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Lee S, Choi S, Kim MS. Intra-articular hydrogel formulation prolongs the in vivo stability of Toll-like receptor antagonistic peptides for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Control Release 2024; 372:467-481. [PMID: 38917954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation that primarily affects joint tissue and requires frequent medication. Recently, we developed cyclic phage-display-derived inhibitory peptides (CPs), which act as Toll-like Receptor 4 antagonists. These CPs exhibited therapeutic efficacy against joint diseases by alleviating inflammatory factors. Nonetheless, CP exhibits in vivo instability and a short half-life. Therefore, this study sought to improve the in vivo stability of CP, thereby reducing the frequency of CP administration through the development of an injectable hydrogel depot formulation. To improve in vivo stability, CP was chemically conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA-CP) and subsequently mixed into a temperature-sensitive hydrogel [methoxy polyethylene glycol-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-ran-poly(lactide) (PC)] as an injectable depot (PC+(HA-CP)). For comparison, CP was physically mixed with HA and PC (PC+(HA+CP)). Both PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP) were found to rapidly form depots upon injection into the joint space. Cell viability assays confirmed the non-toxic nature of PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP), whereas both formulations exhibited inhibition of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, PC+(HA-CP) retained CP for a longer duration compared to PC+(HA+CP) in the presence of hyaluronidase and within the RA joint space. Following intra-articular injection, both the PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP) depots exhibited reductions in RA symptoms, cartilage regeneration, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Specifically, by extending the in vivo retention of CP, PC+(HA-CP) demonstrated superior RA treatment efficacy compared to PC+(HA+CP). In conclusion, intra-articular injection of PC+(HA-CP) was validated as an effective strategy for treating RA, owing to its ability to prolong the in vivo retention of CP. This approach holds promise for improving RA management and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea.
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Joshi N, Yan J, Dang M, Slaughter K, Wang Y, Wu D, Ung T, Pandya V, Chen MX, Kaur S, Bhagchandani S, Alfassam HA, Joseph J, Gao J, Dewani M, Yip RCS, Weldon E, Shah P, Shukla C, Sherman NE, Luo JN, Conway T, Eickhoff JP, Botelho L, Alhasan AH, Karp JM, Ermann J. A Mechanically Resilient Soft Hydrogel Improves Drug Delivery for Treating Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Physically Active Joints. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594611. [PMID: 38826308 PMCID: PMC11142096 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Intra-articular delivery of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) is likely to be most effective in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) when symptoms are minimal and patients are physically active. DMOAD delivery systems therefore must withstand repeated mechanical loading without affecting the drug release kinetics. Although soft materials are preferred for DMOAD delivery, mechanical loading can compromise their structural integrity and disrupt drug release. Here, we report a mechanically resilient soft hydrogel that rapidly self-heals under conditions resembling human running while maintaining sustained release of the cathepsin-K inhibitor L-006235 used as a proof-of-concept DMOAD. Notably, this hydrogel outperformed a previously reported hydrogel designed for intra-articular drug delivery, used as a control in our study, which neither recovered nor maintained drug release under mechanical loading. Upon injection into mouse knee joints, the hydrogel showed consistent release kinetics of the encapsulated agent in both treadmill-running and non-running mice. In a mouse model of aggressive PTOA exacerbated by treadmill running, L-006235 hydrogel markedly reduced cartilage degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first hydrogel proven to withstand human running conditions and enable sustained DMOAD delivery in physically active joints, and the first study demonstrating reduced disease progression in a severe PTOA model under rigorous physical activity, highlighting the hydrogel's potential for PTOA treatment in active patients.
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Li X, Peng X, Zoulikha M, Boafo GF, Magar KT, Ju Y, He W. Multifunctional nanoparticle-mediated combining therapy for human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:1. [PMID: 38161204 PMCID: PMC10758001 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Combining existing drug therapy is essential in developing new therapeutic agents in disease prevention and treatment. In preclinical investigations, combined effect of certain known drugs has been well established in treating extensive human diseases. Attributed to synergistic effects by targeting various disease pathways and advantages, such as reduced administration dose, decreased toxicity, and alleviated drug resistance, combinatorial treatment is now being pursued by delivering therapeutic agents to combat major clinical illnesses, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Combinatorial therapy involves combining or co-delivering two or more drugs for treating a specific disease. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery systems, i.e., liposomal NPs, polymeric NPs and nanocrystals, are of great interest in combinatorial therapy for a wide range of disorders due to targeted drug delivery, extended drug release, and higher drug stability to avoid rapid clearance at infected areas. This review summarizes various targets of diseases, preclinical or clinically approved drug combinations and the development of multifunctional NPs for combining therapy and emphasizes combinatorial therapeutic strategies based on drug delivery for treating severe clinical diseases. Ultimately, we discuss the challenging of developing NP-codelivery and translation and provide potential approaches to address the limitations. This review offers a comprehensive overview for recent cutting-edge and challenging in developing NP-mediated combination therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 2111198, PR China
| | - Xiuju Peng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 2111198, PR China
| | - Makhloufi Zoulikha
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 2111198, PR China
| | - George Frimpong Boafo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Kosheli Thapa Magar
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 2111198, PR China
| | - Yanmin Ju
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 2111198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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4
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Lee S, Seo J, Kim YH, Ju HJ, Kim S, Ji YB, Lee HB, Kim HS, Choi S, Kim MS. Enhanced intra-articular therapy for rheumatoid arthritis using click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels loaded with toll-like receptor antagonizing peptides. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:188-205. [PMID: 37866726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that results in the deterioration of joint cartilage and bone. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been pinpointed as a key factor in RA-related inflammation. While Toll-like receptor antagonizing peptide 2 (TAP2) holds potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, its in vivo degradation rate hinders its efficacy. We engineered depots of TAP2 encapsulated in click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (TAP2+Cx-HA) for intra-articular administration, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of TAP2 as an anti-inflammatory agent within the joint cavity. Our data demonstrated that FI-TAP2+Cx-HA achieves a longer retention time in the joint cavity compared to FI-TAP2 alone. Mechanistically, we found that TAP2 interacts with TLR4 on the cell membranes of inflammatory cells, thereby inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and maintaining it in an inactive cytoplasmic state. In a rat model of RA, the TAP2+Cx-HA formulation effectively downregulated the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the therapeutic protein 14-3-3ζ. This led to a more rapid restoration of cartilage thickness, increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans, and new bone tissue formation in the regenerated cartilage, in comparison to a single TAP2 treatment after a six-week period. Our results suggest that TAP2+Cx-HA could serve as a potent intra-articular treatment for RA, offering both symptomatic relief and promoting cartilage regeneration. This innovative delivery system holds significant promise for improving the management of RA and other inflammatory joint conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we developed a therapy by creating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-antagonizing peptide (TAP2)-loaded click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (TAP2+Cx-HA) depots for direct intra-articular injection. Our study demonstrates that FI-TAP2+Cx-HA exhibits a more than threefold longer lifetime in the joint cavity compared to FI-TAP2 alone. Furthermore, we found that TAP2 binds to TLR4 and masks the nuclear localization signals of NF-κB, leading to its sequestration in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. In a rat model of RA, TAP2+Cx-HA effectively suppresses inflammatory molecules, specifically TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the therapeutic protein 14-3-3ζ. This resulted in faster regeneration of cartilage thickness, increased glycosaminoglycan deposits in the regenerated cartilage, and a twofold increase in new bone tissue formation compared to a single TAP2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Shina Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yun Bae Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hai Bang Lee
- Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Korea.
