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Madorran E, Kocbek Šaherl L, Rakuša M, Munda M. In Vitro Human Liver Model for Toxicity Assessment with Clinical and Preclinical Instrumentation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:607. [PMID: 38794269 PMCID: PMC11124512 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The existing in vitro toxicological models lack translational potential, which makes difficult the application of gathered information to clinical usage. To tackle this issue, we built a model with four different types of primary liver cells: hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. We cultured them in different combinations of composition and volumes of cell medium, hepatocyte proportions of total cells and additions of extracellular matrixes. We added rifampicin (RIF), ibuprofen (IBU) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to this model and observed the microanatomy and physiology changes for a week with preclinical and clinical instruments. Among the different model configurations, we selected the feature combination of the in vitro model that had similar biomarker values to those measured in clinical diagnostics. When we exposed the selected model configuration to RIF, IBU and 5-FU, we observed similar glucose, triglyceride and albumin dynamics as in vivo (from clinical data). Therefore, we have built an in vitro liver model that resembles the liver microenvironment, and we have analysed it with clinical instrumentation to facilitate data translation. Furthermore, during these observations, we found that Kupffer and LSEC cells are suitable candidates for the search for clinical diagnostic markers of liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Madorran
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.K.Š.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
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2
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Vaváková M, Hofwimmer K, Laurencikiene J, Göransson O. Mechanism of TNFα-induced downregulation of salt-inducible kinase 2 in adipocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10559. [PMID: 37386070 PMCID: PMC10310826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is highly expressed in white adipocytes, but downregulated in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance. These conditions are often associated with a low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. We and others have previously shown that SIK2 is downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), however, involvement of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, or the mechanisms underlying TNFα-induced SIK2 downregulation, remain to be elucidated. In this study we have shown that TNFα downregulates SIK2 protein expression not only in 3T3L1- but also in human in vitro differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β, but not IL-6, might also contribute to SIK2 downregulation during inflammation. We observed that TNFα-induced SIK2 downregulation occurred also in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors against several kinases involved in inflammation, namely c-Jun N-terminal kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase or inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK). However, IKK may be involved in SIK2 regulation as we detected an increase of SIK2 when inhibiting IKK in the absence of TNFα. Increased knowledge about inflammation-induced downregulation of SIK2 could ultimately be used to develop strategies for the reinstalment of SIK2 expression in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Vaváková
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Section for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Biomedical Centre C11, Klinikgatan 28, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Hofwimmer
- Lipid Laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Section for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Biomedical Centre C11, Klinikgatan 28, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Todeschini L, Cristin L, Martinino A, Mattia A, Agnes S, Giovinazzo F. The Role of mTOR Inhibitors after Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5574-5592. [PMID: 37366904 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is a treatment option for nonresectable patients with early-stage HCC, with more significant advantages when Milan criteria are fulfilled. An immunosuppressive regimen is required to reduce the risk of graft rejection after transplantation, and CNIs represent the drugs of choice in this setting. However, their inhibitory effect on T-cell activity accounts for a higher risk of tumour regrowth. mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) have been introduced as an alternative immunosuppressive approach to conventional CNI-based regimens to address both immunosuppression and cancer control. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway regulates protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism, and the pathway is frequently deregulated in human tumours. Several studies have suggested the role of mTORi in reducing HCC progression after LT, accounting for a lower recurrence rate. Furthermore, mTOR immunosuppression controls the renal damage associated with CNI exposure. Conversion to mTOR inhibitors is associated with stabilizing and recovering renal dysfunction, suggesting an essential renoprotective effect. Limitations in this therapeutic approach are related to their negative impact on lipid and glucose metabolism as well as on proteinuria development and wound healing. This review aims to summarize the roles of mTORi in managing patients with HCC undergoing LT. Strategies to overcome common adverse effects are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Todeschini
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Cristin
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Amelia Mattia
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Agnes
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giovinazzo
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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4
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A mixed blessing for liver transplantation patients - Rapamycin. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:14-21. [PMID: 36328894 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) is an effective treatment option for end-stage liver disease. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as rapamycin, are widely used post LT. DATA SOURCES In this review, we focused on the anti-cancer activities and metabolic side effects of rapamycin after LT. The literature available on PubMed for the period of January 1999-September 2022 was reviewed. The key words were rapamycin, sirolimus, liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, and lipid metabolism disorder. RESULTS Rapamycin has shown excellent effects and is safer than other immunosuppressive regimens. It has exhibited excellent anti-cancer activity and has the potential in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence post LT. Rapamycin is closely related to two long-term complications after LT, diabetes and lipid metabolism disorders. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin prevents HCC recurrence post LT in some patients, but it also induces metabolic disorders. Reasonable use of rapamycin benefits the liver recipients.
