1
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Dantas de Oliveira A, Rubio Maturana C, Zarzuela Serrat F, Carvalho BM, Sulleiro E, Prats C, Veiga A, Bosch M, Zulueta J, Abelló A, Sayrol E, Joseph-Munné J, López-Codina D. Development of a low-cost robotized 3D-prototype for automated optical microscopy diagnosis: An open-source system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304085. [PMID: 38905190 PMCID: PMC11192333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In a clinical context, conventional optical microscopy is commonly used for the visualization of biological samples for diagnosis. However, the availability of molecular techniques and rapid diagnostic tests are reducing the use of conventional microscopy, and consequently the number of experienced professionals starts to decrease. Moreover, the continuous visualization during long periods of time through an optical microscope could affect the final diagnosis results due to induced human errors and fatigue. Therefore, microscopy automation is a challenge to be achieved and address this problem. The aim of the study is to develop a low-cost automated system for the visualization of microbiological/parasitological samples by using a conventional optical microscope, and specially designed for its implementation in resource-poor settings laboratories. A 3D-prototype to automate the majority of conventional optical microscopes was designed. Pieces were built with 3D-printing technology and polylactic acid biodegradable material with Tinkercad/Ultimaker Cura 5.1 slicing softwares. The system's components were divided into three subgroups: microscope stage pieces, storage/autofocus-pieces, and smartphone pieces. The prototype is based on servo motors, controlled by Arduino open-source electronic platform, to emulate the X-Y and auto-focus (Z) movements of the microscope. An average time of 27.00 ± 2.58 seconds is required to auto-focus a single FoV. Auto-focus evaluation demonstrates a mean average maximum Laplacian value of 11.83 with tested images. The whole automation process is controlled by a smartphone device, which is responsible for acquiring images for further diagnosis via convolutional neural networks. The prototype is specially designed for resource-poor settings, where microscopy diagnosis is still a routine process. The coalescence between convolutional neural network predictive models and the automation of the movements of a conventional optical microscope confer the system a wide range of image-based diagnosis applications. The accessibility of the system could help improve diagnostics and provide new tools to laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Dantas de Oliveira
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rubio Maturana
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Zarzuela Serrat
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Motta Carvalho
- Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Abelló
- Database Technologies and Information Group, Service and Information Systems Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Sayrol
- Tecnocampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Codina
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
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Zhong Y, Dan Y, Cai Y, Lin J, Huang X, Mahmoud O, Hald ES, Kumar A, Fang Q, Mahmoud SS. Efficient Malaria Parasite Detection From Diverse Images of Thick Blood Smears for Cross-Regional Model Accuracy. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 4:226-233. [PMID: 38059069 PMCID: PMC10697288 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3328435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal: The purpose of this work is to improve malaria diagnosis efficiency by integrating smartphones with microscopes. This integration involves image acquisition and algorithmic detection of malaria parasites in various thick blood smear (TBS) datasets sourced from different global regions, including low-quality images from Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This approach combines image segmentation and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to distinguish between white blood cells, artifacts, and malaria parasites. A portable system integrates a microscope with a graphical user interface to facilitate rapid malaria detection from smartphone images. We trained the CNN model using open-source data from the Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Results: The validation process, using microscopic TBS from both the training dataset and an additional dataset from Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrated that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 97.74% ± 0.05% and an F1-score of 97.75% ± 0.04%. Remarkably, our proposed model with AlexNet surpasses the reported literature performance of 96.32%. Conclusions: This algorithm shows promise in aiding malaria-stricken regions, especially those with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Ying Dan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | | | - Eric S. Hald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Seedahmed S. Mahmoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
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3
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Liu R, Liu T, Dan T, Yang S, Li Y, Luo B, Zhuang Y, Fan X, Zhang X, Cai H, Teng Y. AIDMAN: An AI-based object detection system for malaria diagnosis from smartphone thin-blood-smear images. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 4:100806. [PMID: 37720337 PMCID: PMC10499858 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2023.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a significant public health concern, with ∼95% of cases occurring in Africa, but accurate and timely diagnosis is problematic in remote and low-income areas. Here, we developed an artificial intelligence-based object detection system for malaria diagnosis (AIDMAN). In this system, the YOLOv5 model is used to detect cells in a thin blood smear. An attentional aligner model (AAM) is then applied for cellular classification that consists of multi-scale features, a local context aligner, and multi-scale attention. Finally, a convolutional neural network classifier is applied for diagnosis using blood-smear images, reducing interference caused by false positive cells. The results demonstrate that AIDMAN handles interference well, with a diagnostic accuracy of 98.62% for cells and 97% for blood-smear images. The prospective clinical validation accuracy of 98.44% is comparable to that of microscopists. AIDMAN shows clinically acceptable detection of malaria parasites and could aid malaria diagnosis, especially in areas lacking experienced parasitologists and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tuoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tingting Dan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Boyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yingtan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xianchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Human Health Situation Awareness of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hongmin Cai
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Yue Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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Yu Z, Li Y, Deng L, Luo B, Wu P, Geng D. A high-performance cell-phone based polarized microscope for malaria diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200290. [PMID: 36541739 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a cell-phone based polarized microscope for diagnosing malaria through hemozoin recognition over a wide field-of-view (FOV) accompanied with decent image performance. The system is constructed based on attachment method using a lens assembly as objective, two mobile phones and two linear polarizers. A ~0.92 μm resolution across a FOV of ~3.27 mm × 3.27 mm with high imaging quality is realized, demonstrating an increased resolving power, four times improvement in FOV and better imaging quality over mobile-optical-polarization imaging device. Importantly, we also demonstrate it has capability of recognizing hemozoin within the sample for malaria diagnosis by imaging malaria-infected blood samples with similar sensitivity comparable to Leica microscopy. It is more compact, portable, and insensitive to alignment, making it highly suitable for malaria detection in a portable, easy to setup and use way in low-resource areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yu
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Pinghui Wu
- College of Physics & Information Engineering, Quanzhou Normal University, QuanZhou, China
| | - Dongxian Geng
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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5
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Wang B, Li Y, Zhou M, Han Y, Zhang M, Gao Z, Liu Z, Chen P, Du W, Zhang X, Feng X, Liu BF. Smartphone-based platforms implementing microfluidic detection with image-based artificial intelligence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1341. [PMID: 36906581 PMCID: PMC10007670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent outbreak of global infectious diseases has prompted the development of rapid and effective diagnostic tools for the early screening of potential patients in point-of-care testing scenarios. With advances in mobile computing power and microfluidic technology, the smartphone-based mobile health platform has drawn significant attention from researchers developing point-of-care testing devices that integrate microfluidic optical detection with artificial intelligence analysis. In this article, we summarize recent progress in these mobile health platforms, including the aspects of microfluidic chips, imaging modalities, supporting components, and the development of software algorithms. We document the application of mobile health platforms in terms of the detection objects, including molecules, viruses, cells, and parasites. Finally, we discuss the prospects for future development of mobile health platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mengfan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yulong Han
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhaolong Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zetai Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Du
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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6
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Yuan K, Huang R, Gong K, Xiao Z, Chen J, Cai S, Shen J, Xiong Z, Lin Z. Smartphone-based hand-held polarized light microscope for on-site pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04582-1. [PMID: 36786836 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light microscopy (PLM) is a common but critical method for pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization, which has been widely introduced for research purposes or drug testing and is recommended by many pharmacopeias around the world. To date, crystallinity characterization of pharmaceutical solids is restricted to laboratories due to the relatively bulky design of the conventional PLM system, while little attention has been paid to on-site, portable, and low-cost applications. Herein, we developed a smartphone-based polarized microscope with an ultra-miniaturization design ("hand-held" scale) for these purposes. The compact system consists of an optical lens, two polarizers, and a tailor-made platform to hold the smartphone. Analytical performance parameters including resolution, imaging quality of interference color, and imaging reproducibility were measured. In a first approach, we illustrated the suitability of the device for pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization and obtained high-quality birefringence images comparable to a conventional PLM system, and we also showed the great promise of the device for on-site characterization with high flexibility. In a second approach, we employed the device as a proof of concept for a wider application ranging from liquid crystal to environmental pollutants or tissues from plants. As such, this smartphone-based hand-held polarized light microscope shows great potential in helping pharmacists both for research purposes and on-site drug testing, not to mention its broad application prospects in many other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Kaishuo Gong