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Ji YB, Lee S, Ju HJ, Kim HE, Noh JH, Choi S, Park K, Lee HB, Kim MS. Preparation and evaluation of injectable microsphere formulation for longer sustained release of donepezil. J Control Release 2023; 356:43-58. [PMID: 36841288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, donepezil-loaded PLGA and PLA microspheres (Dp-PLGA-M/Dp-PLA-M) and Dp-PLA-M wrapped in a polyethylene glycol-b-polycaprolactone (PC) hydrogel (Dp-PLA-M/PC) were prepared to reduce the dosing frequency of injections to treat Alzheimer's disease patients. Dp-PLGA-M and Dp-PLA-M with a uniform particle size distribution were repeatably fabricated in nearly quantitative yield and with high encapsulated Dp yields using an ultrasonic atomizer. The injectability and in vitro and in vivo Dp release, biodegradation, and inflammatory response elicited by the Dp-PLGA-M, Dp-PLA-M, and Dp-PLA-M/PC formulations were then compared. All injectable formulations showed good injectability with ease of injection, even flow, and no clogging using a syringe needle under 21-G. The injections required a force of <1 N. According to the biodegradation rate of micro-CT, GPC and NMR analyses, the biodegradation of Dp-PLA-M was slower than that of Dp-PLGA-M, and the biodegradation rate of Dp-PLA-M/PC was also slower. In the Dp release experiment, Dp-PLA-M sustained Dp for longer compared with Dp-PLGA-M. Dp-PLA-M/PC exhibited a longer sustained release pattern of two months. In vivo bioavailability of Dp-PLA-M/PC was almost 1.4 times higher than that of Dp-PLA-M and 1.9 times higher than that of Dp-PLGA-M. The variations in the Dp release patterns of Dp-PLGA-M and Dp-PLA-M were explained by differences in the degradation rates of PLGA and PLA. The sustained release of Dp by Dp-PLA-M/PC was attributed to the fact that the PC hydrogel served as a wrapping matrix for Dp-PLA-M, which could slow down the biodegradation of PLA-M, thus delaying the release of Dp from Dp-PLA-M. Dp-PLGA-M induced a higher inflammatory response compared to Dp-PLA-M/PC, suggesting that the rapid degradation of PLGA triggered a strong inflammatory response. In conclusion, Dp-PLA-M/PC is a promising injectable Dp formulation that could be used to reduce the dosing frequency of Dp injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bae Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Noh
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kinam Park
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, 206 S. Intramural Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1791, United States of America
| | - Hai Bang Lee
- Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea.
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Geng W, Liu X, Tao B, He Y, Li K, Gao P, Feng Q, Zhao P, Luo Z, Cai K. Nitric Oxide Scavenging and Hydrogen Sulfide Production Synergistically Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202380. [PMID: 36337007 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To restore the disordered endogenous gas levels is an efficient alternative for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Both insufficient hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and excessive nitric oxide (NO) contribute to synovial inflammation. Herein, a new block polymer PEG10 -b-PNAPA30 -b-PEG10 composed of an NO-responsive monomer and a cysteine-triggered H2 S donor, which can simultaneously scavenge NO and release therapeutic H2 S for RA treatment, is reported. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the polymer exhibits a synergistic effect on suppressing reactive oxygen species levels and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via NF-κB signaling pathway. It leads to the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype. Moreover, the released H2 S further restrains NO production by suppressing the expression of iNOS. In vivo experiments with an RA rat model show that the system markedly mitigates the synovial inflammation, osteoporosis, and clinical symptoms of RA rats, which is attributed to the combination therapy of H2 S release and NO depletion. This work provides new insight into the synergistic treatment of RA and endogenous gas-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Bailong Tao
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Ye He
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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Zhu C, Han S, Zeng X, Zhu C, Pu Y, Sun Y. Multifunctional thermo-sensitive hydrogel for modulating the microenvironment in Osteoarthritis by polarizing macrophages and scavenging RONS. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:221. [PMID: 35526013 PMCID: PMC9077879 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that can lead to disability. Blocking the complex malignant feedback loop system dominated by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory factors is the key to treating OA. Here, we develop a multifunctional composite thermo-sensitive hydrogel (HPP@Cu gel), which is utilized by Poloxamer 407 (P407) and hyaluronic acid (HA) mixture as the gel matrix, then physically mixed with copper nanodots (Cu NDs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Cu NDs is a novel nano-scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) with efficient free radical scavenging activity. HPP@Cu gel is injected into the articular cavity, where it form an in situ gel that slowly released Cu NDs, HA, and PRP, prolonging the duration of drug action. Our results indicate that HPP@Cu gel could efficiently remove RONS from inflammatory sites and promote repolarization of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. The HPP@Cu gel therapy dramatically reduces cartilage degradation and inflammatory factor production in OA rats. This study provides a reliable reference for the application of injectable hydrogels in inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangcong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhu Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China.
