1
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Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7512. [PMID: 39062756 PMCID: PMC11276885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called "Kick and Kill" therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Ray JE, Dobbs KR, Ogolla SO, Daud II, Midem D, Omenda MM, Nowacki AS, Beeson JG, Sabourin KR, Rochford R, Dent AE. Clinical and immunological outcomes of HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected children in the first 24 months of life in Western Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:156. [PMID: 38302888 PMCID: PMC10835872 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show increased morbidity in children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) compared to children who are HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU). We sought to evaluate the effects of prenatal HIV exposure on clinical and immunological outcomes in the first 24 months of life. METHODS Eighty-five HEU and 168 HUU children from Kenya were followed from birth to 24 months. All mothers living with HIV received combination antiretroviral therapy. Children who were HEU received standard-of-care cotrimoxazole prophylaxis through 18 months. Episodes of acute illness were identified through a combination of active and passive follow up. Trajectories of plasma cytokines, vaccine-specific antibodies, and antimalarial antibodies were examined. RESULTS Children who were HEU and children who were HUU had similar growth curves. Children who were HEU had lower rates of malaria (rate ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.38, 0.77) and respiratory illness (rate ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.93). Trajectories of plasma cytokines and vaccine-specific antibodies were similar in children who were HEU and HUU. There were subtle differences in antimalarial antibody dynamics, in which children who were HEU had overall lower antibody levels against five of the 14 malaria antigens tested. CONCLUSIONS Children who were HEU and born to optimally treated mothers living with HIV had similar growth characteristics and immune profiles compared to children who were HUU. Children who were HEU had reduced risk for malaria and respiratory illness, which may be secondary to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Ray
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue LC: 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Katherine R Dobbs
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue LC: 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, LC: 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Sidney O Ogolla
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ibrahim I Daud
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David Midem
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Maxwel M Omenda
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amy S Nowacki
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Katherine R Sabourin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Arlene E Dent
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue LC: 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, LC: 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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3
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Koh CH, Lee S, Kwak M, Kim BS, Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2287-2299. [PMID: 37907738 PMCID: PMC10689838 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwak
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Gangwon, 25159, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hassanzadeh Y, Yaghobi R, Pakzad P, Geramizadeh B. Decreased frequency of Th22 cells and IL-22 cytokine in kidney transplant patients with active cytomegalovirus infection. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:18. [PMID: 37403036 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunity of CD4+ T cell subsets against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is considerable due to their essential role in controlling the infection in transplant individuals. Previously explained CD4+ subsets such as T helper (Th) 1 have been proven to have a protective role against HCMV infection, while the role of the recently identified Th22 subset has not been described yet. Here, the frequency changes of Th22 cells and the IL-22 cytokine production were investigated in kidney transplant recipients with and without HCMV infection. METHODS Twenty kidney transplant patients and ten healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Patients were categorized into HCMV + and HCMV- groups based on the HCMV DNA real-time PCR results. After isolating CD4+ T cells from PBMCs, the phenotype (CCR6+CCR4+CCR10+) and cytokine profile (IFN-γ-IL-17-IL-22+) of Th22 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The gene expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) transcription factor was analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS The phenotype frequency of these cells was lower in recipients with infection than in those without infection and healthy controls (1.88 ± 0.51 vs. 4.31 ± 1.05; P = 0.03 and 4.22 ± 0.72; P = 0.01, respectively). A lower Th22 cytokine profile was observed in patients with infection than in the two other groups (0.18 ± 0.03 vs. 0.20 ± 0.03; P = 0.96 and 0.33 ± 0.05; P = 0.04, respectively). AHR expression was also lower in patients with active infection. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study for the first time suggests that the reduced levels of Th22 subset and IL-22 cytokine in patients with active HCMV infection might indicate the protective role of these cells against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashgin Hassanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Parviz Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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5