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Ziyi Xiao
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Siyao Cai
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zuer Xiong
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zhexuan Lin
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
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Maturana CR, de Oliveira AD, Nadal S, Bilalli B, Serrat FZ, Soley ME, Igual ES, Bosch M, Lluch AV, Abelló A, López-Codina D, Suñé TP, Clols ES, Joseph-Munné J. Advances and challenges in automated malaria diagnosis using digital microscopy imaging with artificial intelligence tools: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006659. [PMID: 36458185 PMCID: PMC9705958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. It is the most common disease in resource-poor settings, with 241 million malaria cases reported in 2020 according to the World Health Organization. Optical microscopy examination of blood smears is the gold standard technique for malaria diagnosis; however, it is a time-consuming method and a well-trained microscopist is needed to perform the microbiological diagnosis. New techniques based on digital imaging analysis by deep learning and artificial intelligence methods are a challenging alternative tool for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In particular, systems based on Convolutional Neural Networks for image detection of the malaria parasites emulate the microscopy visualization of an expert. Microscope automation provides a fast and low-cost diagnosis, requiring less supervision. Smartphones are a suitable option for microscopic diagnosis, allowing image capture and software identification of parasites. In addition, image analysis techniques could be a fast and optimal solution for the diagnosis of malaria, tuberculosis, or Neglected Tropical Diseases in endemic areas with low resources. The implementation of automated diagnosis by using smartphone applications and new digital imaging technologies in low-income areas is a challenge to achieve. Moreover, automating the movement of the microscope slide and image autofocusing of the samples by hardware implementation would systemize the procedure. These new diagnostic tools would join the global effort to fight against pandemic malaria and other infectious and poverty-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rubio Maturana
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Allisson Dantas de Oliveira
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Sergi Nadal
- Data Base Technologies and Information Group, Engineering Services and Information Systems Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Besim Bilalli
- Data Base Technologies and Information Group, Engineering Services and Information Systems Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Zarzuela Serrat
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateu Espasa Soley
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Laboratories, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro Igual
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alberto Abelló
- Data Base Technologies and Information Group, Engineering Services and Information Systems Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Codina
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola Suñé
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Sayrol Clols
- Image Processing Group, Telecommunications and Signal Theory Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Ashraf S, Khalid A, de Vos AL, Feng Y, Rohrbach P, Hasan T. Malaria Detection Accelerated: Combing a High-Throughput NanoZoomer Platform with a ParasiteMacro Algorithm. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101182. [PMID: 36297240 PMCID: PMC9606851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of malaria, a mosquito-borne parasitic disease that hijacks human red blood cells, is a global priority. Microscopy remains the gold standard hallmark for diagnosis and estimation of parasitemia for malaria, to date. However, this approach is time-consuming and requires much expertise especially in malaria-endemic countries or in areas with low-density malaria infection. Thus, there is a need for accurate malaria diagnosis/parasitemia estimation with standardized, fast, and more reliable methods. To this end, we performed a proof-of-concept study using the automated imaging (NanoZoomer) platform to detect the malarial parasite in infected blood. The approach can be used as a steppingstone for malaria diagnosis and parasitemia estimation. Additionally, we created an algorithm (ParasiteMacro) compatible with free online imaging software (ImageJ) that can be used with low magnification objectives (e.g., 5×, 10×, and 20×) both in the NanoZoomer and routine microscope. The novel approach to estimate malarial parasitemia based on modern technologies compared to manual light microscopy demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 87% specificity, a 100% negative predictive value (NPV) and a 93% positive predictive value (PPV). The manual and automated malaria counts showed a good Pearson correlation for low- (R2 = 0.9377, r = 0.9683 and p < 0.0001) as well as high- parasitemia (R2 = 0.8170, r = 0.9044 and p < 0.0001) with low estimation errors. Our robust strategy that identifies and quantifies malaria can play a pivotal role in disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Areeba Khalid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, OR 02155, USA
| | - Arend L. de Vos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tyagi A, Khaware N, Tripathi BS, Jeet T, Balasubramanian P, Elangovan R. i-scope: A Compact automated fluorescence microscope for cell counting applications in low resource settings. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 36063812 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac8f84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has widespread applications across biological sciences. It has been routinely used for cell counting, which provides a preliminary diagnostic test for many infectious diseases. Conventional fluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, time-intensive and laborious. They often require trained operators to acquire and analyze data. We report a compact automated digital fluorescence microscopy system, i-scope, for cell counting applications. The i-scope employs a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) mode of sample illumination, along with a brightfield mode. It has a magnification of 30X, an optical resolution of ~0.2 µm/pixel and offers sample scanning over 20 mm x 20 mm. A custom-written program enables automated image acquisition and analysis, thereby enhancing ease of operation. It has a compact form-factor and has been developed into a standalone system with a processing unit, screen, and other accessories to offer a portable and economic point-of-care diagnostic solution in low-resource settings. We analysed the performance of the i-scope for milk somatic cell enumeration and benchmarked it against that of a conventional fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Tyagi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Room 335, Block 1, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Neha Khaware
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Bramha Swaroop Tripathi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Tushar Jeet
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Prabhu Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
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10
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Ganesan M, Selvan Christyraj JRS, Venkatachalam S, Yesudhason BV, Chelladurai KS, Mohan M, Kalimuthu K, Narkhede YB, Christyraj JDS. Foldscope microscope, an inexpensive alternative tool to conventional microscopy-Applications in research and education: A review. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3484-3494. [PMID: 35876424 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microscope is a device used for the visualization of tiny objects which are not visible to the naked eye. Traditional microscopes have been crucial for the advancement of contemporary science and medicine. Recent advancements in the field of microscopy have fueled its exponential growth rate. However, due to their expensive cost and complicated structure, modern microscopes remain inaccessible to the majority of the public. Nonetheless, the foldscope paper microscope has made it possible for anyone to explore and understand the world of microbes and organisms. In this review, we have listed foldscope-based research projects in various domains, as well as their key properties when compared to traditional research microscopes. In addition, we have briefly explored the impact of a foldscope microscope on public health, clinical diagnostics, forensic science, agriculture, basic science, developmental biology, and education. Moreover, the major drawbacks of paper microscopes and the current steps being taken to upgrade foldscope and its features are discussed in this review. Finally, we have concluded with our perspective that the microscope may be updated to imitate the advancement of a conventional microscope. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The foldscope, a low-cost instrument for studying the microscopic world. Foldscope applications were compared to conventional microscopes in many sectors. The foldscope microscope's existing limitations and potential prospects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijithra Ganesan
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Beryl Vedha Yesudhason
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Manikandan Mohan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,VAXIGEN International Research Center Private Limited, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kalishwaralal Kalimuthu
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh B Narkhede
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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11
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Computational Methods for Automated Analysis of Malaria Parasite Using Blood Smear Images: Recent Advances. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3626726. [PMID: 35449742 PMCID: PMC9017520 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3626726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria comes under one of the dangerous diseases in many countries. It is the primary reason for most of the causalities across the world. It is presently rated as a significant cause of the high mortality rate worldwide compared with other diseases that can be reduced significantly by its earlier detection. Therefore, to facilitate the early detection/diagnosis of malaria to reduce the mortality rate, an automated computational method is required with a high accuracy rate. This study is a solid starting point for researchers who want to look into automated blood smear analysis to detect malaria. In this paper, a comprehensive review of different computer-assisted techniques has been outlined as follows: (i) acquisition of image dataset, (ii) preprocessing, (iii) segmentation of RBC, and (iv) feature extraction and selection, and (v) classification for the detection of malaria parasites using blood smear images. This study will be helpful for: (i) researchers can inspect and improve the existing computational methods for early diagnosis of malaria with a high accuracy rate that may further reduce the interobserver and intra-observer variations; (ii) microbiologists to take the second opinion from the automated computational methods for effective diagnosis of malaria; and (iii) finally, several issues remain addressed, and future work has also been discussed in this work.