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Kim YJ, Lee JY, Yang MJ, Cho HJ, Kim MY, Kim L, Hwang JH. Therapeutic effect of intra-articular injected 3'-sialyllactose on a minipig model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:8. [PMID: 35314005 PMCID: PMC8939226 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of joint, but there is no known cure. 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL) is an oligosaccharide that is abundant in breast milk of mammals, and has anti-inflammatory properties. However, the efficacy of 3′-SL on RA remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of 3′-SL after it was directly injected into the knee joint cavity of a RA minipig model.
Results Minipig RA model was induced by intra-articular injection of bovine type II collagen emulsified with complete or incomplete Freund’s adjuvant into left knee joint. In clinical assessment, lameness and swelling of the hindlimb and increased knee joint width were observed in all animals. After the onset of arthritis, 3′-SL (0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg) was directly administered to the left knee joint cavity once a week for 4 weeks. Compared to the vehicle control group, no significant difference in macroscopic observation of the synovial pathology or the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX2) in the synovial membrane of the knee joint was found. In microscopic observation, cell cloning of the articular cartilage was significantly reduced in proportion to the concentration of 3′-SL administered.
Conclusions Our results suggest that intra-articular injected 3′-SL had a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis at the cellular level with potential as a medication for RA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42826-022-00119-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabukdo, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabukdo, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Pathology Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabukdo, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabukdo, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- GeneChem Inc. A-501, 187 Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34025, Republic of Korea
| | - Lila Kim
- GeneChem Inc. A-501, 187 Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34025, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabukdo, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Zywot EM, Orlova N, Ding S, Rampersad RR, Rabjohns EM, Wickenheisser VA, Wang Q, Welfare JG, Haar L, Eudy AM, Tarrant TK, Lawrence DS. Light-Triggered Drug Release from Red Blood Cells Suppresses Arthritic Inflammation. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2100159. [PMID: 35528736 PMCID: PMC9075171 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis is a leading cause of disability in adults, which can be intensely incapacitating. The location and intensity of the pain is both subjective and challenging to manage. Consequently, patient-directed delivery of anti-inflammatories is an essential component of future therapeutic strategies for the management of this disorder. We describe the design and application of a light responsive red blood cell (RBC) conveyed dexamethasone (Dex) construct that enables targeted drug delivery upon illumination of the inflamed site. The red wavelength (650 nm) responsive nature of the phototherapeutic was validated using tissue phantoms mimicking the light absorbing properties of various skin types. Furthermore, photoreleased Dex has the same impact on cellular responses as conventional Dex. Murine RBCs containing the photoactivatable therapeutic display comparable circulation properties as fluorescently labelled RBCs. In addition, a single dose of light-targeted Dex delivery is 5-fold more effective in suppressing inflammation than the parent drug, delivered serially over multiple days. These results are consistent with the notion that the circulatory system be used as an on-command drug depot, providing the means to therapeutically target diseased sites both efficiently and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M Zywot
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalia Orlova
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Song Ding
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rishi R Rampersad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily M Rabjohns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria A Wickenheisser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua G Welfare
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren Haar
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda M Eudy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David S Lawrence
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Ge Y, Chen Z, Fu Y, Xiao X, Xu H, Shan L, Tong P, Zhou L. Identification and validation of hub genes of synovial tissue for patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Hereditas 2021; 158:37. [PMID: 34583778 PMCID: PMC8480049 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were two major joint diseases with similar clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to determine the mechanistic similarities and differences between OA and RA by integrated analysis of multiple gene expression data sets. Methods Microarray data sets of OA and RA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). By integrating multiple gene data sets, specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of DEGs were conducted to determine hub genes and pathways. The “Cell Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT)” algorithm was employed to evaluate the immune infiltration cells (IICs) profiles in OA and RA. Moreover, mouse models of RA and OA were established, and selected hub genes were verified in synovial tissues with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results A total of 1116 DEGs were identified between OA and RA. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation, positive regulation of neuron differentiation, nuclear speck, RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex, protein serine/threonine kinase activity and proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, FoxO signaling pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Immune cell infiltration analysis identified 9 IICs with significantly different distributions between OA and RA samples. qPCR results showed that the expression levels of the hub genes (RPS6, RPS14, RPS25, RPL11, RPL27, SNRPE, EEF2 and RPL19) were significantly increased in OA samples compared to their counterparts in RA samples (P < 0.05). Conclusion This large-scale gene analyses provided new insights for disease-associated genes, molecular mechanisms as well as IICs profiles in OA and RA, which may offer a new direction for distinguishing diagnosis and treatment between OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zuxiang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Xu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Peijian Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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11
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Cho JA, Kim BJ, Hwang YJ, Woo SW, Noh TS, Suh MW. Effect and Biocompatibility of a Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid and Polylactide- co-glycolide Microcapsule Vehicle in Intratympanic Drug Delivery for Treating Acute Acoustic Trauma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5720. [PMID: 34072013 PMCID: PMC8198354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute hearing loss is clinically challenging due to the low efficacy of drug delivery into the inner ear. Local intratympanic administration of dexamethasone (D) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) has been proposed for treatment, but they do not persist in the middle ear because they are typically delivered in fluid form. We developed a dual-vehicle drug delivery system consisting of cross-linked hyaluronic acid and polylactide-co-glycolide microcapsules. The effect and biocompatibility of the dual vehicle in delivering D and IGF1 were evaluated using an animal model of acute acoustic trauma. The dual vehicle persisted 10.9 times longer (8.7 days) in the middle ear compared with the control (standard-of-care vehicle, 0.8 days). The dual vehicle was able to sustain drug release over up to 1 to 2 months when indocyanine green was loaded as the drug. One-third of the animals experienced an inflammatory adverse reaction. However, it was transient with no sequelae, which was validated by micro CT findings, endoscopic examination, and histological assessment. Hearing restoration after acoustic trauma was satisfactory in both groups, which was further supported by comparable numbers of viable hair cells. Overall, the use of a dual vehicle for intratympanic D and IGF1 delivery may maximize the effect of drug delivery to the target organ because the residence time of the vehicle is prolonged.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biocompatible Materials
- Biopsy
- Capsules
- Cell Count
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Endoscopy
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/diagnosis
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/drug therapy
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/etiology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism
- Hyaluronic Acid/administration & dosage
- Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry
- Injection, Intratympanic
- Mice
- Polyglactin 910/chemistry
- X-Ray Microtomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-A.C.); (Y.-J.H.); (S.-W.W.); (T.-S.N.)
| | - Bong Jik Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Korea
| | - Yu-Jung Hwang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-A.C.); (Y.-J.H.); (S.-W.W.); (T.-S.N.)
| | - Shin-Wook Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-A.C.); (Y.-J.H.); (S.-W.W.); (T.-S.N.)
| | - Tae-Soo Noh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-A.C.); (Y.-J.H.); (S.-W.W.); (T.-S.N.)
| | - Myung-Whan Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-A.C.); (Y.-J.H.); (S.-W.W.); (T.-S.N.)
