metalloprotease, restored predation to wild type levels. Addition of purified serralysin also reduced the ability of M. aeruginosavorus to prey on Escherichia coli. Incubating M. aeruginosavorus with purified metalloprotease was found to not impact predator viability; however, pre-incubating prey, but not the predator, with purified metalloprotease was able to block predation. Finally, using flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy, we were able to confirm that the ability of the predator to bind to the metalloprotease mutant was higher than that of the metalloprotease producing wild-type. The work presented in this study shows that metalloproteases from S. marcescens could offer elevated protection from predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Garcia
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Androulla Pericleous
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Michael Tran
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jake D Callaghan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan M Franks
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patrick H Thibodeau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15221, USA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Gupta S, Lemenze A, Donnelly RJ, Connell ND, Kadouri DE. Keeping it together: absence of genetic variation and DNA incorporation by the predatory bacteria Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus during predation. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:237-243. [PMID: 29751066 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of predatory bacteria as a potential live therapeutic to control human infection is gaining increased attention. Earlier work with Micavibrio spp. and Bdellovibrio spp. has demonstrated the ability of these predators to control drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, Tier-1 select agents and biofilms. Additional studies also confirmed that introducing high doses of the predators into animals does not negatively impact animal well-being and might assist in reducing bacterial burden in vivo. The survival of predators requires extreme proximity to the prey cell, which might bring about horizontal transfer of genetic material, such as genes encoding for pathogenic genetic islands that would indirectly facilitate the spread of genetic material to other organisms. In this study, we examined the genetic makeup of several lab isolates of the predators Bdellovibriobacteriovorus and Micavibrioaeruginosavorus that were cultured repeatedly and stored over a course of 13 years. We also conducted controlled experiments in which the predators were sequentially co-cultured on Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by genetic analysis of the predator. In both cases, we saw little genetic variation and no evidence of horizontally transferred chromosomal DNA from the prey during predator-prey interaction. Culturing the predators repeatedly did not cause any change in predation efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Gupta
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Molecular Resource Facility, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Robert J Donnelly
- Molecular Resource Facility, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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Negus D, Moore C, Baker M, Raghunathan D, Tyson J, Sockett RE. Predator Versus Pathogen: How Does Predatory Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Interface with the Challenges of Killing Gram-Negative Pathogens in a Host Setting? Annu Rev Microbiol 2018; 71:441-457. [PMID: 28886689 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a small deltaproteobacterial predator that has evolved to invade, reseal, kill, and digest other gram-negative bacteria in soils and water environments. It has a broad host range and kills many antibiotic-resistant, clinical pathogens in vitro, a potentially useful capability if it could be translated to a clinical setting. We review relevant mechanisms of B. bacteriovorus predation and the physiological properties that would influence its survival in a mammalian host. Bacterial pathogens increasingly display conventional antibiotic resistance by expressing and varying surface and soluble biomolecules. Predators coevolved alongside prey bacteria and so encode diverse predatory enzymes that are hard for pathogens to resist by simple mutation. Predators do not replicate outside pathogens and thus express few transport proteins and thus few surface epitopes for host immune recognition. We explain these features, relating them to the potential of predatory bacteria as cellular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Negus
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , ,
| | - Chris Moore
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , ,
| | - Michelle Baker
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , , .,School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaarini Raghunathan
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , ,
| | - Jess Tyson
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , ,
| | - R Elizabeth Sockett
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , , , , ,
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43
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Dwidar M, Yokobayashi Y. Controlling Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Gene Expression and Predation Using Synthetic Riboswitches. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2035-2041. [PMID: 28812884 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium that feeds on Gram-negative bacteria including a wide range of pathogens and thus has potential applications as a biocontrol agent. Owing to its unique life cycle, however, there are limited tools that enable genetic manipulation of B. bacteriovorus. This work describes our first steps toward engineering the predatory bacterium for practical applications by developing basic genetic parts to control gene expression. Specifically, we evaluated four robust promoters that are active during the attack phase of B. bacteriovorus. Subsequently, we tested several synthetic riboswitches that have been reported to function in Escherichia coli, and identified theophylline-activated riboswitches that function in B. bacteriovorus. Finally, we inserted the riboswitch into the bacterial chromosome to regulate expression of the flagellar sigma factor fliA, which was previously predicted to be essential for predation, and observed that the engineered strain shows a faster predation kinetics in the presence of theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dwidar