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12
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Wincott M, Jefferson A, Dobbie IM, Booth MJ, Davis I, Parton RM. Democratising “Microscopi”: a 3D printed automated XYZT fluorescence imaging system for teaching, outreach and fieldwork. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:63. [PMID: 33977151 PMCID: PMC8082569 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16536.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fluorescence microscope stands and fully automated XYZt fluorescence imaging systems are generally beyond the limited budgets available for teaching and outreach. We have addressed this problem by developing “Microscopi”, an accessible, affordable, DIY automated imaging system that is built from 3D printed and commodity off-the-shelf hardware, including electro-mechanical, computer and optical components. Our design features automated sample navigation and image capture with a simple web-based graphical user interface, accessible with a tablet or other mobile device. The light path can easily be switched between different imaging modalities. The open source Python-based control software allows the hardware to be driven as an integrated imaging system. Furthermore, the microscope is fully customisable, which also enhances its value as a learning tool. Here, we describe the basic design and demonstrate imaging performance for a range of easily sourced specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wincott
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew Jefferson
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK, UK
| | - Ian M. Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard M. Parton
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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13
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Microscopic Imaging Methods for Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020328. [PMID: 35208453 PMCID: PMC8879989 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic imaging is essential and the most popular method for in situ monitoring and evaluating the outcome of various organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, including the number and morphology of mammalian cells, gene expression, protein secretions, etc. This review presents an overview of how various imaging methods can be used to image organ-on-a-chip platforms, including transillumination imaging (including brightfield, phase-contrast, and holographic optofluidic imaging), fluorescence imaging (including confocal fluorescence and light-sheet fluorescence imaging), and smartphone-based imaging (including microscope attachment-based, quantitative phase, and lens-free imaging). While various microscopic imaging methods have been demonstrated for conventional microfluidic devices, a relatively small number of microscopic imaging methods have been demonstrated for OOC platforms. Some methods have rarely been used to image OOCs. Specific requirements for imaging OOCs will be discussed in comparison to the conventional microfluidic devices and future directions will be introduced in this review.
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14
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Nate Z, Gill AA, Chauhan R, Karpoormath R. Recent progress in electrochemical sensors for detection and quantification of malaria. Anal Biochem 2022; 643:114592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Yu Z, Li Y, Geng D, Wu P. A wide-field microscope utilizing two cellphones for health-care applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100200. [PMID: 34783187 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we report a wide field-of-view (FOV) bright field (BF) microscope with compact and portable optical components, mechanically attached to the existing camera unit of the cellphone. A white screen displayed on a cellphone as the illumination source to pump the sample of interest uniformly for the purpose of the reduction in assembly complexity and alignment. It offers a large FOV of 4.36 × 3.27 mm without digital zoom and a spatial resolution of 1.5 μm. Furthermore, we also have demonstrated the potential application for diseases diagnosis and screening by imaging malaria-infected blood sample and iron deficiency anemia blood sample in resource-constrained settings where mobile phone infrastructure is already ubiquitous but microscope is notoriously scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yu
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongxian Geng
- Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Equipments Company of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Pinghui Wu
- College of Physics & Information Engineering, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
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16
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Rabha D, Biswas S, Hatiboruah D, Das P, Rather MA, Mandal M, Nath P. An affordable, handheld multimodal microscopic system with onboard cell morphology and counting features on a mobile device. Analyst 2022; 147:2859-2869. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple yet effective, handheld and flexible bright-field and fluorescence microscopic platform on a smartphone with varying optical magnifications is reported for morphological analysis and onboard cell counting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Rabha
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Sritam Biswas
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Diganta Hatiboruah
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Priyanka Das
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
| | - Pabitra Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam-784028, India
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17
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Brilhante-da-Silva N, do Nascimento Martinez L, de Oliveira Sousa RM, dos Santos Pereira S, Teles CBG. Innovations in Plasmodium spp . diagnosis on diverse detection platforms. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:505. [PMID: 34881167 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, 229 million cases of malaria were recorded worldwide. For epidemiologic surveillance and proper treatment of persons infected with Plasmodium spp., rapid detection of infections by Plasmodium spp. is critical. Thus, Plasmodium spp. diagnosis is one of the indispensable measures for malaria control. Although microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it has restrictions related mainly to the lack of qualified human resources, which is a problem in many regions. Thus, this review presents major innovations in diagnostic methods as alternatives to or complementary to microscopy. Detection platforms in lateral flow systems, electrochemical immunosensors, molecular biology and, more recently, those integrated with smartphones, are highlighted, among others. The advanced improvement of these tests aims to provide techniques that are sensitive and specific, but also quick, easy to handle and free from the laboratory environment. In this way, the tracking of malaria cases can become increasingly effective and contribute to controlling the disease.
