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Yeung CYC, Garva R, Pickard A, Lu Y, Mallikarjun V, Swift J, Taylor SH, Rai J, Eyre DR, Chaturvedi M, Itoh Y, Meng QJ, Mauch C, Zigrino P, Kadler KE. Mmp14 is required for matrisome homeostasis and circadian rhythm in fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2023; 124:8-22. [PMID: 37913834 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock in tendon regulates the daily rhythmic synthesis of collagen-I and the appearance and disappearance of small-diameter collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix. How the fibrils are assembled and removed is not fully understood. Here, we first showed that the collagenase, membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, encoded by Mmp14), is regulated by the circadian clock in postnatal mouse tendon. Next, we generated tamoxifen-induced Col1a2-Cre-ERT2::Mmp14 KO mice (Mmp14 conditional knockout (CKO)). The CKO mice developed hind limb dorsiflexion and thickened tendons, which accumulated narrow-diameter collagen fibrils causing ultrastructural disorganization. Mass spectrometry of control tendons identified 1195 proteins of which 212 showed time-dependent abundance. In Mmp14 CKO mice 19 proteins had reversed temporal abundance and 176 proteins lost time dependency. Among these, the collagen crosslinking enzymes lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) and lysyl hydroxylase 1 (LH1; encoded by Plod2) were elevated and had lost time-dependent regulation. High-pressure chromatography confirmed elevated levels of hydroxylysine aldehyde (pyridinoline) crosslinking of collagen in CKO tendons. As a result, collagen-I was refractory to extraction. We also showed that CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of Mmp14 from cultured fibroblasts resulted in loss of circadian clock rhythmicity of period 2 (PER2), and recombinant MT1-MMP was highly effective at cleaving soluble collagen-I but less effective at cleaving collagen pre-assembled into fibrils. In conclusion, our study shows that circadian clock-regulated Mmp14 controls the rhythmic synthesis of small diameter collagen fibrils, regulates collagen crosslinking, and its absence disrupts the circadian clock and matrisome in tendon fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richa Garva
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adam Pickard
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Venkatesh Mallikarjun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joe Swift
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Susan H Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
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Janvier AJ, Pendleton EG, Mortensen LJ, Green DC, Henstock JR, Canty-Laird EG. Multimodal analysis of the differential effects of cyclic strain on collagen isoform composition, fibril architecture and biomechanics of tissue engineered tendon. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221130486. [PMID: 36339372 PMCID: PMC9629721 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221130486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is predominantly composed of aligned type I collagen, but additional isoforms are known to influence fibril architecture and maturation, which contribute to the tendon’s overall biomechanical performance. The role of the less well-studied collagen isoforms on fibrillogenesis in tissue engineered tendons is currently unknown, and correlating their relative abundance with biomechanical changes in response to cyclic strain is a promising method for characterising optimised bioengineered tendon grafts. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in a fibrin scaffold with 3%, 5% or 10% cyclic strain at 0.5 Hz for 3 weeks, and a comprehensive multimodal analysis comprising qPCR, western blotting, histology, mechanical testing, fluorescent probe CLSM, TEM and label-free second-harmonic imaging was performed. Molecular data indicated complex transcriptional and translational regulation of collagen isoforms I, II, III, V XI, XII and XIV in response to cyclic strain. Isoforms (XII and XIV) associated with embryonic tenogenesis were deposited in the formation of neo-tendons from hMSCs, suggesting that these engineered tendons form through some recapitulation of a developmental pathway. Tendons cultured with 3% strain had the smallest median fibril diameter but highest resistance to stress, whilst at 10% strain tendons had the highest median fibril diameter and the highest rate of stress relaxation. Second harmonic generation exposed distinct structural arrangements of collagen fibres in each strain group. Fluorescent probe images correlated increasing cyclic strain with increased fibril alignment from 40% (static strain) to 61.5% alignment (10% cyclic strain). These results indicate that cyclic strain rates stimulate differential cell responses via complex regulation of collagen isoforms which influence the structural organisation of developing fibril architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Janvier
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily G Pendleton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel C Green
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - James R Henstock
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK,Elizabeth G Canty-Laird, Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Elizabeth G Canty-Laird
