1
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Balakhnina IA, Chikishev AY, Brandt NN. Raman spectroscopy of thermo- and laser-induced transformations of gouache paint layer of copper phthalocyanine blue. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124430. [PMID: 38759572 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Methods to control polymorphic modifications of phthalocyanines using optical (laser) radiation and possible photoinduced transformations of polymorphs are of practical interest in problems of identification and attribution of paintings, laser (micro)sampling, and the development of phthalocyanine structures for technical applications in optics, optoelectronics, and medicine. In this work, we compare the thermal and laser-induced changes of a gouache paint layer based on copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) PB15. The thermally induced color changes of the paint layer are quantified using the CIE Lab D65/10 color space. (Nano)rods formed in the paint layer when the sample is heated to 450°C at normal pressure without humidity control are studied using absorption spectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the formation of (nano)rods is related to the α→β polymorph transition of CuPc. Low-frequency markers of the CuPc β-polymorph are revealed in the Raman spectra. For the sample containing (nano)rods, the a* color coordinate substantially increases (by about 30 units), whereas the L* and b* coordinates remain almost unchanged. Irradiation with a single nanosecond laser pulse at a wavelength of 532 nm leads to the laser ablation of the paint layer at fluences exceeding a threshold level of about 3 J/cm2. Irradiation at fluences of greater than 0.5 J/cm2, but lower than the ablation threshold leads to color change of the paint layer due to the α→ε transition of CuPc. Similar transformations are observed at the periphery of and inside ablation crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Balakhnina
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A Yu Chikishev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - N N Brandt
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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2
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Kühn LM, Beiteke U, Nashan D. [Useful knowledge regarding tattoos]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023:10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9. [PMID: 37314452 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of people with tattoos has continued to increase in recent years. In the USA about 23% and in Europe 9-12% of the population have tattoos. In the German media (2019) and by the infoportal Statista (2017), it is assumed that 21-25% of citizens have tattoos and that the trend is increasing (Statista 2018: 36%). Men and women wear tattoos equally. The age group 20-29 years dominates with almost 50% having tattoos. The following article describes the new regulations especially the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, legal basis, and governmental controls on the subject of "tattoos". The composition of tattooing agents and testing options relevant for the user before and for the performance of tattooing are presented. Dermatologically associated diseases and testing procedures are listed. Since 70% of the population denies knowledge of this information even when they have tattoos themselves, this update is written as an overview for treating physicians and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kühn
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland.
| | - U Beiteke
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - D Nashan
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
- Hautarztpraxis, Müllheim, Deutschland
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3
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Homolak J. Weighing in on heavy metals - the importance of differentiating between soluble and total metals in tattoo inks. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138803. [PMID: 37150459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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4
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Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997-2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:331-350. [PMID: 36772861 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, 'Tattoo' Consultation, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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5
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Ma M, Xu D, Zhao J, Gao B. Disposable face masks release micro particles to the aqueous environment after simulating sunlight aging: Microplastics or non-microplastics? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130146. [PMID: 36244106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on characterizing microplastics and non-microplastics released from surgical masks (SMs), N95 masks (N95), KN95 masks (KN95), and children's masks (CMs) after simulating sunlight aging. Based on micro-Raman spectrum analysis, it was found that the dominant particles released from masks were non-microplastics (66.76-98.85%). Unfortunately, CMs released the most microplastics, which is 8.92 times more than SMs. The predominant size range of microplastics was 30-500 µm, and the main polymer types were PP and PET. Compared with the whole SMs, the microplastic particles released from the cutting-SMs increased conspicuously, which is 12.15 times that of the whole SMs. The main components of non-microplastics include β-carotene, microcrystalline cellulose 102, and eight types of minerals. Furthermore, non-microplastics were mainly fibrous and fragmented in appearance, similar to the morphology of microplastics. After 15 days of UVA-aging, the fibers of the face layers had cracks to varying degrees. It was estimated that these four types of masks can release at least 31.5 trillion microplastics annually in China. Overall, this study demonstrated that the masks could release a large quantity of microplastics and non-microplastics to the environment after sunlight aging, deserving urgent attention in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
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6