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12
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Chiang CW, Hsiao YC, Jheng PR, Chen CH, Manga YB, Lekha R, Chao KM, Ho YC, Chuang EY. Strontium ranelate-laden near-infrared photothermal-inspired methylcellulose hydrogel for arthritis treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111980. [PMID: 33812608 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is of foremost concern among long-term autoimmune disorders, as it leads to inflammation, exudates, chondral degeneration, and painful joints. Because RA severity often fluctuates over time, a local drug delivery method that titrates release of therapeutics to arthritis bioactivity should represent a promising paradigm of RA therapy. Given the local nature of RA chronic illnesses, polysaccharide-drug delivering systems have the promise to augment therapeutic outcomes by offering controlled release of bioactive materials, diminishing the required frequency of administration, and preserving therapeutic levels in affected pathological regions. Herein, an intra-articular photothermal-laden injectable methylcellulose (MC) polymeric hydrogel carrier incorporating strontium ranelate (SrR) and sodium chloride was investigated to resolve these issues. Physicochemical and cellular characteristics of the MC carrier system were thoroughly evaluated. The slow release of SrR, enhancement of the material mechanical strength, and the potential of the non-invasive near-infrared photothermal gel to improve blood circulation and suppress inflammation in a mini-surgical model of RA were examined. Biocompatibility and suppression of intracellular ROS-induced inflammation were observed. This multifunctional photothermal MC hydrogel carrier is anticipated to be an alternative approach for future orthopedic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Jheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, , Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Yankuba B Manga
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - R Lekha
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Mao Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Ho
- Department of Bioagriculture Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, , Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Wenshan District, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan.
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13
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Salgado C, Jordan O, Allémann E. Osteoarthritis In Vitro Models: Applications and Implications in Development of Intra-Articular Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:60. [PMID: 33466397 PMCID: PMC7824837 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex multi-target disease with an unmet medical need for the development of therapies that slow and potentially revert disease progression. Intra-articular (IA) delivery has seen a surge in osteoarthritis research in recent years. As local administration of molecules, this represents a way to circumvent systemic drug delivery struggles. When developing intra-articular formulations, the main goals are a sustained and controlled release of therapeutic drug doses, taking into account carrier choice, drug molecule, and articular joint tissue target. Therefore, the selection of models is critical when developing local administration formulation in terms of accurate outcome assessment, target and off-target effects and relevant translation to in vivo. The current review highlights the applications of OA in vitro models in the development of IA formulation by means of exploring their advantages and disadvantages. In vitro models are essential in studies of OA molecular pathways, understanding drug and target interactions, assessing cytotoxicity of carriers and drug molecules, and predicting in vivo behaviors. However, further understanding of molecular and tissue-specific intricacies of cellular models for 2D and 3D needs improvement to accurately portray in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Salgado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.S.); (O.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.S.); (O.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.S.); (O.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Poonia N, Lather V, Kaur B, Kirthanashri SV, Pandita D. Optimization and Development of Methotrexate- and Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoemulsion Formulation Using Box-Behnken Design for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:356-368. [PMID: 33052698 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the first line of choice for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been reported for its low bioavailability and side effects. Combination therapy has been widely investigated to overcome bioavailability issues and to reduce adverse effects associated with monotherapy. Various phytoconstituents such as resveratrol (RSV) and curcumin have been found to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity via downregulating the signaling of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. The prime objective of this study was to develop transdermal gel containing MTX-RSV loaded nanoemulsions (NEs) to overcome bioavailability issues and adverse effects of RA monotherapy. The NEs optimized by using Box-Behnken Design were incorporated within gel, and an in vitro skin permeation study performed on rat skin by using vertical Franz diffusion cells exhibited controlled drug release up to 48 h. Subsequently, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-arthritic activities of the combination in nanocarrier were assessed in rats and showed 78.76 ± 4.16% inhibition in inflammation and better anti-arthritic effects. Consequently, integration of dual delivery with nanotechnology can hopefully produce successful therapeutic options for rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Poonia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy and Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Baljeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, India
| | | | - Deepti Pandita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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15
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Yan F, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Feng Y, Mei Z, Li H, Chen X, Cai L, Li C. Exosome-based biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to inflamed joints for enhanced treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:115. [PMID: 32819405 PMCID: PMC7441703 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) show powerful treatment effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the clinical application is limited by their nonspecific distribution after systemic administration, serious adverse reactions during long-term administration. To achieve better treatment, reduce side effect, we here established a biomimetic exosome (Exo) encapsulating dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex) nanoparticle (Exo/Dex), whose surface was modified with folic acid (FA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-cholesterol (Chol) compound to attain FPC-Exo/Dex active targeting drug delivery system. RESULTS The size of FPC-Exo/Dex was 128.43 ± 16.27 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.36 ± 0.05, and the Zeta potential was - 22.73 ± 0.91 mV. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the preparation was 10.26 ± 0.73%, with drug loading efficiency (DLE) of 18.81 ± 2.05%. In vitro study showed this system displayed enhanced endocytosis and excellent anti-inflammation effect against RAW264.7 cells by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine. Further biodistribution study showed the fluorescence intensity of FPC-Exo/Dex was stronger than other Dex formulations in joints, suggesting its enhanced accumulation to inflammation sites. In vivo biodistribution experiment displayed FPC-Exo/Dex could preserve the bone and cartilage of CIA mice better and significantly reduce inflamed joints. Next in vivo safety evaluation demonstrated this biomimetic drug delivery system had no obvious hepatotoxicity and exhibited desirable biocompatibility. CONCLUSION The present study provides a promising strategy for using exosome as nanocarrier to enhance the therapeutic effect of GCs against RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feili Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mei
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, 646000, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Yin N, Tan X, Liu H, He F, Ding N, Gou J, Yin T, He H, Zhang Y, Tang X. A novel indomethacin/methotrexate/MMP-9 siRNA in situ hydrogel with dual effects of anti-inflammatory activity and reversal of cartilage disruption for the synergistic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8546-8562. [PMID: 32243486 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage and bone disruption, which ultimately leads to loss of joint function. Current treatments for RA only focus on anti-inflammatory activity but neglect to prevent further damage to articular cartilage and bone. Here we attempted to co-deliver indomethacin (IND), methotrexate (MTX) and a small-interfering RNA targeting MMP-9 using an in situ hydrogel loaded with PEI-SS-IND-MTX-MMP-9 siRNA nanoparticles (D/siRNA-NGel) to treat RA synergistically and comprehensively. IND, MTX and MMP-9 siRNA were able to escape from the endosome and down-regulate the expression of MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokines of Raw-264.7 cells. After intra-articular injection in arthritic mice, the D/siRNA-NGel effectively relieved joint swelling and significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and MMP-9 in the ankle fluid, knee joint fluid and plasma of RA mice without causing any side effects. Most importantly, the co-delivery system restored the morphological parameters of the ankle joints close to normal. The D/siRNA-NGel could achieve good anti-inflammatory activity and reverse cartilage disruption through a synergistic effect between chemical drugs and MMP-9 siRNA. This co-delivery system should have promising applications in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other metabolic bone diseases which cause serious bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang, China.