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and
Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904 0495, Japan
| | - Yohei Yokobayashi
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and
Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904 0495, Japan
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44
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Wong WF, Santiago M. Microbial approaches for targeting antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1047-1053. [PMID: 28771951 PMCID: PMC5609231 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections are a global public health challenge that has been increasing in severity and scope for the last few decades. Without creative solutions to this problem, treatment of injuries and infections will become progressively more challenging. A better understanding of the human microbiome has led to a new appreciation for the role commensal microbes play in protecting us from pathogens, especially in the gut. Antibiotics lead to disruption of the gut microbial ecosystem, enabling colonization by antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens. Many different lines of research have identified specific bacterial taxa and mechanisms that play a role in colonization resistance, and these lines of research may one day lead to microbial therapeutics targeting antibiotic resistant bacteria. Here, we discuss a few of these strategies and the challenges they will need to overcome in order to become an effective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Fei Wong
- OpenBiome, 200 Inner Belt Rd, Somerville, MA, 02143, USA
| | - Marina Santiago
- Finch Therapeutics, 200 Inner Belt Rd, Somerville, MA, 02143, USA
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45
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Jashnsaz H, Al Juboori M, Weistuch C, Miller N, Nguyen T, Meyerhoff V, McCoy B, Perkins S, Wallgren R, Ray BD, Tsekouras K, Anderson GG, Pressé S. Hydrodynamic Hunters. Biophys J 2017; 112:1282-1289. [PMID: 28355554 PMCID: PMC5376100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (BV) is a model bacterial predator that hunts other bacteria and may serve as a living antibiotic. Despite over 50 years since its discovery, it is suggested that BV probably collides into its prey at random. It remains unclear to what degree, if any, BV uses chemical cues to target its prey. The targeted search problem by the predator for its prey in three dimensions is a difficult problem: it requires the predator to sensitively detect prey and forecast its mobile prey’s future position on the basis of previously detected signal. Here instead we find that rather than chemically detecting prey, hydrodynamics forces BV into regions high in prey density, thereby improving its odds of a chance collision with prey and ultimately reducing BV’s search space for prey. We do so by showing that BV’s dynamics are strongly influenced by self-generated hydrodynamic flow fields forcing BV onto surfaces and, for large enough defects on surfaces, forcing BV in orbital motion around these defects. Key experimental controls and calculations recapitulate the hydrodynamic origin of these behaviors. While BV’s prey (Escherichia coli) are too small to trap BV in hydrodynamic orbit, the prey are also susceptible to their own hydrodynamic fields, substantially confining them to surfaces and defects where mobile predator and prey density is now dramatically enhanced. Colocalization, driven by hydrodynamics, ultimately reduces BV’s search space for prey from three to two dimensions (on surfaces) even down to a single dimension (around defects). We conclude that BV’s search for individual prey remains random, as suggested in the literature, but confined, however—by generic hydrodynamic forces—to reduced dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jashnsaz
- Department of Physics, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohammed Al Juboori
- Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Corey Weistuch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Nicholas Miller
- Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tyler Nguyen
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine (ISUM), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Viktoria Meyerhoff
- Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bryan McCoy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephanie Perkins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ross Wallgren
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce D Ray
- Department of Physics, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Konstantinos Tsekouras
- Department of Physics, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gregory G Anderson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Steve Pressé
- Department of Physics, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana; Cellular and Integrative Physiology Department, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Shatzkes K, Singleton E, Tang C, Zuena M, Shukla S, Gupta S, Dharani S, Rinaggio J, Kadouri DE, Connell ND. Examining the efficacy of intravenous administration of predatory bacteria in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1864. [PMID: 28500337 PMCID: PMC5431856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteobacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus are obligate predators of Gram-negative bacteria, and have been proposed to be used to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The ability of predatory bacteria to reduce bacterial burden in vivo within the lungs of rats has been demonstrated, but it was unknown if predatory bacteria can attenuate systemic bacterial burden administered intravenously. In this study, we first assessed the safety of intravenous inoculation of predatory bacteria in rats. No rat morbidity or adverse histopathology of