1
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Klose A, Gounani Z, Ijäs H, Lajunen T, Linko V, Laaksonen T. Doxorubicin-loaded DNA origami nanostructures: stability in vitreous and their uptake and toxicity in ocular cells. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39228361 PMCID: PMC11372452 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Biocompatibility and precise control over their size and shape make DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) promising for drug delivery applications. Whilst many investigations have focused on cancer treatment, this might not be the best fit for DONs that get degraded by nucleases in blood. In comparison, an eye is a uniquely isolated target organ, which could benefit from DONs to achieve and maintain therapeutic concentrations in diseases that threaten the eyesight of millions of patients every year. We investigated the loading of doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug into three distinct DONs and tested their stability upon storage. Further, we chose one structure (24HB) to probe its stability under physiological conditions in cell media and porcine vitreous, before examining the uptake and effect of DOX-loaded 24HB (24HB-DOX) on the cell viability in a retinal cell line (ARPE-19). Similar to previous reports, the tested low μM loading concentrations of DOX resulted in high drug loadings of up to 34% (m/m), and remained mostly intact in water for at least 2 months at 4 °C. In cell media and porcine vitreous at 37 °C, however, 24HB required additional Mg2+ supplementation to avoid degradation and the loss of the attached fluorophores. With added Mg2+, 24HB remained stable in vitreous for 7 days at 37 °C. The treatment with 24HB-DOX was well tolerated by ARPE-19 cells, compared to the observed higher toxicity of free DOX. Uptake studies revealed, however, that in contrast to free DOX, very little 24HB-DOX was taken up by the cells. Instead, the particles were observed to attach around the cells. Hence, our results suggest that since the uptake seems to be the bottleneck for therapies using DONs, further strategies such as adding ocular targeting moieties are necessary to increase the uptake and efficacy of doxorubicin-loaded DONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klose
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Zahra Gounani
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heini Ijäs
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne 3, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
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2
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Nasiri M, Bahadorani M, Dellinger K, Aravamudhan S, Vivero-Escoto JL, Zadegan R. Improving DNA nanostructure stability: A review of the biomedical applications and approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129495. [PMID: 38228209 PMCID: PMC11060068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
DNA's programmable, predictable, and precise self-assembly properties enable structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanostructures have a wide range of applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and theranostics. However, physiological conditions, including low cationic ions and the presence of nucleases in biological systems, can limit the efficacy of DNA nanostructures. Several strategies for stabilizing DNA nanostructures have been developed, including i) coating them with biomolecules or polymers, ii) chemical cross-linking of the DNA strands, and iii) modifications of the nucleotides and nucleic acids backbone. These methods significantly enhance the structural stability of DNA nanostructures and thus enable in vivo and in vitro applications. This study reviews the present perspective on the distinctive properties of the DNA molecule and explains various DNA nanostructures, their advantages, and their disadvantages. We provide a brief overview of the biomedical applications of DNA nanostructures and comprehensively discuss possible approaches to improve their biostability. Finally, the shortcomings and challenges of the current biostability approaches are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Nasiri
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, USA
| | - Mehrnoosh Bahadorani
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, USA
| | - Kristen Dellinger
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, USA
| | - Juan L Vivero-Escoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Reza Zadegan
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, USA.
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3
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Krishnamurthy K, Rajendran A, Nakata E, Morii T. Near Quantitative Ligation Results in Resistance of DNA Origami Against Nuclease and Cell Lysate. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300999. [PMID: 37736703 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
There have been limited efforts to ligate the staple nicks in DNA origami which is crucial for their stability against thermal and mechanical treatments, and chemical and biological environments. Here, two near quantitative ligation methods are demonstrated for the native backbone linkage at the nicks in origami: i) a cosolvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-assisted enzymatic ligation and ii) enzyme-free chemical ligation by CNBr. Both methods achieved over 90% ligation in 2D origami, only CNBr-method resulted in ≈80% ligation in 3D origami, while the enzyme-alone yielded 31-55% (2D) or 22-36% (3D) ligation. Only CNBr-method worked efficiently for 3D origami. The CNBr-mediated reaction is completed within 5 min, while DMSO-method took overnight. Ligation by these methods improved the structural stability up to 30 °C, stability during the electrophoresis and subsequent extraction, and against nuclease and cell lysate. These methods are straightforward, non-tedious, and superior in terms of cost, reaction time, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arivazhagan Rajendran
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Morii
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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4
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Hanke M, Dornbusch D, Tomm E, Grundmeier G, Fahmy K, Keller A. Superstructure-dependent stability of DNA origami nanostructures in the presence of chaotropic denaturants. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16590-16600. [PMID: 37747200 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures in various chemical environments is an important factor in numerous applications, ranging from biomedicine and biophysics to analytical chemistry and materials synthesis. In this work, the stability of six different 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures is assessed in the presence of three different chaotropic salts, i.e., guanidinium sulfate (Gdm2SO4), guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), and tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPACl), which are widely employed denaturants. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify nanostructural integrity, Gdm2SO4 is found to be the weakest and TPACl the strongest DNA origami denaturant, respectively. Despite different mechanisms of actions of the selected salts, DNA origami stability in each environment is observed to depend on DNA origami superstructure. This is especially pronounced for 3D DNA origami nanostructures, where mechanically more flexible designs show higher stability in both GdmCl and TPACl than more rigid ones. This is particularly remarkable as this general dependence has previously been observed under Mg2+-free conditions and may provide the possibility to optimize DNA origami design toward maximum stability in diverse chemical environments. Finally, it is demonstrated that melting temperature measurements may overestimate the stability of certain DNA origami nanostructures in certain chemical environments, so that such investigations should always be complemented by microscopic assessments of nanostructure integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hanke
- Paderborn University, Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Dornbusch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Emilia Tomm
- Paderborn University, Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Paderborn University, Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Paderborn University, Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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5
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Rodriguez A, Gandavadi D, Mathivanan J, Song T, Madhanagopal BR, Talbot H, Sheng J, Wang X, Chandrasekaran AR. Self-Assembly of DNA Nanostructures in Different Cations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300040. [PMID: 37264756 PMCID: PMC10538431 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The programmable nature of DNA allows the construction of custom-designed static and dynamic nanostructures, and assembly conditions typically require high concentrations of magnesium ions that restricts their applications. In other solution conditions tested for DNA nanostructure assembly, only a limited set of divalent and monovalent ions are used so far (typically Mg2+ and Na+ ). Here, we investigate the assembly of DNA nanostructures in a wide variety of ions using nanostructures of different sizes: a double-crossover motif (76 bp), a three-point-star motif (~134 bp), a DNA tetrahedron (534 bp) and a DNA origami triangle (7221 bp). We show successful assembly of a majority of these structures in Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Na+ , K+ and Li+ and provide quantified assembly yields using gel electrophoresis and visual confirmation of a DNA origami triangle using atomic force microscopy. We further show that structures assembled in monovalent ions (Na+ , K+ and Li+ ) exhibit up to a 10-fold higher nuclease resistance compared to those assembled in divalent ions (Mg2+ , Ca2+ and Ba2+ ). Our work presents new assembly conditions for a wide range of DNA nanostructures with enhanced biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Rodriguez
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Dhanush Gandavadi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Johnsi Mathivanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tingjie Song
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - Hannah Talbot
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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6