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18
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Baptista V, Costa MS, Calçada C, Silva M, Gil JP, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. The Future in Sensing Technologies for Malaria Surveillance: A Review of Hemozoin-Based Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3898-3911. [PMID: 34735120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early and effective malaria diagnosis is vital to control the disease spread and to prevent the emergence of severe cases and death. Currently, malaria diagnosis relies on optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests; however, these require a drop of blood, are time-consuming, or are not specific and sensitive enough for reliable detection of low-level parasitaemia. Thus, there is an urge for simpler, prompt, and accurate alternative diagnostic methods. Particularly, hemozoin has been increasingly recognized as an attractive biomarker for malaria detection. As the disease proliferates, parasites digest host hemoglobin, in the process releasing toxic haem that is detoxified into an insoluble crystal, the hemozoin, which accumulates along with infection progression. Given its magnetic, optical, and acoustic unique features, hemozoin has been explored for new label-free diagnostic methods. Thereby, herein, we review the hemozoin-based malaria detection methods and critically discuss their challenges and potential for the development of an ideal diagnostic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana S. Costa
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Gil
- Stockholm Malaria Center, Department of Microbiology and Tumour Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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19
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Katare P, Gorthi SS. Recent technical advances in whole slide imaging instrumentation. J Microsc 2021; 284:103-117. [PMID: 34254690 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic observation of biological specimen smears is the mainstay of diagnostic pathology, as defined by the Digital Pathology Association. Though automated systems for this are commercially available, their bulky size and high cost renders them unusable for remote areas. The research community is investing much effort towards building equivalent but portable, low-cost systems. An overview of such research is presented here, including a comparative analysis of recent reports. This paper also reviews recently reported systems for automated staining and smear formation, including microfluidic devices; and optical and computational automated microscopy systems including smartphone-based devices. Image pre-processing and analysis methods for automated diagnosis are also briefly discussed. It concludes with a set of foreseeable research directions that could lead to affordable, integrated and accurate whole slide imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Katare
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sai Siva Gorthi
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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20
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Buckingham SD, Partridge FA, Poulton BC, Miller BS, McKendry RA, Lycett GJ, Sattelle DB. Automated phenotyping of mosquito larvae enables high-throughput screening for novel larvicides and offers potential for smartphone-based detection of larval insecticide resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008639. [PMID: 34081710 PMCID: PMC8205174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid-impregnated nets have contributed significantly to halving the burden of malaria but resistance threatens their future efficacy and the pipeline of new insecticides is short. Here we report that an invertebrate automated phenotyping platform (INVAPP), combined with the algorithm Paragon, provides a robust system for measuring larval motility in Anopheles gambiae (and An. coluzzi) as well as Aedes aegypti with the capacity for high-throughput screening for new larvicides. By this means, we reliably quantified both time- and concentration-dependent actions of chemical insecticides faster than using the WHO standard larval assay. We illustrate the effectiveness of the system using an established larvicide (temephos) and demonstrate its capacity for library-scale chemical screening using the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box library. As a proof-of-principle, this library screen identified a compound, subsequently confirmed to be tolfenpyrad, as an effective larvicide. We have also used the INVAPP / Paragon system to compare responses in larvae derived from WHO classified deltamethrin resistant and sensitive mosquitoes. We show how this approach to monitoring larval response to insecticides can be adapted for use with a smartphone camera application and therefore has potential for further development as a simple portable field-assay with associated real-time, geo-located information to identify hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Buckingham
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick A. Partridge
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beth C. Poulton
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S. Miller
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Maths & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Maths & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Sattelle
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Wincott M, Jefferson A, Dobbie IM, Booth MJ, Davis I, Parton RM. Democratising "Microscopi": a 3D printed automated XYZT fluorescence imaging system for teaching, outreach and fieldwork. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:63. [PMID: 33977151 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16536.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fluorescence microscope stands and fully automated XYZt fluorescence imaging systems are generally beyond the limited budgets available for teaching and outreach. We have addressed this problem by developing "Microscopi", an accessible, affordable, DIY automated imaging system that is built from 3D printed and commodity off-the-shelf hardware, including electro-mechanical, computer and optical components. Our design features automated sample navigation and image capture with a simple web-based graphical user interface, accessible with a tablet or other mobile device. The light path can easily be switched between different imaging modalities. The open source Python-based control software allows the hardware to be driven as an integrated imaging system. Furthermore, the microscope is fully customisable, which also enhances its value as a learning tool. Here, we describe the basic design and demonstrate imaging performance for a range of easily sourced specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wincott
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.,Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew Jefferson
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK, UK
| | - Ian M Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.,Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard M Parton
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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22
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Dhankhar D, Nagpal A, Rentzepis PM. Cell-phone camera Raman spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:054101. [PMID: 34243331 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the design, construction, and operation of a cell-phone-based Raman and emission spectral detector, which when coupled to a diffraction grating and cell-phone camera system provides means for the detection, recording, and identification of chemicals, drugs, and biological molecules, in situ by means of their Raman and fluorescence spectra. The newly constructed cell-phone spectrometer system was used to record Raman spectra from various chemicals and biological molecules including the resonance enhanced Raman spectra of carrots and bacteria. In addition, we present the quantitative analysis of alcohol-water Raman spectra, performed using our cell-phone spectrometer. The designed and constructed system was also used for constructing Raman images of the samples by utilizing a position scanning stage in conjunction with the system. This compact and portable system is well suited for in situ field applications of Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy and may also be an integrated feature of future cell-phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Dhankhar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Anushka Nagpal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Peter M Rentzepis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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23
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Hussain I, Bowden AK. Smartphone-based optical spectroscopic platforms for biomedical applications: a review [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1974-1998. [PMID: 33996211 PMCID: PMC8086480 DOI: 10.1364/boe.416753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in smartphone technology have enabled the integration of many optical detection techniques that leverage the embedded functional components and software platform of these sophisticated devices. Over the past few years, several research groups have developed high-resolution smartphone-based optical spectroscopic platforms and demonstrated their usability in different biomedical applications. Such platforms provide unprecedented opportunity to develop point-of-care diagnostics systems, especially for resource-constrained environments. In this review, we discuss the development of smartphone systems for optical spectroscopy and highlight current challenges and potential solutions to improve the scope for their future adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftak Hussain
- Vanderbilt University,
Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
410 24th Street South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Audrey K. Bowden
- Vanderbilt University,
Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
410 24th Street South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Goodswen SJ, Barratt JLN, Kennedy PJ, Kaufer A, Calarco L, Ellis JT. Machine learning and applications in microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6174022. [PMID: 33724378 PMCID: PMC8498514 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the intricacies of microorganisms at the molecular level requires making sense of copious volumes of data such that it may now be humanly impossible to detect insightful data patterns without an artificial intelligence application called machine learning. Applying machine learning to address biological problems is expected to grow at an unprecedented rate, yet it is perceived by the uninitiated as a mysterious and daunting entity entrusted to the domain of mathematicians and computer scientists. The aim of this review is to identify key points required to start the journey of becoming an effective machine learning practitioner. These key points are further reinforced with an evaluation of how machine learning has been applied so far in a broad scope of real-life microbiology examples. This includes predicting drug targets or vaccine candidates, diagnosing microorganisms causing infectious diseases, classifying drug resistance against antimicrobial medicines, predicting disease outbreaks and exploring microbial interactions. Our hope is to inspire microbiologists and other related researchers to join the emerging machine learning revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Goodswen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Joel L N Barratt
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology and the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Larissa Calarco
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Heckl C, Eisel M, Lang A, Homann C, Paal M, Vogeser M, Rühm A, Sroka R. Spectroscopic methods to quantify molecules of the heme‐biosynthesis pathway: A review of laboratory work and point‐of‐care approaches. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heckl
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Maximilian Eisel
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Christian Homann
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Urology University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
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Microfluidics in Biotechnology: Quo Vadis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 179:355-380. [PMID: 33495924 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The emerging technique of microfluidics offers new approaches for precisely controlling fluidic conditions on a small scale, while simultaneously facilitating data collection in both high-throughput and quantitative manners. As such, the so-called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems have the potential to revolutionize the field of biotechnology. But what needs to happen in order to truly integrate them into routine biotechnological applications? In this chapter, some of the most promising applications of microfluidic technology within the field of biotechnology are surveyed, and a few strategies for overcoming current challenges posed by microfluidic LOC systems are examined. In addition, we also discuss the intensifying trend (across all biotechnology fields) of using point-of-use applications which is being facilitated by new technological achievements.