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17
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Photo-triggered capsules based on lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles for medical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Faidra Angelerou MG, Markus R, Paraskevopoulou V, Foralosso R, Clarke P, Alvarez CV, Chenlo M, Johnson L, Rutland C, Allen S, Brasnett C, Seddon A, Zelzer M, Marlow M. Mechanistic investigations into the encapsulation and release of small molecules and proteins from a supramolecular nucleoside gel in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2019; 317:118-129. [PMID: 31678096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels have recently emerged as promising biomaterials for the delivery of a wide range of bioactive molecules, from small hydrophobic drugs to large biomolecules such as proteins. Although it has been demonstrated that each encapsulated molecule has a different release profile from the hydrogel, so far diffusion and steric impediment have been identified as the only mechanisms for the release of molecules from supramolecular gels. Erosion of a supramolecular gel has not yet been reported to contribute to the release profiles of encapsulated molecules. Here, we use a novel nucleoside-based supramolecular gel as a drug delivery system for proteins with different properties and a hydrophobic dye and describe for the first time how these materials interact, encapsulate and eventually release bioactive molecules through an erosion-based process. Through fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy as well as small angle X-ray scattering, we show that the encapsulated molecules directly interact with the hydrogel fibres - rather than being physically entrapped in the gel network. The ability of these materials to protect proteins against enzymatic degradation is also demonstrated here for the first time. In addition, the released proteins were proven to be functional in vitro. Real-time fluorescence microscopy together with macroscopic release studies confirm that erosion is the key release mechanism. In vivo, the gel completely degrades after two weeks and no signs of inflammation are detected, demonstrating its in vivo safety. By establishing the contribution of erosion as a key driving force behind the release of bioactive molecules from supramolecular gels, this work provides mechanistic insight into the way molecules with different properties are encapsulated and released from a nucleoside-based supramolecular gel and sets the basis for the design of more tailored supramolecular gels for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Markus
- SLIM Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | - Philip Clarke
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Catrin Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | | | - Annela Seddon
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK; Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | | | - Maria Marlow
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK.
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19
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Heo JY, Noh JH, Park SH, Ji YB, Ju HJ, Kim DY, Lee B, Kim MS. An Injectable Click-Crosslinked Hydrogel that Prolongs Dexamethasone Release from Dexamethasone-Loaded Microspheres. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090438. [PMID: 31480552 PMCID: PMC6781549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to test whether a preparation of injectable formulations of dexamethasone (Dex)-loaded microspheres (Dex-Ms) mixed with click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (Cx-HA) (or Pluronic (PH) for comparison) prolongs therapeutic levels of released Dex. Dex-Ms were prepared using a monoaxial-nozzle ultrasonic atomizer with an 85% yield of the Dex-Ms preparation, encapsulation efficiency of 80%, and average particle size of 57 μm. Cx-HA was prepared via a click reaction between transcyclooctene (TCO)-modified HA (TCO-HA) and tetrazine (TET)-modified HA (TET-HA). The injectable formulations (Dex-Ms/PH and Dex-Ms/Cx-HA) were fabricated as suspensions and became a Dex-Ms-loaded hydrogel drug depot after injection into the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague Dawley rats. Dex-Ms alone also formed a drug depot after injection. The Cx-HA hydrogel persisted in vivo for 28 days, but the PH hydrogel disappeared within six days, as evidenced by in vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. The in vitro and in vivo cumulative release of Dex by Dex-Ms/Cx-HA was much slower in the early days, followed by sustained release for 28 days, compared with Dex-Ms alone and Dex-Ms/PH. The reason was that the Cx-HA hydrogel acted as an external gel matrix for Dex-Ms, resulting in the retarded release of Dex from Dex-Ms. Therefore, we achieved significantly extended duration of a Dex release from an in vivo Dex-Ms-loaded hydrogel drug depot formed by Dex-Ms wrapped in an injectable click-crosslinked HA hydrogel in a minimally invasive manner. In conclusion, the Dex-Ms/Cx-HA drug depot described in this work showed excellent performance on extended in vivo delivery of Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Heo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Noh
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yun Bae Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Bong Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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Seo J, Park SH, Kim MJ, Ju HJ, Yin XY, Min BH, Kim MS. Injectable Click-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Depot To Prolong Therapeutic Activity in Articular Joints Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24984-24998. [PMID: 31264830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) (Cx-HA) depot via a click crosslinking reaction between tetrazine-modified HA and trans-cyclooctene-modified HA for direct intra-articular injection into joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Cx-HA depot had significantly more hydrogel-like features and a longer in vivo residence time than the HA depot. Methotrexate (MTX)-loaded Cx-HA (MTX-Cx-HA)-easily prepared as an injectable formulation-quickly formed an MTX-Cx-HA depot that persisted at the injection site for an extended period. In vivo MTX biodistribution in MTX-Cx-HA depots showed that a high concentration of MTX persisted at the intra-articular injection site for an extended period, with little distribution of MTX to normal tissues. In contrast, direct intra-articular injection of MTX alone or MTX-HA resulted in rapid clearance from the injection site. After intra-articular injection of MTX-Cx-HA into rats with RA, we noted the most significant RA reversal, measured by an articular index score, increased cartilage thickness, extensive generation of chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycan deposits, extensive new bone formation in the RA region, and suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-6 expression. Therefore, MTX-Cx-HA injected intra-articularly persists at the joint site in therapeutic MTX concentrations for an extended period, thus increasing the duration of RA treatment, resulting in an improved relief of RA.
