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Busuulwa A, Revynthi AM, Liburd OE, Lahiri S. Residual effect of commonly used fungicides in strawberries on Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus cucumeris, and Neoseiulus californicus (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 93:253-272. [PMID: 38869730 PMCID: PMC11269389 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Florida's strawberry industry is currently valued at $511 million annually but faces challenges from pathogens and arthropod pests especially Tetranychus urticae Koch (twospotted spider mite) and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (chilli thrips). Predatory mites, particularly Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, play a crucial role in pest management. However, there are concerns regarding how these biological control agents are affected by fungicides used in current pathogen management strategies. This study assessed the residual effects of commonly used fungicides in strawberries on the survival, feeding, and oviposition of these predatory mites. Commercially sourced predatory mites were reared on S. dorsalis larvae, and gravid female predators placed on fungicide treated strawberry leaf discs in a Munger cell for 120 h. Fungicides tested included two formulations of Captan, hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid, cyprodinil + fludioxonil, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, cyflufenamid and a control. All fungicides tested had an impact on the survival, feeding, and oviposition of the predators. Among the fungicide treatments, the lowest predator survival was observed in the cyprodinil + fludioxonil treatment, while the highest was observed in the hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid and tetramethylthiuram disulfide treatments. In all treatments, feeding and oviposition greatly varied among predators; specifically, N. cucumeris and A. swirskii had the lowest prey consumption, while N. californicus had the highest. These findings highlight the potential incompatibility between fungicides and predatory mites and demonstrate the need for the development of a fungicide rotation program tailored to the different susceptibilities of predators to fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Busuulwa
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Revynthi
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida-Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL, USA
| | - Oscar E Liburd
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sriyanka Lahiri
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA
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2
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Schausberger P, Nguyen TH, Altintas M. Early-life intraguild predation risk produces adaptive personalities in predatory mites. iScience 2024; 27:109065. [PMID: 38361613 PMCID: PMC10864791 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal personalities are defined by within-individual consistency, and consistent among-individual variation, in behavior across time and/or contexts. Here we hypothesized that brief early-life experience of intraguild predation (IGP) risk has enduring phenotypic effects on personality expression in boldness and aggressiveness in later life. We tested our hypothesis in predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis, which are IG predators with ontogenetic role reversals, i.e., they are potential IG prey during early life but IG predators as adults. Adult P. persimilis females, which had experienced IGP risk early in life or not, were subjected to three tests each for boldness and aggressiveness. IGP-experienced individuals were on average bolder and more aggressive. Boldness was moderately repeatable, aggressiveness was weakly repeatable. Strikingly, early-life IGP experience shifted the within-group personality composition toward consistently bold and aggressive personalities. Phenotypic adjustment of personality expression was adaptive, as indicated by the positive correlation between personality scores and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schausberger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thi Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Mustafa Altintas
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
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3
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Enos JK, Ducay R, Paitz RT, Ward MP, Hauber ME. Female red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) do not alter nest site selection, maternal programming, or hormone-mediated maternal effects in response to perceived nest predation or brood parasitism risk. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 341:114322. [PMID: 37247827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Predation or brood parasitism risks can change the behaviors and reproductive decisions in many parental animals. For oviparous species, mothers can mitigate their reproductive success in at least three ways: (1) by avoiding nest sites with high predation or parasitism risks, (2) through hormonal maternal effects that developmentally prime offspring for survival in risky environments, or (3) by investing less in reproduction when predation or parasitism risks are high. Here, we tested if perceived predation and parasitism risks can induce any of these behavioral or physiological responses by exposing female red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to playbacks of two major nest threats, a predator (Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii) and an obligate brood parasite (brown-headed cowbird; Molothrus ater), as well as two controls (harmless Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna; and silence). We found that female blackbirds did not avoid nesting at sites treated with predator or brood parasite playbacks, nor were females more likely to abandon nesting attempts at these sites. Egg size and yolk hormone profiles, which are common proxies for maternal investment in oviparous species, were statistically similar across treatment sites. Instead, we found intraclutch variation in yolk steroid hormone profiles: concentrations of three progestogens (pregnanedione, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and deoxycorticosterone) and two androgens (testosterone and androstenedione) were higher in third-laid than first-laid eggs. Our study largely confirms previous findings of consistent intraclutch yolk hormone variation in this species, in birds in general, and in other oviparous lineages, but uniquely reports on several yolk steroid hormones largely overlooked in the literature on hormone-mediated maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Enos