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Linko V, Keller A. Stability of DNA Origami Nanostructures in Physiological Media: The Role of Molecular Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301935. [PMID: 37093216 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Programmable, custom-shaped, and nanometer-precise DNA origami nanostructures have rapidly emerged as prospective and versatile tools in bionanotechnology and biomedicine. Despite tremendous progress in their utilization in these fields, essential questions related to their structural stability under physiological conditions remain unanswered. Here, DNA origami stability is explored by strictly focusing on distinct molecular-level interactions. In this regard, the fundamental stabilizing and destabilizing ionic interactions as well as interactions involving various enzymes and other proteins are discussed, and their role in maintaining, modulating, or decreasing the structural integrity and colloidal stability of DNA origami nanostructures is summarized. Additionally, specific issues demanding further investigation are identified. This review - through its specific viewpoint - may serve as a primer for designing new, stable DNA objects and for adapting their use in applications dealing with physiological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veikko Linko
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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7
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Wassermann LM, Scheckenbach M, Baptist AV, Glembockyte V, Heuer-Jungemann A. Full Site-Specific Addressability in DNA Origami-Templated Silica Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212024. [PMID: 36932052 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology allows for the fabrication of nanometer-sized objects with high precision and selective addressability as a result of the programmable hybridization of complementary DNA strands. Such structures can template the formation of other materials, including metals and complex silica nanostructures, where the silica shell simultaneously acts to protect the DNA from external detrimental factors. However, the formation of silica nanostructures with site-specific addressability has thus far not been explored. Here, it is shown that silica nanostructures templated by DNA origami remain addressable for post silicification modification with guest molecules even if the silica shell measures several nm in thickness. The conjugation of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides is used to different silicified DNA origami structures carrying a complementary ssDNA handle as well as DNA-PAINT super-resolution imaging to show that ssDNA handles remain unsilicified and thus ensure retained addressability. It is also demonstrated that not only handles, but also ssDNA scaffold segments within a DNA origami nanostructure remain accessible, allowing for the formation of dynamic silica nanostructures. Finally, the power of this approach is demonstrated by forming 3D DNA origami crystals from silicified monomers. These results thus present a fully site-specifically addressable silica nanostructure with complete control over size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M Wassermann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Scheckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna V Baptist
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Amelie Heuer-Jungemann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
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8
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Rodriguez A, Gandavadi D, Mathivanan J, Song T, Madhanagopal BR, Talbot H, Sheng J, Wang X, Chandrasekaran AR. Self-assembly of DNA nanostructures in different cations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539416. [PMID: 37205441 PMCID: PMC10187274 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The programmable nature of DNA allows the construction of custom-designed static and dynamic nanostructures, and assembly conditions typically require high concentrations of magnesium ions which restricts their applications. In other solution conditions tested for DNA nanostructure assembly, only a limited set of divalent and monovalent ions have been used so far (typically Mg 2+ and Na + ). Here, we investigate the assembly of DNA nanostructures in a wide variety of ions using nanostructures of different sizes: a double-crossover motif (76 bp), a three-point-star motif (∼134 bp), a DNA tetrahedron (534 bp) and a DNA origami triangle (7221 bp). We show successful assembly of a majority of these structures in Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Na + , K + and Li + and provide quantified assembly yields using gel electrophoresis and visual confirmation of a DNA origami triangle using atomic force microscopy. We further show that structures assembled in monovalent ions (Na + , K + and Li + ) exhibit up to a 10-fold higher nuclease resistance compared to those assembled in divalent ions (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ ). Our work presents new assembly conditions for a wide range of DNA nanostructures with enhanced biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Rodriguez
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Dhanush Gandavadi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Johnsi Mathivanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tingjie Song
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Hannah Talbot
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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9
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Menon D, Singh R, Joshi KB, Gupta S, Bhatia D. Designer, Programmable DNA-peptide hybrid materials with emergent properties to probe and modulate biological systems. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200580. [PMID: 36468492 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of DNA endows it with certain functional properties that facilitate the generation of self-assembled nanostructures, offering precise control over their geometry and morphology, that can be exploited for advanced biological applications. Despite the structural promise of these materials, their applications are limited owing to lack of functional capability to interact favourably with biological systems, which has been achieved by functional proteins or peptides. Herein, we outline a strategy for functionalizing DNA structures with short-peptides, leading to the formation of DNA-peptide hybrid materials. This proposition offers the opportunity to leverage the unique advantages of each of these bio-molecules, that have far reaching emergent properties in terms of better cellular interactions and uptake, better stability in biological media, an acceptable and programmable immune response and high bioactive molecule loading capacities. We discuss the synthetic strategies for the formation of these materials, namely, solid-phase functionalization and solution-coupling functionalization. We then proceed to highlight selected biological applications of these materials in the domains of cell instruction & molecular recognition, gene delivery, drug delivery and bone & tissue regeneration. We conclude with discussions shedding light on the challenges that these materials pose and offer our insights on future directions of peptide-DNA research for targeted biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Menon
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Kashti B Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382355, India
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10
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Natarajan AK, Ryssy J, Kuzyk A. A DNA origami-based device for investigating DNA bending proteins by transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3212-3218. [PMID: 36722916 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05366g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The DNA origami technique offers precise positioning of nanoscale objects with high accuracy. This has facilitated the development of DNA origami-based functional nanomechanical devices that enable the investigation of DNA-protein interactions at the single particle level. Herein, we used the DNA origami technique to fabricate a nanoscale device for studying DNA bending proteins. For a proof of concept, we used TATA-box binding protein (TBP) to evaluate our approach. Upon binding to the TATA box, TBP causes a bend to DNA of ∼90°. Our device translates this bending into an angular change that is readily observable with a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM). Furthermore, we investigated the roles of transcription factor II A (TF(II)A) and transcription factor II B (TF(II)B). Our results indicate that TF(II)A introduces additional bending, whereas TF(II)B does not significantly alter the TBP-DNA structure. Our approach can be readily adopted to a wide range of DNA-bending proteins and will aid the development of DNA-origami-based devices tailored for the investigation of DNA-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Karthick Natarajan
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Joonas Ryssy
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Anton Kuzyk
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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11
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Bednarz A, Sønderskov SM, Dong M, Birkedal V. Ion-mediated control of structural integrity and reconfigurability of DNA nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1317-1326. [PMID: 36545884 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05780h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based biomolecular self-assembly enables the creation of versatile functional architectures. Electrostatic screening of the negative charges of nucleic acids is essential for their folding and stability; thus, ions play a critical role in nucleic acid self-assembly in both biology and nanotechnology. However, the ion-DNA interplay and the resulting ion-specific structural integrity and responsiveness of DNA constructs are underexploited. Here, we harness a wide range of mono- and divalent ions to control the structural features of DNA origami constructs. Using atomic force microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy down to the single-molecule level, we report on the global and local structural performance and responsiveness of DNA origami constructs following self-assembly, upon post-assembly ion exchange and post-assembly ion-mediated reconfiguration. We determined the conditions for highly efficient DNA origami folding in the presence of several mono- (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) and divalent (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) ions, expanding the range where DNA origami structures can be exploited for custom-specific applications. We then manipulated fully folded constructs by exposing them to unfavorable ionic conditions that led to the emergence of substantial disintegrity but not to unfolding. Moreover, we found that poorly assembled nanostructures at low ion concentrations undergo substantial self-repair upon ion addition in the absence of free staple strands. This reconfigurability occurs in an ion type- and concentration-specific manner. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the ion-mediated structural responsiveness of DNA origami at the nanoscale enabling applications under a wide range of ionic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bednarz