various organs due to predatory bacteria administration was observed. An increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and KC/GRO) was observed at two hours post-inoculation; however, cytokines returned to baseline levels by 18 hours. Furthermore, bacterial dissemination analysis demonstrated that predatory bacteria were efficiently cleared from the host by 20 days post-injection. To determine whether predatory bacteria could reduce bacterial burden in vivo, Klebsiella pneumoniae was injected into the tail veins of rats and followed with multiple doses of predatory bacteria over 16 or 24 hours. Predatory bacteria were unable to significantly reduce K. pneumoniae burden in the blood or prevent dissemination to other organs. The results suggest that predatory bacteria may not be effective for treatment of acute blood infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Shatzkes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Eric Singleton
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Chi Tang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Michael Zuena
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sean Shukla
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sonal Dharani
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Joseph Rinaggio
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Shatzkes K, Connell ND, Kadouri DE. Predatory bacteria: a new therapeutic approach for a post-antibiotic era. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:469-472. [PMID: 28481158 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Shatzkes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Daniel E Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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48
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Effect of predatory bacteria on the gut bacterial microbiota in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43483. [PMID: 28262674 PMCID: PMC5337950 DOI: 10.1038/srep43483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are obligate predators of other Gram-negative bacteria and are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics. Most studies focusing on predatory bacteria have been performed in vitro, thus the effect of predatory bacteria on a live host, including the impact on the ecology of the native microbiota, has yet to be fully examined. In this study, intrarectal inoculations of Sprague-Dawley rats with predatory bacteria were performed. Additionally, feces were collected for seven days post-inoculation to determine the effect on gut bacterial diversity. Rat colonic tissue exhibited no abnormal histopathological effects due to predatory bacteria. A modest increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured in the colons of rats inoculated with predatory bacteria by 24 and 48 hours, with all but IL-13 returning to baseline by seven days. V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA demonstrated minimal shifts in taxonomic representation over the week due to predatory bacteria. Changes in bacterial populations due to exposure to B. bacteriovorus are predicted to contribute to health, however, an overgrowth of Prevotella was observed due to exposure to M. aeruginosavorus. This study further addresses safety concerns associated with the potential use of predatory bacteria to treat infections.
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BspK, a Serine Protease from the Predatory Bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with Utility for Analysis of Therapeutic Antibodies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03037-16. [PMID: 27940543 PMCID: PMC5288813 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03037-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies is a rapidly growing field of research, being the fastest expanding group of products on the pharmaceutical market, and appropriate quality controls are crucial for their application. We have identified and characterized the serine protease termed BspK (Bdellovibrio serine protease K) from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and here show its activity on antibodies. Mutation of the serine residue at position 230 rendered the protease inactive. Further investigations of BspK enzymatic characteristics revealed autoproteolytic activity, resulting in numerous cleavage products. Two of the autoproteolytic cleavage sites in the BspK fusion protein were investigated in more detail and corresponded to cleavage after K28 and K210 in the N- and C-terminal parts of BspK, respectively. Further, BspK displayed stable enzymatic activity on IgG within the pH range of 6.0 to 9.5 and was inhibited in the presence of ZnCl2. BspK demonstrated preferential hydrolysis of human IgG1 compared to other immunoglobulins and isotypes, with hydrolysis of the heavy chain at position K226 generating two separate Fab fragments and an intact IgG Fc domain. Finally, we show that BspK preferentially cleaves its substrates C-terminally to lysines similar to the protease LysC. However, BspK displays a unique cleavage profile compared to several currently used proteases on the market. IMPORTANCE The rapid development of novel therapeutic antibodies is partly hindered by difficulties in assessing their quality and safety. The lack of tools and methods facilitating such quality controls obstructs and delays the process of product approval, eventually affecting the patients in need of treatment. These difficulties in product evaluations indicate a need for new and comprehensive tools for such analysis. Additionally, recent concerns raised regarding the limitations of established products on the market (e.g., trypsin) further highlight a general need for a larger array of proteases with novel cleavage profiles to meet current and future needs, within both the life science industry and the academic research community.
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Tyson J, Elizabeth Sockett R. Nature knows best: employing whole microbial strategies to tackle antibiotic resistant pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:47-49. [PMID: 28032688 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess Tyson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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