1
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Bader ER, Boro AD, Killian NJ, Eskandar EN. A method for precisely timed, on-demand intracranial stimulation using the RNS device. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:444-447. [PMID: 38554856 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Bader
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Alexis D Boro
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Killian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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2
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Aronson JP, Katnani HA, Huguenard A, Mulvaney G, Bader ER, Yang JC, Eskandar EN. Phasic stimulation in the nucleus accumbens enhances learning after traumatic brain injury. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac016. [PMID: 35529519 PMCID: PMC9070350 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in survival, treatments that improve functional outcome remain lacking. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop novel treatments to improve functional recovery. Here, we investigated task-matched deep-brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to augment reinforcement learning in a rodent model of TBI. We demonstrate that task-matched deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the NAc can enhance learning following TBI. We further demonstrate that animals receiving DBS exhibited greater behavioral improvement and enhanced neural proliferation. Treated animals recovered to an uninjured behavioral baseline and showed retention of improved performance even after stimulation was stopped. These results provide encouraging early evidence for the potential of NAc DBS to improve functional outcomes following TBI and that its effects may be broad, with alterations in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Aronson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Husam A Katnani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Huguenard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham Mulvaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward R Bader
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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3
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Zelmann R, Paulk AC, Basu I, Sarma A, Yousefi A, Crocker B, Eskandar E, Williams Z, Cosgrove GR, Weisholtz DS, Dougherty DD, Truccolo W, Widge AS, Cash SS. CLoSES: A platform for closed-loop intracranial stimulation in humans. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117314. [PMID: 32882382 PMCID: PMC7805582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted interrogation of brain networks through invasive brain stimulation has become an increasingly important research tool as well as therapeutic modality. The majority of work with this emerging capability has been focused on open-loop approaches. Closed-loop techniques, however, could improve neuromodulatory therapies and research investigations by optimizing stimulation approaches using neurally informed, personalized targets. Implementing closed-loop systems is challenging particularly with regard to applying consistent strategies considering inter-individual variability. In particular, during intracranial epilepsy monitoring, where much of this research is currently progressing, electrodes are implanted exclusively for clinical reasons. Thus, detection and stimulation sites must be participant- and task-specific. The system must run in parallel with clinical systems, integrate seamlessly with existing setups, and ensure safety features are in place. In other words, a robust, yet flexible platform is required to perform different tests with a single participant and to comply with clinical requirements. In order to investigate closed-loop stimulation for research and therapeutic use, we developed a Closed-Loop System for Electrical Stimulation (CLoSES) that computes neural features which are then used in a decision algorithm to trigger stimulation in near real-time. To summarize CLoSES, intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) signals are acquired, band-pass filtered, and local and network features are continuously computed. If target features are detected (e.g. above a preset threshold for a certain duration), stimulation is triggered. Not only could the system trigger stimulation while detecting real-time neural features, but we incorporated a pipeline wherein we used an encoder/decoder model to estimate a hidden cognitive state from the neural features. CLoSES provides a flexible platform to implement a variety of closed-loop experimental paradigms in humans. CLoSES has been successfully used with twelve patients implanted with depth electrodes in the epilepsy monitoring unit. During cognitive tasks (N=5), stimulation in closed loop modified a cognitive hidden state on a trial by trial basis. Sleep spindle oscillations (N=6) and sharp transient epileptic activity (N=9) were detected in near real-time, and stimulation was applied during the event or at specified delays (N=3). In addition, we measured the capabilities of the CLoSES system. Total latency was related to the characteristics of the event being detected, with tens of milliseconds for epileptic activity and hundreds of milliseconds for spindle detection. Stepwise latency, the actual duration of each continuous step, was within the specified fixed-step duration and increased linearly with the number of channels and features. We anticipate that probing neural dynamics and interaction between brain states and stimulation responses with CLoSES will lead to novel insights into the mechanism of normal and pathological brain activity, the discovery and evaluation of potential electrographic biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and the development and testing of patient-specific stimulation targets and control signals before implanting a therapeutic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Zelmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ishita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anish Sarma