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victoria Birkedal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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12
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Ijäs H, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Protein Coating of DNA Origami. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2639:195-207. [PMID: 37166719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3028-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami has emerged as a common technique to create custom two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures at the nanoscale. These DNA nanostructures have already proven useful in development of many biotechnological tools; however, there are still challenges that cast a shadow over the otherwise bright future of biomedical uses of these DNA objects. The rather obvious obstacles in harnessing DNA origami as drug-delivery vehicles and/or smart biodevices are related to their debatable stability in biologically relevant media, especially in physiological low-cation and endonuclease-rich conditions, relatively poor transfection rates, and, although biocompatible by nature, their unpredictable compatibility with the immune system. Here we demonstrate a technique for coating DNA origami with albumin proteins for enhancing their pharmacokinetic properties. To facilitate protective coating, a synthesized positively charged dendron was linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through a covalent maleimide-cysteine bonding, and then the purified dendron-protein conjugates were let to assemble on the negatively charged surface of DNA origami via electrostatic interaction. The resulted BSA-dendron conjugate-coated DNA origami showed improved transfection, high resistance against endonuclease digestion, and significantly enhanced immunocompatibility compared to bare DNA origami. Furthermore, our proposed coating strategy can be considered highly versatile as a maleimide-modified dendron serving as a synthetic DNA-binding domain can be linked to any protein with an available cysteine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Ijäs
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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13
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Lee C, Lee Y, Jung WH, Kim TY, Kim T, Kim DN, Ahn DJ. Peptide-DNA origami as a cryoprotectant for cell preservation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd0185. [PMID: 36306364 PMCID: PMC9616499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of cells is essential for the conservation and cold chain of bioproducts and cell-based medicines. Here, we demonstrate that self-assembled DNA origami nanostructures have a substantial ability to protect cells undergoing freeze-thaw cycles; thereby, they can be used as cryoprotectant agents, because their nanoscale morphology and ice-philicity are tailored. In particular, a single-layered DNA origami nanopatch functionalized with antifreezing threonine peptides enabled the viability of HSC-3 cells to reach 56% after 1 month of cryopreservation, surpassing dimethyl sulfoxide, which produced 38% viability. It also exhibited minimal dependence on the cryopreservation period and freezing conditions. We attribute this outcome to the fact that the peptide-functionalized DNA nanopatches exert multisite actions for the retardation of ice growth in both intra- and extracellular regions and the protection of cell membranes during cryopreservation. This discovery is expected to deepen our fundamental understanding of cell survival under freezing environment and affect current cryopreservation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanseok Lee
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yedam Lee
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Woo Hyuk Jung
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Tae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taehwi Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Do-Nyun Kim
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author. (D.J.A.); (D.-N.K.)
| | - Dong June Ahn
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Corresponding author. (D.J.A.); (D.-N.K.)
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14
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Hanke M, Hansen N, Tomm E, Grundmeier G, Keller A. Time-Dependent DNA Origami Denaturation by Guanidinium Chloride, Guanidinium Sulfate, and Guanidinium Thiocyanate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158547. [PMID: 35955680 PMCID: PMC9368935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinium (Gdm) undergoes interactions with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and, thus, is a highly potent denaturant of biomolecular structure. However, our molecular understanding of the interaction of Gdm with proteins and DNA is still rather limited. Here, we investigated the denaturation of DNA origami nanostructures by three Gdm salts, i.e., guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), guanidinium sulfate (Gdm2SO4), and guanidinium thiocyanate (GdmSCN), at different temperatures and in dependence of incubation time. Using DNA origami nanostructures as sensors that translate small molecular transitions into nanostructural changes, the denaturing effects of the Gdm salts were directly visualized by atomic force microscopy. GdmSCN was the most potent DNA denaturant, which caused complete DNA origami denaturation at 50 °C already at a concentration of 2 M. Under such harsh conditions, denaturation occurred within the first 15 min of Gdm exposure, whereas much slower kinetics were observed for the more weakly denaturing salt Gdm2SO4 at 25 °C. Lastly, we observed a novel non-monotonous temperature dependence of DNA origami denaturation in Gdm2SO4 with the fraction of intact nanostructures having an intermediate minimum at about 40 °C. Our results, thus, provide further insights into the highly complex Gdm–DNA interaction and underscore the importance of the counteranion species.
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15
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Kabusure KM, Piskunen P, Yang J, Kataja M, Chacha M, Ojasalo S, Shen B, Hakala TK, Linko V. Optical characterization of DNA origami-shaped silver nanoparticles created through biotemplated lithography. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9648-9654. [PMID: 35718875 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we study optically resonant substrates fabricated using the previously reported BLIN (biotemplated lithography of inorganic nanostructures) technique with single triangle and bowtie DNA origami as templates. We present the first optical characterization of BLIN-fabricated origami-shaped silver nanoparticle patterns on glass surfaces, comprising optical transmission measurements and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The formed nanoparticle patterns are examined by optical transmission measurements and used for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules. Polarization-resolved simulations reveal that the higher SERS enhancement observed for the bowties is primarily due to spectral overlap of the optical resonances with the Raman transitions of R6G. The results manifest the applicability of the BLIN method and substantiate its potential in parallel and high-throughput substrate manufacturing with engineered optical properties. While the results demonstrate the crucial role of the formed nanogaps for SERS, the DNA origami may enable even more complex nanopatterns for various optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabusure M Kabusure
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Petteri Piskunen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Kataja
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mwita Chacha
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Sofia Ojasalo
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommi K Hakala
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
- LIBER Center of Excellence, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
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16
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Xin Y, Piskunen P, Suma A, Li C, Ijäs H, Ojasalo S, Seitz I, Kostiainen MA, Grundmeier G, Linko V, Keller A. Environment-Dependent Stability and Mechanical Properties of DNA Origami Six-Helix Bundles with Different Crossover Spacings. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107393. [PMID: 35363419 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The internal design of DNA nanostructures defines how they behave in different environmental conditions, such as endonuclease-rich or low-Mg2+ solutions. Notably, the inter-helical crossovers that form the core of such DNA objects have a major impact on their mechanical properties and stability. Importantly, crossover design can be used to optimize DNA nanostructures for target applications, especially when developing them for biomedical environments. To elucidate this, two otherwise identical DNA origami designs are presented that have a different number of staple crossovers between neighboring helices, spaced at 42- and 21- basepair (bp) intervals, respectively. The behavior of these structures is then compared in various buffer conditions, as well as when they are exposed to enzymatic digestion by DNase I. The results show that an increased number of crossovers significantly improves the nuclease resistance of the DNA origami by making it less accessible to digestion enzymes but simultaneously lowers its stability under Mg2+ -free conditions by reducing the malleability of the structures. Therefore, these results represent an important step toward rational, application-specific DNA nanostructure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Petteri Piskunen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Antonio Suma