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Wu SY, Kim W, Kremen TJ. In Vitro Cellular Strain Models of Tendon Biology and Tenogenic Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826748. [PMID: 35242750 PMCID: PMC8886160 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that the surrounding biomechanical environment plays a significant role in the development, differentiation, repair, and degradation of tendon, but the interactions between tendon cells and the forces they experience are complex. In vitro mechanical stimulation models attempt to understand the effects of mechanical load on tendon and connective tissue progenitor cells. This article reviews multiple mechanical stimulation models used to study tendon mechanobiology and provides an overview of the current progress in modelling the complex native biomechanical environment of tendon. Though great strides have been made in advancing the understanding of the role of mechanical stimulation in tendon development, damage, and repair, there exists no ideal in vitro model. Further comparative studies and careful consideration of loading parameters, cell populations, and biochemical additives may further offer new insight into an ideal model for the support of tendon regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Y. Wu
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas J. Kremen Jr,
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5
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The contracture-in-a-well. An in vitro model distinguishes bulk and interfacial processes of irreversible (fibrotic) cell-mediated contraction. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Navarro J, Korcari A, Nguyen P, Bah I, AlKhalifa A, Fink S, Buckley M, Kuo CK. Method Development and Characterization of Chick Embryo Tendon Mechanical Properties. J Biomech 2022; 133:110970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Sharifi E, Khazaei N, Kieran NW, Esfahani SJ, Mohammadnia A, Yaqubi M. Unraveling molecular mechanism underlying biomaterial and stem cells interaction during cell fate commitment using high throughput data analysis. Gene 2021; 812:146111. [PMID: 34902512 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation towards various somatic cells and body organs has proven to be an effective technique in the understanding and progression of regenerative medicine. Despite the advances made, concerns regarding the low efficiency of differentiation and the remaining differences between stem cell products and their in vivo counterparts must be addressed. Biomaterials that mimic endogenous growth conditions represent one recent method used to improve the quality and efficiency of stem cell differentiation, though the mechanisms of this improvement remain to be completely understood. The effectiveness of various biomaterials can be analyzed through a multidisciplinary approach involving bioinformatics and systems biology tools. Here, we aim to use bioinformatics to accomplish two aims: 1) determine the effect of different biomaterials on stem cell growth and differentiation, and 2) understand the effect of cell of origin on the differentiation potential of multipotent stem cells. First, we demonstrate that the dimensionality (2D versus 3D) and the degradability of biomaterials affects the way that the cells are able to grow and differentiate at the transcriptional level. Additionally, according to transcriptional state of the cells, the particular cell of origin is an important factor in determining the response of stem cells to same biomaterial. Our data demonstrates the ability of bioinformatics to understand novel molecular mechanisms and context by which stem cells are most efficiently able to differentiate. These results and strategies can be used to suggest proper combinations of biomaterials and stem cells to achieve high differentiation efficiency and functionality of desired cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Sharifi
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Niusha Khazaei
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Nicholas W Kieran
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | - Moein Yaqubi
- Integrated Program at Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Tendon and multiomics: advantages, advances, and opportunities. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:61. [PMID: 34599188 PMCID: PMC8486786 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons heal by fibrosis, which hinders function and increases re-injury risk. Yet the biology that leads to degeneration and regeneration of tendons is not completely understood. Improved understanding of the metabolic nuances that cause diverse outcomes in tendinopathies is required to solve these problems. 'Omics methods are increasingly used to characterize phenotypes in tissues. Multiomics integrates 'omic datasets to identify coherent relationships and provide insight into differences in molecular and metabolic pathways between anatomic locations, and disease stages. This work reviews the current literature pertaining to multiomics in tendon and the potential of these platforms to improve tendon regeneration. We assessed the literature and identified areas where 'omics platforms contribute to the field: (1) Tendon biology where their hierarchical complexity and demographic factors are studied. (2) Tendon degeneration and healing, where comparisons across tendon pathologies are analyzed. (3) The in vitro engineered tendon phenotype, where we compare the engineered phenotype to relevant native tissues. (4) Finally, we review regenerative and therapeutic approaches. We identified gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for future study: (1) The need to increase the diversity of human subjects and cell sources. (2) Opportunities to improve understanding of tendon heterogeneity. (3) The need to use these improvements to inform new engineered and regenerative therapeutic approaches. (4) The need to increase understanding of the development of tendon pathology. Together, the expanding use of various 'omics platforms and data analysis resulting from these platforms could substantially contribute to major advances in the tendon tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field.