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Hur S, Song S, Kim S, Joo C. Polarization-sensitive differential phase-contrast microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:392-395. [PMID: 33449037 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, form of polarization microscopy capable of producing quantitative optic-axis and phase retardation maps of transparent and anisotropic materials. The proposed method operates on differential phase-contrast (DPC) microscopy that produces a phase image of a thin specimen using multi-axis intensity measurements. For polarization-sensitive imaging, patterned illumination light is circularly polarized to illuminate a specimen. The light transmitted through a specimen is split into two orthogonal polarization states and measured by an image sensor. Subsequent DPC computation based on the illumination patterns, acquired images, and the imaging model enables the retrieval of polarization-dependent quantitative phase images, which are utilized to reconstruct the orientation and retardation of the specimen. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed method by measuring the optic-axis and phase retardation maps of calibrated and various anisotropic samples.
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28
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Imanbekova M, Perumal AS, Kheireddine S, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Lensless, reflection-based dark-field microscopy (RDFM) on a CMOS chip. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4942-4959. [PMID: 33014592 PMCID: PMC7510856 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time a lens-free, oblique illumination imaging platform for on-sensor dark- field microscopy and shadow-based 3D object measurements. It consists of an LED point source that illuminates a 5-megapixel, 1.4 µm pixel size, back-illuminated CMOS sensor at angles between 0° and 90°. Analytes (polystyrene beads, microorganisms, and cells) were placed and imaged directly onto the sensor. The spatial resolution of this imaging system is limited by the pixel size (∼1.4 µm) over the whole area of the sensor (3.6×2.73 mm). We demonstrated two imaging modalities: (i) shadow imaging for estimation of 3D object dimensions (on polystyrene beads and microorganisms) when the illumination angle is between 0° and 85°, and (ii) dark-field imaging, at >85° illumination angles. In dark-field mode, a 3-4 times drop in background intensity and contrast reversal similar to traditional dark-field imaging was observed, due to larger reflection intensities at those angles. With this modality, we were able to detect and analyze morphological features of bacteria and single-celled algae clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
- Equal contributions
| | | | - Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
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Rei Yan SL, Wakasuqui F, Wrenger C. Point-of-care tests for malaria: speeding up the diagnostics at the bedside and challenges in malaria cases detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115122. [PMID: 32711185 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains as one of the major public health problems worldwide. About 228 million cases occurred in 2018 only, with Africa bearing about 93% of the cases. Asymptomatic population carrying the various forms of the parasite Plasmodium in endemic areas plays an important role in the spread of the disease. To tackle this battle, more sensitive and precise detection kits for malaria are crucial to better control the number of new malaria cases. In this review, we not only discuss some of the available approaches to rapidly detect new malaria cases in endemic areas but also shed light on parallel problems that may affect the detection of individuals infected with the parasite, covering kelch 13 mutation, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and hemoglobin disorders. Available approaches for malaria detection covered in this review are focused on point-of-care tests, including portable polymerase chain reaction and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun L Rei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Wakasuqui
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Franch N, Canals J, Moro V, Vilá A, Romano-Rodríguez A, Prades JD, Gülink J, Bezshlyakh D, Waag A, Kluczyk-Korch K, Auf der Maur M, di Carlo A, Diéguez Á. Nano illumination microscopy: a technique based on scanning with an array of individually addressable nanoLEDs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19044-19057. [PMID: 32672190 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In lensless microscopy, spatial resolution is usually provided by the pixel density of current digital cameras, which are reaching a hard-to-surpass pixel size / resolution limit over 1 µm. As an alternative, the dependence of the resolving power can be moved from the detector to the light sources, offering a new kind of lensless microscopy setups. The use of continuously scaled-down Light-Emitting Diode (LED) arrays to scan the sample allows resolutions on order of the LED size, giving rise to compact and low-cost microscopes without mechanical scanners or optical accessories. In this paper, we present the operation principle of this new approach to lensless microscopy, with simulations that demonstrate the possibility to use it for super-resolution, as well as a first prototype. This proof-of-concept setup integrates an 8 × 8 array of LEDs, each 5 × 5 μm2 pixel size and 10 μm pitch, and an optical detector. We characterize the system using Electron-Beam Lithography (EBL) pattern. Our prototype validates the imaging principle and opens the way to improve resolution by further miniaturizing the light sources.
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31
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Szydlowski NA, Jing H, Alqashmi M, Hu YS. Cell phone digital microscopy using an oil droplet. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2328-2338. [PMID: 32499926 PMCID: PMC7249838 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an accessible cell phone imaging method using small droplets of microscope immersion oil and consumer-grade oils. Oil droplets were more resistant to evaporation than water droplets, and they resolved cellular structures that were visible using a 20x/0.75 objective. We optically characterized the droplets using a cell phone screen and resolution target. We further obtained cellular resolution images of an onion epidermis and a zea stem cross-section sample. Our droplet-based method enables stable optical imaging for diagnostic and educational purposes without custom setups, specialized components, or manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Anna Szydlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Currently with the College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mohamed Alqashmi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ying Samuel Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Brydegaard M, Jansson S, Malmqvist E, Mlacha YP, Gebru A, Okumu F, Killeen GF, Kirkeby C. Lidar reveals activity anomaly of malaria vectors during pan-African eclipse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5487. [PMID: 32426490 PMCID: PMC7220366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Yearly, a quarter billion people are infected and a half a million killed by the mosquito-borne disease malaria. Lack of real-time observational tools for continuously assessing the unperturbed mosquito flight activity in situ limits progress toward improved vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect adjacent to a Tanzanian village. We evaluated one-third million insect observations during five nights, four days, and one annular solar eclipse. We demonstrate in situ lidar classification of several insect families and their sexes based on their modulation signatures. We were able to compare the fine-scale spatiotemporal activity patterns of malaria vectors during ordinary days and an eclipse to disentangle phototactic activity patterns from the circadian mechanism. We observed an increased insect activity during the eclipse attributable to mosquitoes. These unprecedented findings demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring of distinct mosquito activities could advance our understanding of vector ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Brydegaard
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, N-2019 Skedsmokorset, Norway
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yeromin P. Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alem Gebru
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, 9 York Rd, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gerry F. Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani Street, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.K.)