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bari and Sezione INFN di Bari, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Changyong Li
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Heini Ijäs
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Sofia Ojasalo
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Iris Seitz
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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17
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Pang C, Aryal BR, Ranasinghe DR, Westover TR, Ehlert AEF, Harb JN, Davis RC, Woolley AT. Bottom-Up Fabrication of DNA-Templated Electronic Nanomaterials and Their Characterization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1655. [PMID: 34201888 PMCID: PMC8306176 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up fabrication using DNA is a promising approach for the creation of nanoarchitectures. Accordingly, nanomaterials with specific electronic, photonic, or other functions are precisely and programmably positioned on DNA nanostructures from a disordered collection of smaller parts. These self-assembled structures offer significant potential in many domains such as sensing, drug delivery, and electronic device manufacturing. This review describes recent progress in organizing nanoscale morphologies of metals, semiconductors, and carbon nanotubes using DNA templates. We describe common substrates, DNA templates, seeding, plating, nanomaterial placement, and methods for structural and electrical characterization. Finally, our outlook for DNA-enabled bottom-up nanofabrication of materials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Basu R. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Dulashani R. Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Tyler R. Westover
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Asami E. F. Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - John N. Harb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
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18
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Ojasalo S, Piskunen P, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Hybrid Nanoassemblies from Viruses and DNA Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1413. [PMID: 34071795 PMCID: PMC8228324 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most intriguing nanostructures found in nature. Their atomically precise shapes and unique biological properties, especially in protecting and transferring genetic information, have enabled a plethora of biomedical applications. On the other hand, structural DNA nanotechnology has recently emerged as a highly useful tool to create programmable nanoscale structures. They can be extended to user defined devices to exhibit a wide range of static, as well as dynamic functions. In this review, we feature the recent development of virus-DNA hybrid materials. Such structures exhibit the best features of both worlds by combining the biological properties of viruses with the highly controlled assembly properties of DNA. We present how the DNA shapes can act as "structured" genomic material and direct the formation of virus capsid proteins or be encapsulated inside symmetrical capsids. Tobacco mosaic virus-DNA hybrids are discussed as the examples of dynamic systems and directed formation of conjugates. Finally, we highlight virus-mimicking approaches based on lipid- and protein-coated DNA structures that may elicit enhanced stability, immunocompatibility and delivery properties. This development also paves the way for DNA-based vaccines as the programmable nano-objects can be used for controlling immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ojasalo
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Petteri Piskunen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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19
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Rahali A, Shaukat A, Almeida-Marrero V, Jamoussi B, de la Escosura A, Torres T, Kostiainen MA, Anaya-Plaza E. A Janus-Type Phthalocyanine for the Assembly of Photoactive DNA Origami Coatings. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1123-1129. [PMID: 34029458 PMCID: PMC8382221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Design and synthesis
of novel photosensitizer architectures is
a key step toward new multifunctional molecular materials. Photoactive
Janus-type molecules provide interesting building blocks for such
systems by presenting two well-defined chemical functionalities that
can be utilized orthogonally. Herein a multifunctional phthalocyanine
is reported, bearing a bulky and positively charged moiety that hinders
their aggregation while providing the ability to adhere on DNA origami
nanostructures via reversible electrostatic interactions. On the other
hand, triethylene glycol moieties render a water-soluble and chemically
inert corona that can stabilize the structures. This approach provides
insight into the molecular design and synthesis of Janus-type sensitizers
that can be combined with biomolecules, rendering optically active
biohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rahali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Didactic Research Laboratory of Experimental Sciences and Supramolecular Chemistry (UR17ES01), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunis
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Verónica Almeida-Marrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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20
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Keller A, Linko V. Challenges and Perspectives of DNA Nanostructures in Biomedicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15818-15833. [PMID: 32112664 PMCID: PMC7540699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology holds substantial promise for future biomedical engineering and the development of novel therapies and diagnostic assays. The subnanometer-level addressability of DNA nanostructures allows for their precise and tailored modification with numerous chemical and biological entities, which makes them fit to serve as accurate diagnostic tools and multifunctional carriers for targeted drug delivery. The absolute control over shape, size, and function enables the fabrication of tailored and dynamic devices, such as DNA nanorobots that can execute programmed tasks and react to various external stimuli. Even though several studies have demonstrated the successful operation of various biomedical DNA nanostructures both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real-world applications of DNA-based nanomedicine. Here, we summarize the current status of the field and the main implementations of biomedical DNA nanostructures. In particular, we focus on open challenges and untackled issues and discuss possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid MaterialsDepartment of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP. O. Box 1610000076AaltoFinland
- HYBER CentreDepartment of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP. O. Box 1510000076AaltoFinland
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21
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Keller A, Linko V. Herausforderungen und Perspektiven von DNA‐Nanostrukturen in der Biomedizin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Keller
- Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Deutschland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P. O. Box 16100 00076 Aalto Finnland
- HYBER Centre Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P. O. Box 15100 00076 Aalto Finnland
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22
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Piskunen P, Nummelin S, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Increasing Complexity in Wireframe DNA Nanostructures. Molecules 2020; 25:E1823. [PMID: 32316126 PMCID: PMC7221932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology has recently gained significant momentum, as diverse design tools for producing custom DNA shapes have become more and more accessible to numerous laboratories worldwide. Most commonly, researchers are employing a scaffolded DNA origami technique by "sculpting" a desired shape from a given lattice composed of packed adjacent DNA helices. Albeit relatively straightforward to implement, this approach contains its own apparent restrictions. First, the designs are limited to certain lattice types. Second, the long scaffold strand that runs through the entire structure has to be manually routed. Third, the technique does not support trouble-free fabrication of hollow single-layer structures that may have more favorable features and properties compared to objects with closely packed helices, especially in biological research such as drug delivery. In this focused review, we discuss the recent development of wireframe DNA nanostructures-methods relying on meshing and rendering DNA-that may overcome these obstacles. In addition, we describe each available technique and the possible shapes that can be generated. Overall, the remarkable evolution in wireframe DNA structure design methods has not only induced an increase in their complexity and thus expanded the prevalent shape space, but also already reached a state at which the whole design process of a chosen shape can be carried out automatically. We believe that by combining cost-effective biotechnological mass production of DNA strands with top-down processes that decrease human input in the design procedure to minimum, this progress will lead us to a new era of DNA nanotechnology with potential applications coming increasingly into view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Piskunen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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23
