1
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Naidoo Y, Pierneef RE, Cowan DA, Valverde A. Characterization of the soil resistome and mobilome in Namib Desert soils. Int Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00454-x. [PMID: 37968548 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the soil resistome is important in understanding the evolution of antibiotic resistance and its dissemination between the clinic and the environment. However, very little is known about the soil resistome, especially of those from deserts. Here, we characterize the bacterial communities, using targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes, and both the resistome and the mobilome in Namib Desert soils, using shotgun metagenomics. We detected a variety of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that conferred resistance to antibiotics such as elfamycin, rifampicin, and fluoroquinolones, metal/biocide resistance genes (MRGs/BRGs) conferring resistance to metals such as arsenic and copper, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as the ColE1-like plasmid. The presence of metal/biocide resistance genes in close proximity to ARGs indicated a potential for co-selection of resistance to antibiotics and metals/biocides. The co-existence of MGEs and horizontally acquired ARGs most likely contributed to a decoupling between bacterial community composition and ARG profiles. Overall, this study indicates that soil bacterial communities in Namib Desert soils host a diversity of resistance elements and that horizontal gene transfer, rather than host phylogeny, plays an essential role in their dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashini Naidoo
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Rian E Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort Campus, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Angel Valverde
- IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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2
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Douglas EJ, Laabei M. Staph wars: the antibiotic pipeline strikes back. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001387. [PMID: 37656158 PMCID: PMC10569064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic chemotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most significant medical advancements in history. However, the continued misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has become synonymous with multidrug resistance and is a leading antimicrobial-resistant pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review focuses on (1) the targets of current anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and the specific mechanisms that confirm resistance; (2) an in-depth analysis of recently licensed antibiotics approved for the treatment of S. aureus infections; and (3) an examination of the pre-clinical pipeline of anti-staphylococcal compounds. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanism of action of novel antimicrobials and derivatives of existing classes of antibiotics, collate data on the emergence of resistance to new compounds and provide an overview of key data from clinical trials evaluating anti-staphylococcal compounds. We present several successful cases in the development of alternative forms of existing antibiotics that have activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Pre-clinical antimicrobials show promise, but more focus and funding are required to develop novel classes of compounds that can curtail the spread of and sustainably control antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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3
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Koller TO, Turnbull KJ, Vaitkevicius K, Crowe-McAuliffe C, Roghanian M, Bulvas O, Nakamoto JA, Kurata T, Julius C, Atkinson G, Johansson J, Hauryliuk V, Wilson D. Structural basis for HflXr-mediated antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11285-11300. [PMID: 36300626 PMCID: PMC9638945 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HflX is a ubiquitous bacterial GTPase that splits and recycles stressed ribosomes. In addition to HflX, Listeria monocytogenes contains a second HflX homolog, HflXr. Unlike HflX, HflXr confers resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by an experimentally unexplored mechanism. Here, we have determined cryo-EM structures of L. monocytogenes HflXr-50S and HflX-50S complexes as well as L. monocytogenes 70S ribosomes in the presence and absence of the lincosamide lincomycin. While the overall geometry of HflXr on the 50S subunit is similar to that of HflX, a loop within the N-terminal domain of HflXr, which is two amino acids longer than in HflX, reaches deeper into the peptidyltransferase center. Moreover, unlike HflX, the binding of HflXr induces conformational changes within adjacent rRNA nucleotides that would be incompatible with drug binding. These findings suggest that HflXr confers resistance using an allosteric ribosome protection mechanism, rather than by simply splitting and recycling antibiotic-stalled ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolis Vaitkevicius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caillan Crowe-McAuliffe
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Roghanian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Bulvas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jose A Nakamoto
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tatsuaki Kurata
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Julius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gemma C Atkinson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Johansson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel N Wilson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 40 42838 2841;
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4
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Lenard AJ, Mulder FAA, Madl T. Solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement as a versatile method for studying structure and dynamics of biomolecular systems. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:113-139. [PMID: 36496256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (sPRE) is a versatile nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based method that allows characterization of the structure and dynamics of biomolecular systems through providing quantitative experimental information on solvent accessibility of NMR-active nuclei. Addition of soluble paramagnetic probes to the solution of a biomolecule leads to paramagnetic relaxation enhancement in a concentration-dependent manner. Here we review recent progress in the sPRE-based characterization of structural and dynamic properties of biomolecules and their complexes, and aim to deliver a comprehensive illustration of a growing number of applications of the method to various biological systems. We discuss the physical principles of sPRE measurements and provide an overview of available co-solute paramagnetic probes. We then explore how sPRE, in combination with complementary biophysical techniques, can further advance biomolecular structure determination, identification of interaction surfaces within protein complexes, and probing of conformational changes and low-population transient states, as well as deliver insights into weak, nonspecific, and transient interactions between proteins and co-solutes. In addition, we present examples of how the incorporation of solvent paramagnetic probes can improve the sensitivity of NMR experiments and discuss the prospects of applying sPRE to NMR metabolomics, drug discovery, and the study of intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta J Lenard