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Rebecca Ducay
- Southern Illinois University, School of Forestry and Horticulture, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Ryan T Paitz
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Michael P Ward
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Yu X, Tang R, Liu T, Qiu B. Larval and/or Adult Exposure to Intraguild Predator Harmonia axyridis Alters Reproductive Allocation Decisions and Offspring Growth in Menochilus sexmaculatus. INSECTS 2023; 14:496. [PMID: 37367312 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Maternal effects can reduce offspring susceptibility to predators by altering resource allocation to young and reproducing larger offspring. While the perception of predation risk can vary according to a prey's life stage, it is unclear whether maternally experienced intraguild predation (IGP) risk during different life stages influences the maternal effects of predatory insects. We investigated the influence of exposure to intraguild predators (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)) during the larval and/or adult stages on reproductive decisions and offspring growth in Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius). Independent of the life stage, when M. sexmaculatus females experienced IGP risk, their body weight and fecundity decreased, but the proportion of trophic eggs produced increased. However, egg mass, egg clutch number, and egg clutch size were not influenced by the treatment. Next, when offspring encountered H. axyridis, mothers experiencing IGP risk during the larval and/or adult stages could increase their offspring's weight. Moreover, offspring in IGP environments reached a similar size as those with no-IGP environments when mothers experienced IGP risk during the larval and/or adult stages. Overall, M. sexmaculatus larval and/or adult exposure to IGP risk had no influence on egg size, but increased offspring body size when faced with H. axyridis. Additionally, mothers experiencing IGP risk during different life stages showed increased production of trophic eggs. Because IGP is frequently observed on M. sexmaculatus and favours relatively larger individuals, different stages of M. sexmaculatus express threat-sensitively to IGP risk; inducing maternal effects can be an adaptive survival strategy to defend against H. axyridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control Ministry of Education the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoli Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control Ministry of Education the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biotechnology for Active Substances, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Stein LR, Hoke K. Parental and individual experience with predation risk interact in shaping phenotypes in a sex-specific manner. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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6
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Walzer A, Nachman G, Spangl B, Stijak M, Tscholl T. Trans- and Within-Generational Developmental Plasticity May Benefit the Prey but Not Its Predator during Heat Waves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1123. [PMID: 36009751 PMCID: PMC9404866 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretically, parents can adjust vital offspring traits to the irregular and rapid occurrence of heat waves via developmental plasticity. However, the direction and strength of such trait modifications are often species-specific. Here, we investigated within-generational plasticity (WGP) and trans-generational plasticity (TGP) effects induced by heat waves during the offspring development of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis and its herbivorous prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, to assess plastic developmental modifications. Single offspring individuals with different parental thermal origin (reared under mild or extreme heat waves) of both species were exposed to mild or extreme heat waves until adulthood, and food consumption, age and size at maturity were recorded. The offspring traits were influenced by within-generational plasticity (WGP), trans-generational plasticity (TGP), non-plastic trans-generational effects (TGE) and/or their interactions. When exposed to extreme heat waves, both species speeded up development (exclusively WGP), consumed more (due to the fact of WGP but also to TGP in prey females and to non-plastic TGE in predator males), and predator females got smaller (non-plastic TGE and WGP), whereas prey males and females were equally sized irrespective of their origin, because TGE, WGP and TGP acted in opposite directions. The body sizes of predator males were insensitive to parental and offspring heat wave conditions. Species comparisons indicated stronger reductions in the developmental time and reduced female predator-prey body size ratios in favor of the prey under extreme heat waves. Further investigations are needed to evaluate, whether trait modifications result in lowered suppression success of the predator on its prey under heat waves or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walzer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
| | - Bernhard Spangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, Institute of Statistics, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Miroslava Stijak
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Tscholl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
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7