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Dynamic Expression of Membrane Type 1-Matrix Metalloproteinase (Mt1-mmp/Mmp14) in the Mouse Embryo. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092448. [PMID: 34572097 PMCID: PMC8465375 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MT1-MMP/MMP14 belongs to a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinases family that presents a transmembrane domain, with a cytosolic tail and the catalytic site exposed to the extracellular space. Deficient mice for this enzyme result in early postnatal death and display severe defects in skeletal, muscle and lung development. By using a transgenic line expressing the LacZ reporter under the control of the endogenous Mt1-mmp promoter, we reported a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern for Mt1-mmp from early embryonic to perinatal stages during cardiovascular development and brain formation. Thus, Mt1-mmp shows expression in the endocardium of the heart and the truncus arteriosus by E8.5, and is also strongly detected during vascular system development as well as in endothelial cells. In the brain, LacZ reporter expression was detected in the olfactory bulb, the rostral cerebral cortex and the caudal mesencephalic tectum. LacZ-positive cells were observed in neural progenitors of the spinal cord, neural crest cells and the intersomitic region. In the limb, Mt1-mmp expression was restricted to blood vessels, cartilage primordium and muscles. Detection of the enzyme was confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. We suggest novel functions for this metalloproteinase in angiogenesis, endocardial formation and vascularization during organogenesis. Moreover, Mt1-mmp expression revealed that the enzyme may contribute to heart, muscle and brain throughout development.
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Zhang X, Wang D, Mak KLK, Tuan RS, Ker DFE. Engineering Musculoskeletal Grafts for Multi-Tissue Unit Repair: Lessons From Developmental Biology and Wound Healing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691954. [PMID: 34504435 PMCID: PMC8421786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the musculoskeletal system, bone, tendon, and skeletal muscle integrate and act coordinately as a single multi-tissue unit to facilitate body movement. The development, integration, and maturation of these essential components and their response to injury are vital for conferring efficient locomotion. The highly integrated nature of these components is evident under disease conditions, where rotator cuff tears at the bone-tendon interface have been reported to be associated with distal pathological alterations such as skeletal muscle degeneration and bone loss. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, it is important to gain deep understanding of the development, integration and maturation of these musculoskeletal tissues along with their interfaces as well as the impact of inflammation on musculoskeletal healing and graft integration. This review highlights the current knowledge of developmental biology and wound healing in the bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit and perspectives of what can be learnt from these biological and pathological processes within the context of musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Integrating these knowledge and perspectives can serve as guiding principles to inform the development and engineering of musculoskeletal grafts and other tissue engineering strategies to address challenging musculoskeletal injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - King-Lun Kingston Mak
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
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11
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Giannopoulos A, Svensson RB, Yeung CYC, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Effects of genipin crosslinking on mechanical cell-matrix interaction in 3D engineered tendon constructs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104508. [PMID: 33857874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that cells can generate endogenous forces onto the extracellular matrix, but to what extent the mechanical properties of the matrix influences these endogenous cellular forces remains unclear. We therefore sought to quantify the influence of matrix rigidity on cell-matrix interactions by inducing cross-links using increasing concentrations of genipin (0.01-1 mM) or by blocking cross-link formation using beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) in engineered human tendon tissue constructs. The cell-matrix mechanics of the tendon constructs were evaluated as cell-generated tissue re-tensioning and stress-relaxation responses using a novel custom-made force monitor, which can apply and detect tensional forces in real-time in addition to mechanical failure testing. Genipin treatment had no influence on the biochemical profile (hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan and DNA content) of the constructs and cell viability was comparable between genipin-treated and control constructs, except at the highest genipin concentration. Endogenous re-tension after unloading was significantly decreased with increasing genipin concentrations compared to controls. Mechanical failure testing of tendon constructs showed increased (56%) peak stress at the highest genipin concentration but decreased (72%) with BAPN treatment when compared to controls. Tendon construct stiffness increased with high genipin concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM) and decreased by 70% in BAPN-treated constructs, relative to the controls. These data demonstrate that human tendon fibroblasts regulate their force exertion inversely proportional to increased cross-link capacity but did so independently of matrix stiffness. Overall, these findings support the notion of an interaction between cell force generation and cross-linking, and thus a role for this interplay in mechanical homeostasis of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - R B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Y C Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Zhang C, Svensson RB, Montagna C, Carstensen H, Buhl R, Schoof EM, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP, Yeung CYC. Comparison of Tenocyte Populations from the Core and Periphery of Equine Tendons. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4137-4144. [PMID: 32822197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendon is a highly organized, dense connective tissue that has been demonstrated to have very little turnover. In spite of the low turnover, tendon can grow in response to loading, which may take place primarily at the periphery. Tendon injuries and recurrence of injuries are common in both humans and animals in sports. It is unclear why some areas of the tendon are more susceptible to such injuries and whether this is due to intrinsic regional differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) production or tissue turnover. This study aimed to compare populations of tenocytes derived from the tendon core and periphery. Tenocytes were isolated from equine superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs), and the proliferation capacity was determined. ECM production was characterized by immuno- and histological staining and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Core and periphery SDFT cultures exhibited comparable proliferation rates and had very similar proteome profiles, but showed biological variation in collagen type I deposition. In conclusion, the intrinsic properties of tenocytes from different regions of the tendon are very similar, and other factors in the tissue may contribute to how specific areas respond to loading or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Costanza Montagna
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Erwin M Schoof
- Proteomics Core, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kataoka K, Kurimoto R, Tsutsumi H, Chiba T, Kato T, Shishido K, Kato M, Ito Y, Cho Y, Hoshi O, Mimata A, Sakamaki Y, Nakamichi R, Lotz MK, Naruse K, Asahara H. In vitro Neo-Genesis of Tendon/Ligament-Like Tissue by Combination of Mohawk and a Three-Dimensional Cyclic Mechanical Stretch Culture System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:307. [PMID: 32671057 PMCID: PMC7326056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are pivotal connective tissues that tightly connect muscle and bone. In this study, we developed a novel approach to generate tendon/ligament-like tissues with a hierarchical structure, by introducing the tendon/ligament-specific transcription factor Mohawk (MKX) into the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line C3H10T1/2 cells, and by applying an improved three-dimensional (3D) cyclic mechanical stretch culture system. In our developed protocol, a combination of stable Mkx expression and cyclic mechanical stretch synergistically affects the structural tendon/ligament-like tissue generation and tendon related gene expression. In a histological analysis of these tendon/ligament-like tissues, an organized extracellular matrix (ECM), containing collagen type III and elastin, was observed. Moreover, we confirmed that Mkx expression and cyclic mechanical stretch, induced the alignment of structural collagen fibril bundles that were deposited in a fibripositor-like manner during the generation of our tendon/ligament-like tissues. Our findings provide new insights for the tendon/ligament biomaterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurimoto
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsutsumi
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Shishido
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Cho
- Anatomy and Physiological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Hoshi
- Anatomy and Physiological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Mimata
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Gaut L, Bonnin MA, Blavet C, Cacciapuoti I, Orpel M, Mericskay M, Duprez D. Mechanical and molecular parameters that influence the tendon differentiation potential of C3H10T1/2 cells in 2D- and 3D-culture systems. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio047928. [PMID: 31941700 PMCID: PMC6994949 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges relating to tendons is to understand the regulators of the tendon differentiation program. The optimum culture conditions that favor tendon cell differentiation have not been identified. Mesenchymal stem cells present the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages in cultures under different cues ranging from chemical treatment to physical constraints. We analyzed the tendon differentiation potential of C3H10T1/2 cells, a murine cell line of mesenchymal stem cells, upon different 2D- and 3D-culture conditions. We observed that C3H10T1/2 cells cultured in 2D conditions on silicone substrate were more prone to tendon differentiation, assessed with the expression of the tendon markers Scx, Col1a1 and Tnmd as compared to cells cultured on plastic substrate. The 3D-fibrin environment was more favorable for Scx and Col1a1 expression compared to 2D cultures. We also identified TGFβ2 as a negative regulator of Tnmd expression in C3H10T1/2 cells in 2D and 3D cultures. Altogether, our results provide us with a better understanding of the culture conditions that promote tendon gene expression and identify mechanical and molecular parameters upon which we could act to define the optimum culture conditions that favor tenogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Gaut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, IBPS-UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Inserm U1156, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, IBPS-UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Inserm U1156, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédrine Blavet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, IBPS-UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Inserm U1156, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Monika Orpel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, IBPS-UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Inserm U1156, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Inserm UMR-S 1180, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ. Paris-SUD, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS, IBPS-UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Inserm U1156, F75005 Paris, France