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Frans A A Mulder
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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5
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Ero R, Yan XF, Gao YG. Ribosome Protection Proteins-"New" Players in the Global Arms Race with Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5356. [PMID: 34069640 PMCID: PMC8161019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved an array of mechanisms enabling them to resist the inhibitory effect of antibiotics, a significant proportion of which target the ribosome. Indeed, resistance mechanisms have been identified for nearly every antibiotic that is currently used in clinical practice. With the ever-increasing list of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and very few novel antibiotics in the pharmaceutical pipeline, treatable infections are likely to become life-threatening once again. Most of the prevalent resistance mechanisms are well understood and their clinical significance is recognized. In contrast, ribosome protection protein-mediated resistance has flown under the radar for a long time and has been considered a minor factor in the clinical setting. Not until the recent discovery of the ATP-binding cassette family F protein-mediated resistance in an extensive list of human pathogens has the significance of ribosome protection proteins been truly appreciated. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanism has the potential to guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches to evade or overcome the resistance. In this review, we discuss the latest developments regarding ribosome protection proteins focusing on the current antimicrobial arsenal and pharmaceutical pipeline as well as potential implications for the future of fighting bacterial infections in the time of "superbugs."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rya Ero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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6
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Tomlinson JH, Kalverda AP, Calabrese AN. Fusidic acid resistance through changes in the dynamics of the drug target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25523-25531. [PMID: 32999060 PMCID: PMC7568287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008577117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in clinically important bacteria can be mediated by target protection mechanisms, whereby a protein binds to the drug target and protects it from the inhibitory effects of the antibiotic. The most prevalent source of clinical resistance to the antibiotic fusidic acid (FA) is expression of the FusB family of proteins that bind to the drug target (Elongation factor G [EF-G]) and promote dissociation of EF-G from FA-stalled ribosome complexes. FusB binding causes changes in both the structure and conformational flexibility of EF-G, but which of these changes drives FA resistance was not understood. We present here detailed characterization of changes in the conformational flexibility of EF-G in response to FusB binding and show that these changes are responsible for conferring FA resistance. Binding of FusB to EF-G causes a significant change in the dynamics of domain III of EF-GC3 that leads to an increase in a minor, more disordered state of EF-G domain III. This is sufficient to overcome the steric block of transmission of conformational changes within EF-G by which FA prevents release of EF-G from the ribosome. This study has identified an antibiotic resistance mechanism mediated by allosteric effects on the dynamics of the drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom;
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is mediated through several distinct mechanisms, most of which are relatively well understood and the clinical importance of which has long been recognized. Until very recently, neither of these statements was readily applicable to the class of resistance mechanism known as target protection, a phenomenon whereby a resistance protein physically associates with an antibiotic target to rescue it from antibiotic-mediated inhibition. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the nature and importance of target protection. In particular, we describe the molecular basis of the known target protection systems, emphasizing that target protection does not involve a single, uniform mechanism but is instead brought about in several mechanistically distinct ways.
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8
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Exploring bacterial resistome and resistance dessemination: an approach of whole genome sequencing. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:247-260. [PMID: 30801197 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades antibiotics are used to combat against pathogenic bacteria, but their misuse and overuse have caused the emergence of resistant bacteria. The scarcities of effective antibiotics along with unavailability of alternative solutions have exacerbated bacterial infections and mortality rate. This review provides the concept of bacterial resistome and mechanisms of resistance. It has also described the utility of whole genome sequencing in identifying resistance and its dissemination in association with available bioinformatics tools and databases. Moreover, the whole genome sequencing methodology described in this review will help to select effective antibiotics, maintain unparalleled surveillance of resistance and provide early diagnosis during resistance outbreaks. The provided information could be used to control infection caused by resistant microorganisms.
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9
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Crowley EL, Rafferty SP. Review of lactose-driven auto-induction expression of isotope-labelled proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 157:70-85. [PMID: 30708035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NMR is an important method in the structural and functional characterization of proteins, but such experiments typically require isotopic labelling because of the low natural abundance of the nuclei of interest. Isotope-labelled protein for NMR experiments is typically obtained from IPTG-inducible bacterial expression systems in a minimal media that contains labelled carbon or nitrogen sources. Optimization of expression conditions is crucial yet challenging; large amounts of labelled protein are desired, yet protein yields are lower in minimal media, while the labelled precursors are expensive. Faced with these challenges there is a growing body of literature that apply innovative methods of induction to optimize the yield of isotope-labelled protein. A promising technique is lactose-driven auto-induction as it mitigates user intervention and can lead to higher protein yields. This review assesses the current advances and limitations surrounding the ability of researchers to isotope label proteins using auto-induction, and it identifies key components for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Crowley
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada.
| | - Steven P Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada.