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Schausberger P, Rendon D. Transgenerational effects of grandparental and parental diets combine with early-life learning to shape adaptive foraging phenotypes in Amblyseius swirskii. Commun Biol 2022; 5:246. [PMID: 35314761 PMCID: PMC8938427 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational effects abound in animals. While a great deal of research has been dedicated to the effects of maternal stressors such as diet deficiency, social deprivation or predation risk on offspring phenotypes, we have a poor understanding of the adaptive value of transgenerational effects spanning across multiple generations under benign conditions and the relative weight of multigenerational effects. Here we show that grandparental and parental diet experiences combine with personal early-life learning to form adaptive foraging phenotypes in adult plant-inhabiting predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii. Our findings provide insights into transgenerational plasticity caused by persistent versus varying conditions in multiple ancestral generations and show that transgenerational effects may be adaptive in non-matching ancestor and offspring environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schausberger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dalila Rendon
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Shannon H, Kutz D, Persons M. The effects of prenatal predator cue exposure on offspring substrate preferences in the wolf spider Tigrosa helluo. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Predator-induced maternal effects determine adaptive antipredator behaviors via egg composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017063118. [PMID: 34507981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017063118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-risk environments with frequent predator encounters, efficient antipredator behavior is key to survival. Parental effects are a powerful mechanism to prepare offspring for coping with such environments, yet clear evidence for adaptive parental effects on offspring antipredator behaviors is missing. Rapid escape reflexes, or "C-start reflexes," are a key adaptation in fish and amphibians to escape predator strikes. We hypothesized that mothers living in high-risk environments might induce faster C-start reflexes in offspring by modifying egg composition. Here, we show that offspring of the cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher developed faster C-start reflexes and were more risk averse if their parents had been exposed to cues of their most dangerous natural predator during egg production. This effect was mediated by differences in egg composition. Eggs of predator-exposed mothers were heavier with higher net protein content, and the resulting offspring were heavier and had lower igf-1 gene expression than control offspring shortly after hatching. Thus, changes in egg composition can relay multiple putative pathways by which mothers can influence adaptive antipredator behaviors such as faster escape reflexes.
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Schausberger P, Çekin D, Litin A. Learned predators enhance biological control via organizational upward and trophic top-down cascades. J Appl Ecol 2021; 58:158-166. [PMID: 33536685 PMCID: PMC7839590 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Learning is a behavioural change based on memory of previous experiences and a ubiquitous phenomenon in animals. Learning effects are commonly life-stage- and age-specific. In many animals, early life experiences lead to pervasive and persistent behavioural changes.There is broad consensus that learning has far-reaching implications to biological control. Proximate and ultimate factors of individual learning by parasitoids and true predators are relatively well understood, yet the consequences of learning to higher organizational levels, populations and communities, and top-down trophic cascades are unexplored.We addressed this issue using a tri-trophic system consisting of predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii, Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and whole common bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris. F. occidentalis are notorious horticultural pests that are difficult to control. Therefore, practitioners have much to gain by optimizing biological control of thrips.Previous studies have shown that early life experience of thrips by A. swirskii improves foraging on thrips later in life due to decreased prey recognition times and increased predation rates, together enhancing predator fecundity. Here, we hypothesized that early learning by A. swirskii enhances biological control of thrips via immediate and cascading effects. We predicted that release of thrips-experienced predators enhances predator population growth and thrips suppression and reduces plant damage as compared to release of thrips-naïve predators.The behavioural changes brought about by early learning cascaded up to the population and community levels. Thrips-experienced predators caused favourable immediate and cascading effects that could not be compensated for in populations founded by thrips-naïve predators. Populations founded by thrips-experienced predators grew faster, reached higher abundances, were more efficacious in suppressing an emerging thrips population and kept plant damage at lower levels than populations founded by thrips-naïve predators. Plant fecundity correlated negatively with thrips abundance and positively with predatory mite abundance. Improved biological control was mainly due to thrips-experienced founders providing for a head-start in predator population growth and thrips suppression. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that learned natural enemies have high potential to optimize augmentative biological control on a larger scale due to favourably modulating organizational upward and trophic top-down cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schausberger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and BehaviorDepartment of Crop SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Demet Çekin