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ali Yousefi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Britni Crocker
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emad Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Ziv Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Darin D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Truccolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MI, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Bick SK, Patel SR, Katnani HA, Peled N, Widge A, Cash SS, Eskandar EN. Caudate stimulation enhances learning. Brain 2020; 142:2930-2937. [PMID: 31504220 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation is a promising treatment modality for disorders of learning and memory, offering the possibility of precise alteration of disordered neural circuits. Studies to date have failed to identify an optimal target and stimulation paradigm. Six epilepsy patients with depth electrodes implanted for seizure localization participated in our study. We recorded local field potentials from implanted electrodes while subjects participated in an associative learning task requiring them to learn an association between presented images and a button press. Three subjects participated in stimulation sessions during which caudate or putamen stimulation was delivered for some images during feedback after correct responses. Caudate stimulation enhanced learning. Both caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex demonstrated a beta power increase during the feedback period of the learning task that was greater following correct than incorrect trials. In dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, this difference increased with learning and persisted beyond the end of the feedback period. Caudate stimulation was associated with increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex beta power following feedback. These findings suggest that temporally specific caudate stimulation is a promising neuromodulation strategy to improve learning in disorders of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Bick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaun R Patel
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Husam A Katnani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noam Peled
- Department of Radiology, MBGH/HST Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alik Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Bronx, NY, USA
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5
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Regulation and control roles of the basal ganglia in the development of absence epileptiform activities. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 14:137-154. [PMID: 32015772 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence epileptiform activities are traditionally considered to be primarily induced by abnormal interactions between the cortical and thalamic neurons, which form the thalamocortical circuit in the brain. The basal ganglia, as an organizational unit in the brain, has close input and output relationships with the thalamocortical circuit. Although several studies report that the basal ganglia may participate in controlling and regulating absence epileptiform activities, to date, there have been no studies regarding whether the basal ganglia directly cause absence epileptiform activities. In this paper, we built a basal ganglia-corticothalamic network model to determine the role of basal ganglia in this disease. We determined that absence epileptiform activities might be directly induced by abnormal coupling strengths on certain pivotal pathways in the basal ganglia. These epileptiform activities can be well controlled by the coupling strengths of three major pathways that project from the thalamocortical network to the basal ganglia. The results implied that the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) can be considered to be the effective treatment target area for inhibiting epileptiform activities, which supports the observations of previous studies. Particularly, as a major contribution of this paper, we determined that the final presentation position of the epileptic slow spike waves is not limited to the cerebral cortex; these waves may additionally appear in the thalamus, striatal medium spiny neurons, striatal fast spiking interneuron, the SNc, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus pars externa. In addition, consistent with several previous studies, the delay in the network was observed to be a critical factor for inducing transitions between different types of absence epileptiform activities. Our new model not only explains the onset and control mechanism but also provides a unified framework to study similar problems in neuron systems.