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5
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Belforte N, Agostinone J, Alarcon-Martinez L, Villafranca-Baughman D, Dotigny F, Cueva Vargas JL, Di Polo A. AMPK hyperactivation promotes dendrite retraction, synaptic loss, and neuronal dysfunction in glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:43. [PMID: 34187514 PMCID: PMC8243567 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of complex dendritic arbors and synaptic transmission are processes that require a substantial amount of energy. Bioenergetic decline is a prominent feature of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, yet the signaling mechanisms that link energy stress with neuronal dysfunction are poorly understood. Recent work has implicated energy deficits in glaucoma, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendritic pathology and synapse disassembly are key features of ocular hypertension damage. RESULTS We show that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a conserved energy biosensor, is strongly activated in RGC from mice with ocular hypertension and patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Our data demonstrate that AMPK triggers RGC dendrite retraction and synapse elimination. We show that the harmful effect of AMPK is exerted through inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Attenuation of AMPK activity restores mTORC1 function and rescues dendrites and synaptic contacts. Strikingly, AMPK depletion promotes recovery of light-evoked retinal responses, improves axonal transport, and extends RGC survival. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies AMPK as a critical nexus between bioenergetic decline and RGC dysfunction during pressure-induced stress, and highlights the importance of targeting energy homeostasis in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jessica Agostinone
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Deborah Villafranca-Baughman
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Florence Dotigny
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jorge L Cueva Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Succursale centre-ville 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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6
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Gong L, Zou Z, Liu L, Guo S, Xing D. Photobiomodulation therapy ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by activating cytochrome c oxidase-mediated protein kinase B in muscle. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10015-10033. [PMID: 33795530 PMCID: PMC8064177 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ameliorating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are major therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have indicated that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) attenuates metabolic abnormalities in insulin-resistant adipose cells and tissues. However, it remains unclear whether PBMT ameliorates glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes models. Here we showed that PBMT reduced blood glucose and insulin resistance, and reversed metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle in two diabetic mouse models. PBMT accelerated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by elevating cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) activity. ROS-induced activation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling after PBMT promoted glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation and glycogen synthase (GS) activation, accelerating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle. CcO subunit III deficiency, ROS elimination, and AKT inhibition suppressed the PBMT effects of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. This study indicated amelioration of glucose metabolism after PBMT in diabetic mouse models and revealed the metabolic regulatory effects and mechanisms of PBMT on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.,College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.,College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.,College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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7
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Madorran E, Stožer A, Bevc S, Maver U. In vitro toxicity model: Upgrades to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical research. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:157-168. [PMID: 31621554 PMCID: PMC7202182 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides extensive data that indicate our need for drugs to maintain human population health. Despite the substantial availability of drugs on the market, many patients lack specific drugs. New drugs are required to tackle this issue. Moreover, we need more reliable models for testing drug toxicity, as too many drug approval failures occur with the current models. This article briefly describes various approaches of the currently used models for toxicity screening, to justify the selection of in vitro cell-based models. Cell-based toxicity models have the best potential to reliably predict drug toxicity in humans, as they are developed using the cells of the target organism. However, currently, a large gap exists between in vitro cell-based approach to toxicity testing and the clinical approach, which may be contributing to drug approval failures. We propose improvements to in vitro cell-based toxicity models, which is often an insight approach, to better match this approach with the clinical homeostatic approach. This should enable a more accurate comparison of data between the preclinical as well as clinical models and provide a more comprehensive understanding of human physiology and biological effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Madorran
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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8
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Esch N, Jo S, Moore M, Alejandro EU. Nutrient Sensor mTOR and OGT: Orchestrators of Organelle Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:8872639. [PMID: 33457426 PMCID: PMC7787834 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8872639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to integrate the role of nutrient-sensing pathways into β-cell organelle dysfunction prompted by nutrient excess during type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D encompasses chronic hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation, which each contribute to β-cell failure. These factors can disrupt the function of critical β-cell organelles, namely, the ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and autophagosomes. Dysfunctional organelles cause defects in insulin synthesis and secretion and activate apoptotic pathways if homeostasis is not restored. In this review, we will focus on mTORC1 and OGT, two major anabolic nutrient sensors with important roles in β-cell physiology. Though acute stimulation of these sensors frequently improves β-cell function and promotes adaptation to cell stress, chronic and sustained activity disturbs organelle homeostasis. mTORC1 and OGT regulate organelle function by influencing the expression and activities of key proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors, as well as by modulating autophagy to influence clearance of defective organelles. In addition, mTORC1 and OGT activity influence islet inflammation during T2D, which can further disrupt organelle and β-cell function. Therapies for T2D that fine-tune the activity of these nutrient sensors have yet to be developed, but the important role of mTORC1 and OGT in organelle homeostasis makes them promising targets to improve β-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mackenzie Moore