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and BehaviorDepartment of Crop SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alena Litin
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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Ingerslew KS, Finke DL. Non-consumptive effects stabilize herbivore control over multiple generations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241870. [PMID: 33170896 PMCID: PMC7654827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence predator-prey dynamics requires an investigation of oscillations in predator and prey population sizes over time. However, empirical studies are often performed over one or fewer predator generations. This is particularly true for studies addressing the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey. In a previous study that lasted less than one predator generation, we demonstrated that two species of parasitoid wasps additively suppressed aphid populations through a combination of consumptive and non-consumptive effects. However, the non-consumptive effects of one wasp reduced the reproductive success of the other, suggesting that a longer-term experiment may have revealed antagonism between the wasps. The goal of our current study is to evaluate multi-generation consumptive and non-consumptive interactions between pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the wasps Aphidius ervi and Aphidius colemani. Aphidius ervi is a common natural enemy of pea aphids. Aphidius colemani is a non-consumptive enemy that does not consume pea aphids, but negatively affects pea aphid performance through behavioral disturbance. Large field cages were installed to monitor aphid abundance in response to the presence and absence of both species of wasp over four weeks (two parasitoid generations). We found that the non-consumptive enemy A. colemani initially controlled the pea aphid population, but control in the absence of parasitism was not sustainable over the long term. Aphidius ervi suppressed pea aphids through a combination of consumptive and non-consumptive effects. This suppression was more effective than that of A. colemani, but aphid abundance fluctuated over time. Suppression by A. ervi and A. colemani together was complementary, leading to the most effective and stable control of pea aphids. Therefore, promoting a diverse natural enemy community that contributes to pest control through consumptive and non-consumptive interactions may enhance the stability of herbivore population suppression over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Ingerslew
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Culshaw‐Maurer M, Sih A, Rosenheim JA. Bugs scaring bugs: enemy-risk effects in biological control systems. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1693-1714. [PMID: 32902103 PMCID: PMC7692946 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enemy-risk effects, often referred to as non-consumptive effects (NCEs), are an important feature of predator-prey ecology, but their significance has had little impact on the conceptual underpinning or practice of biological control. We provide an overview of enemy-risk effects in predator-prey interactions, discuss ways in which risk effects may impact biocontrol programs and suggest avenues for further integration of natural enemy ecology and integrated pest management. Enemy-risk effects can have important influences on different stages of biological control programs, including natural enemy selection, efficacy testing and quantification of non-target impacts. Enemy-risk effects can also shape the interactions of biological control with other pest management practices. Biocontrol systems also provide community ecologists with some of the richest examples of behaviourally mediated trophic cascades and demonstrations of how enemy-risk effects play out among species with no shared evolutionary history, important topics for invasion biology and conservation. We conclude that the longstanding use of ecological theory by biocontrol practitioners should be expanded to incorporate enemy-risk effects, and that community ecologists will find many opportunities to study enemy-risk effects in biocontrol settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Culshaw‐Maurer
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Jay A. Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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The information provided by the absence of cues: insights from Bayesian models of within and transgenerational plasticity. Oecologia 2020; 194:585-596. [PMID: 33128089 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Empirical studies of phenotypic plasticity often use an experimental design in which the subjects in experimental treatments are exposed to cues, while the subjects in control treatments are maintained in the absence of those cues. However, researchers have virtually ignored the question of what, if any, information might be provided to subjects by the absence of the cues in control treatments. We apply basic principles of information-updating to several experimental protocols used to study phenotypic plasticity in response to cues from predators to show why the reliability of the information provided by the absence of those cues in a control treatment might vary as a function of the subjects' experiences in the experimental treatment. We then analyze Bayesian models designed to mimic fully factorial experimental studies of trans and within-generational plasticity, in which parents, offspring, both or neither are exposed to cues from predators, and the information-states of the offspring in the different groups are compared at the end of the experiment. The models predict that the pattern of differences in offspring information-state across the four treatment groups will vary among experiments, depending on the reliability of the information provided by the control treatment, and the parent's initial estimate of the value of the state (the parental Prior). We suggest that variation among experiments in the reliability of the information provided by the absence of particular cues in the control treatment may be a general phenomenon, and that Bayesian approaches can be useful in interpreting the results of such experiments.