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Rabha D, Sarmah A, Nath P. Design of a 3D printed smartphone microscopic system with enhanced imaging ability for biomedical applications. J Microsc 2019; 276:13-20. [PMID: 31498428 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Portable, low-cost smartphone platform microscopic systems have emerged as a potential tool for imaging of various micron and submicron scale particles in recent years (Ozcan; Pirnstill and Coté; Breslauer et al.; Zhu et al.). In most of the reported works, it involves either the use of sophisticated optical set-ups along with a high-end computational tool for postprocessing of the captured images, or it requires a high-end configured smartphone to obtain enhanced imaging of the sample. Present work reports the working of a low-cost, field-portable 520× optical microscope using a smartphone. The proposed smartphone microscopic system has been designed by attaching a 3D printed compact optical set-up to the rear camera of a regular smartphone. By using cloud-based services, an image processing algorithm has been developed which can be accessed anytime through a mobile broadband network. Using this facility, the quality of the captured images can be further enhanced, thus obviating the need for dedicated computational tools for postprocessing of the images. With the designed microscopic system, an optical resolution ∼2 µm has been obtained. Upon postprocessing, the resolution of the captured images can be improved further. It is envisioned that with properly designed optical set-up in 3D printer and by developing an image processing application in the cloud, it is possible to obtain a low-cost, user-friendly, field-portable optical microscope on a regular smartphone that performs at par with that of a laboratory-grade microscope. LAY DESCRIPTION: With the ever-improving features both in hardware and software part, smartphone becomes ubiquitous in the modern civilised society with approximately 8.1 billion cell phone users across the world, and ∼40% of them can be considered as smartphones. This technology is undoubtedly the leading technology of the 21st century. Very recently, various researchers across the globe have utilised different sensing components embedded in the smartphone to convert it into a field-portable low-cost and user-friendly tool which can be used for different sensing and imaging purposes. By using simple optical components such as lens, pinhole, diffuser etc. and the camera of the smartphone, various groups have converted the phone into a microscopic imaging system. Again, by removing the camera lenses of the phone, holography images of microscopic particles by directly casting its shadows on the CMOS sensor on the phone has been demonstrated. The holographic images have subsequently been processed using the dedicated computational tool, and the original photos of the samples can be obtained. All the reported smartphone-based microscopic systems either suffer from relatively low field-of-view (FOV), resolution or it needs a high computational platform. Present work, demonstrate an alternative approach by which a reasonably good resolution (<2 µm) along with high optical magnification (520×) and a large FOV (150 µm) has been obtained on a regular smartphone. For postprocessing of the captured images an image processing algorithm has been developed in the cloud and the same can be accessed by the smartphone application, obviating the need of dedicated computational tool and a high-end configured smartphone for the proposed microscope. For the development of the proposed microscopic system, a simple optical set-up has been fabricated in a 3D printer. The set-up houses all the required optical components and the sample specimen with the 3D-printed XY stage, and it can be attached easily to the rear camera of the smartphone. Using the proposed microscopic system, enhanced imaging of USAF target and red blood cells have been successfully demonstrated. With the readily available optical components and a regular smartphone, the net cost involvement is significantly low (less than $250, including the smartphone). We envisioned that the designed system could be utilised for point-of-care diagnosis in resource-poor settings where access to the laboratory facilities is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rabha
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam, India
| | - A Sarmah
- Department of Pathology, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, Sonitpur, Assam, India
| | - P Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam, India
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Gordon P, Venancio VP, Mertens-Talcott SU, Coté G. Portable bright-field, fluorescence, and cross-polarized microscope toward point-of-care imaging diagnostics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 31564071 PMCID: PMC6997630 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.9.096502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging technologies are enabling the feasibility of new types of point-of-care diagnostic devices. A portable, multimodal microscopy platform intended for use in remote diagnostic applications is presented. Use of such a system could bring high-quality microscopy to field use for diseases such as malaria, allowing better diagnostic and surveillance information to be gathered. The microscope was designed using off-the-shelf components and a manual filter selection to generate bright-field, fluorescent, and cross-polarized images of samples mounted to microscopy slides. Design parameters for the system are discussed, and characterization is performed using standardized imaging targets, multimodal phantoms, and blood smears simulating those used in malaria diagnosis. The microscope is shown to be able to image below element 9-3 of a 1951 U.S. Air Force target, indicating that the system is capable of resolving features < 775 nm. Morphological indicators of Plasmodium falciparum can be visualized in images from each modality and combined into high-contrast composite images. To optimize parasitic feature contrast across all three imaging modes, several different staining techniques were compared, with results indicating that use of a single nucleic acid binding fluorophore is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gordon
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Biosensing Laboratory, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Vinicius Paula Venancio
- Texas A&M University, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Station, Texas, United States
| | | | - Gerard Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Biosensing Laboratory, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, College Station, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to Gerard Coté, E-mail:
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Chen PHC, Gadepalli K, MacDonald R, Liu Y, Kadowaki S, Nagpal K, Kohlberger T, Dean J, Corrado GS, Hipp JD, Mermel CH, Stumpe MC. An augmented reality microscope with real-time artificial intelligence integration for cancer diagnosis. Nat Med 2019; 25:1453-1457. [PMID: 31406351 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic assessment of tissue samples is instrumental for the diagnosis and staging of cancer, and thus guides therapy. However, these assessments demonstrate considerable variability and many regions of the world lack access to trained pathologists. Though artificial intelligence (AI) promises to improve the access and quality of healthcare, the costs of image digitization in pathology and difficulties in deploying AI solutions remain as barriers to real-world use. Here we propose a cost-effective solution: the augmented reality microscope (ARM). The ARM overlays AI-based information onto the current view of the sample in real time, enabling seamless integration of AI into routine workflows. We demonstrate the utility of ARM in the detection of metastatic breast cancer and the identification of prostate cancer, with latency compatible with real-time use. We anticipate that the ARM will remove barriers towards the use of AI designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yun Liu
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason D Hipp
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Martin C Stumpe
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA. .,Tempus Labs Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.