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NIRF-Molecular Imaging with Synovial Macrophages-Targeting Vsig4 Nanobody for Disease Monitoring in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133347. [PMID: 31288389 PMCID: PMC6651725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobody against V-set and Ig domain-containing 4 (Vsig4) on tissue macrophages, such as synovial macrophages, could visualize joint inflammation in multiple experimental arthritis models via single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. Here, we further addressed the specificity and assessed the potential for arthritis monitoring using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) Cy7-labeled Vsig4 nanobody (Cy7-Nb119). In vivo NIRF-imaging of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was performed using Cy7-Nb119. Signals obtained with Cy7-Nb119 or isotope control Cy7-NbBCII10 were compared in joints of naive mice versus CIA mice. In addition, pathological microscopy and fluorescence microscopy were used to validate the arthritis development in CIA. Cy7-Nb119 accumulated in inflamed joints of CIA mice, but not the naive mice. Development of symptoms in CIA was reflected in increased joint accumulation of Cy7-Nb119, which correlated with the conventional measurements of disease. Vsig4 is co-expressed with F4/80, indicating targeting of the increasing number of synovial macrophages associated with the severity of inflammation by the Vsig4 nanobody. NIRF imaging with Cy7-Nb119 allows specific assessment of inflammation in experimental arthritis and provides complementary information to clinical scoring for quantitative, non-invasive and economical monitoring of the pathological process. Nanobody labelled with fluorescence can also be used for ex vivo validation experiments using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Li T, Chen L, Lyu J, Li C, Lin Y, Hao N, Zhou M, Zhong Z. Enhanced Therapeutic Effect of RGD-Modified Polymeric Micelles Loaded With Low-Dose Methotrexate and Nimesulide on Rheumatoid Arthritis. Theranostics 2019; 9:708-720. [PMID: 30809303 PMCID: PMC6376478 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an essential role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RGD peptide shows high affinity and selectivity for integrin αvβ3, which is one of the most extensively examined target of angiogenesis. Nimesulide could improve the anti-rheumatic profile of methotrexate. But the clinical application was limited due to water-insolubility of both methotrexate and nimesulide and lacking targeting ability. Therefore, this study aimed to design a targeted drug delivery system of micelles mediated by RGD plus the passive targeting of micelles to solve the application problems of methotrexate and nimesulide (M/N), and thus enhance their combined therapeutic effect on RA. Methods: RGD was conjugated with NHS-PEG-PLA to form RGD-PEG-PLA for the preparation of RGD-modified drug-loaded micelles (R-M/N-PMs). The size and zeta potential of micelles were measured by dynamic light scattering. Morphology was detected by transmission electron microscopy. The inhibition effect of R-M/N-PMs on angiogenesis was assessed by the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The real-time fluorescence imaging analysis was conducted to examine the in vivo distribution of the fluorescence-labeled R-M/N-PMs. Rats arthritis model induced by Freund's adjuvant was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of R-M/N-PMs. Results: The in vitro study indicated successful development of R-M/N-PMs. R-M/N-PMs could markedly suppress the angiogenesis of chick embryos. The fluorescence-labeled R-M/N-PMs mainly accumulated in arthritic joints. RGD enhanced the targeting ability of micelles and thus promoted retention of micelles in arthritic joints. Moreover, R-M/N-PMs significantly alleviated the joint swelling while reducing bone erosion and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. It helped to recover the bone microstructure of arthritic rats. Conclusion: Our results confirmed that the targeted delivery of the combination of a low dose of methotrexate and nimesulide mediated by RGD-modified polymeric micelles could enhance the therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. These findings provide a promising potential for the clinical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Zhongbing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiayao Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Na Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Noda T, Okuda T, Mizuno R, Ozeki T, Okamoto H. Two-Step Sustained-Release PLGA/Hyaluronic Acid Gel Formulation for Intra-articular Administration. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:937-943. [PMID: 29863082 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the development of drugs for intra-articular administration, sustained-release formulations are desirable because it is difficult to maintain the effect of conventional injections due to immediate drug leakage from the joint cavity. In this study, a sustained-release poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere formulation for intra-articular administration containing indocyanine green (ICG) as a model drug was prepared to follow its fate after intra-articular administration in rats with a real-time in-vivo imaging system. ICG administered as an aqueous solution leaked from the joint cavity in a short time and was excreted outside the body within 1-3 d. However, ICG in the sustained-release formulation was retained in the joint cavity and released for 2 weeks. Next, a sustained-release formulation containing PLGA microspheres in a hyaluronic acid (HA) gel formulation was prepared. After gradual release in two stages, we could achieve sustained release for a longer period. It is considered that a combination formulation of PLGA microspheres and HA gel can significantly improve the sustained release of a drug administered into the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Thakur S, Riyaz B, Patil A, Kaur A, Kapoor B, Mishra V. Novel drug delivery systems for NSAIDs in management of rheumatoid arthritis: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1011-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Recent advances in intra-articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1761-1775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chiesa E, Pisani S, Colzani B, Dorati R, Conti B, Modena T, Braekmans K, Genta I. Intra-Articular Formulation of GE11-PLGA Conjugate-Based NPs for Dexamethasone Selective Targeting-In Vitro Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2304. [PMID: 30082640 PMCID: PMC6121689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively targeted nanoscale drug delivery systems have recently emerged as promising intravenously therapeutic option for most chronic joint diseases. Here, a newly synthetized dodecapeptide (GE11)-polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)-based conjugate was used to prepare smart nanoparticles (NPs) intended for intra-articular administration and for selectively targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). GE11-PLGA conjugate-based NPs are specifically uptaken by EGFR-overexpressed fibroblast; such as synoviocytes; which are the primarily cellular component involved in the development of destructive joint inflammation. The selective uptake could help to tune drug effectiveness in joints and to decrease local and systemic side effects. Dexamethasone (DXM) is a glucorticoid drug commonly used in joint disease treatment for both systemic and local administration route. In the present research; DXM was efficiently loaded into GE11-PLGA conjugate-based NPs through an eco-friendly nanoprecipitation method set up for this purpose. DXM loaded GE11-PLGA conjugate-based NPs revealed satisfactory ex vivo cytocompatibility; with proper size (≤150 nm) and good dimensional stability in synovial fluid. Intra-articular formulation was developed embedding DXM loaded GE11-PLGA conjugate-based NPs into thermosetting chitosan-based hydrogel; forming a biocompatible composite hydrogel able to quickly turn from liquid state into gel state at physiological temperature; within 15 min. Moreover; the use of thermosetting chitosan-based hydrogel extends the local release of active agent; DXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Barbara Colzani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Tiziana Modena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
| | - Kevin Braekmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy.