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15
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Circadian control of the secretory pathway maintains collagen homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:74-86. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Tendons link muscle to bone and transfer forces necessary for normal movement. Tendon injuries can be debilitating and their intrinsic healing potential is limited. These challenges have motivated the development of model systems to study the factors that regulate tendon formation and tendon injury. Recent advances in understanding of embryonic and postnatal tendon formation have inspired approaches that aimed to mimic key aspects of tendon development. Model systems have also been developed to explore factors that regulate tendon injury and healing. We highlight current model systems that explore developmentally inspired cellular, mechanical, and biochemical factors in tendon formation and tenogenic stem cell differentiation. Next, we discuss in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and computational models of tendon injury that examine how mechanical loading and biochemical factors contribute to tendon pathologies and healing. These tendon development and injury models show promise for identifying the factors guiding tendon formation and tendon pathologies, and will ultimately improve regenerative tissue engineering strategies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K Theodossiou
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Nathan R Schiele
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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17
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Pickard A, Chang J, Alachkar N, Calverley B, Garva R, Arvan P, Meng QJ, Kadler KE. Preservation of circadian rhythms by the protein folding chaperone, BiP. FASEB J 2019; 33:7479-7489. [PMID: 30888851 PMCID: PMC6529331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802366rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of collagen synthesis is associated with disease progression in cancer and fibrosis. Collagen synthesis is coordinated with the circadian clock, which in cancer cells is, curiously, deregulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesized interplay between circadian rhythm, collagen synthesis, and ER stress in normal cells. Here we show that fibroblasts with ER stress lack circadian rhythms in gene expression upon clock-synchronizing time cues. Overexpression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) or treatment with chemical chaperones strengthens the oscillation amplitude of circadian rhythms. The significance of these findings was explored in tendon, where we showed that BiP expression is ramped preemptively prior to a surge in collagen synthesis at night, thereby preventing protein misfolding and ER stress. In turn, this forestalls activation of the unfolded protein response in order for circadian rhythms to be maintained. Thus, targeting ER stress could be used to modulate circadian rhythm and restore collagen homeostasis in disease.—Pickard, A., Chang, J., Alachkar, N., Calverley, B., Garva, R., Arvan, P., Meng, Q.-J., Kadler, K. E. Preservation of circadian rhythms by the protein folding chaperone, BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Chang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nissrin Alachkar
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Calverley
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richa Garva
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Changes in S100 Proteins Identified in Healthy Skin following Electrical Stimulation: Relevance for Wound Healing. Adv Skin Wound Care 2018; 31:322-327. [DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000533722.06780.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Pease LI, Clegg PD, Proctor CJ, Shanley DJ, Cockell SJ, Peffers MJ. Cross platform analysis of transcriptomic data identifies ageing has distinct and opposite effects on tendon in males and females. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14443. [PMID: 29089527 PMCID: PMC5663855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tendinopathy is influenced by a variety of factors including age, gender, sex hormones and diabetes status. Cross platform comparative analysis of transcriptomic data elucidated the connections between these entities in the context of ageing. Tissue-engineered tendons differentiated from bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells from young (20-24 years) and old (54-70 years) donors were assayed using ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq). Extension of the experiment to microarray and RNA-seq data from tendon identified gender specific gene expression changes highlighting disparity with existing literature and published pathways. Separation of RNA-seq data by sex revealed underlying negative binomial distributions which increased statistical power. Sex specific de novo transcriptome assemblies generated fewer larger transcripts that contained miRNAs, lincRNAs and snoRNAs. The results identify that in old males decreased expression of CRABP2 leads to cell proliferation, whereas in old females it leads to cellular senescence. In conjunction with existing literature the results explain gender disparity in the development and types of degenerative diseases as well as highlighting a wide range of considerations for the analysis of transcriptomic data. Wider implications are that degenerative diseases may need to be treated differently in males and females because alternative mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise I Pease
- MRC - Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter D Clegg
- MRC - Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Carole J Proctor
- MRC - Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daryl J Shanley
- MRC - Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bioinformatics Support Unit, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- MRC - Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK.