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Damodaran K, Crestani M, Jokhun DS, Shivashankar GV. Nuclear morphometrics and chromatin condensation patterns as disease biomarkers using a mobile microscope. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218757. [PMID: 31314779 PMCID: PMC6636717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cancer diagnosis involves the use of nuclear morphology and chromatin condensation signatures for accurate advanced stage classification. While such diagnostic approaches rely on high resolution imaging of the cell nucleus using expensive microscopy systems, developing portable mobile microscopes to visualize nuclear and chromatin condensation patterns is desirable at clinical settings with limited infrastructure. In this study, we develop a portable fluorescent mobile microscope capable of acquiring high resolution images of the nucleus and chromatin. Using this we extracted nuclear morphometric and chromatin texture based features and were able to discriminate between normal and cancer cells with similar accuracy as wide-field fluorescence microscopy. We were also able to detect subtle changes in nuclear and chromatin features in cells subjected to compressive forces, cytoskeletal perturbations and cytokine stimulation, thereby highlighting the sensitivity of the portable microscope. Taken together, we present a versatile platform to exploit nuclear morphometrics and chromatin condensation features as physical biomarkers for point-of-care diagnostic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Damodaran
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele Crestani
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doorgesh Sharma Jokhun
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G. V. Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Holmström O, Linder N, Moilanen H, Suutala A, Nordling S, Ståhls A, Lundin M, Diwan V, Lundin J. Detection of breast cancer lymph node metastases in frozen sections with a point-of-care low-cost microscope scanner. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208366. [PMID: 30889174 PMCID: PMC6424449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of lymph node metastases is essential in breast cancer diagnostics and staging, affecting treatment and prognosis. Intraoperative microscopy analysis of sentinel lymph node frozen sections is standard for detection of axillary metastases but requires access to a pathologist for sample analysis. Remote analysis of digitized samples is an alternative solution but is limited by the requirement for high-end slide scanning equipment. Objective To determine whether the image quality achievable with a low-cost, miniature digital microscope scanner is sufficient for detection of metastases in breast cancer lymph node frozen sections. Methods Lymph node frozen sections from 79 breast cancer patients were digitized using a prototype miniature microscope scanner and a high-end slide scanner. Images were independently reviewed by two pathologists and results compared between devices with conventional light microscopy analysis as ground truth. Results Detection of metastases in the images acquired with the miniature scanner yielded an overall sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 99% and showed strong agreement when compared to light microscopy (k = 0.91). Strong agreement was also observed when results were compared to results from the high-end slide scanner (k = 0.94). A majority of discrepant cases were micrometastases and sections of which no anticytokeratin staining was available. Conclusion Accuracy of detection of metastatic cells in breast cancer sentinel lymph node frozen sections by visual analysis of samples digitized using low-cost, point-of-care microscopy is comparable to analysis of digital samples scanned using a high-end, whole slide scanner. This technique could potentially provide a workflow for digital diagnostics in resource-limited settings, facilitate sample analysis at the point-of-care and reduce the need for trained experts on-site during surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Holmström
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Nina Linder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannu Moilanen
- Center of Microscopy and Nanotechnology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Suutala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stig Nordling
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Ståhls
- Helsinki University Hospital and HUSLAB Pathology laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vinod Diwan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kheireddine S, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Smith ZJ, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Dual-phone illumination-imaging system for high resolution and large field of view multi-modal microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:825-836. [PMID: 30698180 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00995c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present for the first time a system comprised of two mobile phones, one for illumination and the other for microscopy, as a portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective microscopy platform for a wide range of applications. Versatile and adaptive illumination is made with a Retina display of an Apple mobile phone device. The phone screen is used to project various illumination patterns onto the specimen being imaged, each corresponding to a different illumination mode, such as bright-field, dark-field, point illumination, Rheinberg illumination, and fluorescence microscopy. The second phone (a Nokia phone) is modified to record microscopic images about the sample. This imaging platform provides a high spatial resolution of at least 2 μm, a large field-of-view of 3.6 × 2.7 mm, and a working distance of 0.6 mm. We demonstrate the performance of this platform for the visualization of microorganisms within microfluidic devices to gather qualitative and quantitative information regarding microorganism morphology, dimension, count, and velocity/trajectories in the x-y plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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Accurate 3D Shape, Displacement and Deformation Measurement Using a Smartphone. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030719. [PMID: 30744213 PMCID: PMC6387444 DOI: 10.3390/s19030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereo-digital image correlation technique using two synchronized industrial-grade cameras has been extensively used for full-field 3D shape, displacement and deformation measurements. However, its use in resource-limited institutions and field settings is inhibited by the need for relatively expensive, bulky and complicated experimental set-ups. To mitigate this problem, we established a cost-effective and ultra-portable smartphone-based stereo-digital image correlation system, which only uses a smartphone and an optical attachment. This optical attachment is composed of four planar mirrors and a 3D-printed mirror support, and can split the incoming scene into two sub-images, simulating a stereovision system using two virtual smartphones. Although such a mirror-based system has already been used for stereo-image correlation, this is the first time it has been combined with a commercial smartphone. This publication explores the potential and limitations of such a configuration. We first verified the effectiveness and accuracy of this system in 3D shape and displacement measurement through shape measurement and in-plane and out-of-plane translation tests. Severe thermal-induced virtual strains (up to 15,000 με) were found in the measured results due to the smartphone heating. The mechanism for the generation of the temperature-dependent errors in this system was clearly and reasonably explained. After a simple preheating process, the smartphone-based system was demonstrated to be accurate in measuring the strain on the surface of a loaded composite specimen, with comparable accuracy to a strain gauge. Measurements of 3D deformation are illustrated by tracking the deformation on the surface of a deflating ball. This cost-effective and ultra-portable smartphone-based system not only greatly decreases the hardware investment in the system construction, but also increases convenience and efficiency of 3D deformation measurements, thus demonstrating a large potential in resource-limited and field settings.
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Pfeil J, Dangelat LN, Frohme M, Schulze K. Smartphone based mobile microscopy for diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Pfeil
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Luise N. Dangelat
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Katja Schulze
- Oculyze GmbH, Mobile Microscopy and Computer Vision, Wildau, Germany
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Kazarine A, Baakdah F, Gopal AA, Oyibo W, Georges E, Wiseman PW. Malaria Detection by Third-Harmonic Generation Image Scanning Cytometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2216-2223. [PMID: 30601655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite global efforts aimed at its elimination, malaria is still a significant health concern in many countries across the world. The disease is caused by blood-borne parasites, Plasmodium species, and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes and presents with generic febrile symptoms that are challenging to diagnose clinically. To adequately tackle this issue, an effective detection method is required for screening potential malaria patients for infection. To this day, the gold standard for malaria detection remains basic light microscopy of Giemsa-stained patient blood smears to first enable detection and manual counting to determine the parasite density by a microscopist. While effective at detecting parasites, this method requires both significant time and skilled personnel. As an alternate approach, we propose a new malaria detection method that we call third-harmonic generation image scanning cytometry (THGISC) based on the combination of third-harmonic generation imaging, high-speed motorized scanning, and automated software processing. Third-harmonic generation (THG) is a nonlinear optical process in which the frequency of incident photons is tripled within the sample material. We have previously demonstrated that hemozoin, a metabolic byproduct of the malaria parasite, presents a significant THG signal. We now present a practical approach that uses the selectivity of this contrast mechanism to perform label-free image scanning cytometry of patient blood smears for automated malaria detection. In this work, we applied this technique to lab-cultured parasites and parasites in whole blood obtained from malaria patients. We also compared its effectiveness to parasite counts obtained by classical methods. The ability to easily and rapidly determine parasitemia by THG offers potential not only for the easy confirmation of malaria diagnoses following symptoms, but also the tracking of treatment progress in existing patients, potentially allowing physicians to adjust medication and dosage for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kazarine
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Fadi Baakdah
- Institute of Parasitology , McGill University , Sainte Anne de Bellevue , Quebec H9X 3 V9 , Canada
| | - Angelica A Gopal
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Wellington Oyibo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos 100254 , Nigeria
| | - Elias Georges
- Institute of Parasitology , McGill University , Sainte Anne de Bellevue , Quebec H9X 3 V9 , Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada.,Department of Physics , McGill University , 3600 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
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Agbana TE, Diehl JC, van Pul F, Khan SM, Patlan V, Verhaegen M, Vdovin G. Imaging & identification of malaria parasites using cellphone microscope with a ball lens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205020. [PMID: 30286150 PMCID: PMC6171928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have optimized the design and imaging procedures, to clearly resolve the malaria parasite in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears, using simple low-cost cellphone-based microscopy with oil immersion. The microscope uses a glass ball as the objective and the phone camera as the tube lens. Our optimization includes the optimal choice of the ball lens diameter, the size and the position of the aperture diaphragm, and proper application of immersion, to achieve diagnostic capacity in a wide field of view. The resulting system is potentially applicable to low-cost in-the-field optical diagnostics of malaria as it clearly resolves micron-sized features and allows for analysis of parasite morphology in the field of 50 × 50 μm, and parasite detection in the field of at least 150 × 150 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope E. Agbana