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Devcic J, Dussol M, Collin-Faure V, Pérard J, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Carrière M, Rabilloud T, Dalzon B. Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865239. [PMID: 35928812 PMCID: PMC9343594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments are among the oldest nanoparticulate products known to mankind, and their use in tattoos is also very old. Nowadays, 25% of American people aged 18 to 50 are tattooed, which poses the question of the delayed effects of tattoos. In this article, we investigated three cobalt [Pigment Violet 14 (purple color)] or cobalt alloy pigments [Pigment Blue 28 (blue color), Pigment Green 14 (green color)], and one zinc pigment [Pigment White 4 (white color)] which constitute a wide range of colors found in tattoos. These pigments contain microparticles and a significant proportion of submicroparticles or nanoparticles (in either aggregate or free form). Because of the key role of macrophages in the scavenging of particulate materials, we tested the effects of cobalt- and zinc-based pigments on the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. In order to detect delayed effects, we compared two exposure schemes: acute exposure for 24 hours and an exposure for 24 hours followed by a 3-day post-exposure recovery period. The conjunction of these two schemes allowed for the investigation of the delayed or sustained effects of pigments. All pigments induced functional effects on macrophages, most of which were pigment-dependent. For example, Pigment Green 19, Pigment Blue 28, and Pigment White 4 showed a delayed alteration of the phagocytic capacity of cells. Moreover, all the pigments tested induced a slight but significant increase in tumor necrosis factor secretion. This effect, however, was transitory. Conversely, only Pigment Blue 28 induced both a short and sustained increase in interleukin 6 secretion. Results showed that in response to bacterial stimuli (LPS), the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 declined after exposure to pigments followed by a recovery period. For chemoattractant cytokines (MCP-1 or MIP-1α), delayed effects were observed with a secretion decreased in presence of Pigment Blue 28 and Pigment violet 14, both with or without LPS stimuli. The pigments also induced persisting changes in some important macrophage membrane markers such as CD11b, an integrin contributing to cell adhesion and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, the pigments induced functional disorders in macrophages, which, in some cases, persist long after exposure, even at non-toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Devcic
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Manon Dussol
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Collin-Faure
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Pérard
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Daphna Fenel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
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7
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Fraser TR, Ross KE, Alexander U, Lenehan CE. Current knowledge of the degradation products of tattoo pigments by sunlight, laser irradiation and metabolism: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:343-355. [PMID: 34274958 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of tattooing has increased significantly over recent years. This has raised concerns about the safety of tattoo inks and their metabolites/degradation products. The photolytic and metabolic degradation of tattoo pigments may result in the formation of toxic compounds, with unforeseen health risks. A systematic literature review was undertaken to determine the current state of knowledge of tattoo pigments' degradation products when irradiated with sunlight, laser light or metabolised. The review demonstrates that there is a lack of knowledge regarding tattoo pigment degradation/metabolism, with only eleven articles found pertaining to the photolysis of tattoo pigments and two articles on the metabolism of tattoo pigments. The limited research indicates that the photolysis of tattoo pigments could result in many toxic degradation products, including hydrogen cyanide and carcinogenic aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan R Fraser
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kirstin E Ross
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Ula Alexander
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Claire E Lenehan
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
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8
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Cecchetti D, Bauer EM, Guerriero E, Sennato S, Tagliatesta P, Tagliaferri M, Cerri L, Carbone M. Comparative treatments of a green tattoo ink with Ruby, Nd:YAG nano- and picosecond lasers in normal and array mode. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3571. [PMID: 35246552 PMCID: PMC8897463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tattoos removal has become an issue upon spread of the tattooing practice worldwide and hindsight regrets. Lasers are typically used for the purpose, though some colours such as green are considered “recalcitrant” to the treatment. In the current investigation, we aim at determining the efficacy of removal of a green ink water dispersion, using 5 laser treatments: Nd:YAG nano- and picosecond lasers in normal and array mode and Ruby nanosecond laser, keeping the total irradiated energy constant. The UV–Vis spectroscopy of the treated samples indicate that Nd:YAG picosecond laser is most effective, and the Ruby nanosecond laser is the least efficient. Fragment compounds generated from the pigment and siloxanes are common to all treatments, whereas hydrocarbon emerge by a larger amount upon Nd:YAG nanosecond treatment. Fibres are formed upon picosecond treatments and when operating in array mode, and lamellae are achieved by Ruby nanosecond laser treatment. Residual particles suspensions are very heterogeneous upon nanosecond treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cecchetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Maria Bauer