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Winterwerber P, Harvey S, Ng DYW, Weil T. Photocontrolled Dopamine Polymerization on DNA Origami with Nanometer Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6144-6149. [PMID: 31750608 PMCID: PMC7186833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial control over polydopamine formation on the nanoscale can be achieved by installing an irradiation-sensitive polymerization system on DNA origami. Precisely distributed G-quadruplex structures on the DNA template serve as anchors for embedding the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, which-upon irradiation with visible light-induces the multistep oxidation of dopamine to polydopamine, producing polymeric structures on designated areas within the origami framework. The photochemical polymerization process allows exclusive control over polydopamine layer formation through the simple on/off switching of the light source. The obtained polymer-DNA hybrid material shows significantly enhanced stability, paving the way for biomedical and chemical applications that are typically not possible owing to the sensitivity of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Winterwerber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Sean Harvey
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 189081UlmGermany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 189081UlmGermany
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24
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Winterwerber P, Harvey S, Ng DYW, Weil T. Lichtgesteuerte Polymerisation von Dopamin auf DNA‐Origami im Nanometer‐Regime. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Winterwerber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sean Harvey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie IUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 1 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie IUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 1 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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25
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Chakraborty G, Balinin K, Portale G, Loznik M, Polushkin E, Weil T, Herrmann A. Electrostatically PEGylated DNA enables salt-free hybridization in water. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10097-10105. [PMID: 32055364 PMCID: PMC6991176 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02598g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified nucleic acids have long served as a very important class of bio-hybrid structures. In particular, the modification with PEG has advanced the scope and performance of oligonucleotides in materials science, catalysis and therapeutics. Most of the applications involving pristine or modified DNA rely on the potential of DNA to form a double-stranded structure. However, a substantial requirement for metal-cations to achieve hybridization has restricted the range of applications. To extend the applicability of DNA in salt-free or low ionic strength aqueous medium, we introduce noncovalent DNA-PEG constructs that allow canonical base-pairing between individually PEGylated complementary strands resulting in a double-stranded structure in salt-free aqueous medium. This method relies on grafting of amino-terminated PEG polymers electrostatically onto the backbone of DNA, which results in the formation of a PEG-envelope. The specific charge interaction of PEG molecules with DNA, absolute absence of metal ions within the PEGylated DNA molecules and formation of a double helix that is significantly more stable than the duplex in an ionic buffer have been unequivocally demonstrated using multiple independent characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudas Chakraborty
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Konstantin Balinin
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Mark Loznik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Evgeny Polushkin
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
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26
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Ramakrishnan S, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Grundmeier G, Keller A, Linko V. Real-Time Observation of Superstructure-Dependent DNA Origami Digestion by DNase I Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2818-2823. [PMID: 31163091 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures have emerged as intriguing tools for numerous biomedical applications. However, in many of those applications and most notably in drug delivery, their stability and function may be compromised by the biological media. A particularly important issue for medical applications is their interaction with proteins such as endonucleases, which may degrade the well-defined nanoscale shapes. Herein, fundamental insights into this interaction are provided by monitoring DNase I digestion of four structurally distinct DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) in real time and at a single-structure level by using high-speed atomic force microscopy. The effect of the solid-liquid interface on DON digestion is also assessed by comparison with experiments in bulk solution. It is shown that DON digestion is strongly dependent on its superstructure and flexibility and on the local topology of the individual structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,Present address: Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland.,HYBER Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland.,HYBER Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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27
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Kielar C, Xin Y, Xu X, Zhu S, Gorin N, Grundmeier G, Möser C, Smith DM, Keller A. Effect of Staple Age on DNA Origami Nanostructure Assembly and Stability. Molecules 2019; 24:E2577. [PMID: 31315177 PMCID: PMC6680526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA origami nanostructures are widely employed in various areas of fundamental and applied research. Due to the tremendous success of the DNA origami technique in the academic field, considerable efforts currently aim at the translation of this technology from a laboratory setting to real-world applications, such as nanoelectronics, drug delivery, and biosensing. While many of these real-world applications rely on an intact DNA origami shape, they often also subject the DNA origami nanostructures to rather harsh and potentially damaging environmental and processing conditions. Furthermore, in the context of DNA origami mass production, the long-term storage of DNA origami nanostructures or their pre-assembled components also becomes an issue of high relevance, especially regarding the possible negative effects on DNA origami structural integrity. Thus, we investigated the effect of staple age on the self-assembly and stability of DNA origami nanostructures using atomic force microscopy. Different harsh processing conditions were simulated by applying different sample preparation protocols. Our results show that staple solutions may be stored at -20 °C for several years without impeding DNA origami self-assembly. Depending on DNA origami shape and superstructure, however, staple age may have negative effects on DNA origami stability under harsh treatment conditions. Mass spectrometry analysis of the aged staple mixtures revealed no signs of staple fragmentation. We, therefore, attribute the increased DNA origami sensitivity toward environmental conditions to an accumulation of damaged nucleobases, which undergo weaker base-pairing interactions and thus lead to reduced duplex stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Nelli Gorin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christin Möser
- DNA Nanodevices Unit, Department Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- DNA Nanodevices Unit, Department Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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28
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Stephanopoulos N. Strategies for Stabilizing DNA Nanostructures to Biological Conditions. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2191-2197. [PMID: 30875443 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA is one of the most promising building blocks for creating functional nanostructures for applications in biology and medicine. However, these highly programmable nanomaterials (e.g., DNA origami) often require supraphysiological salt concentrations for stability, are degraded by nuclease enzymes, and can elicit an inflammatory response. Herein, three key strategies for stabilizing DNA nanostructures to conditions required for biological applications are outlined: 1) tuning the buffer conditions or nanostructure design; 2) covalently crosslinking the strands that make up the structures; and 3) coating the structures with polymers, proteins, or lipid bilayers. Taken together, these approaches greatly expand the chemical diversity and future applicability of DNA nanotechnology both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stephanopoulos
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P. O. Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85251, USA.,Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ, 85251, USA
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29
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Abstract
Self-assembled DNA nanostructures have potential applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and synthetic biology. A challenge in using DNA nanostructures in biological environments or cell culture, however, is that they may be degraded by enzymes found in these environments, such as nucleases. Such degradation can be slowed by introducing alternative substrates for nucleases, or by coating nanostructures with membranes or peptides. Here we demonstrate a means by which degradation can be reversed in situ through the repair of nanostructure defects. To demonstrate this effect, we show that degradation rates of DNA nanotubes, micron-scale self-assembled structures, are at least 4-fold lower in the presence of tiles that can repair nanotube defects during the degradation process. Micrographs of nanotubes show that tiles from solution incorporate into nanotubes and that this incorporation increases nanotube lifetime to several days in serum. We use experimental data to formulate a simple model of nanostructure self-healing. This model suggests how introducing even a relatively low rate of repair could allow a nanostructure to survive almost indefinitely because of a dynamic equilibrium between microscale repair and degradation processes. The ability to repair nanostructures could thus allow particular structures or devices to operate for long periods of time and might offer a single means to resist different types of chemical degradation.