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Tariel J, Plénet S, Luquet É. Transgenerational Plasticity in the Context of Predator-Prey Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.548660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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15
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Le Hesran S, Groot T, Knapp M, Bukovinszky T, Nugroho JE, Beretta G, Dicke M. Maternal effect determines drought resistance of eggs in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. Oecologia 2020; 192:29-41. [PMID: 31773312 PMCID: PMC6974492 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to adapt to short-term environmental changes within its lifetime is of fundamental importance. This adaptation may occur through phenotypic plasticity. Insects and mites, in particular, are sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, especially during the juvenile stages. We studied the role of phenotypic plasticity in the adaptation of eggs to different relative humidity conditions, in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, used worldwide as a biological control agent of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The biocontrol efficacy of P. persimilis decreases under dry conditions, partly because P. persimilis eggs are sensitive to drought. We exposed P. persimilis adult females from two different strains to constant and variable humidity regimes and evaluated the hatching rate of their eggs in dry conditions, as well as the survival and oviposition rates of these females. Whereas the eggs laid by P. persimilis females exposed to constant high humidity did not survive in dry conditions, females exposed to constant low humidity started laying drought-resistant eggs after 24 h of exposure. Survival and oviposition rates of the females were affected by humidity: females laid fewer eggs under constant low humidity and had a shorter lifespan under constant high and constant low humidity. The humidity regimes tested had similar effects across the two P. persimilis strains. Our results demonstrate that transgenerational phenotypic plasticity, called maternal effect, allows P. persimilis females to prepare their offspring for dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Hesran
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Groot
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Knapp
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Bukovinszky
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Jovano Erris Nugroho
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Giuditta Beretta
- Koppert BV, Veilingweg 14, Postbus 155, 2650 AD, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Invasion Dynamics in an Intraguild Predation System with Predator-Induced Defense. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:3754-3777. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Stein LR, Bukhari SA, Bell AM. Personal and transgenerational cues are nonadditive at the phenotypic and molecular level. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1306-1311. [PMID: 29988159 PMCID: PMC6062471 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organisms can gain information about their environment from their
ancestors, their parents, or their own personal experience. “Cue
integration” models often start with the simplifying assumption that
information from different sources is additive. Here, we test key assumptions
and predictions of cue integration theory at both the phenotypic and molecular
level in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We
show that regardless of whether cues about predation risk were provided by their
father or acquired through personal experience, sticklebacks produced the same
set of predator-adapted phenotypes. Moreover, there were nonadditive effects of
personal and paternal experience: animals that received cues from both sources
resembled animals that received cues from a single source. A similar pattern was
detected at the molecular level: there was a core set of genes that were
differentially expressed in the brains of offspring regardless of whether risk
was experienced by their father, themselves or both. These results provide
strong support for cue integration theory because they show that cues provided
by parents and personal experience are comparable at both the phenotypic and
molecular level, and draw attention to the importance of nonadditive responses
to multiple cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Stein
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Syed Abbas Bukhari
- Illinois Informatics Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alison M Bell
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Illinois Informatics Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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18
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Spencer KA. Developmental stress and social phenotypes: integrating neuroendocrine, behavioural and evolutionary perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0242. [PMID: 28673918 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The social world is filled with different types of interactions, and social experience interacts with stress on several different levels. Activation of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates the response to stress can have consequences for innumerable behavioural responses, including social decision-making and aspects of sociality, such as gregariousness and aggression. This is especially true for stress experienced during early life, when physiological systems are developing and highly sensitive to perturbation. Stress at this time can have persistent effects on social behaviours into adulthood. One important question remaining is to what extent these effects are adaptive. This paper initially reviews the current literature investigating the complex relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neuroendocrine systems and several aspects of social behaviour in vertebrates. In addition, the review explores the evidence surrounding the potential for 'social programming' via differential development and activation of the HPA axis, providing an insight into the potential for positive effects on fitness following early life stress. Finally, the paper provides a framework from which novel investigations could work to fully understand the adaptive significance of early life effects on social behaviours.This article is part of the themed issue 'Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Spencer
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
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19