- Institute of Structure of Matter, Italian National Research Council (CNR-ISM), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- Institute of Complex Systems, Italian National Research Council (CNR‑ISC) Sapienza Unit, and Physics Department, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Cerri
- Quanta System S.P.A., Via Acquedotto 109, 21017, Samarate, VA, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Alencar WLM, da Silva Arouche T, Neto AFG, de Castro Ramalho T, de Carvalho Júnior RN, de Jesus Chaves Neto AM. Interactions of Co, Cu, and non-metal phthalocyanines with external structures of SARS-CoV-2 using docking and molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3316. [PMID: 35228662 PMCID: PMC8885651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by its high rate of contamination, propagation capacity, and lethality rate. In this work, we approach the use of phthalocyanines as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, as they present several interactive properties of the phthalocyanines (Pc) of Cobalt (CoPc), Copper (CuPc) and without a metal group (NoPc) can interact with SARS-CoV-2, showing potential be used as filtering by adsorption on paints on walls, masks, clothes, and air conditioning filters. Molecular modeling techniques through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics were used, where the target was the external structures of the virus, but specifically the envelope protein, main protease, and Spike glycoprotein proteases. Using the g_MM-GBSA module and with it, the molecular docking studies show that the ligands have interaction characteristics capable of adsorbing the structures. Molecular dynamics provided information on the root-mean-square deviation of the atomic positions provided values between 1 and 2.5. The generalized Born implicit solvation model, Gibbs free energy, and solvent accessible surface area approach were used. Among the results obtained through molecular dynamics, it was noticed that interactions occur since Pc could bind to residues of the active site of macromolecules, demonstrating good interactions; in particular with CoPc. Molecular couplings and free energy showed that S-gly active site residues interacted strongly with phthalocyanines with values of - 182.443 kJ/mol (CoPc), 158.954 kJ/mol (CuPc), and - 129.963 kJ/mol (NoPc). The interactions of Pc's with SARS-CoV-2 may predict some promising candidates for antagonists to the virus, which if confirmed through experimental approaches, may contribute to resolving the global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luna Machado Alencar
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), C. P. BR 316, Km 61, Castanhal, PA, 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Tiago da Silva Arouche
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raul Nunes de Carvalho Júnior
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil
- Pos-Graduation Program in Chemical Engineering, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Maia de Jesus Chaves Neto
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil.
- Pos-Graduation Program in Chemical Engineering, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil.
- National Professional Master's in Physics Teaching, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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10
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Park EY, Oh D, Park S, Kim W, Kim C. New contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging and theranostics: Recent 5-year overview on phthalocyanine/naphthalocyanine-based nanoparticles. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031510. [PMID: 34368604 PMCID: PMC8325568 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phthalocyanine (Pc) and naphthalocyanine (Nc) nanoagents have drawn much attention as contrast agents for photoacoustic (PA) imaging due to their large extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near-infrared region. Many investigations have been conducted to enhance Pc/Ncs' photophysical properties and address their poor solubility in an aqueous solution. Many diverse strategies have been adopted, including centric metal chelation, structure modification, and peripheral substitution. This review highlights recent advances on Pc/Nc-based PA agents and their extended use for multiplexed biomedical imaging, multimodal diagnostic imaging, and image-guided phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Wangyu Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
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11
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos – mehr als nur kolorierte Haut? Auf der Suche nach Tattoo‐Allergenen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-671. [PMID: 33979044 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
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12
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos - more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-669. [PMID: 33955682 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential. In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non-allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction. This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo-mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks - via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Bauer EM, Cecchetti D, Guerriero E, Nisticò S, Germinario G, Sennato S, Gontrani L, Tagliatesta P, Carbone M. Laser vs. thermal treatments of green pigment PG36: coincidence and toxicity of processes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2367-2383. [PMID: 33948695 PMCID: PMC8241676 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative laser and thermal treatments were carried out on PG36, a green phthalocyanine-based pigment, permitted in European countries where legislation on tattoo composition was issued. Prior to the treatments, PG36 was characterized by SEM imaging, EDX, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, revealing an excess of Si and C and O as compared to the pure halogenated Cu-phthalocyanine. Laser treatments were carried out with a Nd:YAG device applied to H2O and propan-2-ol dispersions. Pyrolysis and calcinations were carried out in air or under N2 flow. The outcome of the different procedures was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, GC-mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction of the solid residues, SEM microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The comparative analysis indicated the production of different fragment compounds depending on the treatment, (pyrolysis or laser), and, to some extent, to the solvent of the dispersion, with pyrolysis generating a larger number of hazardous compounds. Hydrocarbons and cyclic siloxanes present as additives in PG36 were stable or degraded depending on the treatment. The morphology of the products is also treatment-dependent with nanoparticles < 20 nm and fibers being produced upon laser treatments only. Based on the experimental findings, the equivalence of laser and thermal treatments is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Maria Bauer