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10
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Sharkey LKR, O’Neill AJ. Antibiotic Resistance ABC-F Proteins: Bringing Target Protection into the Limelight. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:239-246. [PMID: 29376318 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-F protein subfamily collectively mediate resistance to a broader range of clinically important antibiotic classes than any other group of resistance proteins and are widespread in pathogenic bacteria. Following over 25 years' of controversy regarding the mechanism by which these proteins work, it has recently been established that they provide antibiotic resistance through the previously recognized but underappreciated phenomenon of target protection; they bind to the ribosome to effect the release of ribosome-targeted antibiotics, thereby rescuing the translation apparatus from antibiotic-mediated inhibition. Here we review the ABC-F resistance proteins with an emphasis on their mechanism of action, first exploring the history of the debate about how these proteins work and outlining our current state of knowledge and then considering key questions to be addressed in understanding the molecular detail of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam K. R. Sharkey
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alex J. O’Neill
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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11
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Coussens NP, Molinaro AL, Culbertson KJ, Peryea T, Zahoránszky-Köhalmi G, Hall MD, Daines DA. Better living through chemistry: Addressing emerging antibiotic resistance. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:538-553. [PMID: 29409348 PMCID: PMC5882019 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218755659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is recognized as a major threat to human health worldwide. While the use of small molecule antibiotics has enabled many modern medical advances, it has also facilitated the development of resistant organisms. This minireview provides an overview of current small molecule drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans, the unintended consequences of antibiotic use, and the mechanisms that underlie the development of drug resistance. Promising new approaches and strategies to counter antibiotic-resistant bacteria with small molecules are highlighted. However, continued public investment in this area is critical to maintain an edge in our evolutionary "arms race" against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Impact statement The alarming increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a rapidly emerging threat to human health throughout the world. Historically, small molecule drugs have played a major role in controlling bacterial infections and they continue to offer tremendous potential in countering resistant organisms. This minireview provides a broad overview of the relevant issues, including the diversity of FDA-approved small molecule drugs and mechanisms of drug resistance, unintended consequences of antibiotic use, the current state of development for small molecule antibacterials and financial challenges that impact progress towards novel therapies. The content will be informative to diverse stakeholders, including clinicians, basic scientists, translational scientists and policy makers, and may be used as a bridge between these key players to advance the development of much-needed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Coussens
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ashley L Molinaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Kayla J Culbertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Tyler Peryea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gergely Zahoránszky-Köhalmi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dayle A Daines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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12
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Foster TJ. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:430-449. [PMID: 28419231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major targets for antibiotics in staphylococci are (i) the cell envelope, (ii) the ribosome and (iii) nucleic acids. Several novel targets emerged from recent targeted drug discovery programmes including the ClpP protease and FtsZ from the cell division machinery. Resistance can either develop by horizontal transfer of resistance determinants encoded by mobile genetic elements viz plasmids, transposons and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome or by mutations in chromosomal genes. Horizontally acquired resistance can occur by one of the following mechanisms: (i) enzymatic drug modification and inactivation, (ii) enzymatic modification of the drug binding site, (iii) drug efflux, (iv) bypass mechanisms involving acquisition of a novel drug-resistant target, (v) displacement of the drug to protect the target. Acquisition of resistance by mutation can result from (i) alteration of the drug target that prevents the inhibitor from binding, (ii) derepression of chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps and (iii) multiple stepwise mutations that alter the structure and composition of the cell wall and/or membrane to reduce drug access to its target. This review focuses on development of resistance to currently used antibiotics and examines future prospects for new antibiotics and informed use of drug combinations.
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13
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Öster C, Kosol S, Hartlmüller C, Lamley JM, Iuga D, Oss A, Org ML, Vanatalu K, Samoson A, Madl T, Lewandowski JR. Characterization of Protein-Protein Interfaces in Large Complexes by Solid-State NMR Solvent Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12165-12174. [PMID: 28780861 PMCID: PMC5590091 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Solid-state NMR is becoming a viable
alternative for obtaining
information about structures and dynamics of large biomolecular complexes,
including ones that are not accessible to other high-resolution biophysical
techniques. In this context, methods for probing protein–protein
interfaces at atomic resolution are highly desirable. Solvent paramagnetic
relaxation enhancements (sPREs) proved to be a powerful method for
probing protein–protein interfaces in large complexes in solution
but have not been employed toward this goal in the solid state. We
demonstrate that 1H and 15N relaxation-based
sPREs provide a powerful tool for characterizing intermolecular interactions
in large assemblies in the solid state. We present approaches for
measuring sPREs in practically the entire range of magic angle spinning
frequencies used for biomolecular studies and discuss their benefits
and limitations. We validate the approach on crystalline GB1, with
our experimental results in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Finally, we use sPREs to characterize protein–protein interfaces
in the GB1 complex with immunoglobulin G (IgG). Our results suggest
the potential existence of an additional binding site and provide
new insights into GB1:IgG complex structure that amend and revise
the current model available from studies with IgG fragments. We demonstrate
sPREs as a practical, widely applicable, robust, and very sensitive
technique for determining intermolecular interaction interfaces in
large biomolecular complexes in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Öster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Simone Kosol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Christoph Hartlmüller
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Munich Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Lamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andres Oss
- Institute of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15a, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mai-Liis Org
- Institute of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15a, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kalju Vanatalu
- Institute of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15a, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ago Samoson
- Institute of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology , Akadeemia tee 15a, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tobias Madl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Munich Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Józef R Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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