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Liu Y, Ge R, Zhao X, Guo R, Huang L, Zhao S, Guan S, Lu W, Cui S, Wang S, Wang JH. Activity strengths of cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are correlated with transgenerational inheritance of learning ability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112401-112416. [PMID: 29348834 PMCID: PMC5762519 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The capabilities of learning and memory in parents are presumably transmitted to their offsprings, in which genetic codes and epigenetic regulations are thought as molecular bases. As neural plasticity occurs during memory formation as cellular mechanism, we aim to examine the correlation of activity strengths at cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to the transgenerational inheritance of learning ability. In a mouse model of associative learning, paired whisker and odor stimulations led to odorant-induced whisker motion, whose onset appeared fast (high learning efficiency, HLE) or slow (low learning efficiency, LLE). HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice were cross-mated to have their first generation of offsprings, filials (F1). The onset of odorant-induced whisker motion appeared a sequence of high-to-low efficiency in three groups of F1 mice that were from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Activities related to glutamatergic neurons in barrel cortices appeared a sequence of high-to-low strength in these F1 mice from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Activities related to GABAergic neurons in barrel cortices appeared a sequence of low-to-high strength in these F1 mice from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Neuronal activity strength was linearly correlated to learning efficiency among three groups. Thus, the coordinated activities at glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons may constitute the cellular basis for the transgenerational inheritance of learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Rongjing Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Shidi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Sudong Guan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Shan Cui
- Institute of Biophysics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shirlene Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60091, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China.,Institute of Biophysics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong 266021, China
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20
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Reichert MB, Christiansen IC, Seiter M, Schausberger P. Transgenerational loss and recovery of early learning ability in foraging predatory mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:243-258. [PMID: 28409405 PMCID: PMC5403862 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to learn is ubiquitous in animals but highly variable within and between species, populations and individuals. Diet-related circumstances, such as diet quantity and quality can influence both long-term constitutive (genetic; by selection) and short-term operational (non-genetic; by the immediate circumstances) learning performance. Here, we scrutinized the causes of loss of learning ability, following multi-generational feeding on pollen, in a line of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, which was previously well able to learn prey during early life, enhancing foraging later in life. We investigated whether, and, if so, how quickly, a transgenerational diet switch to live prey restores the early learning ability of foraging predatory mites. The first experiment shows that the early learning ability was restored after switching the diet of the pollen-fed predator line to live spider mites for two generations before conducting the behavioral assay. The second experiment reveals that offspring regained their learning ability if the diet of their mothers was switched from pollen to spider mites for 3 or 10 days before offspring production. Both experiments in concert suggest transgenerational, pollen-induced operational loss of learning ability in the predatory mite A. swirskii. Maternally-transmitted nutrient deficiency and/or maternally-induced epigenetic changes are the most plausible explanations for the pollen diet-induced loss of learning ability. Our study represents a key example for maternal diet-induced variation in learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marliza B Reichert
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Acarology, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Inga C Christiansen
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Seiter
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Freinschlag J, Schausberger P. Predation risk-mediated maternal effects in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 69:35-47. [PMID: 26923463 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Predation risk is a strong selective force shaping prey morphology, physiology, life history and/or behavior. As a prime stressor, predation risk may even induce trans-generational alterations, called maternal effects. Accordingly, maternal predation risk during offspring production may influence offspring life history and anti-predator behavior. Here, we assessed whether different levels of predation risk, posed by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, induce graded maternal effects in its prey, the herbivorous two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. First, we generated four types of predation risk-stressed spider mite mothers by exposing them to living predators, direct and indirect predator cue combinations or no predator cues, respectively. Then, we investigated the life history (offspring developmental time, sex) and anti-predator response (activity, position on the leaf) of their offspring on leaves with and without direct and indirect predator cues. Maternal stress, no matter of the predation risk level, prolonged the offspring developmental time, as compared to offspring from unstressed mothers. This pattern was more pronounced on leaves with than without predator cues. Offspring from stressed mothers resided more likely on the leaf blade than close to the leaf vein. Offspring sex ratio and activity were not influenced by maternal predation risk but activity was higher on leaves with than without predator cues. We argue that the prolonged developmental time is non-adaptive, yet the changed site preference is adaptive because reducing the encounter likelihood with predators. Our study represents a key example for predation risk-mediated maternal effects on developmental trajectories of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Freinschlag
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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