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Structure of Matter (CNR-ISM), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Daniele Cecchetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Steven Nisticò
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Germinario
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Simona Sennato
- Institute of Complex Systems, National Research Council (CNR-ISC), Sapienza Unit, and Physics Department, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Tattooing entails a high amount of tattoo colorants that is injected into skin. Tattoo colorants usually contain various substances of which the colouring component is the major ingredient that can be assigned to two different groups. Firstly, amorphous carbon particles (carbon black) are almost exclusively found in black tattoos. Secondly, tattooists use azo and polycyclic pigments to create nearly all colours of the visible spectrum. Due to their different but frequently complex chemistry, tattoo colorants usually contain various compounds like by-products and impurities which may exhibit health concerns. Professional tattooists inject that mixture into skin using the solid needles of tattoo machines. It is known that part of injected tattoo colorants is predominantly transported away from skin via lymphatic system. In addition to tattooing, exposure of tattooed skin to solar radiation or laser light may cause decomposition of pigment molecules leading to new and potential hazard chemical compounds. In light of the various hazard substances in the tattoo colorants and its decomposition products, tattooing might pose a health risk not only to skin but also to other organs of humans.
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15
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Hering H, Zoschke C, Kühn M, Gadicherla AK, Weindl G, Luch A, Schreiver I. TatS: a novel in vitro tattooed human skin model for improved pigment toxicology research. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2423-2434. [PMID: 32661687 PMCID: PMC7367916 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reports of tattoo-associated risks boosted the interest in tattoo pigment toxicity over the last decades. Nonetheless, the influence of tattoo pigments on skin homeostasis remains largely unknown. In vitro systems are not available to investigate the interactions between pigments and skin. Here, we established TatS, a reconstructed human full-thickness skin model with tattoo pigments incorporated into the dermis. We mixed the most frequently used tattoo pigments carbon black (0.02 mg/ml) and titanium dioxide (TiO2, 0.4 mg/ml) as well as the organic diazo compound Pigment Orange 13 (0.2 mg/ml) into the dermis. Tissue viability, morphology as well as cytokine release were used to characterize TatS. Effects of tattoo pigments were compared to monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts. The tissue architecture of TatS was comparable to native human skin. The epidermal layer was fully differentiated and the keratinocytes expressed occludin, filaggrin and e-cadherin. Staining of collagen IV confirmed the formation of the basement membrane. Tenascin C was expressed in the dermal layer of fibroblasts. Although transmission electron microscopy revealed the uptake of the tattoo pigments into fibroblasts, neither viability nor cytokine secretion was altered in TatS. In contrast, TiO2 significantly decreased cell viability and increased interleukin-8 release in fibroblast monolayers. In conclusion, TatS emulates healed tattooed human skin and underlines the advantages of 3D systems over traditional 2D cell culture in tattoo pigment research. TatS is the first skin model that enables to test the effects of pigments in the dermis upon tattooing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hering
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kühn
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashish K Gadicherla
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Treatments of a phthalocyanine-based green ink for tattoo removal purposes: generation of toxic fragments and potentially harmful morphologies. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2359-2375. [PMID: 32472170 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since tattoos became overwhelmingly fashionable worldwide, the demand for removal has proportionally increased, Nd:YAG Q-switch laser being the most commonly used tool for the purpose. In this framework we investigated the composition and products of laser treatment of green tattoo ink, the Green Concentrate from Eternal. The ink characterization has been carried out by IR, UV-Vis, EDX spectroscopies, and SEM imaging. It revealed the presence of the pigment PG7, rather than PG36 as reported on the bottle label, along with non-fully halogenated analogues. The morphology is an extended sheath with embedded grains. Subsequent laser treatments were performed on both dried and extracted inks, dispersed either in water or in propan-2-ol, chosen for their different polarities, as it is the case in the skin layers. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM imaging, and dynamic light scattering. The outcome is a complex fragmentation pattern that depends both on the solvent and on the initial aggregation state. The fragment compounds are toxic at various degrees according to the Classification Labelling and Packaging regulations. Several shapes of aggregates are produced as an effect of both downsizing and re-aggregation, with potentially harmful aspect ratios.