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Rawat P, Teodorof-Diedrich C, Spector SA. Human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 single-stranded RNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and impairs autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria in human microglia. Glia 2018; 67:802-824. [PMID: 30582668 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that fully suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV), markers of inflammation and minor neurocognitive impairment are frequently identified in HIV-infected persons. Increasing data support that low-level replication defective viral RNA is made by infected cells despite the absence of infectious virus. Specific GU-rich single-stranded RNA from the HIV long terminal repeat region (ssRNA40) signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -8 has been shown to induce the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in primary monocytes. Here, we examined the activation of microglial cells by HIV ssRNA40 and the potential subsequent neurotoxicity. Our findings show that exposure of human primary microglia to ssRNA40 activates the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Following exposure to ssRNA40, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and neurotoxic cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, and C1q expression and extracellular secretion are increased. The released cytokines are functional since culture supernatants from ssRNA40 exposed microglia-induced toxicity of human primary neurons. Moreover, inflammasome activation of microglia increased ROS generation with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial integrity. Treatment with ssRNA40 resulted in a blockade of autophagy/mitophagy mediated negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity with the release of inflammatory cytokines, caspase-1 activation, and pyroptotic microglial cell death. Thus, HIV ssRNA mediated activation of microglial cells can contribute to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration via secretion of inflammatory and neurotoxic cytokines. These findings provide a potential mechanism that explains the frequent minor cognitive deficits and chronic inflammation that persist in HIV-infected persons despite treatment with suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carmen Teodorof-Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
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10
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Zhou W, Ye S. Rapamycin improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes rats through activation of autophagy. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1282-1291. [PMID: 29908010 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to explore the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), on IR in T2DM rats, and to validate whether the underlying mechanism was associated with autophagy. In this study, the model of T2DM rats was established by feeding the animals with a high-fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic rats were randomly divided into model of T2DM control group (DM-C, n = 15), metformin group (DM-M, n = 15), rapamycin group (DM-Rapa, n = 15), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (DM-3-MA, n = 15), and rapamycin + 3-MA group (DM-Rapa-3-MA, n = 15). Rats in different treatment groups were given by corresponding therapy from gastric tube. Meanwhile, normal control group was established (n = 10). As expected, HFD- and STZ- induced T2DM rats exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia, aggravated hepatic steatosis, enhanced hepatic inflammation, elevated p-mTOR, and suppressed hepatic autophagy. Importantly, rapamycin and metformin significantly ameliorated IR, relieved disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced inflammatory level, inhibited mTOR, and promoted autophagy. Importantly, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA significantly reversed the effects exerted by rapamycin. Collectively, our study suggests that rapamycin improved IR and hepatic steatosis in T2DM rats via activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Shandong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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11
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Ma M, Quan Y, Li Y, He X, Xiao J, Zhan M, Zhao W, Xin Y, Lu L, Luo L. Bidirectional modulation of insulin action by reactive oxygen species in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:807-814. [PMID: 29767231 PMCID: PMC6059710 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve an important role in glucose‑lipid metabolic regulation. In the present study, the results demonstrated that there was bidirectional regulation of insulin action in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes treated with ROS. Transient and acute ROS exposure improved insulin‑induced metabolic effects in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a stable and diffusible ROS, diffused into adipocytes and altered intracellular redox homeostasis, resulting in oxidation and inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Inactivation of PTEN enhanced the activation of insulin‑induced protein kinase B (AKT), leading to increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) redistribution and glucose uptake in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. However, chronic ROS treatment induced insulin resistance in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. It was also revealed that insulin‑induced AKT activation, GLUT4 translocation to cell membrane and glucose uptake were significantly inhibited in chronic ROS‑treated 3T3‑L1 adipocytes. Taken together, the present study provided further demonstration that transient ROS treatment improved insulin sensitivity; however, chronic ROS exposure induced insulin resistance in 3T3‑L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People's Hospital), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Yingyao Quan
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Xu He
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Xin
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Center of Intervention Radiology, Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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12