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Hassanzadeh Y, Yaghobi R, Pakzad P, Geramizadeh B. Risk assessment of Human cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation: Insight into
CD4
+
T cell subsets. Scand J Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashgin Hassanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Parviz Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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LAMP-1 Chimeric to HIV-1 p55Gag in the Immunization of Neonate Mice Induces an Early Germinal Center Formation and AID Expression. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081246. [PMID: 36016134 PMCID: PMC9414238 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates have a limited adaptive response of plasma cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and T follicular helper cells (TFH). As neonatal vaccination can be an important tool for AIDS prevention, these limitations need to be overcome. Chimeric DNA vaccine encoding p55Gag HIV-1 protein conjugated with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) has been described as immunogenic in the neonate period. Herein, we investigated the immunologic mechanisms involved in neonatal immunization with a LAMP-1/p55Gag (LAMP/Gag) DNA vaccine in a C57BL/6 mouse background. Neonatal LAMP/Gag vaccination induced strong Gag-specific T-cell response until adulthood and elevated levels of anti-Gag IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated for the first time that the immunogenicity of the neonatal period with LAMP/Gag is due to the induction of high-affinity anti-p24 IgG antibodies and long-term plasma cells. Together with that, there is the generation of early TFH cells and the formation of GC sites with the upregulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme mRNA and protein expression in draining lymph nodes after neonatal LAMP/Gag vaccination. These findings underscore that the LAMP-1 strategy in the chimeric vaccine could be useful to enhance antibody production even in the face of neonatal immaturity, and they contribute to the development of new vaccine approaches for other emerging pathogens at an early stage of life.
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7
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Gong J, Zhan H, Liang Y, He Q, Cui D. Role of Th22 Cells in Human Viral Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:708140. [PMID: 34434945 PMCID: PMC8381044 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.708140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells can differentiate into different cell subsets after receiving antigen stimulation, which secrete corresponding characteristic cytokines and thereby exert biological effects in various diseases. Th22 cells, a novel subset of CD4+ T cells, are different from Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cell subsets, which have been discovered in recent years. They can express CCR4, CCR6, and CCR10 molecules and secrete IL-22, IL-13, and TNF-α. They are not able to secrete IL-17, IL-4, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). IL-22 is considered as a major effector molecule of Th22 cells whose functions and mechanisms of regulating cell differentiation have been constantly improved. In this review, we provide an overview of the origin, differentiation of Th22 cells. Moreover, we also describe the interrelationships between Th22 cells and Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells. Additionally, the role of Th22 cells were discussed in human diseases with virus infection, which will provide novel insight for the prevention and treatment of viral infection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Zhan
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Lu L, Wang J, Yang Q, Xie X, Huang Y. The role of CD38 in HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33820568 PMCID: PMC8021004 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.
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9
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St Paul M, Ohashi PS. The Roles of CD8 + T Cell Subsets in Antitumor Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:695-704. [PMID: 32624246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells are typically thought to be a homogenous group of cytotoxic cells that produce interferon-(IFN) γ. However, recent findings have challenged this notion because multiple subsets of CD8+ T cells have been described, each with distinct effector functions and cytotoxic potential. These subsets, referred to as the Tc subsets, have also been detected in tumor microenvironments (TMEs), where they potentially influence the antitumor response and patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight the prevalence and roles of Tc subsets in the TME. We also discuss their therapeutic applications in the context of adoptive immunotherapy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1C1, Canada.