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17
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Rubio L, Guerra E, Garcia-Jares C, Lores M. Body-decorating products: Ingredients of permanent and temporary tattoos from analytical and european regulatory perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Bäumler W, Weiß KT. Laser assisted tattoo removal – state of the art and new developments. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:349-358. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Decorative tattoos including permanent make-up are very popular world-wide. As the trend for tattoo acquisition increases, the demand for tattoo removal will similarly rise. This article highlights the state of the art and new developments in laser assisted tattoo removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
| | - K. T. Weiß
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
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19
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Paasch U, Grunewald S. Update Dermatologische Lasertherapie 2018 I - Epilation, Gefäße und Pigmente. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:1417-1424. [PMID: 30537330 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13702_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Paasch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
| | - Sonja Grunewald
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
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20
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Darvin ME, Schleusener J, Parenz F, Seidel O, Krafft C, Popp J, Lademann J. Confocal Raman microscopy combined with optical clearing for identification of inks in multicolored tattooed skin in vivo. Analyst 2018; 143:4990-4999. [PMID: 30225475 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Raman measurements applied on freshly tattooed porcine skin ex vivo showed a possibility of obtaining the ink pigment related information in the skin. Based on these results, confocal Raman microscopy was used to identify the tattoo ink pigments of different colors in multicolored tattooed human skin in vivo. The Raman signatures of tattoo ink pigments were unique. Therefore, it could be shown that the applied method is successful for the identification of the tattoo ink pigments in human skin in vivo down to depths of approx. 50 μm, which is sufficient to screen the entire epidermis and the top of the papillary dermis area on the forearm and leg skin sites. Additional application of the optical clearing technique in vivo by topical application of glycerol, combined with tape stripping removal of the uppermost stratum corneum layers and defatting allows the extension of depths of investigation in tattooed skin down to approx. 400 μm, i.e. to cover the entire papillary dermis and a large part of the reticular dermis. Thus, the tattoo ink pigments were identified in vivo and depth-dependently in human tattooed skin confirming their presence in the papillary and reticular dermis. The proposed non-invasive in vivo Raman screening combined with optical clearing for identifying the tattoo pigments in the dermis can be an important task preceding a laser-based tattoo removal procedure and for determining the optimal laser parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Darvin
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Paasch U, Grunewald S. 2018 update on dermatologic laser therapy: Part 1 - epilation, vascular lesions and pigments. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:1417-1423. [PMID: 30417560 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Technical advances in recent years have led to new dermatologic laser systems, light sources, and treatment concepts. Commonly used wavelengths - generated today with LED-based devices - allow for the combination of various tissue effects and are associated with improved outcomes. Laser hair removal has become more efficient with the use of diode lasers that emit multiple wavelengths simultaneously. In the near future, novel LED-based lasers will also be introduced for the treatment of vascular lesions. Here, too, the combination of different wavelengths promises to be beneficial. Picosecond lasers have led to advances in the field of pigment removal (tattoos).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Paasch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Grunewald
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Hering H, Sung AY, Röder N, Hutzler C, Berlien HP, Laux P, Luch A, Schreiver I. Laser Irradiation of Organic Tattoo Pigments Releases Carcinogens with 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Inducing DNA Strand Breaks in Human Skin Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2687-2690. [PMID: 29935208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hering
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Yu Sung
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Röder
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Berlien