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Stubelius A, Sheng W, Lee S, Olejniczak J, Guma M, Almutairi A. Disease-Triggered Drug Release Effectively Prevents Acute Inflammatory Flare-Ups, Achieving Reduced Dosing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800703. [PMID: 30009516 PMCID: PMC6165597 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For conditions with inflammatory flare-ups, fast drug-release from a depot is crucial to reduce cell infiltration and prevent long-term tissue destruction. While this concept has been explored for chronic diseases, preventing acute inflammatory flares has not been explored. To address this issue, a preventative inflammation-sensitive system is developed and applied to acute gout, a condition where millions of inflammatory cells are recruited rapidly, causing excruciating and debilitating pain. Rapid drug release is first demonstrated from a pH-responsive acetalated dextran particle loaded with dexamethasone (AcDex-DXM), reducing proinflammatory cytokines in vitro as efficiently as free drug. Then, using the air pouch model of gout, mice are pretreated 24 h before inducing inflammation. AcDex-DXM reduces overall cell infiltration with decreased neutrophils, increases monocytes, and diminishes cytokines and chemokines. In a more extended prophylaxis model, murine joints are pretreated eight days before initiating inflammation. After quantifying cell infiltration, only AcDex-DXM reduces the overall joint inflammation, where neither free drug nor a conventional drug-depot achieves adequate anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the superior efficacy of disease-triggered drug-delivery to prevent acute inflammation is demonstrated over free drug and slow-release depots. This approach and results promise exciting treatment opportunities for multiple inflammatory conditions suffering from acute flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stubelius
- Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of NanoEngineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wangzhong Sheng
- Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of NanoEngineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of NanoEngineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jason Olejniczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of NanoEngineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Abstract
Local delivery of therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis (IA) is limited by short intra-articular half-lives. Since IA severity often fluctuates over time, a local drug delivery method that titrates drug release to arthritis activity would represent an attractive paradigm in IA therapy. Here we report the development of a hydrogel platform that exhibits disassembly and drug release controlled by the concentration of enzymes expressed during arthritis flares. In vitro, hydrogel loaded with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) releases drug on-demand upon exposure to enzymes or synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In arthritic mice, hydrogel loaded with a fluorescent dye demonstrates flare-dependent disassembly measured as loss of fluorescence. Moreover, a single dose of TA-loaded hydrogel but not the equivalent dose of locally injected free TA reduces arthritis activity in the injected paw. Together, our data suggest flare-responsive hydrogel as a promising next-generation drug delivery approach for the treatment of IA.
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Dehghan Baniani D, Bagheri R, Solouk A. Preparation and characterization of a composite biomaterial including starch micro/nano particles loaded chitosan gel. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:633-645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Park JH, Lee BK, Park SH, Kim MG, Lee JW, Lee HY, Lee HB, Kim JH, Kim MS. Preparation of Biodegradable and Elastic Poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) Copolymers and Evaluation as a Localized and Sustained Drug Delivery Carrier. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E671. [PMID: 28335550 PMCID: PMC5372682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a biodegradable polymer possessing elasticity and flexibility, we synthesized MPEG-b-(PCL-co-PLA) copolymers (PCxLyA), which display specific rates of flexibility and elasticity. We synthesize the PCxLyA copolymers by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and l-lactide. PCxLyA copolymers of various compositions were synthesized with 500,000 molecular weight. The PCxLyA copolymers mechanical properties were dependent on the mole ratio of the ε-caprolactone and l-lactide components. Cyclic tensile tests were carried out to investigate the resistance to creep of PCxLyA specimens after up to 20 deformation cycles to 50% elongation. After in vivo implantation, the PCxLyA implants exhibited biocompatibility, and gradually biodegraded over an eight-week experimental period. Immunohistochemical characterization showed that the PCxLyA implants provoked in vivo inflammation, which gradually decreased over time. The copolymer was used as a drug carrier for locally implantable drugs, the hydrophobic drug dexamethasone (Dex), and the water-soluble drug dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (Dex(p)). We monitored drug-loaded PCxLyA films for in vitro and in vivo drug release over 40 days and observed real-time sustained release of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence over an extended period from hydrophobic IR-780- and hydrophilic IR-783-loaded PCxLyA implanted in live animals. Finally, we confirmed that PCxLyA films are usable as biodegradable, elastic drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Bo Keun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Mal Geum Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Hye Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Hai Bang Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-759, Korea.