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30
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DNA-Assisted Molecular Lithography. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1811:299-314. [PMID: 29926461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8582-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, DNA origami has become a popular method to build custom two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures. These programmable structures could further serve as templates for accurate nanoscale patterning, and therefore they could find uses in various biotechnological applications. However, to transfer the spatial information of DNA origami to metal nanostructures has been limited to either direct nanoparticle-based patterning or chemical growth of metallic seed particles that are attached to the DNA objects. Here, we present an alternative way by combining DNA origami with conventional lithography techniques. With this DNA-assisted lithography (DALI) method, we can create plasmonic, entirely metallic nanostructures in a highly accurate and parallel manner on different substrates. We demonstrate our technique by patterning a transparent substrate with discrete bowtie-shaped nanoparticles, i.e., "nanoantennas" or "optical antennas," with a feature size of approximately 10 nm. Owing to the versatility of DNA origami, this method can be effortlessly generalized to other shapes and sizes.
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31
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Cationic Albumin Encapsulated DNA Origami for Enhanced Cellular Transfection and Stability. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12060949. [PMID: 30901888 PMCID: PMC6470866 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures, owing to their controllable and adaptable nature, have been considered as highly attractive nanoplatforms for biomedical applications in recent years. However, their use in the biological environment has been restricted by low cellular transfection efficiency in mammalian cells, weak stability under physiological conditions, and endonuclease degradation. Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach to facilitate fast transfection of DNA nanostructures and enhance their stability by encapsulating DNA origami with a biocompatible cationic protein (cHSA) via electrostatic interaction. The coated DNA origami is found to be stable under physiological conditions. Moreover, the cHSA coating could significantly improve the cellular transfection efficiency of DNA origami, which is essential for biological applications.
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32
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Abstract
The predictable nature of DNA interactions enables the programmable assembly of highly advanced 2D and 3D DNA structures of nanoscale dimensions. The access to ever larger and more complex structures has been achieved through decades of work on developing structural design principles. Concurrently, an increased focus has emerged on the applications of DNA nanostructures. In its nature, DNA is chemically inert and nanostructures based on unmodified DNA mostly lack function. However, functionality can be obtained through chemical modification of DNA nanostructures and the opportunities are endless. In this review, we discuss methodology for chemical functionalization of DNA nanostructures and provide examples of how this is being used to create functional nanodevices and make DNA nanostructures more applicable. We aim to encourage researchers to adopt chemical modifications as part of their work in DNA nanotechnology and inspire chemists to address current challenges and opportunities within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Madsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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33
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Kroener F, Traxler L, Heerwig A, Rant U, Mertig M. Magnesium-Dependent Electrical Actuation and Stability of DNA Origami Rods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2295-2301. [PMID: 30584763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic methods of biosensing based on electrical actuation of surface-tethered nanolevers require the use of levers whose movement in ionic liquids is well controllable and stable. In particular, mechanical integrity of the nanolevers in a wide range of ionic strengths will enable to meet the chemical conditions of a large variety of applications where the specific binding of biomolecular analytes is analyzed. Herein, we study the electrically induced switching behavior of different rodlike DNA origami nanolevers and compare to the actuation of simply double-stranded DNA nanolevers. Our measurements reveal a significantly stronger response of the DNA origami to switching of electrode potential, leading to a smaller potential change necessary to actuate the origami and subsequently to a long-term stable movement. Dynamic measurements in buffer solutions with different Mg2+ contents show that the levers do not disintegrate even at very low ion concentrations and constant switching stress and thus provide stable actuation performance. The latter will pave the way for many new applications without largely restricting application-specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kroener
- Professur für Physikalische Chemie, Mess- und Sensortechnik , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH , 82152 Planegg , Germany
| | | | - Andreas Heerwig
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut für Mess- und Sensortechnik e.V. Meinsberg , 04736 Waldheim , Germany
| | - Ulrich Rant
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH , 82152 Planegg , Germany
| | - Michael Mertig
- Professur für Physikalische Chemie, Mess- und Sensortechnik , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Kurt-Schwabe-Institut für Mess- und Sensortechnik e.V. Meinsberg , 04736 Waldheim , Germany
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34
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Kielar C, Ramakrishnan S, Fricke S, Grundmeier G, Keller A. Dynamics of DNA Origami Lattice Formation at Solid-Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44844-44853. [PMID: 30501167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-organized formation of regular patterns is not only a fascinating topic encountered in a multitude of natural and artificial systems, but also presents a versatile and powerful route toward large-scale nanostructure assembly and materials synthesis. The hierarchical, interface-assisted assembly of DNA origami nanostructures into regular, 2D lattices represents a particularly promising example, as the resulting lattices may exhibit an astonishing degree of order and can be further utilized as masks in molecular lithography. Here, we thus investigate the development of order in such 2D DNA origami lattices assembled on mica surfaces by employing in situ high-speed atomic force microscopy imaging. DNA origami lattice formation is found to resemble thin-film growth in several aspects. In particular, the Na+/Mg2+ ratio controls DNA origami adsorption, surface diffusion, and desorption, and is thus equivalent in its effects to substrate temperature which controls adatom dynamics in thin-film deposition. Consequently, we observe a pronounced dependence of lattice order on Na+ concentration. At low Na+ concentrations, lattice formation resembles random deposition and results in unordered monolayers, whereas very high Na+ concentrations are accompanied by rapid diffusion and especially DNA origami desorption, which prevent lattice formation. At intermediate Na+ concentrations, highly ordered DNA origami lattices are obtained that display an intricate symmetry, stemming from the complex shape of the employed Rothemund triangle. Nevertheless, even under such optimized conditions, the lattices display a considerable number of defects, including grain boundaries, point and line defects, and screw-like dislocations. By monitoring the dynamics of selected lattice defects, we identify mechanisms that limit the obtainable degree of lattice order. Possible routes toward further increasing lattice order by postassembly annealing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Sebastian Fricke
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Paderborn University , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
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35
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Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. DNA Origami Nanophotonics and Plasmonics at Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14911-14920. [PMID: 30122051 PMCID: PMC6291805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology provides a versatile toolbox for creating custom and accurate shapes that can serve as versatile templates for nanopatterning. These DNA templates can be used as molecular-scale precision tools in, for example, biosensing, nanometrology, and super-resolution imaging, and biocompatible scaffolds for arranging other nano-objects, for example, for drug delivery applications and molecular electronics. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to their potent use in nanophotonics since these modular templates allow a wide range of plasmonic and photonic ensembles ranging from DNA-directed nanoparticle and fluorophore arrays to entirely metallic nanostructures. This Feature Article focuses on the DNA-origami-based nanophotonics and plasmonics-especially on the methods that take advantage of various substrates and interfaces for the foreseen applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER
Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- E-mail:
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36