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10
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St Paul M, Saibil SD, Lien SC, Han S, Sayad A, Mulder DT, Garcia-Batres CR, Elford AR, Israni-Winger K, Robert-Tissot C, Zon M, Katz SR, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Bernardini MQ, Nguyen LT, Haibe-Kains B, Pugh TJ, Ohashi PS. IL6 Induces an IL22 + CD8 + T-cell Subset with Potent Antitumor Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:321-333. [PMID: 31964625 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can be polarized into several different subsets as defined by the cytokines they produce and the transcription factors that govern their differentiation. Here, we identified the polarizing conditions to induce an IL22-producing CD8+ Tc22 subset, which is dependent on IL6 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcription factor. Further characterization showed that this subset was highly cytolytic and expressed a distinct cytokine profile and transcriptome relative to other subsets. In addition, polarized Tc22 were able to control tumor growth as well as, if not better than, the traditional IFNγ-producing Tc1 subset. Tc22s were also found to infiltrate the tumors of human patients with ovarian cancer, comprising up to approximately 30% of expanded CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Importantly, IL22 production in these CD8+ TILs correlated with improved recurrence-free survival. Given the antitumor properties of Tc22 cells, it may be prudent to polarize T cells to the Tc22 lineage when using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T or T-cell receptor (TCR) transduction-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/immunology
- Cell Polarity/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C Lien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David T Mulder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Céline Robert-Tissot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Zon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Rachel Katz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Shaw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Q Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Shabgah AG, Navashenaq JG, Shabgah OG, Mohammadi H, Sahebkar A. Interleukin-22 in human inflammatory diseases and viral infections. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1209-1218. [PMID: 29037907 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL22) is one of the members of IL10 family. Elevated levels of this cytokine can be seen in diseases caused by T lymphocytes, such as Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis, interstitial lung diseases. IL22 is produced by different cells in both innate and acquired immunities. Different types of T cells are able to produce IL22, but the major IL22-producing T-cell is the TCD4. TH22 cell is a new line of TCD4 cells, which differentiated from naive T cells in the presence of TNFα and IL6; 50% of peripheral blood IL22 is produced by these cells. IL22 has important functions in host defense at mucosal surfaces as well as in tissue repair. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine and focus on the possible roles of IL-22 in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah
- Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Blood Borne Infections Research Center, AcademicCenter for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan Branch,Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Gohari Shabgah
- Parasitology Department, Medical sciencesfaculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- ImmunologyResearch Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- BiotechnologyResearch Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Gimeno Brias S, Stack G, Stacey MA, Redwood AJ, Humphreys IR. The Role of IL-22 in Viral Infections: Paradigms and Paradoxes. Front Immunol 2016; 7:211. [PMID: 27303405 PMCID: PMC4885595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. Hematopoietic cells express IL-22, and this cytokine signals through the heterodimeric IL-22 receptor expressed by non-hematopoietic cells. A growing body of evidence points toward a role for IL-22 in a diverse array of biological functions ranging from cellular proliferation, tissue protection and regeneration, and inflammation. In recent years, the role that IL-22 plays in antiviral immune responses has been examined in a number of infection models. Herein, we assess our current understanding of how IL-22 determines the outcome of viral infections and define common mechanisms that are evident from, sometimes paradoxical, findings derived from these studies. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility of IL-22 manipulation in the treatment and prevention of viral infections and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria A Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alec J Redwood
- The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University , Murdoch, WA , Australia
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Cervantes CAC, Oliveira LMS, Manfrere KCG, Lima JF, Pereira NZ, Duarte AJS, Sato MN. Antiviral factors and type I/III interferon expression associated with regulatory factors in the oral epithelial cells from HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25875. [PMID: 27168019 PMCID: PMC4863167 DOI: 10.1038/srep25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who remain HIV-seronegative despite repeated unprotected exposure to the virus are defined as exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals. Innate and adaptive immunity, as well as genetic factors, provide ESNs with important advantages that allow for low infection susceptibility. The majority of HIV-1-infected individuals undergo antiretroviral therapy, which can decrease the level of HIV-1 exposure in ESNs. We analyzed type I interferon (IFN)-related antiviral and regulatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and oral epithelial cells from serodiscordant couples. Our findings revealed that ESNs did not induce the expression of antiviral factors (APOBEC-3G, TRIM5-α, SAMDH1, STING, TBk1) or regulatory factors (Trex, Foxo3, Socs3, IL-10) in PBMCs, unlike their HIV-1-infected partners. In contrast, ESNs upregulated APOBEC-3G and type I/III IFNs (IFNs-α,-β/-λ) in oral mucosal epithelial cells similar to their HIV-infected partners. The serodiscordant groups exhibited an increased expression of type I IFN-induced regulators, such as Trex and Foxo3, in oral epithelial cells. TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 were expressed in oral epithelial cells of both ESNs and HIV-1-infected subjects. These findings revealed evidence of antiviral factors, type I/III interferon and regulatory factor expression only in the oral mucosal compartment of ESNs, while HIV-1-infected partners systemically and oral mucosal expressed the antiviral profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A C Cervantes
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda M S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly C G Manfrere
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josenilson F Lima
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalli Z Pereira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto J S Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria N Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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