1
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Paternoga H, Crowe-McAuliffe C, Bock LV, Koller TO, Morici M, Beckert B, Myasnikov AG, Grubmüller H, Nováček J, Wilson DN. Structural conservation of antibiotic interaction with ribosomes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1380-1392. [PMID: 37550453 PMCID: PMC10497419 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome is a major target for clinically used antibiotics, but multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria are making our current arsenal of antimicrobials obsolete. Here we present cryo-electron-microscopy structures of 17 distinct compounds from six different antibiotic classes bound to the bacterial ribosome at resolutions ranging from 1.6 to 2.2 Å. The improved resolution enables a precise description of antibiotic-ribosome interactions, encompassing solvent networks that mediate multiple additional interactions between the drugs and their target. Our results reveal a high structural conservation in the binding mode between antibiotics with the same scaffold, including ordered water molecules. Water molecules are visualized within the antibiotic binding sites that are preordered, become ordered in the presence of the drug and that are physically displaced on drug binding. Insight into RNA-ligand interactions will facilitate development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as other RNA-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Paternoga
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars V Bock
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timm O Koller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martino Morici
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bertrand Beckert
- Dubochet Center for Imaging at EPFL-UNIL, Batiment Cubotron, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Grubmüller
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiří Nováček
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Koller TO, Morici M, Berger M, Safdari HA, Lele DS, Beckert B, Kaur KJ, Wilson DN. Structural basis for translation inhibition by the glycosylated drosocin peptide. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1072-1081. [PMID: 36997646 PMCID: PMC10449632 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP) drosocin is produced by Drosophila species to combat bacterial infection. Unlike many PrAMPs, drosocin is O-glycosylated at threonine 11, a post-translation modification that enhances its antimicrobial activity. Here we demonstrate that the O-glycosylation not only influences cellular uptake of the peptide but also interacts with its intracellular target, the ribosome. Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of glycosylated drosocin on the ribosome at 2.0-2.8-Å resolution reveal that the peptide interferes with translation termination by binding within the polypeptide exit tunnel and trapping RF1 on the ribosome, reminiscent of that reported for the PrAMP apidaecin. The glycosylation of drosocin enables multiple interactions with U2609 of the 23S rRNA, leading to conformational changes that break the canonical base pair with A752. Collectively, our study reveals novel molecular insights into the interaction of O-glycosylated drosocin with the ribosome, which provide a structural basis for future development of this class of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm O Koller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martino Morici
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Berger
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haaris A Safdari
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Deepti S Lele
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Bertrand Beckert
- Dubochet Center for Imaging (DCI) at EPFL, EPFL SB IPHYS DCI, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kanwal J Kaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Koller TO, Scheid U, Kösel T, Herrmann J, Krug D, Boshoff HIM, Beckert B, Evans JC, Schlemmer J, Sloan B, Weiner DM, Via LE, Moosa A, Ioerger TR, Graf M, Zinshteyn B, Abdelshahid M, Nguyen F, Arenz S, Gille F, Siebke M, Seedorf T, Plettenburg O, Green R, Warnke AL, Ullrich J, Warrass R, Barry CE, Warner DF, Mizrahi V, Kirschning A, Wilson DN, Müller R. The Myxobacterial Antibiotic Myxovalargin: Biosynthesis, Structural Revision, Total Synthesis, and Molecular Characterization of Ribosomal Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:851-863. [PMID: 36603206 PMCID: PMC9853869 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of bacterial pathogens against antibiotics is declared by WHO as a major global health threat. As novel antibacterial agents are urgently needed, we re-assessed the broad-spectrum myxobacterial antibiotic myxovalargin and found it to be extremely potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To ensure compound supply for further development, we studied myxovalargin biosynthesis in detail enabling production via fermentation of a native producer. Feeding experiments as well as functional genomics analysis suggested a structural revision, which was eventually corroborated by the development of a concise total synthesis. The ribosome was identified as the molecular target based on resistant mutant sequencing, and a cryo-EM structure revealed that myxovalargin binds within and completely occludes the exit tunnel, consistent with a mode of action to arrest translation during a late stage of translation initiation. These studies open avenues for structure-based scaffold improvement toward development as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm O. Koller
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scheid
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center
for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Teresa Kösel
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center
for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Krug
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center
for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis
Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bertrand Beckert
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna C. Evans
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT
Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular
Medicine and Department of Pathology, University
of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Jan Schlemmer
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center
for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Becky Sloan
- Tuberculosis
Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Danielle M. Weiner
- Tuberculosis
Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis
Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Atica Moosa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT
Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular
Medicine and Department of Pathology, University
of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael Graf
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Zinshteyn
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Maha Abdelshahid
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Nguyen
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Arenz
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Gille
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maik Siebke
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany,Institute
of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Seedorf
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany,Institute