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Ramakrishnan S, Ijäs H, Linko V, Keller A. Structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures under application-specific conditions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:342-349. [PMID: 30305885 PMCID: PMC6169152 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of the DNA origami technique, it became possible to rapidly synthesize almost arbitrarily shaped molecular nanostructures at nearly stoichiometric yields. The technique furthermore provides absolute addressability in the sub-nm range, rendering DNA origami nanostructures highly attractive substrates for the controlled arrangement of functional species such as proteins, dyes, and nanoparticles. Consequently, DNAorigami nanostructures have found applications in numerous areas of fundamental and applied research, ranging from drug delivery to biosensing to plasmonics to inorganic materials synthesis. Since many of those applications rely on structurally intact, well-definedDNA origami shapes, the issue of DNA origami stability under numerous application-relevant environmental conditions has received increasing interest in the past few years. In this mini-review we discuss the structural stability, denaturation, and degradation of DNA origami nanostructures under different conditions relevant to the fields of biophysics and biochemistry, biomedicine, and materials science, and the methods to improve their stability for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Heini Ijäs
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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37
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Kollmann F, Ramakrishnan S, Shen B, Grundmeier G, Kostiainen MA, Linko V, Keller A. Superstructure-Dependent Loading of DNA Origami Nanostructures with a Groove-Binding Drug. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9441-9448. [PMID: 31459078 PMCID: PMC6644410 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami nanostructures are regarded as powerful and versatile vehicles for targeted drug delivery. So far, DNA origami-based drug delivery strategies mostly use intercalation of the therapeutic molecules between the base pairs of the DNA origami's double helices for drug loading. The binding of nonintercalating drugs to DNA origami nanostructures, however, is less studied. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the interaction of the drug methylene blue (MB) with different DNA origami nanostructures under conditions that result in minor groove binding. We observe a noticeable effect of DNA origami superstructure on the binding affinity of MB. In particular, non-B topologies as for instance found in designs using the square lattice with 10.67 bp/turn may result in reduced binding affinity because groove binding efficiency depends on groove dimensions. Also, mechanically flexible DNA origami shapes that are prone to structural fluctuations may exhibit reduced groove binding, even though they are based on the honeycomb lattice with 10.5 bp/turn. This can be attributed to the induction of transient over- and underwound DNA topologies by thermal fluctuations. These issues should thus be considered when designing DNA origami nanostructures for drug delivery applications that employ groove-binding drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kollmann
- Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn
University, Warburger
Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn
University, Warburger
Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn
University, Warburger
Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn
University, Warburger
Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical
and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn
University, Warburger
Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Kielar C, Xin Y, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Grundmeier G, Linko V, Keller A. On the Stability of DNA Origami Nanostructures in Low-Magnesium Buffers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University; P. O. Box 16100 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University; P. O. Box 16100 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
- Biohybrid Materials; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University; P. O. Box 16100 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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Kielar C, Xin Y, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Grundmeier G, Linko V, Keller A. On the Stability of DNA Origami Nanostructures in Low-Magnesium Buffers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9470-9474. [PMID: 29799663 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA origami structures have great potential as functional platforms in various biomedical applications. Many applications, however, are incompatible with the high Mg2+ concentrations commonly believed to be a prerequisite for maintaining DNA origami integrity. Herein, we investigate DNA origami stability in low-Mg2+ buffers. DNA origami stability is found to crucially depend on the availability of residual Mg2+ ions for screening electrostatic repulsion. The presence of EDTA and phosphate ions may thus facilitate DNA origami denaturation by displacing Mg2+ ions from the DNA backbone and reducing the strength of the Mg2+ -DNA interaction, respectively. Most remarkably, these buffer dependencies are affected by DNA origami superstructure. However, by rationally selecting buffer components and considering superstructure-dependent effects, the structural integrity of a given DNA origami nanostructure can be maintained in conventional buffers even at Mg2+ concentrations in the low-micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University, P. O. Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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40
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Nummelin S, Kommeri J, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Evolution of Structural DNA Nanotechnology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703721. [PMID: 29363798 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The research field entitled structural DNA nanotechnology emerged in the beginning of the 1980s as the first immobile synthetic nucleic acid junctions were postulated and demonstrated. Since then, the field has taken huge leaps toward advanced applications, especially during the past decade. This Progress Report summarizes how the controllable, custom, and accurate nanostructures have recently evolved together with powerful design and simulation software. Simultaneously they have provided a significant expansion of the shape space of the nanostructures. Today, researchers can select the most suitable fabrication methods, and design paradigms and software from a variety of options when creating unique DNA nanoobjects and shapes for a plethora of implementations in materials science, optics, plasmonics, molecular patterning, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Nummelin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Juhana Kommeri
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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41
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Shen B, Linko V, Tapio K, Pikker S, Lemma T, Gopinath A, Gothelf KV, Kostiainen MA, Toppari JJ. Plasmonic nanostructures through DNA-assisted lithography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap8978. [PMID: 29423446 PMCID: PMC5804581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmable self-assembly of nucleic acids enables the fabrication of custom, precise objects with nanoscale dimensions. These structures can be further harnessed as templates to build novel materials such as metallic nanostructures, which are widely used and explored because of their unique optical properties and their potency to serve as components of novel metamaterials. However, approaches to transfer the spatial information of DNA constructions to metal nanostructures remain a challenge. We report a DNA-assisted lithography (DALI) method that combines the structural versatility of DNA origami with conventional lithography techniques to create discrete, well-defined, and entirely metallic nanostructures with designed plasmonic properties. DALI is a parallel, high-throughput fabrication method compatible with transparent substrates, thus providing an additional advantage for optical measurements, and yields structures with a feature size of ~10 nm. We demonstrate its feasibility by producing metal nanostructures with a chiral plasmonic response and bowtie-shaped nanoantennas for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We envisage that DALI can be generalized to large substrates, which would subsequently enable scale-up production of diverse metallic nanostructures with tailored plasmonic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Shen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kosti Tapio
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Siim Pikker
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tibebe Lemma
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ashwin Gopinath
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Centre for DNA Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Corresponding author. (M.A.K.); (J.J.T.)
| | - J. Jussi Toppari
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Corresponding author. (M.A.K.); (J.J.T.)
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Abstract
The DNA origami technique is a widely used method to create customized, complex, spatially well-defined two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures. These structures have huge potential to serve as smart drug-delivery vehicles and molecular devices in various nanomedical and biotechnological applications. However, so far only little is known about the behavior of these novel structures in living organisms or in cell culture/tissue models. Moreover, enhancing pharmacokinetic bioavailability and transfection properties of such structures still remains a challenge. One intriguing approach to overcome these issues is to coat DNA origami nanostructures with proteins or lipid membranes. Here, we show how cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) capsid proteins (CPs) can be used for coating DNA origami nanostructures. We present a method for disassembling native CCMV particles and isolating the pure CP dimers, which can further bind and encapsulate a rectangular DNA origami shape. Owing to the highly programmable nature of DNA origami, packaging of DNA nanostructures into viral protein cages could find imminent uses in enhanced targeting and cellular delivery of various active nano-objects, such as enzymes and drug molecules.