- Delft Center for Systems and Controls, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan-Carel Diehl
- Design for Sustainability, Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona van Pul
- Parasitology and Immunologyparasitology Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Parasitology and Immunologyparasitology Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Verhaegen
- Delft Center for Systems and Controls, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gleb Vdovin
- Delft Center for Systems and Controls, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Flexible Optical BV, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Poostchi M, Ersoy I, McMenamin K, Gordon E, Palaniappan N, Pierce S, Maude RJ, Bansal A, Srinivasan P, Miller L, Palaniappan K, Thoma G, Jaeger S. Malaria parasite detection and cell counting for human and mouse using thin blood smear microscopy. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:044506. [PMID: 30840746 PMCID: PMC6290955 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.4.044506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress that has been made to reduce global malaria mortality by 29% in the past 5 years, malaria is still a serious global health problem. Inadequate diagnostics is one of the major obstacles in fighting the disease. An automated system for malaria diagnosis can help to make malaria screening faster and more reliable. We present an automated system to detect and segment red blood cells (RBCs) and identify infected cells in Wright-Giemsa stained thin blood smears. Specifically, using image analysis and machine learning techniques, we process digital images of thin blood smears to determine the parasitemia in each smear. We use a cell extraction method to segment RBCs, in particular overlapping cells. We show that a combination of RGB color and texture features outperforms other features. We evaluate our method on microscopic blood smear images from human and mouse and show that it outperforms other techniques. For human cells, we measure an absolute error of 1.18% between the true and the automatic parasite counts. For mouse cells, our automatic counts correlate well with expert and flow cytometry counts. This makes our system the first one to work for both human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Poostchi
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ilker Ersoy
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Informatics Institute, Missouri, United States
| | - Katie McMenamin
- University of Colorado Boulder, Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Emile Gordon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Nila Palaniappan
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Susan Pierce
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Richard J. Maude
- University of Oxford, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol University, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- Harvard University, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abhisheka Bansal
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Prakash Srinivasan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Louis Miller
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Kannappan Palaniappan
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - George Thoma
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefan Jaeger
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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44
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Hussain I, Nath P. Design of a 3D printed compact interferometric system and required phone application for small angular measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:103111. [PMID: 30399881 DOI: 10.1063/1.5040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 3D printed smartphone based interferometric system is proposed, and its usability has been demonstrated by measuring small angular rotations. All necessary fringe processing and data analysis have been performed within the phone itself using custom designed application developed in an android platform. The main objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the usability of modern smartphone and 3D printing technology for optical interferometric applications. The smartphone camera has been used to record the interference fringes which has been formed due to the change in the optical path difference (OPD) between light rays reflected from the top and bottom surface of a microscopic glass slide. The angular variation of the slide causes a detectable change in the OPD between the interfering beams which subsequently would cause a variation in the fringe pattern. By evaluating necessary interferometric parameters, small angular rotation can be computed within the smartphone application. With the designed smartphone based interferometric system, angular rotation as small as 0.02° can be measured accurately and reliably having a dynamic range of -3.68° to 3.68°. Due to the involvement of the smartphone as a platform for recording as well as onboard fringe processing, the designed interferometric system can be visualized as a truly field portable tool for different optical metrological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hussain
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Nappam 78402, India
| | - P Nath
- Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Nappam 78402, India
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45
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Karageorgos G, Andreadis I, Psychas K, Mourkousis G, Kiourti A, Lazzi G, Nikita KS. The Promise of Mobile Technologies for the Health Care System in the Developing World: A Systematic Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 12:100-122. [PMID: 30188840 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2868896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of mobile technologies and their rapid penetration into people's daily lives, especially in the developing countries, have highlighted mobile health, or m-health, as a promising solution to improve health outcomes. Several studies have been conducted that characterize the impact of m-health solutions in resource-limited settings and assess their potential to improve health care. The aim of this review is twofold: 1) to present an overview of the background and significance of m-health and 2) to summarize and discuss the existing evidence for the effectiveness of m-health in the developing world. A systematic search in the literature was performed in Pubmed, Scopus, as well as reference lists, and a broad sample of 98 relevant articles was identified, which were then categorized into five wider m-health categories. Although statistically significant conclusions cannot be drawn since the majority of studies relied on small-scale trials and limited assessment of long-term effects, this review provides a systematic and extensive analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of m-health in developing countries in an attempt to determine future research directions of m-health interventions.
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Ogasawara Y, Sugimoto R, Maruyama R, Arimoto H, Tamada Y, Watanabe W. Mobile-phone-based Rheinberg microscope with a light-emitting diode array. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-6. [PMID: 30246509 PMCID: PMC6975239 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone technology has led to implementation of portable and inexpensive microscopes. Light-emitting diode (LED) array microscopes support various multicontrast imaging by flexible illumination patterns of the LED array that can be achieved without changing the optical components of the microscope. Here, we demonstrate a mobile-phone-based LED array microscope to realize multimodal imaging with bright-field, dark-field, differential phase-contrast, and Rheinberg illuminations using as few as 37 LED bulbs. Using this microscope, we obtained high-contrast images of living cells. Furthermore, by changing the color combinations of Rheinberg illumination, we were able to obtain images of living chromatic structures with enhanced or diminished contrast. This technique is expected to be a foundation for high-contrast microscopy used in modern field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ogasawara
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Ryoji Maruyama
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Arimoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Watanabe
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kusatsu, Japan
- Address all correspondence to: Wataru Watanabe, E-mail:
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Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) based optical sensors have been found to be very promising for detecting aqueous biological samples due to the ease of optical detection, their cost effectiveness and the removal of the need for labelling biological species with fluorescent dyes. To date, all LC based sensors are studied in laboratories using conventional polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and no attention has been paid towards the fabrication of portable LC sensing devices for use in commercial purposes. Here, we designed and fabricated a 3D printed portable, lightweight, and inexpensive sensing device using a smartphone to detect the optical signal of LC based sensors. The accuracy of the optical signal using the fabricated sensing device is similar to that obtained using conventional POM. The fabricated sensing device, using a smartphone, gives a novel and new platform to LC based sensors for practical applications in the industrial world and people's daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Nandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
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Ita OI, Otu AA, Onyedibe K, Iwuafor AA, Banwat E, Egah DZ. A diagnostic performance evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy for malaria diagnosis using nested polymerase chain reaction as reference standard in a tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 112:436-442. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Okokon I Ita
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State
| | - Akaninyene A Otu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Onyedibe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony A Iwuafor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State
| | - Edmund Banwat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Z Egah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Pham NM, Karlen W, Beck HP, Delamarche E. Malaria and the 'last' parasite: how can technology help? Malar J 2018; 17:260. [PMID: 29996831 PMCID: PMC6042346 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, together with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and hepatitis are the four most deadly infectious diseases globally. Progress in eliminating malaria has saved millions of lives, but also creates new challenges in detecting the 'last parasite'. Effective and accurate detection of malaria infections, both in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals are needed. In this review, the current progress in developing new diagnostic tools to fight malaria is presented. An ideal rapid test for malaria elimination is envisioned with examples to demonstrate how innovative technologies can assist the global defeat against this disease. Diagnostic gaps where technology can bring an impact to the elimination campaign for malaria are identified. Finally, how a combination of microfluidic-based technologies and smartphone-based read-outs could potentially represent the next generation of rapid diagnostic tests is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Pham
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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50
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Ragavan K, Kumar S, Swaraj S, Neethirajan S. Advances in biosensors and optical assays for diagnosis and detection of malaria. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 105:188-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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