of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rachel Green
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Anna-Luisa Warnke
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany,Institute
of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- MSD
Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Warrass
- MSD
Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis
Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT
Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular
Medicine and Department of Pathology, University
of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT
Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular
Medicine and Department of Pathology, University
of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Institute of
Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany,
| | - Daniel N. Wilson
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany,
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center
for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany,
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4
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Koller TO, Turnbull KJ, Vaitkevicius K, Crowe-McAuliffe C, Roghanian M, Bulvas O, Nakamoto JA, Kurata T, Julius C, Atkinson G, Johansson J, Hauryliuk V, Wilson D. Structural basis for HflXr-mediated antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11285-11300. [PMID: 36300626 PMCID: PMC9638945 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HflX is a ubiquitous bacterial GTPase that splits and recycles stressed ribosomes. In addition to HflX, Listeria monocytogenes contains a second HflX homolog, HflXr. Unlike HflX, HflXr confers resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by an experimentally unexplored mechanism. Here, we have determined cryo-EM structures of L. monocytogenes HflXr-50S and HflX-50S complexes as well as L. monocytogenes 70S ribosomes in the presence and absence of the lincosamide lincomycin. While the overall geometry of HflXr on the 50S subunit is similar to that of HflX, a loop within the N-terminal domain of HflXr, which is two amino acids longer than in HflX, reaches deeper into the peptidyltransferase center. Moreover, unlike HflX, the binding of HflXr induces conformational changes within adjacent rRNA nucleotides that would be incompatible with drug binding. These findings suggest that HflXr confers resistance using an allosteric ribosome protection mechanism, rather than by simply splitting and recycling antibiotic-stalled ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolis Vaitkevicius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caillan Crowe-McAuliffe
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Roghanian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Bulvas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jose A Nakamoto
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tatsuaki Kurata
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Julius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gemma C Atkinson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Johansson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel N Wilson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 40 42838 2841;
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5
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Wieland M, Holm M, Rundlet EJ, Morici M, Koller TO, Maviza TP, Pogorevc D, Osterman IA, Müller R, Blanchard SC, Wilson DN. The cyclic octapeptide antibiotic argyrin B inhibits translation by trapping EF-G on the ribosome during translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114214119. [PMID: 35500116 PMCID: PMC9171646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114214119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyrins are a family of naturally produced octapeptides that display promising antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Argyrin B (ArgB) has been shown to interact with an elongated form of the translation elongation factor G (EF-G), leading to the suggestion that argyrins inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with EF-G binding to the ribosome. Here, using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET), we demonstrate that rather than interfering with ribosome binding, ArgB rapidly and specifically binds EF-G on the ribosome to inhibit intermediate steps of the translocation mechanism. Our data support that ArgB inhibits conformational changes within EF-G after GTP hydrolysis required for translocation and factor dissociation, analogous to the mechanism of fusidic acid, a chemically distinct antibiotic that binds a different region of EF-G. These findings shed light on the mechanism of action of the argyrin-class antibiotics on protein synthesis as well as the nature and importance of rate-limiting, intramolecular conformational events within the EF-G-bound ribosome during late-steps of translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliane Wieland
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Holm
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Emily J. Rundlet
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065
| | - Martino Morici
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timm O. Koller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tinashe P. Maviza
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Domen Pogorevc
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | - Ilya A. Osterman
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | | | - Daniel N. Wilson
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Bulatov T, Gensel S, Mainz A, Dang T, Koller TO, Voigt K, Ebeling J, Wilson DN, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Paenilamicins from the Honey Bee Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:288-296. [PMID: 34968060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paenilamicins are a group of complex polycationic peptide secondary metabolites with antibacterial and antifungal activities produced by the devastating honey bee brood pathogen Paenibacillus larvae causing the lethal brood disease American Foulbrood (AFB). Here, we report the convergent total synthesis and structural revision of paenilamicin B2. Specific stereoisomers of paenilamicin B2 were synthesized for unambiguous confirmation of the natural product structure and for evaluation of biological activities. These studies revealed the N-terminal fragment of paenilamicin as an important pharmacophore. Infection assays using bee larvae and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis demonstrated that paenilamicins outcompete bacterial competitors in the ecological niche of P. larvae. Finally, we show first data that classifies paenilamicins as potential ribosome inhibitors. Hence, our synthesis route is a further step for understanding the pathogenicity of P. larvae and for thorough structure-activity-relationship as well as mode-of-action studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Bulatov
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gensel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tam Dang
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm O Koller
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection (JMRC), Hans-Knöll-Institut, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Ebeling
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Strasse 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Strasse 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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