- Department of Laser Medicine, Evangelical Elisabeth Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Shipman MA, Symes MD. A re-evaluation of Sn(II) phthalocyanine as a catalyst for the electrosynthesis of ammonia. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Schreiver I, Hesse B, Seim C, Castillo-Michel H, Villanova J, Laux P, Dreiack N, Penning R, Tucoulou R, Cotte M, Luch A. Synchrotron-based ν-XRF mapping and μ-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11395. [PMID: 28900193 PMCID: PMC5595966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of tattoos provoked safety concerns with respect to particle distribution and effects inside the human body. We used skin and lymphatic tissues from human corpses to address local biokinetics by means of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques at both the micro (μ) and nano (ν) scale. Additional advanced mass spectrometry-based methodology enabled to demonstrate simultaneous transport of organic pigments, heavy metals and titanium dioxide from skin to regional lymph nodes. Among these compounds, organic pigments displayed the broadest size range with smallest species preferentially reaching the lymph nodes. Using synchrotron μ-FTIR analysis we were also able to detect ultrastructural changes of the tissue adjacent to tattoo particles through altered amide I α-helix to β-sheet protein ratios and elevated lipid contents. Altogether we report strong evidence for both migration and long-term deposition of toxic elements and tattoo pigments as well as for conformational alterations of biomolecules that likely contribute to cutaneous inflammation and other adversities upon tattooing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schreiver
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christian Seim
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Department of X-ray Spectrometry, Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.,Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julie Villanova
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreiack
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randolf Penning
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Remi Tucoulou
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Marine Cotte
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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de Cuyper C, Lodewick E, Schreiver I, Hesse B, Seim C, Castillo-Michel H, Laux P, Luch A. Are metals involved in tattoo-related hypersensitivity reactions? A case report. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:397-405. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa de Cuyper
- Department of Dermatology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV; 8000 Brugge Belgium
| | - Evelyne Lodewick
- Department of Dermatology, ZorgSaam Zeeuws-Vlaanderen; 4535 PA Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Christian Seim
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt; 10587 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; 10623 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
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26
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Zhang Y, Lovell JF. Recent applications of phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines for imaging and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27439671 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With high extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near infrared region, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are well-suited for optical imaging and phototherapies in biological tissues. Pcs and Ncs have been used in a range of theranostic applications. Peripheral and axial substituents can be introduced to Pcs and Ncs for chemical modification. Seamless metal chelation of Pcs or Ncs can expand their possibilities as medical therapeutic and imaging agents. Nanoparticulate approaches enable unique ways to deliver Pcs and Ncs to target tissues and improve their solubility, biocompatibility, biodistribution and stability. Herein, we highlight some recent Pc or Nc nanoscale systems for theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1420 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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27
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Identification and hazard prediction of tattoo pigments by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1639-50. [PMID: 27209489 PMCID: PMC4894928 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of regulation for tattoo ink ingredients across Europe has generated the need for analytical methods suitable to identify prohibited compounds. Common challenges of this subject are the poor solubility and the lack of volatility for most pigments and polymers applied in tattoo inks. Here, we present pyrolysis coupled to online gas chromatography and electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) as quick and reliable tool for pigment identification using both purified pigments and tattoo ink formulations. Some 36 organic pigments frequently used in tattoo inks were subjected to py-GC/MS with the aim to establish a pyrogram library. To cross-validate pigment identification, 28 commercially available tattoo inks as well as 18 self-made pigment mixtures were analyzed. Pyrograms of inks and mixtures were evaluated by two different means to work out the most reliable and fastest strategy for an otherwise rather time-consuming data review. Using this approach, the declaration of tattoo pigments currently used on the market could be verified. The pyrolysis library presented here is also assumed suitable to predict decomposition patterns of pigments when affected by other degradation scenarios, such as sunlight exposure or laser irradiation. Thus, the consumers’ risk associated with the exposure to toxicologically relevant substances that originate from pigment decomposition in the dermal layers of the skin can be assessed. Differentiation between more or less harmful pigments for this field of application now will become feasible.
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28
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Schreiver I, Luch A. At the dark end of the rainbow: data gaps in tattoo toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1763-5. [PMID: 27169852 PMCID: PMC4894929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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29
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