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6
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Provenza NR, Paulk AC, Peled N, Restrepo MI, Cash SS, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Borton DA, Widge AS. Decoding task engagement from distributed network electrophysiology in humans. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056015. [PMID: 31419211 PMCID: PMC6765221 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab2c58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, our objective was to develop a binary decoder to detect task engagement in humans during two distinct, conflict-based behavioral tasks. Effortful, goal-directed decision-making requires the coordinated action of multiple cognitive processes, including attention, working memory and action selection. That type of mental effort is often dysfunctional in mental disorders, e.g. when a patient attempts to overcome a depression or anxiety-driven habit but feels unable. If the onset of engagement in this type of focused mental activity could be reliably detected, decisional function might be augmented, e.g. through neurostimulation. However, there are no known algorithms for detecting task engagement with rapid time resolution. APPROACH We defined a new network measure, fixed canonical correlation (FCCA), specifically suited for neural decoding applications. We extracted FCCA features from local field potential recordings in human volunteers to give a temporally continuous estimate of mental effort, defined by engagement in experimental conflict tasks. MAIN RESULTS Using a small number of features per participant, we accurately decoded and distinguished task engagement from other mental activities. Further, the decoder distinguished between engagement in two different conflict-based tasks within seconds of their onset. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that network-level brain activity can detect specific types of mental efforts. This could form the basis of a responsive intervention strategy for decision-making deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Provenza
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery Research, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Noam Peled
- MGH/HST Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Maria I Restrepo
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery Research, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Present affiliation: Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David A Borton
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Alik S Widge
- Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Present affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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7
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Yousefi A, Paulk AC, Basu I, Mirsky JL, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Eden UT, Widge AS. COMPASS: An Open-Source, General-Purpose Software Toolkit for Computational Psychiatry. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:957. [PMID: 30686965 PMCID: PMC6336923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling of behavior during a psychophysical task, referred to as "computational psychiatry," could greatly improve our understanding of mental disorders. One barrier to the broader adoption of computational methods, is that they often require advanced statistical modeling and mathematical skills. Biological and behavioral signals often show skewed or non-Gaussian distributions, and very few toolboxes and analytical platforms are capable of processing such signal categories. We developed the Computational Psychiatry Adaptive State-Space (COMPASS) toolbox, an open-source MATLAB-based software package. This toolbox is easy to use and capable of integrating signals with a variety of distributions. COMPASS has the tools to process signals with continuous-valued and binary measurements, or signals with incomplete-missing or censored-measurements, which makes it well-suited for processing those signals captured during a psychophysical task. After specifying a few parameters in a small set of user-friendly functions, COMPASS allows users to efficiently apply a wide range of computational behavioral models. The model output can be analyzed as an experimental outcome or used as a regressor for neural data and can also be tested using the goodness-of-fit measurement. Here, we demonstrate that COMPASS can replicate two computational behavioral analyses from different groups. COMPASS replicates and can slightly improve on the original modeling results. We also demonstrate the use of COMPASS application in a censored-data problem and compare its performance result with naïve estimation methods. This flexible, general-purpose toolkit should accelerate the use of computational modeling in psychiatric neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yousefi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ishita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan L Mirsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Uri T Eden
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Tsai ST, Harn HJ, Lin SZ, Tseng GF, Chen SY. Deep Brain Stimulation for Amelioration of Cognitive Impairment in Neurological Disorders: Neurogenesis and Circuit Reanimation. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:813-818. [PMID: 30298752 PMCID: PMC6719490 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718804144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute (e.g., traumatic brain injury or stroke) and chronic (e.g., dementia or Parkinson’s disease dementia) neurological disorders that involve cognitive impairment and dysfunctional neural circuits always lead to a dreadful and costly experience for patients and their families. The application of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders has shown great potential to modulate pathological neural circuits and trigger endogenous neurogenesis. We summarize several important clinical and translational studies that utilize deep brain stimulation to improve cognition based on the potentiation of neural plasticity and neurogenesis. In addition, we discuss the neuroanatomy and cerebral circuits implicated in such studies as well as the potential mechanisms underlying therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tzung Tsai
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- 3 Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Fang Tseng
- 4 Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yuan Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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9