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Noda T, Okuda T, Ban K, Mizuno R, Tagami T, Ozeki T, Okamoto H. Development of Intra-knee Joint Sustained-Release Gel Formulation and Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Efficiency in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:830-836. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuaki Tagami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Kim K, Park JH, Park SH, Lee HY, Kim JH, Kim MS. An Injectable, Click-Cross-Linked Small Intestinal Submucosa Drug Depot for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:3105-3117. [PMID: 27900853 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a click-cross-linked small intestine submucosa (SIS) drug depot is described for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of the knowledge, there have been no studies related to the intra-articular injection of methotrexate (Met)-loaded click-cross-linkable SIS (Met-loaded Cx-SIS) for RA treatment. As the key objective of this work, injectable formulations of tetrazine-modified SIS (TE-SIS) and transcyclooctene-modified SIS (TC-SIS) are employed as drug depots. Within a few seconds, the simple mixing of equal amounts of TE-SIS and TC-SIS suspensions forms a gelatinous click-cross-linked SIS (Cx-SIS) drug depot in vitro and in vivo. The formed Cx-SIS depot is maintained in the articular joint over an extended period, while SIS alone rapidly disappears. Injectable formulations of Met-loaded Cx-SIS and Met-loaded SIS are prepared and then injected into articular joints to form drug depots. Compared to animals treated with Met-loaded SIS, RA animals treated with Met-loaded Cx-SIS show effective RA repair, as well as extensive regeneration of chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycan deposits. Collectively, these results indicate that the Met-loaded Cx-SIS depot is successfully formed after intra-articular injection of click-cross-linkable SIS, and that this formulation induces long-lasting Met release and allows Met to act effectively in the articular joint, resulting in RA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Hye Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
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33
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Piccirilli E, Oliva F, Murè MA, Mahmoud A, Foti C, Tarantino U, Maffulli N. Viscosupplementation with intra-articular hyaluronic acid for hip disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6:293-299. [PMID: 28066733 PMCID: PMC5193518 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip joint diseases are common in adult population and their prevalence increases with age. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and femoroacetabular impingement are the most common chronic diseases in the hip joint. Viscosupplementation with exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the most widely used conservative treatment aiming to improve synovial fluid properties and to decrease pain. There is no global consensus on the type of HA, method of injection and frequency, or on its efficacy in hip joint. METHODS We selected published data in English in the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases up to March 2016 about hyaluronic acid injections in hip disorders. RESULTS 26 articles were included following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. CONCLUSION There is a lack of standardization of HA injections for hip conditions. Our results suggest that this is the best conservative therapy before surgery and it can act on pain relief and function however there is no evidence to prove its ability to modify the morphological structure of the pathological hip and the natural history of the disease. There are few data about the use of HA in other hip disorders rather than osteoarthritis. The most relevant evidence seems to show the utility of HA injections in improving synovial inflammation, but only a few studies have been conducted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Piccirilli
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy
| | | | - Asmaa Mahmoud
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy
- Physical medicine, Rheumatology and rehabilitation department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Calogero Foti
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Head of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy; Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, London, UK
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34
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Jang JY, Park SH, Park JH, Lee BK, Yun JH, Lee B, Kim JH, Min BH, Kim MS. In Vivo Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Embedded in an Injectable In Vivo-Forming Hydrogel. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1158-69. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yong Jang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Bo Keun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Yun
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 561-712 Korea
| | - Bong Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-739 Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Byoung Hyun Min
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon 443-759 Korea
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Cao L, Li Q, Zhang C, Wu H, Yao L, Xu M, Yu L, Ding J. Safe and Efficient Colonic Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Using an Injectable Hydrogel. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:393-402. [PMID: 33429543 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has not yet been widely adopted in the treatment of early colonic cancers due to the greater technical difficulty involved, longer procedure time, and the increased risk of perforation. Adequate mucosal elevation by submucosal injection is crucial for en bloc resection and prevention of perforation during colonic ESD. This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an injectable thermoreversible hydrogel as the colonic submucosal agent for the first time. Triblock copolymer poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) was synthesized, and its concentrated aqueous solution was injected into the colonic submucosa of living minipig and spontaneously transformed into an in situ hydrogel with adequate mucosal elevation at body temperature. Such a mucosal lifting lasted for a longer time than that created by the control group, glycerol fructose. Colonic ESD was then performed with the administration of hydrogels at various polymer concentrations or glycerol fructose. All colonic lesions were successfully resected en bloc after one single injection of the hydrogel, and repeated injections were not needed. No evidence of major hemorrhage, perforation and tissue damage were observed. Considering the injection pressure, duration of mucosal elevation and efficacy of "autodissection", the hydrogel containing 15 wt % polymer was the optimized system for colonic ESD. Consequently, the thermoreversible hydrogel is an ideal submucosal fluid that provides a durable mucosal lifting and makes colonic ESD accessible to a large extent. In particular, the efficacy of "autodissection" after one single injection of the hydrogel simplifies significantly the procedures while minimizing the complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Quanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haocheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liqing Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meidong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Shinde CG, Pramod kumar TM, Venkatesh MP, Rajesh KS, Srivastava A, Osmani RAM, Sonawane YH. Intra-articular delivery of a methotrexate loaded nanostructured lipid carrier based smart gel for effective treatment of rheumatic diseases. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) based smart gel of methotrexate (MTX) was developed as a potential system for the treatment of rheumatic diseases (RD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan G. Shinde
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics
- JSS University
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- Mysore-15
- India
| | - T. M. Pramod kumar
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics
- JSS University
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- Mysore-15
- India
| | - M. P. Venkatesh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics
- JSS University
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- Mysore-15
- India
| | - K. S. Rajesh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics
- Oxbridge College of Pharmacy
- Bangalore-91
- India
| | - Atul Srivastava
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics
- JSS University
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- Mysore-15
- India
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Park JH, Tai GZ, Lee BK, Park SH, Jang JY, Lee JS, Kim JH, Park K, Jang JW, Kim MS. Preparation and investigation of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile as a preliminary biomedical hydrogel. Biomater Res 2015; 19:20. [PMID: 26504588 PMCID: PMC4620644 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-015-0043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) has attracted much attention as a hydrogel for a broad range of biomedical applications. Therefore, in this study, we prepared HPAN derivatives with controllable compositions by the radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN), methacrylic acid (MAA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomers. RESULTS The prepared poly(AN-co-MAA-co-NIPAM) copolymers had different ratios of AN, MAA, and NIPAM and molecular weights ranging from 2000 to 50,000. The copolymers were prepared as films to examine their properties. The prepared copolymer films showed different solubilities, contact angles, and swelling ratios. The properties of the copolymer films were affected by the hydrophobic PAN segments and the hydrophilic PMAA or PNIPAM segments. CONCLUSION Thus, we conclude that introducing PMAA and PNIPAM segments with different ratios and lengths into PAN segments could represent a method of controlling the hydrogel properties of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Guo Zhe Tai
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Bo Keun Lee
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Park
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Ja Yong Jang
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
- />R&DB Center, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, 153-803 South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- />Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 South Korea
| | - Ju Woong Jang
- />R&DB Center, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, 153-803 South Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- />Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-759 South Korea
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