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Zhu C, Xia L, Li F, Zhou L, Weng Q, Li Z, Wu Y, Mao Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Li M, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H, Li W. mTOR complexes differentially orchestrates eosinophil development in allergy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6883. [PMID: 29720621 PMCID: PMC5932055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration is considered a hallmark in allergic airway inflammation, and the blockade of eosinophil differentiation may be an effective approach for treating eosinophil-related disorders. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a vital modulator in cell growth control and related diseases, and we have recently demonstrated that rapamycin can suppress eosinophil differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Considering its critical role in haematopoiesis, we further investigated the role of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation in the context of asthmatic pathogenesis. Intriguingly, the inhibition of mTOR, either by genetic deletion or by another pharmacological inhibitor torin-1, accelerated the eosinophil development in the presence of IL-5. However, this was not observed to have any considerable effect on eosinophil apoptosis. The effect of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation was mediated by Erk signalling. Moreover, myeloid specific knockout of mTOR or Rheb further augmented allergic airway inflammation in mice after allergen exposure. Ablation of mTOR in myeloid cells also resulted in an increased number of eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors (Eops) in allergic mice. Collectively, our data uncovered the differential effects of mTOR in the regulation of eosinophil development, likely due to the distinct functions of mTOR complex 1 or 2, which thus exerts a pivotal implication in eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lingren Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Qingyu Weng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zhouyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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Yu T, Wang M, Wen Y, Cao Y, Shen G, Jiang X, Wu J, Lu W, Jin X. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin induces lipid accumulation in the diaphragm of ventilated rats and hypoxia-treated C2C12 cells. J Surg Res 2018; 225:82-89. [PMID: 29605039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study demonstrated that ventilators increase diaphragmatic lipid accumulation in rabbits, but their cellular mechanism is poorly understood. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in atherosclerosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. The present study investigated the role of mTOR pathway activation in the diaphragmatic muscle of ventilated rats and hypoxia-induced C2C12 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawly rats were randomized into a control group (n = 8), controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) group (n = 8), and CMV + Rapa group (n = 8). We evaluated the diaphragmatic contractility, lipid accumulation, and protein expression of the mTOR pathways. To explore the mechanism underlying ventilator-induced lipid accumulation, we observed protein expression of the mTOR and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) pathways in C2C12 cells under hypoxic and mTOR pathway inhibitor treatments. RESULTS Compared with the control group, there was a significant decrease in the peak twitch and peak tetanic forces in the CMV group (384.24 ± 70.39 versus 496.33 ± 78.64 g/cm2, P < 0.05, and 869.24 ± 76.67 versus 1090.72 ± 118.91 g/cm2, P < 0.05, respectively). There was a significant increase in peak twitch and peak tetanic forces in the CMV + Rapa group compared with that in the CMV group (501.81 ± 23.15 versus 384.24 ± 70.39 g/cm2, P < 0.05, and 992.91 ± 88.99 versus 869.24 ± 76.67 g/cm2, P < 0.05, respectively). In the CMV group, there were significant increases in lipid accumulation (0.086 ± 0.009 versus 0.005 ± 0.002, P < 0.05) and expression of mTOR in diaphragmatic fibers compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Rapamycin prevented lipid accumulation in rats of the CMV + Rapa group compared with that in the CMV group rats (0.024 ± 0.004 versus 0.086 ± 0.009, P < 0.05). Compared with the CMV group, there was a significant decrease in the phosphorylated protein expression levels of mTOR in rats of the CMV + Rapa group (P < 0.05). Hypoxic conditions activated the mTOR and LDLr pathways in C2C12 cells, which were correlated with an increase in expression of the mTOR and LDLr pathways compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In C2C12 cells treated with hypoxia + rapamycin, activation of the mTOR and LDLr pathways was blocked compared with C2C12 cells treated with hypoxia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CMV and hypoxia-induced activation of the mTOR pathway, resulting in lipid accumulation, and impaired the diaphragmatic contractile function. Therefore, pharmacologic agents that inhibit the mTOR pathway could potentially be useful for mitigating the diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction induced by mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yadong Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yingya Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Guanggui Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaogan Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Weihua Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoju Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.
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14
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Xu J, Zhang W, Lu Z, Zhang F, Ding W. Airborne PM 2.5-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Nrf2/JNK-Mediated Signaling Pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070787. [PMID: 28708100 PMCID: PMC5551225 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal and epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying this risk is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PM2.5 exposure on glucose homeostasis and related signaling pathways in mice. Wild-type and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout (Nrf2−/−) C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to either ambient concentrated PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) for 12 weeks through a whole-body PM exposure system. At the end of the exposure, we assessed liver damage, and performed metabolic studies, gene expressions, as well as molecular signal transductions to determine the signaling pathways involving oxidative responses, insulin signaling, and glucose metabolism. Our results indicated that PM2.5 exposure for 12 weeks caused significant liver damage as evidenced by elevated levels of aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure induced impaired glucose tolerance and inhibited glycogen synthesis, leading to hepatic insulin resistance indicated by higher glucose levels, higher area under the curve (AUC), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. We further found that PM2.5 exposure significantly increased the expressions of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and increased insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation at Ser307, but reduced protein kinase B phosphorylation at Ser473. Taken together, our study demonstrated PM2.5 exposure triggered Nrf2-mediated oxidative responses and activated the JNK-mediated inhibitory signaling pathway, resulting in hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Xu
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Zhongguancun South 1st Alley, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhongbing Lu
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenjun Ding
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Klil-Drori AJ, Azoulay L, Pollak MN. Cancer, obesity, diabetes, and antidiabetic drugs: is the fog clearing? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:85-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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