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43
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Graugnard E, Hughes WL, Jungmann R, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. Nanometrology and super-resolution imaging with DNA. MRS BULLETIN 2017; 42:951-959. [PMID: 31485100 PMCID: PMC6726407 DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2017.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology is revolutionizing the ways researchers construct arbitrary shapes and patterns in two and three dimensions on the nanoscale. Through Watson-Crick base pairing, DNA can be programmed to form nanostructures with high predictability, addressability, and yield. The ease with which structures can be designed and created has generated great interest for using DNA for a variety of metrology applications, such as in scanning probe microscopy and super-resolution imaging. An additional advantage of the programmable nature of DNA is that mechanisms for nanoscale metrology of the structures can be integrated within the DNA objects by design. This programmable structure-property relationship provides a powerful tool for developing nanoscale materials and smart rulers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Graugnard
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, USA
| | - William L. Hughes
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, USA
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany
| | | | - Veikko Linko
- School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
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44
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Auvinen H, Zhang H, Nonappa, Kopilow A, Niemelä EH, Nummelin S, Correia A, Santos HA, Linko V, Kostiainen MA. Protein Coating of DNA Nanostructures for Enhanced Stability and Immunocompatibility. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28738444 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fully addressable DNA nanostructures, especially DNA origami, possess huge potential to serve as inherently biocompatible and versatile molecular platforms. However, their use as delivery vehicles in therapeutics is compromised by their low stability and poor transfection rates. This study shows that DNA origami can be coated by precisely defined one-to-one protein-dendron conjugates to tackle the aforementioned issues. The dendron part of the conjugate serves as a cationic binding domain that attaches to the negatively charged DNA origami surface via electrostatic interactions. The protein is attached to dendron through cysteine-maleimide bond, making the modular approach highly versatile. This work demonstrates the coating using two different proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and class II hydrophobin (HFBI). The results reveal that BSA-coating significantly improves the origami stability against endonucleases (DNase I) and enhances the transfection into human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Importantly, it is observed that BSA-coating attenuates the activation of immune response in mouse primary splenocytes. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood with a long circulation half-life and has already found clinically approved applications in drug delivery. It is therefore envisioned that the proposed system can open up further opportunities to tune the properties of DNA nanostructures in biological environment, and enable their use in various delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henni Auvinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Åbo Akademi University FI‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alisa Kopilow
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Elina H. Niemelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki P.O. Box 63 FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
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45
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Torelli E, Manzano M, Srivastava SK, Marks RS. DNA origami nanorobot fiber optic genosensor to TMV. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:209-215. [PMID: 28759871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the quest of greater sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic systems, one continually searches for alternative DNA hybridization methods, enabling greater versatility and where possible field-enabled detection of target analytes. We present, herein, a hybrid molecular self-assembled scaffolded DNA origami entity, intimately immobilized via capture probes linked to aminopropyltriethoxysilane, onto a glass optical fiber end-face transducer, thus producing a novel biosensor. Immobilized DNA nanorobots with a switchable flap can then be actuated by a specific target DNA present in a sample, by exposing a hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme, which then catalyzes the generation of chemiluminescence, once the specific fiber probes are immersed in a luminol-based solution. Integrating organic nanorobots to inorganic fiber optics creates a hybrid system that we demonstrate as a proof-of-principle can be utilized in specific DNA sequence detection. This system has potential applications in a wide range of fields, including point-of-care diagnostics or cellular in vivo biosensing when using ultrathin fiber optic probes for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Torelli
- Nanyang Technological University-Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Ben Gurion University (NEW-CREATE) Programme, 1 CREATE Way, Research Wing, #02-06/08, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Nanyang Technological University-Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Ben Gurion University (NEW-CREATE) Programme, 1 CREATE Way, Research Wing, #02-06/08, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sachin K Srivastava
- Nanyang Technological University-Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Ben Gurion University (NEW-CREATE) Programme, 1 CREATE Way, Research Wing, #02-06/08, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Robert S Marks
- Nanyang Technological University-Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Ben Gurion University (NEW-CREATE) Programme, 1 CREATE Way, Research Wing, #02-06/08, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, P.O. Box 653, 84-105 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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46
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Tapio K, Leppiniemi J, Shen B, Hytönen VP, Fritzsche W, Toppari JJ. Toward Single Electron Nanoelectronics Using Self-Assembled DNA Structure. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6780-6786. [PMID: 27700108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA based structures offer an adaptable and robust way to develop customized nanostructures for various purposes in bionanotechnology. One main aim in this field is to develop a DNA nanobreadboard for a controllable attachment of nanoparticles or biomolecules to form specific nanoelectronic devices. Here we conjugate three gold nanoparticles on a defined size TX-tile assembly into a linear pattern to form nanometer scale isolated islands that could be utilized in a room temperature single electron transistor. To demonstrate this, conjugated structures were trapped using dielectrophoresis for current-voltage characterization. After trapping only high resistance behavior was observed. However, after extending the islands by chemical growth of gold, several structures exhibited Coulomb blockade behavior from 4.2 K up to room temperature, which gives a good indication that self-assembled DNA structures could be used for nanoelectronic patterning and single electron devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosti Tapio
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jenni Leppiniemi
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere , Lääkärinkatu 1, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Boxuan Shen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere , Lääkärinkatu 1, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - J Jussi Toppari
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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47
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Shen B, Tapio K, Linko V, Kostiainen MA, Toppari JJ. Metallic Nanostructures Based on DNA Nanoshapes. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6080146. [PMID: 28335274 PMCID: PMC5224615 DOI: 10.3390/nano6080146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures have inspired extensive research over several decades, particularly within the field of nanoelectronics and increasingly in plasmonics. Due to the limitations of conventional lithography methods, the development of bottom-up fabricated metallic nanostructures has become more and more in demand. The remarkable development of DNA-based nanostructures has provided many successful methods and realizations for these needs, such as chemical DNA metallization via seeding or ionization, as well as DNA-guided lithography and casting of metallic nanoparticles by DNA molds. These methods offer high resolution, versatility and throughput and could enable the fabrication of arbitrarily-shaped structures with a 10-nm feature size, thus bringing novel applications into view. In this review, we cover the evolution of DNA-based metallic nanostructures, starting from the metallized double-stranded DNA for electronics and progress to sophisticated plasmonic structures based on DNA origami objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Shen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Kosti Tapio
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto 00076, Finland.
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto 00076, Finland.
| | - Jari Jussi Toppari
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
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48
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Kiviaho JK, Linko V, Ora A, Tiainen T, Järvihaavisto E, Mikkilä J, Tenhu H, Kostiainen MA. Cationic polymers for DNA origami coating - examining their binding efficiency and tuning the enzymatic reaction rates. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11674-80. [PMID: 27219684 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA origamis are fully tailored, programmable, biocompatible and readily functionalizable nanostructures that provide an excellent foundation for the development of sophisticated drug-delivery systems. However, the DNA origami objects suffer from certain drawbacks such as low cell-transfection rates and low stability. A great deal of studies on polymer-based transfection agents, mainly focusing on polyplex formation and toxicity, exists. In this study, the electrostatic binding between a brick-like DNA origami and cationic block-copolymers was explored. The effect of the polymer structure on the binding was investigated and the toxicity of the polymer-origami complexes evaluated. The study shows that all of the analyzed polymers had a suitable binding efficiency irrespective of the block structure. It was also observed that the toxicity of polymer-origami complexes was insignificant at the biologically relevant concentration levels. Besides brick-like DNA origamis, tubular origami carriers equipped with enzymes were also coated with the polymers. By adjusting the amount of cationic polymers that cover the DNA structures, we showed that it is possible to control the enzyme kinetics of the complexes. This work gives a starting point for further development of biocompatible and effective polycation-based block copolymers that can be used in coating different DNA origami nanostructures for various bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Kiviaho
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ari Ora
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Tony Tiainen
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Järvihaavisto
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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