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Kasoju N, Wang H, Zhang B, George J, Gao S, Triffitt JT, Cui Z, Ye H. Transcriptomics of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: Retrospective analysis and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:407-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Gaut L, Robert N, Delalande A, Bonnin MA, Pichon C, Duprez D. EGR1 Regulates Transcription Downstream of Mechanical Signals during Tendon Formation and Healing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166237. [PMID: 27820865 PMCID: PMC5098749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendon is a mechanical tissue that transmits forces generated by muscle to bone in order to allow body motion. The molecular pathways that sense mechanical forces during tendon formation, homeostasis and repair are not known. EGR1 is a mechanosensitive transcription factor involved in tendon formation, homeostasis and repair. We hypothesized that EGR1 senses mechanical signals to promote tendon gene expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo models, we show that the expression of Egr1 and tendon genes is downregulated in 3D-engineered tendons made of mesenchymal stem cells when tension is released as well as in tendon homeostasis and healing when mechanical signals are reduced. We further demonstrate that EGR1 overexpression prevents tendon gene downregulation in 3D-engineered tendons when tension is released. Lastly, ultrasound and microbubbles mediated EGR1 overexpression prevents the downregulation of tendon gene expression during tendon healing in reduced load conditions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results show that Egr1 expression is sensitive to mechanical signals in tendon cells. Moreover, EGR1 overexpression prevents the downregulation of tendon gene expression in the absence of mechanical signals in 3D-engineered tendons and tendon healing. These results show that EGR1 induces a transcriptional response downstream of mechanical signals in tendon cells and open new avenues to use EGR1 to promote tendon healing in reduced load conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Gaut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Antony Delalande
- CNRS UPR4301-CBM, 45071 rue Charles Sadron, Orléans CEDEX2, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- CNRS UPR4301-CBM, 45071 rue Charles Sadron, Orléans CEDEX2, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005 Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Three-dimensional electron microscopy reveals the evolution of glomerular barrier injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35068. [PMID: 27725732 PMCID: PMC5057164 DOI: 10.1038/srep35068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomeruli are highly sophisticated filters and glomerular disease is the leading cause of kidney failure. Morphological change in glomerular podocytes and the underlying basement membrane are frequently observed in disease, irrespective of the underlying molecular etiology. Standard electron microscopy techniques have enabled the identification and classification of glomerular diseases based on two-dimensional information, however complex three-dimensional ultrastructural relationships between cells and their extracellular matrix cannot be easily resolved with this approach. We employed serial block face-scanning electron microscopy to investigate Alport syndrome, the commonest monogenic glomerular disease, and compared findings to other genetic mouse models of glomerular disease (Myo1e−/−, Ptpro−/−). These analyses revealed the evolution of basement membrane and cellular defects through the progression of glomerular injury. Specifically we identified sub-podocyte expansions of the basement membrane with both cellular and matrix gene defects and found a corresponding reduction in podocyte foot process number. Furthermore, we discovered novel podocyte protrusions invading into the glomerular basement membrane in disease and these occurred frequently in expanded regions of basement membrane. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms of glomerular barrier dysfunction and suggest that common cell-matrix-adhesion pathways are involved in the progression of disease regardless of the primary insult.
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