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Eisinger RS, Urdaneta ME, Foote KD, Okun MS, Gunduz A. Non-motor Characterization of the Basal Ganglia: Evidence From Human and Non-human Primate Electrophysiology. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:385. [PMID: 30026679 PMCID: PMC6041403 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basal ganglia have been implicated in a growing list of human behaviors, they include some of the least understood nuclei in the brain. For several decades studies have employed numerous methodologies to uncover evidence pointing to the basal ganglia as a hub of both motor and non-motor function. Recently, new electrophysiological characterization of the basal ganglia in humans has become possible through direct access to these deep structures as part of routine neurosurgery. Electrophysiological approaches for identifying non-motor function have the potential to unlock a deeper understanding of pathways that may inform clinical interventions and particularly neuromodulation. Various electrophysiological modalities can also be combined to reveal functional connections between the basal ganglia and traditional structures throughout the neocortex that have been linked to non-motor behavior. Several reviews have previously summarized evidence for non-motor function in the basal ganglia stemming from behavioral, clinical, computational, imaging, and non-primate animal studies; in this review, instead we turn to electrophysiological studies of non-human primates and humans. We begin by introducing common electrophysiological methodologies for basal ganglia investigation, and then we discuss studies across numerous non-motor domains–emotion, response inhibition, conflict, decision-making, error-detection and surprise, reward processing, language, and time processing. We discuss the limitations of current approaches and highlight the current state of the information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Eisinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Morgan E Urdaneta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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A simple, inexpensive method for subcortical stereotactic targeting in nonhuman primates. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 305:89-97. [PMID: 29768185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many current neuroscience studies in large animal models have focused on recordings from cortical structures. While sufficient for analyzing sensorimotor systems, many processes are modulated by subcortical nuclei. Large animal models, such as nonhuman primates (NHP), provide an optimal model for studying these circuits, but the ability to target subcortical structures has been hampered by lack of a straightforward approach to targeting. NEW METHOD Here we present a method of subcortical targeting in NHP that uses MRI-compatible titanium screws as fiducials. The in vivo study used a cellular marker for histologic confirmation of accuracy. RESULTS Histologic results are presented showing a cellular stem cell marker within targeted structures, with mean errors ± standard deviations (SD) of 1.40 ± 1.19 mm in the X-axis and 0.9 ± 0.97 mm in the Z-axis. The Y-axis errors ± SD ranged from 1.5 ± 0.43 to 4.2 ± 1.72 mm. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This method is easy and inexpensive, and requires no fabrication of equipment, keeping in mind the goal of optimizing a technique for implantation or injection into multiple interconnected areas. CONCLUSION This procedure will enable primate researchers to target deep, subcortical structures more precisely in animals of varying ages and weights.
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11
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Martinez-Rubio C, Paulk AC, McDonald EJ, Widge AS, Eskandar EN. Multimodal Encoding of Novelty, Reward, and Learning in the Primate Nucleus Basalis of Meynert. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1942-1958. [PMID: 29348191 PMCID: PMC5824738 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2021-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative learning is crucial for daily function, involving a complex network of brain regions. One region, the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), is a highly interconnected, largely cholinergic structure implicated in multiple aspects of learning. We show that single neurons in the NBM of nonhuman primates (NHPs; n = 2 males; Macaca mulatta) encode learning a new association through spike rate modulation. However, the power of low-frequency local field potential (LFP) oscillations decreases in response to novel, not-yet-learned stimuli but then increase as learning progresses. Both NBM and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encode confidence in novel associations by increasing low- and high-frequency LFP power in anticipation of expected rewards. Finally, NBM high-frequency power dynamics are anticorrelated with spike rate modulations. Therefore, novelty, learning, and reward anticipation are separately encoded through differentiable NBM signals. By signaling both the need to learn and confidence in newly acquired associations, NBM may play a key role in coordinating cortical activity throughout the learning process.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Degradation of cells in a key brain region, the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), correlates with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease progression. To better understand the role of this brain structure in learning and memory, we examined neural activity in the NBM in behaving nonhuman primates while they performed a learning and memory task. We found that single neurons in NBM encoded both salience and an early learning, or cognitive state, whereas populations of neurons in the NBM and prefrontal cortex encode learned state and reward anticipation. The NBM may thus encode multiple stages of learning. These multimodal signals might be leveraged in future studies to develop neural stimulation to facilitate different stages of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Martinez-Rubio
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eric J McDonald
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02124, and
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 3316 Rochambeau Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467
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